Professional Documents
Culture Documents
How do I outline?
WHAT IS IN AN INTRODUCTION?
1. Background information
2. Position
3. Thesis
What is a thesis?
• Originality
• Expression of an evaluation or attitude
• A reasoned approach to an argument
• A synthesis of information from several sources
• Systematic documentation of sources
• The result of a time-consuming research process
Research Log
You should keep a research log either in print or electronic to jot down thoughts about
your topic, lists of things to do, and ideas about possible sources; also use it to keep track
of library materials. You can also use the log as a means of analyzing and developing
your research process. What things worked? What didn’t work? How will you do things
differently next time?
REMINDERS
Thesis:
I. __________________________________
A. ________________________________
1.________________________________
2.________________________________
B. __________________________________
1. __________________________________
2. ___________________________________
II. ____________________________________
A. ________________________________
1.________________________________
2.________________________________
B.__________________________________
1. __________________________________
2. ___________________________________
III. _______________________________________
A. ________________________________
1. ________________________________
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________
The Thesis Statement
1. The non-thesis thesis.
Bad Thesis 1: In his article Stanley Fish shows that we don't really have
the right to free speech.
Bad Thesis 2: This paper will consider the advantages and disadvantages
of certain restrictions on free speech.
Better Thesis 1: Stanley Fish's argument that free speech exists more as a
political prize than as a legal reality ignores the fact that even as a political
prize it still serves the social end of creating a general cultural atmosphere
of tolerance that may ultimately promote free speech in our nation just as
effectively as any binding law.
Bad Thesis 2: The government has the right to limit free speech.
Better Thesis 2: The government has the right to limit free speech in
cases of overtly racist or sexist language because our failure to address
such abuses would effectively suggest that our society condones such
ignorant and hateful views.
3. The incontestable thesis.
Bad Thesis 1: Although we have the right to say what we want, we should
avoid hurting other people's feelings.
A good argumentative thesis provides not only a position on an issue, but also
suggests the structure of the paper. The thesis should allow the reader to imagine
and anticipate the flow of the paper, in which a sequence of points logically
proves the essay's main points. A list essay provides no such structure, so that
different points and paragraphs appear with no logical connection to one another.
Bad Thesis 1: There are many reasons we need to limit hate speech.
Better Thesis 1: Among the many reasons we need to limit hate speech
the most compelling ones all refer to our history of discrimination and
prejudice, and it is, ultimately, for the purpose of trying to repair our
troubled racial society that we need hate speech legislation.
The thesis focuses your ideas and information for the research paper. Remember that
word "focus." Student writers often make the mistake of forgetting the focus and making
the research thesis far too broad in order to include a lot of research.
Create a working thesis for the research paper by specifying and ordering your categories
of information. For example, the following theses offer the writers' main arguments and
focus their research by specifying and ordering the reasons for their stance:
As you can see, a research thesis is your proposed answer to your research question,
which you finalize only after completing the research. (It's o.k. to modify and revise the
working thesis as you research more about the topic or issue.)
THESIS CHARACTERISTICS
Whenever you are writing to explain something to your reader or to persuade your reader
to agree with your opinion, there should be one complete sentence that expresses the
main idea of your paper. That sentence is often called the thesis, or thesis statement.
(Some other names it goes by are "the main idea" and "the controlling idea.") Based on
everything you've read, and thought, and brainstormed, the thesis is not just your topic,
but what you're saying about your topic. Another way to look at it is, once you've come
up with the central question, or organizing question, of your essay, the thesis is an answer
to that question. Remember, though, while you are still writing your paper, to consider
what you have to be a "working thesis," one that may still be "adjusted." As you continue
to write, read, and think about your topic, see if your working thesis still represents your
opinion.
WHERE TO PUT THE THESIS
The thesis comes within the introductory paragraph, which prepares the reader to listen to
your ideas, and before the body of the paper, which develops the thesis with reasons,
explanations, and evidence or examples.
DON'T GO OVERBOARD!
Make sure your thesis expresses your true opinion and not an exaggerated version of it.
Don't say "Computers are wonderful" or "Computers are terrible" if what you really
believe is "Computers do more good than harm" or "Computers do more harm than
good." Why commit yourself to an extreme opinion that you don't really believe in, and
then look like you're contradicting yourself later on?
FOCUS FURTHER
Make sure your thesis covers exactly the topic you want to talk about, no more and no
less. "Drugs should not be legalized" is too large a thesis if all you want to talk about is
marijuana. "Boxing should be outlawed" is too small a thesis if you also want to discuss
wrestling and football.