You are on page 1of 20

SHORT NOTES

Building Construction and Materials

PART ONE

Cement

Concrete
MATERIALS FOR
CONSTRUCTION

Bricks

Timber

Metal

PART TWO

Soft Flooring

Hard Flooring

FINISHES

Resilient Flooring

Wall Finishes

Ceiling Finishes

MATERIALS

CEMENT

5 Types

PORTLAND CEMENT
Ordinary Portland (OPC)
concrete, mortar, stucco

Main Ingredients that effects them:


Clinker
(Limestone + Clay + Burning
Process)
+
Additives

Testing process:
SLUMP TEST
Proportions:
Cement : Sand : Aggregate : Water
E.g.:
1:2:4

Rapid Hardening (RHPC)


Adds: calcium silicate that
accelerates hardening
Extra Rapid Hardening
(ERHPC)
Inter-grinds calcium chloride
and RPC
Low Heat (LHPC)
Use in places that need strong
pressure from water
(Dam, river bank, wall near sea,
hydraulic engineering and
marine concrete)
Sulphate Resisting (SRPC)
Foundations, Piles, Basements,
coastal wors, buildings within 50
km from sea, sewerage,
petrochemical projects

CONCRETE

Proportions:
Cement : Sand : Aggregate : Water
E.g.:
1:2:4

2 Types

DENSE
&
LIGHTWEIGHT
(contributing factor:
type of aggregate)

PROPERTIES
WEIGHT
(based on aggregate)
STRENGTH
High in Compression
Low in Tension
RESISTANT TO WEAR
CURING TIME
WEATHER AND WTER
RESISTANT
MOISTURE AND THERMAL
MOVEMENT

Testing process:
SLUMP TEST

FIRE RESISTANT
SOUND INSULATION &
ACOUSTICS

REINFORCED CONCRETE

2 Types

Pre-Cast
& In-Situ
(Reinforcement bars: 2 from
top)

BRICKS

2 Types
TYPES OF BRICKS:
Sand Lime Bricks

BRICKLAYING
ARRANGEMENT(Bond)
STRETCHER BOND

FIRED
&
NON-FIRED

Concrete Bricks
Fly Ash

ENGLISH BOND
HEADER BOND
FLEMISH BOND
STACK BOND

FIRED

MONK BOND

TYPES OF CLAY BRICKS:


Common
Facing

MUD BRICKS

AIR-DRIED

Engineering

WOOD PRODUCTS

TIMBER

2 Types

SOFTWOOD
HARDWOOD

Timber
Plywood
Veneers
Wooden flooring
WOOD BY-PRODUCTS
Chipboard
Hardboard
Particleboard
Medium Density Fiberboard
(MDF)

TREATMENT
TRADITIONAL
&
MODERN

WOOD
DEFECTS

BOW
CHECKING
CROOK
CUPPING
SPLIT
TWIST
WANE
BLUE STAIN

METAL

2 Types

FEROUS
CAST IRON
WROUGHT IRON

FINISHES:
POLISHED

FEROUS
&
NON-FEROUS

MATTE
COLOURED

STEEL
Alloy
&
Plain Carbon
(LOW CARBON & HIGH
CARBON)
NON-FEROUS

TEXTURED

ALLUMINIUM

PLATING

BRASS
BRONZE
COPPER

STRUCTURAL
STEEL FRAME

HOT ROLL SECTION


&
COLD ROLL SECTION

(It is IMPERATIVE THAT YOU


REMEMBER the properties and
use of these materials)

FINISHES

Criteria for Floor Finishes Selection


Comfort

SLIPPERY

SOUND CONTROL

APPEARENCE

PROPERTIES
Durable
It should be easy to clean
Noiseless
Good Appearance
Free from dampness
Fire Resistant
Low Maintenance cost

SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS

SOFT FLOORING

Materials which cushion the steps


of persons using a structure, or
which are constructed of lofty
materials

CARPET

Tufting
Woven
(Velvet, Wilton & Axmister)
Needle-punch
Knitted
Flocked

Types

Loop
Backing
&
Underlay
underneath

Cut

Cut and Loop

HARD FLOORING
QUARRY TILES

3 TYPES

Manufacture from unrefined clay, pressed and burned


Color are usually in reds, brown
Glazed and unglazed finished
Thickness 1/2 and 3/4
Highly resistant to moisture, oil and chemical

CERAMIC TILES
Impervious
(the most dense, absorb less then 0.5% on its own weight.
Manufactured only on special order)
Vitreous
( has a moisture absorption of less than 3%)
Semi vitreous
(has a water absorption of 3 7%)
Non vitreous
(has a water absorption of over 7% of its weight).

MOSAICS
Mosaic tile are small version of ceramic tile
Fired at high temperature to become glass effect
They are very hard
Have many shape, hexagon and octagon

WOOD / TIMBER

2 Primary Forms

Floorboards

Additional
Parquet

Laminates

Bamboo

Cork

RESILIENT
FLOORING

TYPES

CRITERIA
economical
relatively dense
durable
easy to maintain

Linoleum
Mixture of ground cork and
wood, color pigments, gums and
oxidized linseed oil poured onto
canvas
or burlap backings.
Popular for several decades but
no longer on the market.

Vinyl @ PVC
(Sheet and Tile)
Short name for PVC
Come in tile and sheet
Sheet come in 6,9 and 12 foot
width

Rubber

Linoleum

Vinyl

Rubber

WOOD / TIMBER
Floorboards
Parquet
Cork
(see timber flooring)

WALL FINISHES

Lime Plaster
Dry Lining
Foamed Backed Plasterboard
Varnish
Transparent finish
Only used on wood
Primers and undercoats cant be used because of transparency
Multiple layers needed
Usually requires refinishing a regular intervals particularly if
exposed to sunlight

Paint
Primer: acts as a glue between base surface and paint
system
Undercoat: highly pigmented, forms body of the
system
Top coat, usually impermeable, may be glossy, gives
final color and seal

Gypsum wall
Pre fabricated plaster sheet material
Most popular
Cost effective (least expensive)
Easy installation
Typical size is 4ft x 8ft

Plaster and lath


2 or 3 coat system applied over a metal or gypsum
lath (mesh)
Can be applied over wood frame and masonry

Sheet paneling
Prefinished panels
Plywood , OSB, hardboard or veneered gypsum board
with wood, fabric , paper or vinyl
Fasteners are generally visible
Edges are ship lapped, butted or covered with trim

Board paneling
Used in lieu of plastering
Made from softwoods (pine,fir, cedar)
Tongue and goove edge details
Fastened with blind nails to framing

Tile
Small, modular, units
Clay or ceramic
Water-resistant, durable, easy to clean
Types of ceramic tile :
Glazed Wall Tile
Ceramic Mosaic Tile
Quarry and paver tiles

CEILING FINISHES

There are 2
types
Drywall

Ceiling is an overhead interior


surface that covers the upper limit
of a room. It is generally not a
structural element, but a finished
surface concealing the underside of
the floor or roof structure above

&
Suspended Ceiling
Coffered Ceiling
Cathedral Ceiling

Most commonly used ceiling


treatment:

Gypsum board ceiling


And
T Framed Suspended
Ceiling

Shed Ceiling
Tray Ceiling

EXAMINATION TIPS

1.

Read all questions carefully before answering

2.

Just answer what are being ask without detouring


(straight to the point) (1question = 20 minutes)

3.

It is best if you could accompany your answers with


illustrations

4.

Answer all questions with clarity (both in sentence & writing)

5.

There are six (6) questions altogether. Answer four (4) only

6.

Each questions are worth twenty five (25) marks only,


totaling to a 100 marks (60%)

GOOD LUCK ALL !!!

You might also like