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FACULTY : CIVIL &

ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To provide and strenghten knowledge, skill, understanding in solid
determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in
laboratory.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this course students are able to:
(1) Apply knowledge in solid determination
(2) Analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid
and dissolve solid
(3) Identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems
(4) Develop their ability to work in group

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3.0 THEORY
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may
affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high
dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable
physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in
the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for
assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations.
Generally, total solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the
dishes after evaporation of a sample at 103C to 105C. Total solids include total
suspended solids, and total dissolved solids. Total suspended solids is the
portion of total solids retained by filter, and total dissolved solids is the portion
of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 m (or smaller) nominal pore size
under specified conditions. Fixed solids is refer to the residue of total,
suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a
specified temperature (500C 50 C for 15 minutes). The weight loss on ignition
is called volatile solids. Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not
distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes
losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. Settleable
solids is the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a
defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the technique.

FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

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Settleable solids

Imhoff cone

Filter paper

Microwave (at
103C - 105C)

Samples

Total solids
(TS)

Dissolved Solid

Fibre glass filter (


2.0m)

Microwave (at

Microwave (at

103C - 105C)

180C 2C)

Suspended solids (SS)

Dissolved solids (DS)

Muffle furnace
(at 500C 50C)

Muffle furnace
(at 500C 50C)

Volatile suspended solids (VSS) Fixed suspended solids (FSS)

Volatile dissolved solids (VDS) Fixed dissolved solids (FDS)

Total fixed solids


TFS = FSS + FDS

Total volatile solids TVS = VSS + VDS

Total solids (TS)

DIAGRAM 1.0

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FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

4.0 EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL


Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain,
platinum or high-silica glass.
Muffle furnace for operating at 500C 50C
Steam bath
Desicator
Drying oven
Analytical balance
vii.
Magnetic stirrer
viii.
Graduated cylinder
Wid-bore pipet
Low-form beaker

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5.0 PROCEDURES
In this experiment, students should run three parallel laboratory tests for:
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Total Volatile Solids (TVS)

Generally, students need to prepare samples for those three tests, filter the
samples and separate the samples into three categories.
i. Suspended solids in unfiltered samples.
ii. Suspended solids which remained on the filter paper.
iii. Suspended solids inside the filtered samples which passed the filter
paper.
Wieght both samples.
Then, dry those samples inside the furnace with temperature of 105OC to
make sure water is evaporated. Obtain the weight of dried samples.

FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

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5.1 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)


i.

ii.
iii.
iv.

v.
vi.

Preparation of the glass fibre filter disc: Insert the filter disc onto the base and clamp on funnel.
While vacuum is applied, wash the disc with three (3) successive 20 mL distilled water. Remove
all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after water has passed through. Remove funnel
from base and place filter in the dish and dry in an oven at 103C - 105C for one (1) hour. When
needed, remove dish from the oven, desiccate and weight.
Select a sample volume (max. of 200 mL) that will yield not more than 200 mg of total suspended
solids.
Place the filter on the base and clamp on funnel and apply vacuum. Wet the filter with small
volume of distilled water to seal the filter against the base.
Shake the samples vigorously and quantitatively transfer required volume (mL) of samples to the
filter using a large orifis, volumetric pipette. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply
vacuum after samples has passed through.
Rinse the pipette and funnel onto the filter with small volume of distilled water. Remove all traces
of water by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.
Carefully remove the disc filter from the base. Dry for at least one (1) hour at 103C - 105C. Cool
in a desiccator and weigh.

5.2 Total Dissolved Solids


i.
ii.
iii.

iv.

Preparation of evaporating dish: Ignite cleaned evaporating dish at 500C 50C for one (1)
hour in muffle furnace. Store in desiccator until needed. Weigh immediately before use.
Choose samples volume to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg dried residue. If more than 10
minutes are required to complete filtration, increase filter size or decrease sample volume.
Stir samples with magnetic stirrer and pipet a measures volume onto glass-fibre filter with
applied vacuum. Wash with three (3) successive 10 mL of distilled water, allowing complete
drainage between washings, and continue suction for about 3 min after filteration complete.
Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a weighed evaporating dish and evaporate to
dryness on a drying oven. Dry evaporated samples for at least 1 h in an oven at 180C 2C,
cool in a desiccator to balance temperature, and weigh. Repeat drying cycle of drying, cooling,
desiccating, and weighing until a constant weigh is obtained. (The filtrate from the total
suspended solids determination may be used for determination of total dissolved solids).

5.3 Total Volatile Solids


i.

If volatile solids are to be measured, the residue from method A and B is ignited at 500C 50C
for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Cool in desiccator to balance temperature and weigh. Repeat
cycle of drying or igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight change less
than 4% of the previos weighing or 0.5 mg, whichever is less. Store in desiccator until needed.

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FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

6.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION


Fill in the tables provided in the bench sheet.
(a) Total Solid (mg/L)
mgTotal Solid/L

=
( A B ) x 1000
Volume of Sample (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of dried residue + dish, mg
B = Weight of dish, mg

(b) mg Total dissolved solids/L =

( A - B ) x 1000
Sample Volume, (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of dried residue +dish, mg
B = Weight of dish, mg

(c) mg Total Suspended Solid/L =

( A - B ) x 1000
Sample Volume (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of filter + dried residue, mg
B = Weight filter, mg

(d) mg volatile solids/L =

(e) mg fixed solids/L

(A B) x 1000
Sample Volume (mL)
= (B C) x 1000
Sample Volume (mL)

Where;
A = Weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition, mg
B = Weight fresidue + dish or filter after ignition, mg
C = weight of dish or filter, mg

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FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID
7.0

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

DATA ANALYSIS
1. Calculate the average of total solid (TS)
2. Calculate the average of suspended solid.
3. Calculate the average of dissolve solid

8.0 DISCUSSION
1. Distinguish between suspended solid and dissolve solid.
2. Suggest some possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids.
3.
The suspended solids for a wastewater sample was found to be
175 mg/L. If the following test results were obtained, what size sample was used in
the analysis?

Tare mass of glass fibre filter = 1.5413 g


Residue on glass fibre filter after drying at 105 0C = 1.5538 g

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FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

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9.0 BENCH SHEET


9.1 Unfiltered Sample
DATA FOR TOTAL SOLID TEST
Sample A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Sample B

Volume of sample (ml)


Weight of evaporating dish (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + sample
(g)
Weight of sample (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + sample
after drying process at 103oC 105oC
Weight of solid (g)
Weight of crucible dish + solid before
drying process at 500oC 50oC
Weight of crucible dish + solid after
drying process at 500oC 50oC
Weight of volatile solid (g)
Total Solid (TS) (mg/L)
Percentage of solid in sample (%)
Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L)
Percentage of volatile solid (%)

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FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/201
DATE: 5
AMENDMENT 20 Feb
DATE: 2016

9.2.1 Filtered Sample


DATA FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (SS)
Sample A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Sample B

Volume of Sample (ml)


Weight of filter paper (g)
Weight of filter paper + solid after
drying at 103oC - 105oC
Weight of solid (g)
Weight of crucible dish + solid before
drying process at 500oC 50oC
Weight of crucible dish + solid after
drying process at 500oC 50oC
Weight of volatile solid (g)
Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg/L)
Percentage of Volatile Suspended
Solid (VSS) %

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FACULTY : CIVIL &


ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPART : WATER &
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENG.
LAB : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
EXPERIMENT : TOTAL SOLID

EDITION:
REVISION
02
NO:
EFFECTIVE 28/12/20
DATE: 15
AMENDMEN 20 Feb
T DATE: 2016

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9.2.2 Filtered Sample


DATA FOR TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLID (TDS)
Sample A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Sample B

Volume of sample (ml)


Weight of evaporating dish (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + sample (g)
Weight of sample (g)
Weight of evaporating dish + sample
after drying at 180oC (g)
Weight of Solid (g)
Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) (mg/L)
Weight of crucible dish + solid before
drying process at 500oC 50oC
Weight of crucible dish + solid after drying
at 500oC 50oC (g)
Weight of dissolved solid (g)
Total dissolved Solid (SS) (mg/L)
Percentage of Volatile dissolved Solid
(VSS) %

PREPARED BY : MOHD BAHARUDIN RIDZUAN


POSITION :

SIGNATURE :

SENIOR LECTURER
DATE : 20 Feb 2016

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