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JupiteristhefifthplanetfromtheSunandthelargestintheSolarSystem.Itisagiant
planetwithamassonethousandththatoftheSun,buttwoandahalftimesthatofallthe
otherplanetsintheSolarSystemcombined.Jupiterisagasgiant,alongwithSaturn.
(UranusandNeptuneareicegiants.)Jupiterwasknowntoastronomersofancienttimes.[11]
TheRomansnameditaftertheirgodJupiter.[12]WhenviewedfromEarth,Jupitercanreach
anapparentmagnitudeof2.94,brightenoughforitsreflectedlighttocastshadows,[13]and
makingitonaveragethethirdbrightestobjectinthenightskyaftertheMoonandVenus.
Jupiterisprimarilycomposedofhydrogenwithaquarterofitsmassbeinghelium,though
heliumcomprisesonlyaboutatenthofthenumberofmolecules.Itmayalsohavearocky
coreofheavierelements,[14]butliketheothergiantplanets,Jupiterlacksawelldefined
solidsurface.Becauseofitsrapidrotation,theplanet'sshapeisthatofanoblatespheroid(it
hasaslightbutnoticeablebulgearoundtheequator).Theouteratmosphereisvisibly
segregatedintoseveralbandsatdifferentlatitudes,resultinginturbulenceandstormsalong
theirinteractingboundaries.AprominentresultistheGreatRedSpot,agiantstormthatis
knowntohaveexistedsinceatleastthe17thcenturywhenitwasfirstseenbytelescope.
SurroundingJupiterisafaintplanetaryringsystemandapowerfulmagnetosphere.Jupiter
hasatleast67moons,includingthefourlargeGalileanmoonsdiscoveredbyGalileoGalilei
in1610.Ganymede,thelargestofthese,hasadiametergreaterthanthatoftheplanet
Mercury.
Jupiterhasbeenexploredonseveraloccasionsbyroboticspacecraft,mostnotablyduring
theearlyPioneerandVoyagerflybymissionsandlaterbytheGalileoorbiter.Jupiterwas
mostrecentlyvisitedbyaprobeinlateFebruary2007,whenNewHorizonsusedJupiter's
gravitytoincreaseitsspeedandbenditstrajectoryenroutetoPluto.Thenextprobetovisit
theplanetwillbeJuno,whichisexpectedtoarriveinJuly2016.Futuretargetsfor
explorationintheJupitersystemincludetheprobableicecoveredliquidoceanofitsmoon
Europa.
Contents
Jupiter
FulldiscviewofJupiterinnaturalcolorinApril
2014[a]
Designations
Pronunciation
Adjectives
/duptr/[1]
Jovian
Orbitalcharacteristics[5]
EpochJ2000
Aphelion
5.454 92AU(816.04Gm)
Perihelion
4.950 29AU(740.55Gm)
Semimajoraxis
5.202 60AU(778.299Gm)
Contents
Eccentricity
0.048 498
Orbitalperiod
1 Formationandmigration
11.8618yr
4,332.59d
10,475.8Joviansolar
2 Structure
days[2]
2.1 Composition
2.2 Massandsize
2.3 Internalstructure
Synodicperiod
398.88d[3]
Averageorbital
speed
13.07km/s[3]
Meananomaly
20.020
Inclination
1.303toecliptic
6.09toSun'sequator
0.32toinvariable
3 Atmosphere
3.1 Cloudlayers
plane[4]
Longitudeof
ascendingnode
100.464
4 Planetaryrings
Argumentof
perihelion
273.867
5 Magnetosphere
Knownsatellites
67(asof2014)
3.2 GreatRedSpotandothervortices
6 Orbitandrotation
7 Observation
Physicalcharacteristics
Meanradius
Equatorialradius
71,492 4km[6][b]
11.209Earths
Polarradius
66,854 10km[6][b]
10.517Earths
8 Researchandexploration
8.1 Pretelescopicresearch
69,911 6km[6][b]
8.2 Groundbasedtelescoperesearch
Flattening
8.3 Radiotelescoperesearch
Surfacearea
6.1419 1010km2[b][7]
121.9Earths
Volume
1.4313 1015km3[3][b]
8.4 Explorationwithspaceprobes
8.4.1 Flybymissions
0.064 87 0.000 15
8.4.1 Flybymissions
8.4.2 Galileomission
1,321Earths
Mass
8.4.3 Futureprobes
8.4.4 Canceledmissions
1.8986 1027kg[3]
317.8Earths
1/1047Sun[8]
Meandensity
1.326g/cm3[3][b]
Surfacegravity
24.79m/s2[3][b]
2.528g
Escapevelocity
59.5km/s[3][b]
Siderealrotation
period
9.925h[9](9h55m30s)
Equatorial
rotationvelocity
12.6km/s
45 300km/h
Axialtilt
3.13(toorbit)[3]
Northpole
rightascension
268.057
13 Seealso
Northpole
declination
64.496[6]
14 Notes
Albedo
0.343(Bond)
9 Moons
9.1 Galileanmoons
9.2 Classification
10 InteractionwiththeSolarSystem
10.1 Impacts
11 Possibilityoflife
12 Mythology
15 References
16 Furtherreading
17 Externallinks
Formationandmigration
17h52m14s[6]
0.52(geom.)[3]
Surfacetemp. min mean
1barlevel
165K(108C)[3]
0.1bar
112K[3]
Apparent
magnitude
max
1.6to2.94[3]
Angulardiameter 29.8to50.1[3]
Atmosphere[3]
Surfacepressure
Scaleheight
20200kPa[10](cloudlayer)
Earthanditsneighborplanetsmayhaveformedfromfragmentsofplanetsaftercollisions
withJupiterdestroyedthosesuperEarthsneartheSun.AsJupitercametowardtheinner
SolarSystem,inwhattheoristscalltheGrandTackHypothesis,gravitationaltugsandpulls
occurredcausingaseriesofcollisionsbetweenthesuperEarthsastheirorbitsbeganto
overlap.[15]
Astronomershavediscoverednearly500planetarysystemseachwithmultipleplanets,and
typicallythesesystemsincludeafewplanetswithmassesseveraltimesgreaterthanEarth's
(superEarths),orbitingclosertotheirstarthanMercuryistotheSun,andJupiterlikegas
giantsarealsooftenfoundclosetotheirstar.
JupitermovingoutoftheinnerSolarSystemwouldhaveallowedtheformationofinner
planets,includingEarth.[16]
Structure
Jupiteriscomposedprimarilyofgaseousandliquidmatter.Itisthelargestofthefourgiant
planetsintheSolarSystemandhenceitslargestplanet.Ithasadiameterof142,984km
(88,846mi)atitsequator.ThedensityofJupiter,1.326g/cm3,isthesecondhighestofthe
giantplanets,butlowerthanthoseofthefourterrestrialplanets.
Composition
27km
Compositionby
volume
byvolume:
89.82.0% hydrogen(H2)
10.22.0% helium(He)
0.3%
methane(CH4)
0.026% ammonia(NH3)
0.003% hydrogen
deuteride(HD)
0.0006%
ethane(C2H6)
0.0004%
water(H2O)
Ices:
ammonia(NH3)
water(H2O)
ammonium
hydrosulfide(NH4SH)
Jupiter'supperatmosphereiscomposedofabout8892%hydrogenand812%heliumby
percentvolumeofgasmolecules.Becauseaheliumatomhasaboutfourtimesasmuchmassasahydrogenatom,thecompositionchanges
whendescribedastheproportionofmasscontributedbydifferentatoms.Thus,Jupiter'satmosphereisapproximately75%hydrogenand24%
heliumbymass,withtheremainingonepercentofthemassconsistingofotherelements.Theinteriorcontainsdensermaterials,suchthatthe
distributionisroughly71%hydrogen,24%heliumand5%otherelementsbymass.Theatmospherecontainstraceamountsofmethane,water
vapor,ammonia,andsiliconbasedcompounds.Therearealsotracesofcarbon,ethane,hydrogensulfide,neon,oxygen,phosphine,andsulfur.
Theoutermostlayeroftheatmospherecontainscrystalsoffrozenammonia.[17][18]Throughinfraredandultravioletmeasurements,trace
amountsofbenzeneandotherhydrocarbonshavealsobeenfound.[19]
Theatmosphericproportionsofhydrogenandheliumareclosetothetheoreticalcompositionoftheprimordialsolarnebula.Neonintheupper
atmosphereonlyconsistsof20partspermillionbymass,whichisaboutatenthasabundantasintheSun.[20]Heliumisalsodepleted,toabout
80%oftheSun'sheliumcomposition.Thisdepletionisaresultofprecipitationoftheseelementsintotheinterioroftheplanet.[21]
Basedonspectroscopy,SaturnisthoughttobesimilarincompositiontoJupiter,buttheothergiantplanetsUranusandNeptunehave
relativelymuchlesshydrogenandhelium.[22]
Massandsize
Jupiter'smassis2.5timesthatofalltheotherplanetsintheSolarSystemcombinedthisissomassive
thatitsbarycenterwiththeSunliesabovetheSun'ssurfaceat1.068solarradiifromtheSun'scenter.
JupiterismuchlargerthanEarthandconsiderablylessdense:itsvolumeisthatofabout1,321Earths,
butitisonly318timesasmassive.[3][23]Jupiter'sradiusisabout1/10theradiusoftheSun,[24]andits
massis0.001timesthemassoftheSun,sothedensitiesofthetwobodiesaresimilar.[25]A"Jupiter
mass"(MJorMJup)isoftenusedasaunittodescribemassesofotherobjects,particularlyextrasolar
planetsandbrowndwarfs.So,forexample,theextrasolarplanetHD209458bhasamassof0.69MJ,
whileKappaAndromedaebhasamassof12.8MJ.[26]
Jupiter'sdiameterisoneorderof
magnitudesmaller(0.10045)than
theSun,andoneorderofmagnitude
larger(10.9733)thantheEarth.The
GreatRedSpotisroughlythesame
sizeastheEarth.
TheoreticalmodelsindicatethatifJupiterhadmuchmoremassthanitdoesatpresent,itwould
shrink.[27]Forsmallchangesinmass,theradiuswouldnotchangeappreciably,andaboveabout
500M(1.6Jupitermasses)[27]theinteriorwouldbecomesomuchmorecompressedunderthe
increasedpressurethatitsvolumewoulddecreasedespitetheincreasingamountofmatter.Asaresult,
Jupiteristhoughttohaveaboutaslargeadiameterasaplanetofitscompositionandevolutionary
historycanachieve.[28]Theprocessoffurthershrinkagewithincreasingmasswouldcontinueuntil
appreciablestellarignitionisachievedasinhighmassbrowndwarfshavingaround50Jupiter
masses.[29]
AlthoughJupiterwouldneedtobeabout75timesasmassivetofusehydrogenandbecomeastar,thesmallestreddwarfisonlyabout30
percentlargerinradiusthanJupiter.[30][31]Despitethis,JupiterstillradiatesmoreheatthanitreceivesfromtheSuntheamountofheat
producedinsideitissimilartothetotalsolarradiationitreceives.[32]ThisadditionalheatisgeneratedbytheKelvinHelmholtzmechanism
throughcontraction.ThisprocesscausesJupitertoshrinkbyabout2cmeachyear.[33]Whenitwasfirstformed,Jupiterwasmuchhotterand
wasabouttwiceitscurrentdiameter.[34]
Internalstructure
Jupiteristhoughttoconsistofadensecorewithamixtureofelements,asurroundinglayerofliquidmetallichydrogenwithsomehelium,and
anouterlayerpredominantlyofmolecularhydrogen.[33]Beyondthisbasicoutline,thereisstillconsiderableuncertainty.Thecoreisoften
describedasrocky,butitsdetailedcompositionisunknown,asarethepropertiesofmaterialsatthetemperaturesandpressuresofthosedepths
(seebelow).In1997,theexistenceofthecorewassuggestedbygravitationalmeasurements,[33]indicatingamassoffrom12to45timesthe
Earth'smassorroughly4%14%ofthetotalmassofJupiter.[32][35]ThepresenceofacoreduringatleastpartofJupiter'shistoryissuggested
bymodelsofplanetaryformationthatrequiretheformationofarockyoricycoremassiveenoughtocollectitsbulkofhydrogenandhelium
fromtheprotosolarnebula.Assumingitdidexist,itmayhaveshrunkasconvectioncurrentsofhotliquidmetallichydrogenmixedwiththe
moltencoreandcarrieditscontentstohigherlevelsintheplanetaryinterior.Acoremaynowbeentirelyabsent,asgravitationalmeasurements
arenotyetpreciseenoughtorulethatpossibilityoutentirely.[33][36]
Theuncertaintyofthemodelsistiedtotheerrormargininhithertomeasuredparameters:oneoftherotational
coefficients(J6)usedtodescribetheplanet'sgravitationalmoment,Jupiter'sequatorialradius,anditstemperature
at1barpressure.TheJunomission,whichisscheduledtoarriveinJuly2016,isexpectedtofurtherconstrainthe
valuesoftheseparametersforbettermodelsofthecore.[37]
Thecoreregionissurroundedbydensemetallichydrogen,whichextendsoutwardtoabout78%oftheradiusof
theplanet.[32]Rainlikedropletsofheliumandneonprecipitatedownwardthroughthislayer,depletingthe
abundanceoftheseelementsintheupperatmosphere.[21][38]
AnimationofJupiterseen
Abovethelayerofmetallichydrogenliesatransparentinterioratmosphereofhydrogen.Atthisdepth,the
ininfrared
[39]
temperatureisabovethecriticaltemperature,whichforhydrogenisonly33K. Inthisstate,thereareno
distinctliquidandgasphaseshydrogenissaidtobeinasupercriticalfluidstate.Itisconvenienttotreat
hydrogenasgasintheupperlayerextendingdownwardfromthecloudlayertoadepthofabout1,000km,[32]andasliquidindeeperlayers.
Physically,thereisnoclearboundarythegassmoothlybecomeshotteranddenserasonedescends.[40][41]
ThetemperatureandpressureinsideJupiterincreasesteadilytowardthecore,duetotheKelvinHelmholtzmechanism.Atthe"surface"
pressurelevelof10bars,thetemperatureisaround340K(67C152F).Atthephasetransitionregionwherehydrogenheatedbeyondits
criticalpointbecomesmetallic,itiscalculatedthetemperatureis10,000K(9,700C17,500F)andthepressureis200GPa.The
temperatureatthecoreboundaryisestimatedtobe36,000K(35,700C64,300F)andtheinteriorpressureisroughly3,0004,500GPa.[32]
ThiscutawayillustratesamodeloftheinteriorofJupiter,witharockycoreoverlaidbyadeeplayerofliquidmetallic
hydrogen.
Atmosphere
JupiterhasthelargestplanetaryatmosphereintheSolarSystem,spanningover5,000km(3,000mi)inaltitude.[42][43]AsJupiterhasno
surface,thebaseofitsatmosphereisusuallyconsideredtobethepointatwhichatmosphericpressureisequalto1MPa(10bar),ortentimes
surfacepressureonEarth.[42]
Cloudlayers
Jupiterisperpetuallycoveredwithcloudscomposedofammoniacrystalsandpossiblyammoniumhydrosulfide.Thecloudsarelocatedinthe
tropopauseandarearrangedintobandsofdifferentlatitudes,knownastropicalregions.Thesearesubdividedintolighterhuedzonesand
darkerbelts.Theinteractionsoftheseconflictingcirculationpatternscausestormsandturbulence.Windspeedsof100m/s(360km/h)are
commoninzonaljets.[44]Thezoneshavebeenobservedtovaryinwidth,colorandintensityfromyear
toyear,buttheyhaveremainedsufficientlystableforscientiststogivethemidentifying
designations.[23]
Thisloopinganimationshowsthe
movementofJupiter'scounter
rotatingcloudbands.Inthisimage,
theplanet'sexteriorismappedontoa
cylindricalprojection.Animationat
largerwidths:720pixels,1799
pixels.
Thecloudlayerisonlyabout50km(31mi)deep,andconsists
ofatleasttwodecksofclouds:athicklowerdeckandathin
clearerregion.Theremayalsobeathinlayerofwaterclouds
underlyingtheammonialayer,asevidencedbyflashesof
lightningdetectedintheatmosphereofJupiter.Thisiscaused
bywater'spolarity,whichmakesitcapableofcreatingthe
chargeseparationneededtoproducelightning.[32]These
electricaldischargescanbeuptoathousandtimesaspowerful
aslightningontheEarth.[45]Thewatercloudscanform
thunderstormsdrivenbytheheatrisingfromtheinterior.[46]
TheorangeandbrowncolorationinthecloudsofJupiterare
causedbyupwellingcompoundsthatchangecolorwhenthey
areexposedtoultravioletlightfromtheSun.Theexactmakeupremainsuncertain,butthesubstances
arethoughttobephosphorus,sulfurorpossiblyhydrocarbons.[32][47]Thesecolorfulcompounds,
knownaschromophores,mixwiththewarmer,lowerdeckofclouds.Thezonesareformedwhen
risingconvectioncellsformcrystallizingammoniathatmasksouttheselowercloudsfromview.[48]
ThisviewofJupiter'sGreatRedSpot
anditssurroundingswasobtainedby
Voyager1onFebruary25,1979,
whenthespacecraftwas
9.2millionkm(5.7millionmi)from
Jupiter.Thewhiteovalstormdirectly
belowtheGreatRedSpotis
approximatelythesamediameteras
Earth.
Jupiter'slowaxialtiltmeansthatthepolesconstantlyreceivelesssolarradiationthanattheplanet'sequatorialregion.Convectionwithinthe
interioroftheplanettransportsmoreenergytothepoles,balancingoutthetemperaturesatthecloudlayer.[23]
GreatRedSpotandothervortices
ThebestknownfeatureofJupiteristheGreatRedSpot,apersistentanticyclonicstormthatislargerthanEarth,located22southofthe
equator.Itisknowntohavebeeninexistencesinceatleast1831,[50]andpossiblysince1665.[51][52]ImagesbytheHubbleSpaceTelescope
haveshownasmanyastwo"redspots"adjacenttotheGreatRedSpot.[53][54]ThestormislargeenoughtobevisiblethroughEarthbased
telescopeswithanapertureof12cmorlarger.[55]Mathematicalmodelssuggestthatthestormisstableandmaybeapermanentfeatureofthe
planet.[56]
Theovalobjectrotatescounterclockwise,witha
periodofaboutsixdays.[57]TheGreatRedSpot's
dimensionsare2440,000km1214,000km.It
islargeenoughtocontaintwoorthreeplanetsof
Earth'sdiameter.[58]Themaximumaltitudeofthis
stormisabout8km(5mi)abovethesurrounding
cloudtops.[59]
Timelapsesequence(over1month)
fromtheapproachofVoyager1to
Jupiter,showingthemotionof
atmosphericbands,andcirculationof
theGreatRedSpot.Fullsizevideo
here
Stormssuchasthisarecommonwithinthe
turbulentatmospheresofgiantplanets.Jupiteralso
haswhiteovalsandbrownovals,whicharelesser
JupiterGreatRedSpotisdecreasinginsize(May
unnamedstorms.Whiteovalstendtoconsistof
15,2014). [49]
relativelycoolcloudswithintheupperatmosphere.
Brownovalsarewarmerandlocatedwithinthe
"normalcloudlayer".Suchstormscanlastaslittleasafewhoursorstretchonforcenturies.
EvenbeforeVoyagerprovedthatthefeaturewasastorm,therewasstrongevidencethatthespotcould
notbeassociatedwithanydeeperfeatureontheplanet'ssurface,astheSpotrotatesdifferentiallywith
respecttotherestoftheatmosphere,sometimesfasterandsometimesmoreslowly.
In2000,anatmosphericfeatureformedinthesouthernhemispherethatissimilarinappearancetotheGreatRedSpot,butsmaller.Thiswas
createdwhenseveralsmaller,whiteovalshapedstormsmergedtoformasinglefeaturethesethreesmallerwhiteovalswerefirstobserved
in1938.ThemergedfeaturewasnamedOvalBA,andhasbeennicknamedRedSpotJunior.Ithassinceincreasedinintensityandchanged
colorfromwhitetored.[60][61][62]
Planetaryrings
Jupiterhasafaintplanetaryringsystemcomposedofthreemainsegments:aninnertorusofparticlesknownasthehalo,arelativelybright
mainring,andanoutergossamerring.[63]Theseringsappeartobemadeofdust,ratherthaniceaswithSaturn'srings.[32]Themainringis
probablymadeofmaterialejectedfromthesatellitesAdrasteaandMetis.Materialthatwouldnormallyfallbacktothemoonispulledinto
Jupiterbecauseofitsstronggravitationalinfluence.TheorbitofthematerialveerstowardsJupiterandnewmaterialisaddedbyadditional
impacts.[64]Inasimilarway,themoonsThebeandAmaltheaprobablyproducethetwodistinctcomponentsofthedustygossamerring.[64]
ThereisalsoevidenceofarockyringstrungalongAmalthea'sorbitwhichmayconsistofcollisionaldebrisfromthatmoon.[65]
Magnetosphere
Jupiter'smagneticfieldis14timesasstrongastheEarth's,rangingfrom4.2gauss(0.42mT)atthe
equatorto1014gauss(1.01.4mT)atthepoles,makingitthestrongestintheSolarSystem(except
forsunspots).[48]Thisfieldisthoughttobegeneratedbyeddycurrentsswirlingmovementsof
conductingmaterialswithintheliquidmetallichydrogencore.ThevolcanoesonthemoonIoemit
largeamountsofsulfurdioxideformingagastorusalongthemoon'sorbit.Thegasisionizedinthe
magnetosphereproducingsulfurandoxygenions.They,togetherwithhydrogenionsoriginatingfrom
theatmosphereofJupiter,formaplasmasheetinJupiter'sequatorialplane.Theplasmainthesheetco
rotateswiththeplanetcausingdeformationofthedipolemagneticfieldintothatofmagnetodisk.
Electronswithintheplasmasheetgenerateastrongradiosignaturethatproducesburstsintherangeof
0.630MHz.[66]
Atabout75Jupiterradiifromtheplanet,theinteractionofthemagnetospherewiththesolarwind
generatesabowshock.SurroundingJupiter'smagnetosphereisamagnetopause,locatedattheinner
edgeofamagnetosheatharegionbetweenitandthebowshock.Thesolarwindinteractswiththese
regions,elongatingthemagnetosphereonJupiter'sleesideandextendingitoutwarduntilitnearly
reachestheorbitofSaturn.ThefourlargestmoonsofJupiterallorbitwithinthemagnetosphere,which
protectsthemfromthesolarwind.[32]
ThemagnetosphereofJupiterisresponsibleforintenseepisodesofradioemissionfromtheplanet's
polarregions.VolcanicactivityontheJovianmoonIo(seebelow)injectsgasintoJupiter's
magnetosphere,producingatorusofparticlesabouttheplanet.AsIomovesthroughthistorus,the
interactiongeneratesAlfvnwavesthatcarryionizedmatterintothepolarregionsofJupiter.Asa
result,radiowavesaregeneratedthroughacyclotronmasermechanism,andtheenergyistransmitted
outalongaconeshapedsurface.WhentheEarthintersectsthiscone,theradioemissionsfromJupiter
canexceedthesolarradiooutput.[67]
TheringsofJupiter
AuroraonJupiter.Threebrightdots
arecreatedbymagneticfluxtubes
thatconnecttotheJovianmoonsIo
(ontheleft),Ganymede(onthe
bottom)andEuropa(alsoonthe
bottom).Inaddition,theverybright
almostcircularregion,calledthe
mainoval,andthefainterpolar
auroracanbeseen.
Orbitandrotation
JupiteristheonlyplanetthathasabarycenterwiththeSunthatliesoutsidethevolumeoftheSun,thoughbyonly7%oftheSun'sradius.[68]
TheaveragedistancebetweenJupiterandtheSunis778millionkm(about5.2timestheaveragedistancefromtheEarthtotheSun,or5.2
AU)anditcompletesanorbitevery11.86years.ThisistwofifthstheorbitalperiodofSaturn,forminga5:2orbitalresonancebetweenthe
twolargestplanetsintheSolarSystem.[69]TheellipticalorbitofJupiterisinclined1.31comparedto
theEarth.Becauseofaneccentricityof0.048,thedistancefromJupiterandtheSunvariesby75
millionkmbetweenperihelionandaphelion,orthenearestandmostdistantpointsoftheplanetalong
theorbitalpathrespectively.
TheaxialtiltofJupiterisrelativelysmall:only3.13.Asaresult,itdoesnotexperiencesignificant
seasonalchanges,incontrastto,forexample,EarthandMars.[70]
Jupiter'srotationisthefastestofalltheSolarSystem'splanets,completingarotationonitsaxisin
slightlylessthantenhoursthiscreatesanequatorialbulgeeasilyseenthroughanEarthbasedamateur
telescope.Theplanetisshapedasanoblatespheroid,meaningthatthediameteracrossitsequatoris
longerthanthediametermeasuredbetweenitspoles.OnJupiter,theequatorialdiameteris9,275km
(5,763mi)longerthanthediametermeasuredthroughthepoles.[41]
Jupiter(red)completesoneorbitof
theSun(center)forevery11.86
orbitsoftheEarth(blue)
BecauseJupiterisnotasolidbody,itsupperatmosphereundergoesdifferentialrotation.Therotation
ofJupiter'spolaratmosphereisabout5minuteslongerthanthatoftheequatorialatmospherethree
systemsareusedasframesofreference,particularlywhengraphingthemotionofatmosphericfeatures.
SystemIappliesfromthelatitudes10Nto10Sitsperiodistheplanet'sshortest,at9h50m30.0s.SystemIIappliesatalllatitudesnorth
andsouthoftheseitsperiodis9h55m40.6s.SystemIIIwasfirstdefinedbyradioastronomers,andcorrespondstotherotationoftheplanet's
magnetosphereitsperiodisJupiter'sofficialrotation.[71]
Observation
Jupiterisusuallythefourthbrightestobjectinthesky(aftertheSun,theMoonandVenus)[48]attimes
MarsappearsbrighterthanJupiter.DependingonJupiter'spositionwithrespecttotheEarth,itcan
varyinvisualmagnitudefromasbrightas2.9atoppositiondownto1.6duringconjunctionwiththe
Sun.TheangulardiameterofJupiterlikewisevariesfrom50.1to29.8arcseconds.[3]Favorable
oppositionsoccurwhenJupiterispassingthroughperihelion,aneventthatoccursonceperorbit.
EarthovertakesJupiterevery398.9daysasitorbitstheSun,adurationcalledthesynodicperiod.Asit
doesso,Jupiterappearstoundergoretrogrademotionwithrespecttothebackgroundstars.Thatis,for
aperiodJupiterseemstomovebackwardinthenightsky,performingaloopingmotion.
ConjunctionofJupiterandtheMoon
BecausetheorbitofJupiterisoutsidetheEarth's,thephaseangleofJupiterasviewedfromtheEarth
neverexceeds11.5.Thatis,theplanetalwaysappearsnearlyfullyilluminatedwhenviewedthrough
Earthbasedtelescopes.ItwasonlyduringspacecraftmissionstoJupiterthatcrescentviewsofthe
planetwereobtained.[72]AsmalltelescopewillusuallyshowJupiter'sfourGalileanmoonsandthe
prominentcloudbeltsacrossJupiter'satmosphere.[73]AlargetelescopewillshowJupiter'sGreatRed
SpotwhenitfacestheEarth.
Researchandexploration
Pretelescopicresearch
TheobservationofJupiterdatesbacktotheBabylonianastronomersofthe7thor8thcenturyBC.[74]
TheancientChinesereferredtoJupiteras"theYearStar"(Suixing),andbythe4thcenturyBC
haddividedtheskyintotwelvezodiacalregions,withJupiterpassingthroughoneeachyear.[75]The
ChinesehistorianXiZezonghasclaimedthatGanDe,anancientChineseastronomer,discoveredof
oneofJupiter'smoonsin362BCwiththeunaidedeye.Ifaccurate,thiswouldpredateGalileo's
discoverybynearlytwomillennia.[76][77]Inhis2ndcenturyworktheAlmagest,theHellenistic
astronomerClaudiusPtolemaeusconstructedageocentricplanetarymodelbasedondeferentsand
epicyclestoexplainJupiter'smotionrelativetotheEarth,givingitsorbitalperiodaroundtheEarthas
4332.38days,or11.86years.[78]In499,Aryabhata,amathematicianastronomerfromtheclassicalage
ofIndianmathematicsandastronomy,alsousedageocentricmodeltoestimateJupiter'speriodas
4332.2722days,or11.86years.[79]
Groundbasedtelescoperesearch
Theretrogrademotionofanouter
planetiscausedbyitsrelative
locationwithrespecttotheEarth.
ModelintheAlmagestofthe
longitudinalmotionofJupiter()
relativetotheEarth().
In1610,GalileoGalileidiscoveredthefourlargestmoonsofJupiter(nowknownastheGalileanmoons)usingatelescopethoughttobethe
firsttelescopicobservationofmoonsotherthanEarth's.OnedayafterGalileo,SimonMariusindependentlydiscoveredmoonsaroundJupiter,
thoughhedidnotpublishhisdiscoveryinabookuntil1614.[80]ItwasMarius'snamesforthefourmajormoons,however,thatstuckIo,
Europa,GanymedeandCallisto.ThesefindingswerealsothefirstdiscoveryofcelestialmotionnotapparentlycenteredontheEarth.The
discoverywasamajorpointinfavorofCopernicus'heliocentrictheoryofthemotionsoftheplanetsGalileo'soutspokensupportofthe
CopernicantheoryplacedhimunderthethreatoftheInquisition.[81]
Duringthe1660s,CassiniusedanewtelescopetodiscoverspotsandcolorfulbandsonJupiterandobservedthattheplanetappearedoblate
thatis,flattenedatthepoles.Hewasalsoabletoestimatetherotationperiodoftheplanet.[82]In1690Cassininoticedthattheatmosphere
undergoesdifferentialrotation.[32]
TheGreatRedSpot,aprominentovalshapedfeatureinthesouthernhemisphereofJupiter,mayhavebeenobservedasearlyas1664by
RobertHookeandin1665byGiovanniCassini,althoughthisisdisputed.ThepharmacistHeinrichSchwabeproducedtheearliestknown
drawingtoshowdetailsoftheGreatRedSpotin1831.[83]
TheRedSpotwasreportedlylostfromsightonseveraloccasionsbetween1665and1708beforebecomingquiteconspicuousin1878.Itwas
recordedasfadingagainin1883andatthestartofthe20thcentury.[84]
BothGiovanniBorelliandCassinimadecarefultablesofthemotionsoftheJovianmoons,allowingpredictionsofthetimeswhenthemoons
wouldpassbeforeorbehindtheplanet.Bythe1670s,itwasobservedthatwhenJupiterwasontheoppositesideoftheSunfromtheEarth,
theseeventswouldoccurabout17minuteslaterthanexpected.OleRmerdeducedthatsightisnotinstantaneous(aconclusionthatCassini
hadearlierrejected),[18]andthistimingdiscrepancywasusedtoestimatethespeedoflight.[85]
In1892,E.E.BarnardobservedafifthsatelliteofJupiterwiththe36inch(910mm)refractoratLickObservatoryinCalifornia.The
discoveryofthisrelativelysmallobject,atestamenttohiskeeneyesight,quicklymadehimfamous.ThismoonwaslaternamedAmalthea.[86]
Itwasthelastplanetarymoontobediscovereddirectlybyvisualobservation.[87]
In1932,RupertWildtidentifiedabsorptionbandsofammoniaandmethaneinthespectraofJupiter.[88]
Threelonglivedanticyclonicfeaturestermedwhiteovalswereobservedin1938.Forseveraldecadesthey
remainedasseparatefeaturesintheatmosphere,sometimesapproachingeachotherbutnevermerging.Finally,
twooftheovalsmergedin1998,thenabsorbedthethirdin2000,becomingOvalBA.[89]
Radiotelescoperesearch
In1955,BernardBurkeandKennethFranklindetectedburstsofradiosignalscomingfromJupiterat
22.2MHz.[32]Theperiodoftheseburstsmatchedtherotationoftheplanet,andtheywerealsoabletousethis
informationtorefinetherotationrate.RadioburstsfromJupiterwerefoundtocomeintwoforms:longbursts(or
Lbursts)lastinguptoseveralseconds,andshortbursts(orSbursts)thathadadurationoflessthanahundredth
ofasecond.[90]
ScientistsdiscoveredthattherewerethreeformsofradiosignalstransmittedfromJupiter.
InfraredimageofJupiter
takenbyESO'sVery
LargeTelescope.
Decametricradiobursts(withawavelengthoftensofmeters)varywiththerotationofJupiter,andareinfluencedbyinteractionofIo
withJupiter'smagneticfield.[91]
Decimetricradioemission(withwavelengthsmeasuredincentimeters)wasfirstobservedbyFrankDrakeandHeinHvatumin1959.[32]
TheoriginofthissignalwasfromatorusshapedbeltaroundJupiter'sequator.Thissignaliscausedbycyclotronradiationfrom
electronsthatareacceleratedinJupiter'smagneticfield.[92]
ThermalradiationisproducedbyheatintheatmosphereofJupiter.[32]
Explorationwithspaceprobes
Since1973anumberofautomatedspacecrafthavevisitedJupiter,mostnotablythePioneer10spaceprobe,thefirstspacecrafttogetclose
enoughtoJupitertosendbackrevelationsaboutthepropertiesandphenomenaoftheSolarSystem'slargestplanet.[93][94]Flightstoother
planetswithintheSolarSystemareaccomplishedatacostinenergy,whichisdescribedbythenetchangeinvelocityofthespacecraft,or
deltav.EnteringaHohmanntransferorbitfromEarthtoJupiterfromlowEarthorbitrequiresadeltavof6.3km/s[95]whichiscomparableto
the9.7km/sdeltavneededtoreachlowEarthorbit.[96]Fortunately,gravityassiststhroughplanetaryflybyscanbeusedtoreducetheenergy
requiredtoreachJupiter,albeitatthecostofasignificantlylongerflightduration.[97]
Flybymissions
Beginningin1973,severalspacecrafthaveperformedplanetaryflybymaneuversthat
broughtthemwithinobservationrangeofJupiter.ThePioneermissionsobtainedthe
firstcloseupimagesofJupiter'satmosphereandseveralofitsmoons.They
discoveredthattheradiationfieldsneartheplanetweremuchstrongerthanexpected,
butbothspacecraftmanagedtosurviveinthatenvironment.Thetrajectoriesofthese
spacecraftwereusedtorefinethemassestimatesoftheJoviansystem.Radio
occultationsbytheplanetresultedinbettermeasurementsofJupiter'sdiameterand
theamountofpolarflattening.[23][99]
Sixyearslater,theVoyagermissionsvastlyimprovedtheunderstandingofthe
GalileanmoonsanddiscoveredJupiter'srings.TheyalsoconfirmedthattheGreat
RedSpotwasanticyclonic.ComparisonofimagesshowedthattheRedSpothad
changedhuesincethePioneermissions,turningfromorangetodarkbrown.Atorus
ofionizedatomswasdiscoveredalongIo'sorbitalpath,andvolcanoeswerefoundon
themoon'ssurface,someintheprocessoferupting.Asthespacecraftpassedbehind
theplanet,itobservedflashesoflightninginthenightsideatmosphere.[23][100]
Spacecraft
Flybymissions
Closest
approach
Distance
Pioneer10
December3,1973
130,000km
Pioneer11
December4,1974
34,000km
Voyager1
March5,1979
349,000km
Voyager2
July9,1979
570,000km
February8,1992[98]
408,894km
Ulysses
Cassini
February4,2004[98] 120,000,000km
December30,2000
NewHorizons February28,2007
10,000,000km
2,304,535km
ThenextmissiontoencounterJupiter,theUlyssessolarprobe,performedaflybymaneuvertoattainapolarorbitaroundtheSun.Duringthis
passthespacecraftconductedstudiesonJupiter'smagnetosphere.SinceUlysseshasnocameras,noimagesweretaken.Asecondflybysix
yearslaterwasatamuchgreaterdistance.[98]
In2000,theCassiniprobe,enroutetoSaturn,flewbyJupiterandprovidedsomeofthehighest
resolutionimagesevermadeoftheplanet.[101]
TheNewHorizonsprobe,enroutetoPluto,flewbyJupiterforgravityassist.Itsclosestapproachwas
onFebruary28,2007.[102]Theprobe'scamerasmeasuredplasmaoutputfromvolcanoesonIoand
studiedallfourGalileanmoonsindetail,aswellasmakinglongdistanceobservationsoftheouter
moonsHimaliaandElara.[103]ImagingoftheJoviansystembeganSeptember4,2006.[104][105]
Galileomission
SofartheonlyspacecrafttoorbitJupiteristheGalileoorbiter,
whichwentintoorbitaroundJupiteronDecember7,1995.[28]It
CassiniviewsJupiterandIoon
orbitedtheplanetforoversevenyears,conductingmultiple
January1,2001
flybysofalltheGalileanmoonsandAmalthea.Thespacecraft
alsowitnessedtheimpactofCometShoemakerLevy9asit
approachedJupiterin1994,givingauniquevantagepointfortheevent.Whiletheinformationgained
abouttheJoviansystemfromGalileowasextensive,itsoriginallydesignedcapacitywaslimitedbythe
faileddeploymentofitshighgainradiotransmittingantenna.[106]
Jupiterasseenbythespaceprobe
Cassini.
A340kilogramtitaniumatmosphericprobewasreleasedfromthespacecraftinJuly1995,entering
Jupiter'satmosphereonDecember7.[28]Itparachutedthrough150km(93mi)oftheatmosphereat
speedofabout2,575km/h(1600mph)[28]andcollecteddatafor57.6minutesbeforeitwascrushedby
thepressureofabout23atmospheresatatemperatureof153C.[107]Itwouldhavemeltedthereafter,
andpossiblyvaporized.TheGalileoorbiteritselfexperiencedamorerapidversionofthesamefate
whenitwasdeliberatelysteeredintotheplanetonSeptember21,2003,ataspeedofover50km/s,to
avoidanypossibilityofitcrashingintoandpossiblycontaminatingEuropaamoonwhichhasbeen
hypothesizedtohavethepossibilityofharboringlife.[106]
Datafromthismissionrevealedthathydrogencomposesupto90%ofJupiter'satmosphere.[28]Thetemperaturesdatarecordedwasmorethan
300C(>570F)andthewindspeedmeasuredmorethan644kmph(>400mph)beforetheprobesvapourised.[28]
Futureprobes
NASA'sJunomissionwillarriveatJupiteronJuly4,2016andwillstudytheplanetindetailfromapolarorbit.[108]Thenextplannedmission
totheJoviansystemwillbetheEuropeanSpaceAgency'sJupiterIcyMoonExplorer(JUICE),duetolaunchin2022,[109]followedby
NASA'sEuropaClippermissionin2025.[110]
Canceledmissions
BecauseofthepossibilityofsubsurfaceliquidoceansonJupiter'smoonsEuropa,GanymedeandCallisto,therehasbeengreatinterestin
studyingtheicymoonsindetail.Fundingdifficultieshavedelayedprogress.NASA'sJIMO(JupiterIcyMoonsOrbiter)wascancelledin
2005.[111]AsubsequentproposalforajointNASA/ESAmission,calledEJSM/Laplace,wasdevelopedwithaprovisionallaunchdatearound
2020.EJSM/LaplacewouldhaveconsistedoftheNASAledJupiterEuropaOrbiter,andtheESAledJupiterGanymedeOrbiter.[112]
However,byApril2011,ESAhadformallyendedthepartnershipcitingbudgetissuesatNASAandtheconsequencesonthemission
timetable.InsteadESAplannedtogoaheadwithaEuropeanonlymissiontocompeteinitsL1CosmicVisionselection.[113]
Moons
Jupiterhas67naturalsatellites.[114]Ofthese,51arelessthan10kilometresindiameterandhaveonly
beendiscoveredsince1975.Thefourlargestmoons,visiblefromEarthwithbinocularsonaclear
night,knownasthe"Galileanmoons",areIo,Europa,Ganymede,andCallisto.
WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoMoonsof
Jupiter.
Galileanmoons
TheorbitsofIo,Europa,andGanymede,someofthelargestsatellitesintheSolarSystem,formapatternknownasaLaplaceresonancefor
everyfourorbitsthatIomakesaroundJupiter,EuropamakesexactlytwoorbitsandGanymedemakesexactlyone.Thisresonancecausesthe
gravitationaleffectsofthethreelargemoonstodistorttheirorbitsintoellipticalshapes,sinceeachmoonreceivesanextratugfromits
neighborsatthesamepointineveryorbititmakes.ThetidalforcefromJupiter,ontheotherhand,workstocircularizetheirorbits.[115]
Theeccentricityoftheirorbitscausesregularflexingofthethreemoons'shapes,withJupiter'sgravitystretchingthemoutastheyapproachit
andallowingthemtospringbacktomoresphericalshapesastheyswingaway.Thistidalflexingheatsthemoons'interiorsbyfriction.Thisis
seenmostdramaticallyintheextraordinaryvolcanicactivityofinnermostIo(whichissubjecttothestrongesttidalforces),andtoalesser
degreeinthegeologicalyouthofEuropa'ssurface(indicatingrecentresurfacingofthemoon'sexterior).
Name
TheGalileanmoons,comparedtoEarth'sMoon
Diameter
Mass
Orbitalradius Orbitalperiod
IPA
km %
kg
%
km
% days
%
a.o
421,700 110
1.77
jrop
3,122 90 4.81022 65
671,034 175
3.55
13
7.15
26
16.69
61
Io
Europa
Callisto
klsto
TheGalileanmoonsIo,Europa,Ganymede,Callisto(inorderofincreasingdistancefromJupiter)
Classification
BeforethediscoveriesoftheVoyagermissions,Jupiter'smoonswerearrangedneatlyintofourgroupsoffour,basedoncommonalityoftheir
orbitalelements.Sincethen,thelargenumberofnewsmalloutermoonshascomplicatedthispicture.Therearenowthoughttobesixmain
groups,althoughsomearemoredistinctthanothers.
Abasicsubdivisionisagroupingoftheeightinnerregularmoons,whichhavenearlycircularorbitsneartheplaneofJupiter'sequatorandare
thoughttohaveformedwithJupiter.Theremainderofthemoonsconsistofanunknownnumberofsmallirregularmoonswithellipticaland
inclinedorbits,whicharethoughttobecapturedasteroidsorfragmentsofcapturedasteroids.Irregularmoonsthatbelongtoagroupshare
similarorbitalelementsandthusmayhaveacommonorigin,perhapsasalargermoonorcapturedbodythatbrokeup.[116][117]
Regularmoons
Innergroup
Theinnergroupoffoursmallmoonsallhavediametersoflessthan200km,orbitatradiilessthan200,000km,and
haveorbitalinclinationsoflessthanhalfadegree.
Galileanmoons[118]
Thesefourmoons,discoveredbyGalileoGalileiandbySimonMariusinparallel,orbitbetween400,000and
2,000,000km,andaresomeofthelargestmoonsintheSolarSystem.
Irregularmoons
Themisto
Thisisasinglemoonbelongingtoagroupofitsown,orbitinghalfwaybetweentheGalileanmoonsandtheHimalia
group.
Himaliagroup
Atightlyclusteredgroupofmoonswithorbitsaround11,000,00012,000,000kmfromJupiter.
Carpo
AnotherisolatedcaseattheinneredgeoftheAnankegroup,itorbitsJupiterinprogradedirection.
Anankegroup
Thisretrogradeorbitgrouphasratherindistinctborders,averaging21,276,000kmfromJupiterwithanaverage
inclinationof149degrees.
Carmegroup
Afairlydistinctretrogradegroupthataverages23,404,000kmfromJupiterwithanaverageinclinationof165degrees.
Pasiphagroup
Adispersedandonlyvaguelydistinctretrogradegroupthatcoversalltheoutermostmoons.
InteractionwiththeSolarSystem
AlongwiththeSun,thegravitationalinfluenceofJupiterhashelpedshapetheSolarSystem.Theorbitsofmostofthesystem'splanetslie
closertoJupiter'sorbitalplanethantheSun'sequatorialplane(MercuryistheonlyplanetthatisclosertotheSun'sequatorinorbitaltilt),the
KirkwoodgapsintheasteroidbeltaremostlycausedbyJupiter,andtheplanetmayhavebeenresponsiblefortheLateHeavyBombardment
oftheinnerSolarSystem'shistory.[119]
Alongwithitsmoons,Jupiter'sgravitationalfieldcontrolsnumerousasteroidsthathavesettledintotheregionsoftheLagrangianpoints
precedingandfollowingJupiterinitsorbitaroundtheSun.TheseareknownastheTrojanasteroids,andaredividedintoGreekandTrojan
"camps"tocommemoratetheIliad.Thefirstofthese,588Achilles,wasdiscoveredbyMaxWolfin1906sincethenmorethantwothousand
havebeendiscovered.[120]Thelargestis624Hektor.
MostshortperiodcometsbelongtotheJupiterfamilydefinedascometswithsemimajoraxes
smallerthanJupiter's.JupiterfamilycometsarethoughttoformintheKuiperbeltoutsidetheorbitof
Neptune.DuringcloseencounterswithJupitertheirorbitsareperturbedintoasmallerperiodandthen
circularizedbyregulargravitationalinteractionwiththeSunandJupiter.[121]
Impacts
JupiterhasbeencalledtheSolarSystem'svacuumcleaner,[123]becauseofitsimmensegravitywelland
locationneartheinnerSolarSystem.ItreceivesthemostfrequentcometimpactsoftheSolarSystem's
planets.[124]Itwasthoughtthattheplanetservedtopartiallyshieldtheinnersystemfromcometary
bombardment.[28]RecentcomputersimulationssuggestthatJupiterdoesnotcauseanetdecreaseinthe
numberofcometsthatpassthroughtheinnerSolarSystem,asitsgravityperturbstheirorbitsinwardin
roughlythesamenumbersthatitaccretesorejectsthem.[125]Thistopicremainscontroversialamong
scientists,assomethinkitdrawscometstowardsEarthfromtheKuiperbeltwhileothersthinkthat
JupiterprotectsEarthfromtheallegedOortcloud.[126]Jupiterexperiencesabout200timesmore
asteroidandcometimpactsthanEarth.[28]
ThisdiagramshowstheTrojan
asteroidsinJupiter'sorbit,aswellas
themainasteroidbelt.
A1997surveyofhistoricalastronomicaldrawingssuggestedthatCassinimayhaverecordedanimpact
scarin1690.Thesurveydeterminedeightothercandidateobservationshadlowornopossibilitiesof
animpact.[127]AfireballwasphotographedbyVoyager1duringitsJupiterencounterinMarch
1979.[128]DuringtheperiodJuly16,1994,toJuly22,1994,over20fragmentsfromthecomet
ShoemakerLevy9(SL9,formallydesignatedD/1993F2)collidedwithJupiter'ssouthernhemisphere,
providingthefirstdirectobservationofacollisionbetweentwoSolarSystemobjects.Thisimpact
providedusefuldataonthecompositionofJupiter'satmosphere.[129][130]
OnJuly19,2009,animpactsitewasdiscoveredatapproximately216degreeslongitudeinSystem
2.[131][132]ThisimpactleftbehindablackspotinJupiter'satmosphere,similarinsizetoOvalBA.
Infraredobservationshowedabrightspotwheretheimpacttookplace,meaningtheimpactwarmedup
theloweratmosphereintheareanearJupiter'ssouthpole.[133]
HubbleimagetakenonJuly23,2009,
showingablemishofabout5,000
mileslongleftbythe2009Jupiter
impact. [122]
Afireball,smallerthanthepreviousobservedimpacts,wasdetectedonJune3,2010,byAnthonyWesley,anamateurastronomerinAustralia,
andwaslaterdiscoveredtohavebeencapturedonvideobyanotheramateurastronomerinthePhilippines.[134]Yetanotherfireballwasseen
onAugust20,2010.[135]
OnSeptember10,2012,anotherfireballwasdetected.[128][136]
Possibilityoflife
In1953,theMillerUreyexperimentdemonstratedthatacombinationoflightningandthechemicalcompoundsthatexistedintheatmosphere
ofaprimordialEarthcouldformorganiccompounds(includingaminoacids)thatcouldserveasthebuildingblocksoflife.Thesimulated
atmosphereincludedwater,methane,ammonia,andmolecularhydrogenallmoleculesstillfoundinJupiter'satmosphere.Jupiter'satmosphere
hasastrongverticalaircirculation,whichwouldcarrythesecompoundsdownintothelowerregions.Thehighertemperatureswithinthe
interioroftheatmospherebreakdownthesechemicals,whichwouldhindertheformationofEarthlikelife.[137]
ItisconsideredhighlyunlikelythatthereisanyEarthlikelifeonJupiter,becausethereisonlyasmallamountofwaterinJupiter'satmosphere
andanypossiblesolidsurfacedeepwithinJupiterwouldbeunderextremepressures.Still,ithasbeenhypothesizedthatammoniaorwater
basedlifecouldevolveinJupiter'supperatmosphere.[138][139][140][141]ThepossiblepresenceofundergroundoceansonsomeofJupiter's
moonshasledtospeculationthatthepresenceoflifeismorelikelythere.
Mythology
TheplanetJupiterhasbeenknownsinceancienttimes.Itisvisibletothenakedeyeinthenightsky
andcanoccasionallybeseeninthedaytimewhentheSunislow.[142]TotheBabylonians,thisobject
representedtheirgodMarduk.TheyusedJupiter'sroughly12yearorbitalongtheecliptictodefinethe
constellationsoftheirzodiac.[23][143]
TheRomansnameditafterJupiter(Latin:Iuppiter,Ipiter)(alsocalledJove),theprincipalgodof
Romanmythology,whosenamecomesfromtheProtoIndoEuropeanvocativecompound*Dyupter
(nominative:*Dyusptr,meaning"FatherSkyGod",or"FatherDayGod").[144]Inturn,Jupiterwas
thecounterparttothemythicalGreekZeus(),alsoreferredtoasDias(),theplanetaryname
ofwhichisretainedinmodernGreek.[145]
Jupiter,woodcutfroma1550edition
ofGuidoBonatti'sLiberAstronomiae
Theastronomicalsymbolfortheplanet, ,isastylizedrepresentationofthegod'slightningbolt.The
originalGreekdeityZeussuppliestherootzeno,usedtoformsomeJupiterrelatedwords,suchaszenographic.[146]
JovianistheadjectivalformofJupiter.Theolderadjectivalformjovial,employedbyastrologersintheMiddleAges,hascometomean
"happy"or"merry,"moodsascribedtoJupiter'sastrologicalinfluence.[147]
TheChinese,KoreansandJapanesecalleditthe"woodstar"(Chinese:pinyin:mxng),basedontheChineseFive
TheChinese,KoreansandJapanesecalleditthe"woodstar"(Chinese:pinyin:mxng),basedontheChineseFive
Elements.[148][149][150]ChineseTaoismpersonifieditastheFustar.TheGreekscalledit,Phaethon,"blazing."InVedicastrology,
HinduastrologersnamedtheplanetafterBrihaspati,thereligiousteacherofthegods,andoftencalledit"Guru",whichliterallymeansthe
"HeavyOne."[151]
InGermanicmythology,JupiterisequatedtoThor,whencetheEnglishnameThursdayfortheRomandiesJovis.[152]
IntheCentralAsianTurkicmyths,JupiteriscalledErendizorErentz,fromeren(ofuncertainmeaning)andyultuz('star').Therearemany
theoriesaboutthemeaningoferen.ThesepeoplescalculatedtheperiodoftheorbitofJupiteras11yearsand300days.Theybelievedthat
somesocialandnaturaleventsconnectedtoErentz'smovementsonthesky.[153]
Seealso
HIP11915
HotJupiter
JovianPlutoniangravitationaleffect
Jovian(fiction)
Juno(spacecraft)
Jupiterinfiction
Spaceexploration
Notes
a.ThisimagewastakenbytheHubbleSpaceTelescope,usingtheWideFieldCamera3,on21April2014.Jupiter'satomosphereanditsappearance
constantlychanges,andhenceitscurrentappearancetodaymaynotresemblewhatitwaswhenthisimagewastaken.Depictedinthisimage,however,
areafewfeaturesthatremainconsistent,suchasthefamousGreatRedSpot,featuredprominentlyinthelowerrightoftheimage,andtheplanet's
recognizablebandedappearance.
b.Referstothelevelof1baratmosphericpressure
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Furtherreading
Bagenal,F.Dowling,T.E.McKinnon,W.B.,eds.(2004).Jupiter:Theplanet,satellites,andmagnetosphere.Cambridge:Cambridge
UniversityPress.ISBN0521818087.
Beebe,Reta(1997).Jupiter:TheGiantPlanet(Seconded.).Washington,D.C.:SmithsonianInstitutionPress.ISBN1560987316.
Externallinks
HansLohningeretal.(November2,2005)."Jupiter,AsSeenByVoyager1".ATripintoSpace.VirtualInstituteofAppliedScience.
RetrievedMarch9,2007.
Dunn,Tony(2006)."TheJovianSystem".GravitySimulator.RetrievedMarch9,2007.Asimulationofthe62Jovianmoons.
Seronik,G.Ashford,A.R."ChasingtheMoonsofJupiter".Sky&Telescope.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly13,2007.Retrieved
March9,2007.
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Cain,Fraser."Jupiter".UniverseToday.RetrievedApril1,2008.
"FantasticFlybyoftheNewHorizonsspacecraft(May1,2007.)".NASA.RetrievedMay21,2008.
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NASA.Retrieved20151117.
June2010impactvideo(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us6EXc5Hyng)
Bauer,AmandaMerrifield,Michael(2009)."Jupiter".SixtySymbols.BradyHaranfortheUniversityofNottingham.
"NASASolarSystemJupiter".
PhotographsofJupitercirca1920sfromtheLickObservatoryRecordsDigitalArchive,UCSantaCruzLibrary'sDigitalCollections
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Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&oldid=707537104"
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