Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART ONE
Cement
Concrete
MATERIALS FOR
CONSTRUCTION
Bricks
Timber
Metal
PART TWO
Soft Flooring
Hard Flooring
FINISHES
Resilient Flooring
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
MATERIALS
CEMENT
5 Types
PORTLAND CEMENT
Ordinary Portland (OPC)
concrete, mortar, stucco
Testing process:
SLUMP TEST
Proportions:
Cement : Sand : Aggregate : Water
E.g.:
1:2:4
CONCRETE
Proportions:
Cement : Sand : Aggregate : Water
E.g.:
1:2:4
2 Types
DENSE
&
LIGHTWEIGHT
(contributing factor:
type of aggregate)
PROPERTIES
WEIGHT
(based on aggregate)
STRENGTH
High in Compression
Low in Tension
RESISTANT TO WEAR
CURING TIME
WEATHER AND WTER
RESISTANT
MOISTURE AND THERMAL
MOVEMENT
Testing process:
SLUMP TEST
FIRE RESISTANT
SOUND INSULATION &
ACOUSTICS
REINFORCED CONCRETE
2 Types
Pre-Cast
& In-Situ
(Reinforcement bars: 2 from
top)
BRICKS
2 Types
TYPES OF BRICKS:
Sand Lime Bricks
BRICKLAYING
ARRANGEMENT(Bond)
STRETCHER BOND
FIRED
&
NON-FIRED
Concrete Bricks
Fly Ash
ENGLISH BOND
HEADER BOND
FLEMISH BOND
STACK BOND
FIRED
MONK BOND
MUD BRICKS
AIR-DRIED
Engineering
WOOD PRODUCTS
TIMBER
2 Types
SOFTWOOD
HARDWOOD
Timber
Plywood
Veneers
Wooden flooring
WOOD BY-PRODUCTS
Chipboard
Hardboard
Particleboard
Medium Density Fiberboard
(MDF)
TREATMENT
TRADITIONAL
&
MODERN
WOOD
DEFECTS
BOW
CHECKING
CROOK
CUPPING
SPLIT
TWIST
WANE
BLUE STAIN
METAL
2 Types
FEROUS
CAST IRON
WROUGHT IRON
FINISHES:
POLISHED
FEROUS
&
NON-FEROUS
MATTE
COLOURED
STEEL
Alloy
&
Plain Carbon
(LOW CARBON & HIGH
CARBON)
NON-FEROUS
TEXTURED
ALLUMINIUM
PLATING
BRASS
BRONZE
COPPER
STRUCTURAL
STEEL FRAME
FINISHES
SLIPPERY
SOUND CONTROL
APPEARENCE
PROPERTIES
Durable
It should be easy to clean
Noiseless
Good Appearance
Free from dampness
Fire Resistant
Low Maintenance cost
SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS
SOFT FLOORING
CARPET
Tufting
Woven
(Velvet, Wilton & Axmister)
Needle-punch
Knitted
Flocked
Types
Loop
Backing
&
Underlay
underneath
Cut
HARD FLOORING
QUARRY TILES
3 TYPES
CERAMIC TILES
Impervious
(the most dense, absorb less then 0.5% on its own weight.
Manufactured only on special order)
Vitreous
( has a moisture absorption of less than 3%)
Semi vitreous
(has a water absorption of 3 7%)
Non vitreous
(has a water absorption of over 7% of its weight).
MOSAICS
Mosaic tile are small version of ceramic tile
Fired at high temperature to become glass effect
They are very hard
Have many shape, hexagon and octagon
WOOD / TIMBER
2 Primary Forms
Floorboards
Additional
Parquet
Laminates
Bamboo
Cork
RESILIENT
FLOORING
TYPES
CRITERIA
economical
relatively dense
durable
easy to maintain
Linoleum
Mixture of ground cork and
wood, color pigments, gums and
oxidized linseed oil poured onto
canvas
or burlap backings.
Popular for several decades but
no longer on the market.
Vinyl @ PVC
(Sheet and Tile)
Short name for PVC
Come in tile and sheet
Sheet come in 6,9 and 12 foot
width
Rubber
Linoleum
Vinyl
Rubber
WOOD / TIMBER
Floorboards
Parquet
Cork
(see timber flooring)
WALL FINISHES
Lime Plaster
Dry Lining
Foamed Backed Plasterboard
Varnish
Transparent finish
Only used on wood
Primers and undercoats cant be used because of transparency
Multiple layers needed
Usually requires refinishing a regular intervals particularly if
exposed to sunlight
Paint
Primer: acts as a glue between base surface and paint
system
Undercoat: highly pigmented, forms body of the
system
Top coat, usually impermeable, may be glossy, gives
final color and seal
Gypsum wall
Pre fabricated plaster sheet material
Most popular
Cost effective (least expensive)
Easy installation
Typical size is 4ft x 8ft
Sheet paneling
Prefinished panels
Plywood , OSB, hardboard or veneered gypsum board
with wood, fabric , paper or vinyl
Fasteners are generally visible
Edges are ship lapped, butted or covered with trim
Board paneling
Used in lieu of plastering
Made from softwoods (pine,fir, cedar)
Tongue and goove edge details
Fastened with blind nails to framing
Tile
Small, modular, units
Clay or ceramic
Water-resistant, durable, easy to clean
Types of ceramic tile :
Glazed Wall Tile
Ceramic Mosaic Tile
Quarry and paver tiles
CEILING FINISHES
There are 2
types
Drywall
&
Suspended Ceiling
Coffered Ceiling
Cathedral Ceiling
Shed Ceiling
Tray Ceiling
EXAMINATION TIPS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
There are six (6) questions altogether. Answer four (4) only
6.