Pipe Fittings

With their usage in diverse industries and multiple applications, pipe fittings are available in a range of
dimensions, materials and fitting ends. All pipe fittings can be fabricated as per the exact specifications.
Fitting Types
- Pipe Adapter
- Pipe Cap
- Coupling - Flexible
- Coupling - Rigid
- Cross / 4-Way
- Elbow - 45
- Elbow - 90
- Elbow - Other Angle
- Elbow - Reducing

- End Bell
- Expansion Joint / Coupling
- Pipe Ferrule
- Pipe Flange
- Pipe Nipple
- Pipe Offset
- Pipe Plug
- Reducer - Concentric
- Reducer - Eccentric

- Return / Trap
- Side Outlet - Elbow
- Side Outlet - Tee
- Tee - Bullhead
- Tee - Reducing
- Tee - Standard
- Pipe Union
- Wye - Reducing
- Wye - Standard

Pipe Adapter
A pipe adapter is a fitting that is used to connect pipes of different
materials or pipes that require different joining methods. For example, it
can join a pipe that is threaded to a pipe or tube that is not threaded, one of
the most important type of pipe fittings. Adapters are available in various
materials like aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, steel, stainless, plastic etc,
depending on their final application. Apart from being available in various
materials, these are also custom made in a large range of sizes, depending
on their Inner and Outer Diameters (ID and OD).
Some of the popular types of adapters are :

Female Adapters
Male Adapters
Terminal Adapters
Hi Low converter Adapters
Twist to lock Y cord Adapters
Auto Converter Adapters
Conduit Box Adapters
Reduce Drive Adapters
Red Adapters

Male and female adapters from a popular classification criteria.

Female Adapters are used to add a female threaded pipe connection on a solvent welded pipe
(they must never be used when converting to a metallic pipe as the metal male pipe threads tend
to split the PVC fittings). Also, metal male threads should never be inserted into any female
threaded PVC fitting.
Male Adapters are used to add a male threaded pipe connection to a solvent weld pipe section.

Features of industrial adapters are that they are :

Sanitary or Food Grade Rated
Insulated
Plated
Pipe Cap
A pipe cap is a fitting with a female (inside) thread. It is used like a plug,
except that the pipe cap screws on the male thread of a pipe or nipple. A
cap may have a solvent weld socket end or a female threaded end and the
other end is closed off. If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a
future connection point, it must be left several inches of pipe before the
cap (as when the cap is cut off for the future connection, there will need
to be enough pipe present to glue a new fitting onto).
Available in a wide range of sizes, caps can be made from Aluminum,
Delrin, Ethyl Vinyl Acetate Monel, Nylon, Polyetheretherketon (PEEK),
Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Silicrub Styrene Butadiene, Steel Stainless steel etc.
The industrial caps can be round; square; rectangular; "U" shaped; "I" shaped and have Round Hand
Grip or Flat Hand Grip.

Features of these caps are that they can be:

Threaded
Tapered
Anti-roll
Knurled
Slot Head / Slotted Head
Ret Ring / Retaining Ring
Tear Tab
Hanger Tip
Pull Tab
Vented

Coupling - Flexible
Coupling Flexible connect rotating members while allowing some degree
of angular or parallel misalignment. The key to a flexible coupling's
longevity is the elastomeric element that is sandwiched between the
coupling
halves.
Most coupling flexible manufacturers use compression-molded, rubberlike materials for their standard grommets. Torque tests and shock loads
are used to check the strength and durability of these coupling.
They can be made from different materials like steel, aluminum, cast iron
coupling etc.

Some of the coupling types are :

Coil Spring
Double Loop
Tire
Flexible Link
Multi Jaw
Helical Flex
Magnetic
Metal Bellows
Diaphragm
Roller Chain
Schmidt
Shear
Sliding Block
Steel Grid
Spider
Flexible Disc

Cross / 4-Way Fittings

Cross fittings connect four pipe sections together. Crosses may have
solvent weld socket ends or female threaded ends (no female threads
available for PVC). They create a great deal of stress on the pipe because
they have four connection points. In theory, this is the same principle that
makes a 3 leg stool (a "tee") more steady than a 4 leg stool (a "cross").
If the branch line passes through the tee, the fitting becomes a Cross. If the
side inlet passes through the fitting, it would be a 4-way tee. If the cross
has a side inlet, it could accommodate 5 different pipes.

These cross fittings are mainly find their application in hardware industry and are made of different
materials, from PVC and aluminum to any other material of choice.
Elbow - 90
90 degree elbow, also called "90 bends or 90 ells", are manufactured as SR
(Short Radius) elbows and LR (Long Radius) elbows. SR (Short Radius)
elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter and are
typically used in tight areas where clearances are an issue. LR (Long
Radius) elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter and
are the more common type and used when space is available and flow is
more
critical.

This is a fitting device which is bent in such a way to produce 90 degree change in the direction of flow
of the content in the pipe. An Elbow is used to change the direction in piping and is also sometimes
called
a
"quarter
bend".
A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also attach to
rubber with stainless steel clamps. Available in many materials like silicon, rubber compounds,
galvanized steel etc, they connect rigid or IMC circuit together to allow for 90 degree bends.

The main application area of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps,
and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material or NPT thread.
Elbow - Other Angle
Industrial elbows are fitting accessories often used in various industrial
sectors in pipe fitting. An elbow is frequently used in pressurized
applications and comes in different shapes and sizes for use in various
applications

.
They are manufactured using different plastic compounds for use in flow
lines for fluids and gases in industrial processes, medical and many other
specialized applications. They are constructed strictly with heavy
materials for rigid applications like extreme high/low temperature

resistance

etc.

Numerous elbow-to-elbow combinations are possible (the end of one elbow welded to another). 180
degree bends are easily fabricated this way. The two main types of Pipe elbow are:
Fixed Elbows
Adjustable Elbows
Also, while die-stamped fixed elbows offer a smooth, obstruction-free interior, gored fixed elbows
don't have as smooth an interior as die-stamped (they still are obstruction-free inside and cost about
20% to 30% less).
For odd angles, an adjustable-angle elbows are the best (the radius must at least be 1-1/2 times the
diameter of the pipe and made of 24-gauge metal). Pipe Elbow can be custom made for other angles
like :

30 degree
60 degree
130 degree
180 degree

They are popularly used in the following industries :

Construction
Food

 Medical
Machinery
End Bell
End Bell is used in concrete vault wall to provide a smooth, safe
entrance to the conduit outside. They protect wiring which is being
pulled through the vault wall. An End bell is a socket that ideally suits to
connect one end of the pipe to the one end of the other pipe.
End bell pipe fittings are easier to install than conventional butt welding
pipe fittings and can be welded four to seven times faster than the
standard butt welding fittings. The wrought cold formed belled end pipe
fitting eliminates the problems of misalignment and wall thickness
mismatch that are inherent to butt welded joints.
Testing has proven that belled end pipe fittings are equal in burst and superior in fatigue. Manufactured
from pipe with starting wall thicknesses that is very close to the actual pipe wall nominal thickness, the
belled end pipe fitting when joined to pipe, creates a flex continuum.

When a belled end pipe fitting fillet joint is installed in applications involving pipe flexing and
vibrations, a longer life cycle can be expected. These can be manufactured from full finished, annealed
and pickled minimum wall welded and seamless pipe. The latest cold forming techniques are used to
produce belled end pipe fittings of superior quality and reliability.
Expansion Joint / Coupling
Expansion coupling are devices with at least one bellow or airtight
chamber, that absorb movement, stress, noise and vibration to protect pipe
or duct fittings. They allow for rigid mounting of pipes in constricted areas
and eliminate more complicated means of protecting piping from changes.
The joints, made usually of rubber or plastic, are manufactured in various
sizes to accommodate different pipe and duct sizes.
Expansion joints or couplings connect sections of pipe and provide
allowance for movement due to service load, shock, or thermal cycles.
They may have solvent weld socket ends or female threaded ends. The
flexible component of an expansion joint is called "bellow"and is typically constructed of materials that
have high ductile strength to withstand the stresses of deflection. Often, a bellows expansion joint can
withstand
thousands
of
deflection
cycles
without
breaking.
Expansion joints provide a wide range of deflection capability. A flexible expansion joint may be
designed to deflect lateral, axial, angular, or torsional stresses, or a combination of any of these. Some
of the expansion joints with a varying deflection capabilities are hinged expansion joints, gimbals and
universal expansion joints and elbow expansion joints.

Some of the popular types of expansion joints (on the basis of material used in manufacturing)
are:
Metal Expansion Joint
Fabric Expansion Joint
Rubber Expansion Joint
Significance
of
an
expansion
coupling/joint
:
A variety of elements can negatively affect pipe fittings over a period of time. Thermal expansion and
contraction, along with minute shifting or vibrations, can lead to costly and irritating repairs. As the
environment around piping shifts, so does the size of the piping. It may be minute, but in a long series
of piping, it can result in significant movement and bending. Expansion joints shield the most
vulnerable sections of piping from such conditions.
Pipe Ferrule
A Pipe Ferrule is a name for various types of metal objects, of which
most consist of a circular clamp used to hold together and attach fibers,
wires or posts. A pipe ferrule is thus a ring or cap attached to an object to
protect against damage, splitting or wear. It is also known as a circular
fitting device that is used to hold the pipes together.
A pipe ferrule is used in various industries like hardware
, electrical & electronics, fiber optics, lawn and garden instruments,
automotive, compressed-gas, fire suppression, welding, furniture, beverage, appliance, farm and
lighting
industries
etc.
Ferrule, apart from holding parts of a rod etc together, are also used for giving strength to weakened
materials
and
for
preventing
wearing
or
splitting.
A few of the applications of Pipe Ferrule :
Ferrules are used in compression fittings for attaching piping.
Ferrules are used together with the connector that connects the fiber cable either to another
cable or to a transmitter or receiver. They keep the fibers accurately aligned within the
connector.
In fiber optics, ferrule is used to align and protect the stripped end of a fiber.
Also known as a Tube insert, ferrule can also be a metal, glass, plastic or ceramic tube that is inserted
into the end of a heat exchanger tube to provide a specific function. The purpose of a ferrule here is to
either be sacrificial to the effects of inlet-end erosion, corrosion, impingement, or induce a fluid to fall
on the ID of a tube in a falling film exchanger, or transfer extremely high heat past the tube sheet to the
exchanger tubes. Each of the above applications requires a specific style of design.
Even though there are some applications where plastic performs satisfactorily, a metal tube insert is
more durable in environments where there are concerns of the stability of the product, its tendency to
transfer erosion problems down the tube, its durability in an abrasive environment and its reaction to
elevated temperatures.

In some cases, ceramics also exhibits good performance well like in a situation when the temperatures are
extremely high. Also, ceramic bonds well to glass and its expansion coefficient is close to that of the
glass fibers, making it environmentally stable. However, ceramics can be subject to breaking.
Some of the metal ferrules are :

Brass Ferrule
Aluminum Ferrule
Stainless Steel Ferrule
Copper Ferrule

Pipe Flange
A Pipe Flange can be defined as an external or internal rib, or rim, for
strength (as the flange of an iron beam) or for a guide (as the flange of a
train wheel) or for attachment to another object (as the flange on the end
of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc). It allows two pipes to be mechanically
connected together, or a pipe to be mechanically connected to a valve, tee,
choke or other piece of equipment. Hence, it is a connection profile that is
used in pipe work and associated equipment to provide a means of
assembling
and
disassembling
components.
The design and specification of a flange relates to the size and pressure
capacity of the equipment to which it is fitted. All flanges are sized according to their nominal bore
size. For the majority of pipe sizes, this designation does not represent either their actual outside
diameter
or
inside
diameter.
Working
of
a
Pipe
Flange
:
The basic principle of working is to use a mechanical force (exerted by the bolts) to pre-load the gasket
so that when internal pressure (end cap force) is applied, there is enough contact stress between the
flanges and gasket to maintain a seal. The flange itself needs to be connected to the pipe. This is usually
achieved by welding, though threaded and other weldless connections also exist.

Flange can be made of various materials like :

Carbon Steel
Chrome Alloys
Stainless Steel
Aluminum
Hastalloy
Inconel
Incolloy
Monel
Copper
Naval Brass
Titanium

 Galvanized Carbon Steel

Some of the common types of Pipe Flanges :

Weldneck Flange
Slip-On Flange
Socket Weld Flange
Lap Joint Flange
Threaded Flange

Pipe Nipple
A Pipe Nipple is a short pipe (12 inches or less), with small opening which
provides way for the liquids or gases to pass through the pipe. It has a
male thread on each end and is used for extension from a fitting.
Some of the popular usages of Pipe Nipple are :
Used in fluid application to connect two FPT fittings.
Used in plumbing system or for ceiling and wall supports and
extensions.
Used for ceiling or wall supports.
Used to extend shower riser.
Some of the common materials used in manufacturing Pipe Nipple are :
CPVC
PVC
Stainless Steel
A look at popular variants of Pipe Fitting Nipple:
Nippple close-NC
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
NIpple hex-NH
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Nipple hex-NH
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Reducing hex nipple- RHN (Male NPT Threads)
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Reducing hex nipple-LHN
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections
Long hex nipple- LHN (Male NPT Threads)
Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections

A few other types of nipples are:

Dielectric Nipple
Barbed Nipple

 Brass Hex Nipple

Swage Nipple
Threaded Pipe Nipple
Pipe Offset
An Offset means a combination of pipes and/or fittings that brings one
section of the pipe out of line but into a line, parallel with the other
section. These offset fittings are available in a number of materials like
titanium, tantalum, zirconium, nickel, monel (Ti, Ta, Zr, Ni, Mo) etc.
Apart from different materials, these offset pipe fittings are
manufactured in a wide range of dimensions (degrees and length) as per
the specific requirements of the applications. Also, these fittings
encompass a large variety like offset flange, offset bends, offset out
adapters, equal spread offset, soil pipe offset etc, each one performing a
similar function with other pipe fittings. For eg, a soil pipe offset is a fitting that is designed to join two
parallel soil pipes which are different parallel levels.

A look at some of the popular Offset in this category are :

Single Pipe Offset (67 1/2 ,60 , 45, 30,15, 11 1/4 )

Equal Spread Offset (67 1/2,60,45, 30 ,22 1/2,15, 11 1/4 )
Solving 45 Pipe Offset With a Steel Square
Starting Point of a Piping Offset With the Pipe Touching a Beam
Starting Point of a Piping Offset Around a Corner of a Wall
Starting Point of a Piping Offset Around a Tank or Post
Locating the Center of an Offset From the Corner of a Wall
22 1/2 Welding Elbow Offsets
30 Welding Elbow Offset
45 Welding Elbow Offset
60 Welding Elbow Offset
Offsets for 90 Welding Elbows (Used With Less Than 90 Welding Elbows)
Fabricating Odd-Angle Elbows From 90 Long-Radius Welding Elbows

Pipe Plug
Pipe Plugs/Sewer Pipe Plugs are designed to provide a quick and simple
means to perform a variety of jobs such as stopping flow in a pipeline
(for maintenance or repair), down stream pipeline acceptance testing, or
to stop flow so that infiltration of a section can be measured etc.
Thus, a Sewer Pipe Plug is thus a device that is used to arrest the flow of
contents further in the pipe. It is available in a variety of styles, sizes,
and configurations so as to match your specific job requirements.

Plugs are mainly used in fluid plumbing applications to plug off a FPT fitting, have varying pressures
(from low pressure to high pressure) and are available as expandable, mechanical and inflatable,
something
just
right
for
virtually
any
application.
These plugs simplify the maintenance of all types of shell and tube heat exchangers and speed the
performance of in-service inspection of pipe, pipelines, piping systems and pressure vessels.

Some of the popular types of plugs are :

Mechanical pipe plug : Mechanical Pipe Plugs are designed for use in concrete, clay, and some
plastic pipes. They don't require air and are good for long term applications.
Pneumatic disk pipe plug : These sewer pipe plugs are designed for use in concrete, clay,
plastic as well as steel pipe. They have slim profile, bolt together sections, higher back and test
pressure capabilities more than other low pressure plugs.
Single size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug : These are designed for use in a wide variety of
pipe types and styles. Their advantages include their ability to seal most slightly out of round
pipes and are economical to use when only one pipe size is needed.
Multi-size pneumatic pipe plug : These Plugs are designed for use in a wide variety of pipe
types and styles as well as job requirements. Their usage does not require the need to know the
exact pipe size and they are compatible with a variety of pipe sizes. They also seal most slightly
out of round pipes and are excellent for standard low pressure air testing. These plugs are also
used for blocking or leak locating.
Multi-size flow-through pipe plug : These pipe plugs seal multiple line sizes and the major
application includes blocking, testing and diverting. They are most useful for by-pass pumping,
leak locating or blocking and gravity flow diversion.
High pressure pipe plug : Available in a large number of sizes and pressures, they are used for
testing or blocking of lines up to high pressures (around 150 PSI).
Reducer - Concentric
A reducer normally refers to a fitting that is used to reduce the diameter
of the suction piping to fit the pump intake. It is thus used to join two
pipes of different sizes. Reducer is available in both eccentric and
concentric designs. Concentric or eccentric reducers are used to properly
reduce into and out of circulating pumps. The various advantages include
keeping big pipes and small pipes together as well as reducing noise and
vibration
at
the
same
time.
They are manufactured in a large number of materials, like Rubber,
Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Copper, Nickel, Polypropylene, PVDF
(sanitary control). Also known as "tapered expansion joint", the reducers made from rubber connect
unequal size pipes that share a common centerline. These joints eliminate the need for metallic reducers
and at the same time provide sound and vibration isolation and expansion compensation. The
concentric reducer pipe fitting also allows both the inlet and outlet ends to align to a common center
line.

Some of the important parameters used to select a concentric reducer are pressure/vacuum, max temp
compression, approximate force, elongation etc. They are manufactured in various alloys, schedules,
sizes and flange configurations. Concentric reducers frequently trap air when used at the suction of the
pump.

Some of the industries where they find application are oil, gas, petrochemical, onshore and offshore
sectors. They are used in both cargo transfers operations and vapor recovery systems. Reducers for
vapor recovery include a pin on one flange and vapor hole on the opposite flange. Concentric reducer
save installation space and reduce costs. Piping systems must be anchored when using concentric
reducer.
Eccentric Reducer
An Eccentric reducer, also called a Bell reducer, has two female (inside)
threads of different sizes with centers so designed that when they are
joined, the two pieces of pipe are not in line with each other, but they can
be installed so as to provide optimum drainage of the line.
An eccentric pipe reducer fitting is designed with the smaller outlet off
center to the larger end, allowing it to align with only one side of the
inlet. The high quality reducer fittings are designed to be welded with
ease and offer superior strength and leak resistance.
Eccentric pipe reducer must be installed with straight side up to prevent trapping air at the pump
suction. They are designed to allows simple connection of different sized pipes. These can be used as
pipe reducers flexible connectors and vibration eliminators.

Eccentric reducers eliminates noise and isolate vibration in the pipeline, reduces stress, eliminates
electrolysis
and
protects
against
start-up
surges.
They are fabricated using different materials like:

Rubber
Silicone
Viton
Alloys
Buna-Nm EPDM
PTFE

The advantage of an all-rubber reducer over a metal reducer is the flexibility and durability of the
elastomer. Filled reducers are usually used on slurry and abrasive applications to prevent the collection
of material, which can settle in the arches.
Pipe Return / Trap

It is a pipe fitting that holds water to prevent entry of sewer gases. A

Trap or Return is a U or S shaped equipment that inverses the direction
of the pipe. Flexible trap and standard trap is an absolute solution for
smelly and clogging basins, tanks, sinks etc and provide the plumber
with easy to install and practical products. They are used to prevent the
passage of sewer gas from the plumbing system into house through the
plumbing
fixture
drain.
Return or pipe trap falls under the head of " Tubular products" along
with other fittings that are found under sinks and connect them to the
drainage lines. Tubular products are manufactured in a sizing standard that is neither compatible with
IPS pipe nor with CTS tubing. These products are made in tube sizes, but the threads used on them are
incompatible with other products. They are adjustable, easily removed for repairs or cleaning, and can
be
assembled
without
making
precise
measurements
and
cuts.
Every open drain requires a trap to be installed below it to prevent sewer gas from escaping into the
house. This trap is always full of water. The specific configuration of the trap depends on the type of
sink under which it's installed and the location of the drainage pipe to which it connects.

There are a wide variety of trap fittings available to accommodate nearly any situation one might
encounter. Some of the popular types of trap available in the market are:

Adjustable P-Trap with Union

Bell Trap
Drum Trap
L.A Psttern P trap
P-Trap with Clean out
Bell Trap Drain Fittings
Drain Grate
Vinyl PVC floor strainer

Side Outlet - Elbow

Side outlet elbow find its application in diverse areas. They offer
solutions for interior and exterior handrail applications; from balconies,
roof terraces and patio grab rails to commercial shop fittings and are also
used for rigid structures, racks, greenhouses, awnings, fencing, cages.
For instance, a stainless steel side outlet elbow fitting is ideal for high
use
and
durability
in
public
areas.
Available in a wide number of materials, varying from stainless steel,
brass, rugged steel, aluminum, PVC etc, side outlet elbows are given
finishings using a number of polishing options. Special care is taken to
make them corrosion and rust free. To fit different pipes, they are fabricated in different dimensions, as
per
the
exact
specification
of
the
customer.

In most of the cases, no welding is involved and so pipe structures are easily reconfigured if the pipe
design needs to be changed. They also require no threading, drilling and bolting and are 100% reusable
and form one of the quickest ways to assemble structural pipe work.
Nowadays, round tubings are combined with square fittings to give a more contemporary feel to the
side outlet elbow.

A few of the common side outlet elbows are :

A 90 degree corner joint is most frequently used for the top rail of guard railing. It can also be
considered for the top corner joint of benches, work tables, and other rectangular structures.
A socket elbow with threaded side outlet allows the side outlet to be used as a bypass or
temperature sensing point without additional plumbing
fittings. It has socket x spigot x female threaded ends.
Aluminum side outlet elbow is ideal for making simple, strong, rust free launch pads. Each
elbow comes with a hex head screw for easy removal of the legs. They are available in different
sizes to accommodate any size of pad.
Side Outlet - Tee
A side outlet tee is similar to a standard tee (a T-shaped device that act as
an outlet for the pipe) with a minor change that in addition to the three
openings, this side outlet tee has one more opening at the plane
perpendicular
to
the
tee
plane.
All septic tanks have an opening for the waste to enter the tank and
another one for the waste to exit the tank. This exit is called "the outlet".
Inside the tank, there is either a PVC or metal tee fitting, consisting of a
short section of horizontal piping leading into a slightly longer vertical
section of piping that is open on both the top and the bottom. The top of
the vertical section must extend above the level of the scum mat, and the bottom of the vertical section
must extend below the bottom level of the scum mat. The outlet tee is usually several inches below the
level
of
the
inlet
tee.
A side outlet tee is also another hand rail fitting that is made of made of different materials (like an
extremely corrosive resistant aluminum cast, giving a light weight, durable, long lasting, rust proof pipe
frame joint) and available in various sizes. This fitting slips on and comes with a set screw to secure the
pipe
in
the
fitting.
No
threading,
bending,
or
welding
is
needed.
A side outlet tee is available in several dimensions, depending on the nature of application, pipe size,
tube outer diameter etc. A look at some of the common side outlet tees and their application areas:

A solid brass side outlet tee fitting is ideal for high use and durability in public areas.
An adjustable Side Outlet Tee is used to form variable angle joints between 60 and 200 degrees.

A Split 90 degree Side Outlet Tee / Split Two Socket Cross is used for adding on to and modifying
existing structures. Because of its movable components, it can be added to an existing an existing
tubular structure.
Tee - Bullhead
When a branch is larger than the other two run openings, it is referred to
as a bullhead tee. On a "bullhead tee" the side outlet is the largest socket
on the tee and the side outlet is referred to as the "bullhead". Thus,
Bullhead Tees are the tees in which the ports of the run are smaller than
the
port
of
the
branch.
In general, the specifications for a fitting indicate the sizes for both ends
of the run first, followed by the size of the branch. In the case of run
openings being different sizes, the larger run opening would be listed first. In similar fashion, if there
are two branches of differing sizes, the larger branch opening would be listed before the smaller branch
opening. But in all cases, branches are always listed after run openings.
Tees are always labeled as "N x N x N TEE with the side outlet as the last size. The larger of the two
sockets is always listed first. Thus a 1 x x 1/2 TEE SST has a 1/2" threaded side outlet (T for
threaded) with the remaining sockets being 1" and 3/4" solvent weld sockets (SS for slip, slip).

90 Bullhead Tee is best used in Low Pressure Heating and Air Conditioning Systems. For Dust
Collection Systems, Lateral and Boot Tees are used. Boot Tee is commonly used in confined area that
does not allow use of 45 Lateral Tee.
Tee - Reducing
Another common type of tee is Reducing Tee. It is similar to the straight
tee, except that one of the threaded openings is of a different size than the
others. Reducing tee has two ends the same and one end smaller. Thus, a
tee with one branch smaller than the run openings is referred to as a
reducing tee. In other words, the runport is larger than the branch port.
Many configurations of "reducer tee" are available in the market, meaning
that one or more of the sockets is smaller than the others, depending on the
nature of application. Reducing tees, regardless of their material
composition, are always described in the same fashion. To describe a
reducing tee, one must locate the largest size on the run of the tee. The next size indicated in the
description of the reducing tee is the side opposite to that with the largest size on the run of the body.
The final size in any description of a reducing tee is the branch side.

Malleable Iron, Cast Iron, Brass, Copper Pressure, Carbon & Stainless Butt Weld & PVC are some of
the common types of materials used for manufacturing reduced tees. These fitting are used to reduce
delivery lines, to feed ice makers and other applications requiring a reducing tee fitting. Reducing Tee
fitting are able to convey potable water, wine, drinks and alimentary fluids. They are non-corrosive and

resistant to most of the chemicals, increasing the range of applications of the pipes. Reducing tee is
used where a branch line needs to be smaller than the main
Tee - Standard
A tee is amongst the most common pipe fittings and is available with all
female thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent
weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. This is a T-shaped
device which has three openings that act as an outlet for the pipe.
A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing
the direction of pipe runs. A common type of pipe tee is the STRAIGHT
tee, which has a straight-through portion and a 90-degree takeoff on one
side. All three openings of the straight tee are of the same size.
Tees (branch outlets) are manufactured as Equal or Reducing. Equal tees are exactly that, all three
ends are of the same size. Reducing tees come with a combination of different outlet sizes. They are
used
for
branch
connections
in
irrigation
systems.
Typically, standard Tees are belled on all ends but any combination of belled or plain can be produced.
There are many different combinations of sizes. Unusual combinations of sizes can also be achieved
using component parts of tees, reducing tees and street reducers.

Some of the key dimensions while selecting a tee are:

Main Inlet Diameter

Main Outlet Diameter
Branch Outlet Diameter
Installed Length of Reducer

Some of the industrial tees are:

Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Double Branch Tee
Double Branch Reducing Tee
Conical Tee
Double Branch Conical Tee
Bullhead Tee
Conical Reducing Tee
Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee
Tangential Tee Double Branch Tangential Tee

The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure, they can also be classified on
the basis of the application they are required to perform. For instance, Sanitary Tees are used for
sanitation works (and in vertical position only) where as Combination tees are used to attach PE tubing
to PVC pipe and fittings.

Pipe Union
Pipe Union is a fitting equipment that unites two pipes and they can be
detached without causing any deformation to the pipes. Small diameter
piping connections that require a positive seal and easy assembly as well
as disassembly are made with the help of union.
Union provides a leak-proof disconnection point in any PVC plumbing
application and at a low cost. If a valved-disconnection point is required,
use a single-union ball valve. A standard union pipe is made in three
parts, consisting of :
A nut
A female end
A male end
When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the
joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a device can be achieved
with a minimum loss of time.
Unions are commonly used for inserting metering and regulating devices into a piping system or for
connecting piping system to vessels. There are two types of pipe unions:
Ground Joint Union
Flange Union
The Ground joint union consists of three pieces. It most commonly has a brass grounding section
between the two halves.
A Flange Union is made in two parts. An economical, practical and reliable alternative to welded and
screwed systems, a Union Flange joins plain-ended pipe to flange-ended equipment, fittings and valves
and on-site installation is simple. Union Flange is a unique solution to the problems which can occur in
the use of pro-fabricated flanged piping, such as downtime, reliance on off-site suppliers and inaccurate
dimensions. The design of the Union Flange comprises three elements: the flange, the gasket and the
restraint.
Both types are used for joining two pipes together and are designed so that they can be disconnected
easily. Unions are successful in numerous municipal and industrial applications such as fire protection,
water and wastewater, and process piping systems.
Wye - Reducing
A Reducing Wye is used in connecting a reducing branch line into a
horizontal drain pipe. Also, it can be used in conjunction with a Twist-Lok
plug
to
provide
a
clean
out
in
a
drain
pipe
Material
used
for
manufacturing
Wye-Reducing:
These can be supplied in virtually any size or material, ranging from
carbon steel, stainless steel, iron, copper, monel, nickel, CPVC, Polyolefin
to
titanium
or
zirconium.

Some popular types of Reducing Wye :

Reducing Single Wye

Reducing Double Wye
Reducing Long turn Wye
Reducing Double Long turn Wye

Wye - Standard
As the name implies, this fitting device is "Y" shaped. The branch runs out
from the run port at an angle other than 90 degree. It is a fitting with three
openings and is used to create branch lines. A standard wye allows one
pipe to be joined to another at a 45 degree angle.
Wyes are similar to tees except that the branch line is angled to reduce
friction that could hamper the flow and that the connection is typically at a
45-degree angle rather than a 90-degree angle. If a branch turns out at the
end to be perpendicular to the through line, the fitting becomes a "tee
wye".
PVDF Corrosive Waste Piping Systems utilize wye fittings that feature smooth ID without any
irregularities for uninterrupted flow path. These fittings should be able to withstand acids, bases, and
solvents, flame-retardant systems withstand intermittent corrosive fluids up to high temperatures.
Polypropylene and PVDF Double Wyes and Double Reducing Wyes come in various sizes and are
largely
used
for
this
purpose.
A wye branch allows to split a branch line equally in two directions. The opening sizes can vary for
different situations, for instance in situation where a large main line needs to be split into two smaller
branches.
Economy wyes are often spot-welded together; industrial wyes have a continuous weld at each seam. A
true Wye fitting is also engineered for closed system instrumentation pigging configurations or
wherever a smooth pipe branch is required.

The end connections of a standard wye can be :

Buttweld
BlueSky Clamp Pipe Connector
RF or RTJ Flange
Special to suit application

Fitting Size Specification

The standard specifications of pipe fittings that are globally accepted are
Metric
and
Standard
English.
Given below are a variety of choices available according to industry
standards
and
customer
advantage.
Metric
Sizes
Metric sizes measure in millimeter and vary from as small as 10mm to as
large
as1000mm.
<10mm
10mm
20mm
30mm
40mm
50mm
100mm
200mm
500mm
>1000mm

20mm
30mm
40mm
50mm
100mm
200mm
500mm
1000mm

Standard
English
Standard English sizes are calibrated in inches and their size ranges from 1/8" to 36".

1/8"
1/4"
3/8"
1/2"
3/4"
1"
1 1/4"
1 1/2"

2"
2 1/2"
3"
3 1/2"
4"
5"
6"
8"

MMmET
10"
12"
14"
16"
18"
20"
22"
24"

Sizes:

26"
28"
30"
32"
34"
36"
Other Size <36"
Other Size >36"

Features Criteria
Lined
Pipe
Fittings
In order to protect pipes against the unwanted deterioration and to enhance the properties of the fittings,
there are a number of lining options that are avaiable in the market. Lined pipe fittings are
manufactured with an integral lining that are mostly made from engineered polymers used with process
materials or with other applications like food processing. It is done taking into consideration the
importance
of
cleanliness
and
hygiene
factors.
The lining material selected for the service is generally inert and has suitable and broad temperature

ranges. Most severe service applications can be handled by using corrosion and abrasion resistant ceramic
materials. Some of the popular lining products are PP, PVDF, ECTFE, ETFE, PTFE, PFA, MFA etc.
Plated
Pipe
Fittings
Pipe fittings are that are plated with different materials in order to impart the required properties are
called plated pipe fittings. These are mostly plated with materials such as nickel and chrome.
These platings are used to prevent corrosion and also to improve the exterior appearance of the pipe.
They also help in increasing the longetivity of the pipes and it is enhanced significantly if the plating is
done with a durable material of good quality.

Underground
Rated
Pipe
Fittings
These pipe fittings are designed and constructed for underground application. Since the application of
these pipes is below the ground, some rules have been formulated. It is mandatory that underground
piping shall be buried not less than 18 inches below the surface of the ground unless otherwise
protected, and shall be adequately coated or otherwise protected against corrosion. Pipe coated as
follows will be considered acceptable if it is:
Clean and prime.
Coated with asphalt enamel.
Wraped with forty-pound felt or Kraft paper.
Though materials like PVC or CPVC can be used, it is advisable to use ABS as it a heavy-duty plastic
pipe and can successfully meet the requirements of underground drainage and sewer applications.