Chapter Eight

Nationalism And Economic

Development
 The Era of Good Feelings
• The Monroe years were years of nationalism,
optimism, and goodwill, particularly because
the Federalists disappeared
 James Monroe
• As a boy, he fought in the Revolutionary War
• Defeated the Federalist, Rufus King
• Supported the growing nationalism of
America
• Noted for gaining Florida, the Missouri
Compromise, and the Monroe Doctrine
 Cultural Nationalism
• Monroe had been elected mainly from the
young generation
• Excited about the prospects of a new nation
• Little interest in European politics
• The country was very patriotic
 Economic Nationalism
• Internal Improvements was one part of the
economic nationalism
• US industries were also protected from
European competition
• The Tariff of 1816
– After the War of 1812, Congress raised the tariff
rates on goods to protect the US factories
– The Tariff of 1816 was the first ‘protective tariff’
– New England opposed the higher tariffs
 Henry Clay
• Henry Clay, Kentucky, proposed a new plan to
better economic growth
• Called the American System
– Protective tariffs
• To promote American manufacturing and raise revenue
– National bank
• Keep the system running easily by providing currency
– Internal improvements
• Promote growth in the West and South
• Monroe vetoed Internal Improvement bills frequently
 The Panic of 1819
• The first major problem since the Constitution
was ratified
• Credit had been tightened to prevent inflation
• State banks closed
• Money became worthless
• Unemployment, bankruptcies, and debtors prison
rose
• Large amounts of western farmland foreclosed on
 Political Changes
• After the defeat in 1816, the federalist party
did not nominate a candidate in the election
of 1820, and was no longer a national party
• Some members of the republican party tried
to hold on to old ideals, but the majority of
them adopted a semi-federalist set of ideals
Marshall’s Supreme Court and Central
Government Powers
• John Marshall was one of the only Federalists
left
• He favored central government, and property
rights over state rights
 Marshall Cases
• Fletcher vs. Peck
– Ruled that the state could not pass legislation
invalidating a contract
• Martin vs. Hunter’s Lease
– Ruled that the Supreme Court had jurisdiction
over state courts
• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
– Ruled that a contract for a private corporation
could not be altered by the state
 Marshall Cases Continued
• McCulloch vs. Maryland
– Ruled that the federal government had the implied
power to create a bank, and the state could not tax a
federal institution
• Cohen's vs. Virginia
– Ruled that the Supreme Court could review a state
court’s decision
• Gibbons vs. Ogden
– Ruled that the federal government had broad control
over interstate commerce
Western Settlement and The Missouri
Compromise
• The population out west had doubled
• Native American’s lands were seized
• It became necessary economically to expand
west
• Improved transportation made travel easier
• Immigrants crowded over the original borders,
and had to settle somewhere else
 New Questions and Answers
• Western Objectives
– Cheap money from state banks rather than the
bank of America
– Land made available at low prices
– Improved transportation
– Slavery was indecisive – could not decide to
permit or exclude it
 Tallmadge Amendment
• Called for prohibition of more slaves into
Missouri
• All slaves in Missouri became emancipated at
25
 Clay’s Proposal
• Missouri was admitted as a slave state
• Maine was admitted as a free state
• North of 36-30, slavery was prohibited
 Foreign Affairs
• The United States adopted more aggressive
relations
• Rush-Bagot Agreement
– Strictly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes
• Treaty of 1818
– Shared fishing rights off of Newfoundland
– Joint occupation of the Oregon territory
– Setting the north border of Louisiana at the 49th
parallel
 Florida
• Slaves ran to Florida, which gave Monroe a
reason to attack
• Commissioned General Jackson to stop raiders
• Destroyed Seminole villages
• Hung two Seminole chiefs
• Drove out the Spanish governor
• Hung two British traders
 Florida Purchase Treaty
• Spain gave up Florida to the US for $5 million,
and all claims on Texas
 The Monroe Doctrine
• Declared that the United States was opposed
to attempts by a European power to interfere
in the affairs of any republic in the Western
Hemisphere, ending the problems in South
America
 Population Growth
• Between 1800 and 1825, the population
doubled
– High birthrate
– Large amount of immigrants
 Transportation
• Roads
– The Lancaster Turnpike connected Philadelphia with
farmlands around Lancaster
– Cumberland Road reached from Maryland to Illinois
• Canals
– Erie Canal completed in 1825
– Stimulated economic growth
• Steamboats
– Developed by Robert Fulton
• Railroads
– Newest favorite mode of transportation
 Money Making Changes
• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
• New York passed a law that made it easier for
businesses to incorporate and raise capital
• Samuel Slater gave the US British cotton
spinning secrets
 Labor
• Young women
• Extensive use of child labor
• Unions became more popular
 Commercial Agriculture
• Farming was more of an enterprise than
providing food for family
• Cheap land and easy credit
• Markets opened up everywhere
 Effects of the Market Revolution
• Growing interdependence among people
• Women could find jobs as domestic service
people or teachers. Factory jobs were not
common.
• Arranged marriages were less common
• Wages improved in general
• People thought that slavery would gradually
disappear