UNIT 2

TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
1. How are the stream lines in a source sink pair?
The stream lines are circles with centre on y- axis for a source sink pair. Stream lines
are circles with common chord.
2. What is mean by Doublet flow and give diagrammatic representation ?
There is a special, degenerate case of a source-sink pair that leads to a singularity called
a doublet. The doublet is frequently used in the theory of incompressible flow.

Doublet flow with strength k.

3. What is thickness ration ( fineness ratio) of a Rankine oval?

It is the ratio of maximum thickness to chord of Rankine oval.

Superposition of a uniform flow and a source-sink pair flow

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
4. Draw and explain non lifting flow over a cylinder.

Superposition of a uniform flow and a doublet; nonlifting flow over a circular cylinder.
5. Write the equation of Cp flow over a cylinder.
The surface pressure coefficient over a circular cylinder is
C p 1 4 sin 2

6. What is meant by vortex flow ?

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
Consider a flow however all the streamlines are concentric circles about a given
poin.Moreover, let the velocity along any given circular streamline be constant, but let it
vary from one streamline to another inversely with distance from the common center.
Such a flow is called a vortex flow. It is easily shown (try it yourself) that (1) vortex flow
.V 0
is a physically possible incompressible flow, that is,
at every point, and (2)
vortex flow is irrotational, that is,

V 0,

at every point except the origin.

7. Why vortex flow is irrotational except at the origin. What happens at r = 0?

2 C V dS

2C
dS

However, as r 0, dS 0. Therefore, in the limit as r 0, from Equation, we have

V

Concluation: Vortex flow is irrotational everywhere except at the point r = 0,

where the vorticity is infinite.
8. What is vortex pair?
Two vortices of equal strength but of opposite sign or with opposite directions of
rotation constitute a vortex pair.
9. Define lift and drag
Since the fluid is in motion, we can define a flow direction along the motion. The
component of the net force perpendicular ( or normal) to the flow direction in called the
3

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
lift, the component of the net force along the flow direction is called the drag.
10. How the down wash of a wing is related down wash of tail plane?
The down wash on the tail resulting from the wing wake is almost twice as great as
the down wash on the wing resulting from wing wake.
11. Brief out how wing tip vortices are formed?
On account of larger pressure below the wing surface than on the top, some flow is there
from bottom to top round the wing tips incase of a finite using. This produces velocity
side ways over most of the wing surface. This causes a surface discontinuity in the air
leaving the wing which rolls up to distinct vortices.
12. Suggest methods to resolve induced drag of a wing:
a. Make life distribution on wing elliptical
b. Increase the aspect ratio.
13. Comparison of uniform,source, vortex and doublet.
Type of flow

Velocity

Uniform flow in x
direction

u V

Source

Vr

Vortex

2r

Doublet

Vr

k cos
2 r 2

k cos
2 r

k sin
2 r 2

2r

ln r
2

V y

ln r
2

k sin
2 r

\
4

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
14. Explain lifting flow over a cylinder.

The synthesis of lifting flow over a circular cylinder

15. Stagnation points location in various cases for the lifting flow over a circular
cylinder

16. Define Kutta-Joukowski theorem.

5

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1

L' V
The lift per unit span for a circular cylinder with circulation . Lift is directly proportional to the
circulation. This Equation is a powerful relation in theoretical aerodynamics. It is called the
Kutta-Joukowski theorem, named after the German mathematician M. Wilheim Kutta (18671944) and the Russian physicist Nikolai e.Joukowski (1847-1921),
17. What is meant by Magnus effect?
Due to nonsymmetric flows about the spinning bodies, and hence the generation of an
aerodynamic force perpendicular to the bodys angular velocity vector. This phenomenon is
called the Magnus effect, named after the German engineer who first observed and explained it
in Berlin in 1852.
It is interesting to note that a rapidly spinning cylinder can produce a much higher lift than an
airplane wing of the same planform area; however, the drag on the cylinder is also much higher
than a well-designed wing.
18. Explain Kelvins circulation theorem.

D
0
Dt
Which says that the time rate of change of circulation around a closed curve consisting of
the same fluid elements is zero is called Kelvins circulation theorem.

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
19. State Kutta condition.

For a given airfoil at a given angle of attack, the value of around the airfoil is such that the
flow leaves the trailing edge smoothly.
If the trialing-edge angle is finite, then the trailing edge is a stagnation point.
If the trailing edge is cusped, then the velocities leaving the top and bottom surface at the trailing
edge are finite and equal in magnitude and direction.
Finite-angle trailing edge, V1 = V2 = 0;
For the cusped trailing edge, V1 = V2 0;
20. What is mean by starting vortex.
the velocity at the trailing edge theoretically becomes infinite. In real life, the
velocity tends toward a very large finite number. Consequently, during the very
first moments after the flow is started, a thin region of very large velocity gradients
(and therefore high vorticity) is started, a thin region of very large velocity region is
fixed to the same fluid elements, and consequently it is flushed downstream as the
fluid elements begin to move downstream from the trailing edge. As it moves
downstream, this thin sheet of intense vorticity is unstable, and it tends to roll up
and form a picture similar to a point vortex. This vortex is called the starting vortex.

UNIT 2
TWO DIMENSIONAL INVISCID , INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
2 Marks Question and Answers
Aerodynamics 1
Figure: The creation of the starting vortex and the resulting generation of circulation
around the airfoil.