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1. INTRODUCTION
Power quality is a topic of constant study as problem inherent
to it can lead to economical losses, mainly in industrial
processes. Although many factors influence the power
quality, the paper presented here focuses on electromagnetic
switching transients originating from capacitor bank
switching in typical mining distribution systems, Adams et al.
(1998), Bollen et al. (2006), Grebe (1996), McCoy et al.
(1994). Two main advantages of capacitor banks connecting
are: improvement of the networks voltage profile and
reducing the networks losses. In general, these capacitors are
not connected all of the time, since the network loads are
changing with time according to certain load curves. Hence,
they may be switched on and off several times during a
typical day. These switching actions will be accompanied by
low or medium frequency of electromagnetic transient
voltages and currents which may have an influence on
sensitive electrical equipment connected in local networks.
The capacitor banks switching provokes transient
overvoltages that theoretically can reach peak phase-to-phase
values of 2.0 p.u., Saided (2004). Generally, the frequency of
capacitor banks switching transients is below 2 kHz. Other
factors that affect amplification of the transient voltages
during the banks switching should also be mentioned: size of
the capacitor banks switched, short circuit capacity at the
capacitor banks location, rated power of the distribution
transformer and characteristics of the connected loads.
Frequency of transient during energizing of industry
capacitor banks is calculated by the equation ( LS >> L) :
f =
(L
where are:
+ L )C
1
2 LS C
(1)
I1
I2
I3
800
600
400
Current [A]
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0.005
0.01
0.03
0.035
0.04
x 10
Voltages [simulation]
U12
U23
U31
Voltage [V]
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
544/444
Max
voltage U23 (V)
11333
Duration of
transient T (ms)
7.87
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
522/800
Min
voltage U31 (V)
9000
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1124
0.005
0.01
0.03
0.035
0.04
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
580/500
Max
voltage U23 (V)
12000
Duration of
transient T (ms)
8.25
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
630/860
Min
voltage U31 (V)
9000
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1124
(d) S = 2S
Max/ Min
current I1 (A)
260/70
Max
voltage U12 (V)
8000
Steady state
currents Is (A)
53
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
560/375
Max
voltage U23 (V)
11150
Duration of
transient T (ms)
3.25
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
445/820
Min
voltage U31 (V)
8150
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1124
(e) C = 2C
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
580/500
Max
voltage U23 (V)
12000
Duration of
transient T (ms)
8.25
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
630/860
Min
voltage U31 (V)
9000
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1124
(b) Ures = 0 V
Max/ Min
current I1 (A)
185/50
Max
voltage U12 (V)
8000
Steady state
currents Is (A)
53
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
740/620
Max
voltage U23 (V)
12700
Duration of
transient T (ms)
8.25
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
670/910
Min
voltage U31 (V)
8920
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1124
(c) z = z/2 V
Max/ Min
current I1 (A)
383/235
Max
voltage U12 (V)
8100
Steady state
currents Is (A)
53
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
795/750
Max
voltage U23 (V)
11950
Duration of
transient T (ms)
12.25
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
980/1175
Min
voltage U31 (V)
9350
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1589
Max/ Min
current I1 (A)
450/190
Max
voltage U12 (V)
8150
Steady state
currents Is (A)
106
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
820/815
Max
voltage U23 (V)
12200
Duration of
transient T (ms)
16.75
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
1260/1000
Min
voltage U31 (V)
10000
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1589
Max/ Min
current I2 (A)
565/490
Max
voltage U23 (V)
13150
Duration of
transient T (ms)
8.25
Max/ Min
current I3 (A)
1170/2060
Min
voltage U31 (V)
14550
Frequency of
transient f (Hz)
1124
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of experimental measurements and
simulations of electromagnetic transient phenomena during
energizing of three phase industry capacitor banks, the
amplitude of overvoltages occurs in phase to phase voltage
U23 and approaches the value 2Umax, whereas the amplitude
of overcurrents occurs in phase current I3, that is 1520 times
greater than the current amplitude of a capacitor banks in the
steady state Is. Duration of electromagnetic transient
phenomena during energizing of three phase industry
capacitor banks is approximately 8 ms, that is less than one
time period of the system. Frequency of electromagnetic
transient phenomena during energizing of three phase
industry capacitor banks is 1124 Hz.
On the basis of characteristic parameters values of phase
transient currents and phase to phase transient voltage
waveforms (amplitude, duration and frequency) obtained as a
result of experimental measurements and simulations during
energizing of a 500 kVAr three phase capacitor banks at the
typical 6 kV mining electrical network with isolated neutral
point, it can be concluded that the transient phenomena are
classified as medium frequency electromagnetic transients.
REFERENCES
Adams, R.A. and Middlekauff, S.W. (1998). Solving
customer power quality problems due to voltage
magifications. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,
volume 13 (number 4), 1515-1520.
Bollen, M.H. and Gu, I. Y. (2006). Signal processing of
power quality disturbances, IEEE Press, Wiley, New
York.
Grebe, T.E. (1996). Application of distribution system
capacitor banks and their impact on power quality. IEEE
Transaction on Industry Applications, volume 32
(number 3), 714-719.
McCoy, C.E. and Floryancic B.L. (1994). Characteristics and
measurements of capacitor switching at medium voltage
distribution level. IEEE Transaction on Industry
Applications, volume 30 (number 6), 1480-1489.
Saided, M.M. (2004). Capacitor switching transients: analysis
and proposed technique for identifying capacitor size and
location. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, volume
19 (number 2), 759-765.
Toki, A., Madarevi V. And Uglei I. (2005). Numerical
calculations of three-phase transformer transients. IEEE
Transaction on Power Delivery, volume 20 (number 4),
2493-2500.