Hells Angels

This article is about the motorcycle club. For other uses, called Hells Angels.[17] In 1930, the Howard Hughes
see Hells Angels (disambiguation).
lm Hells Angels displayed extraordinary and dangerous
feats of aviation, and it is believed that the World War II
The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is a world- groups who used that name based it on the lm.
wide one-percenter motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The organization is considered an organized crime syndicate by the
U.S. Department of Justice.[5][6][7][8] In the United States
and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the
Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation. Common nicknames for the club are the H.A., Red & White, and
81.[9]

Some of the early history of the HAMC is not clear,

and accounts dier. According to Ralph 'Sonny' Barger,
founder of the Oakland chapter, early chapters of the
club were founded in San Francisco, California, Gardena,
Fontana, California, Oakland, California and elsewhere,
with the members usually being unaware that there were
other clubs. One of the lesser known clubs existed
in North Chino/South Pomona, California, in the late
1960s.
Other sources claim that the Hells Angels in San Francisco were organized in 1953 by Rocky Graves, a Hells
Angel member from San Bernardino (Berdoo) implying that the Frisco Hells Angels were very much aware
of their forebears.[18] The Frisco Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with thirteen charter members, Frank
Sadilek serving as President, and using the smaller, original logo. The Oakland chapter, at the time headed by
Barger, used a larger version of the Deaths Head patch
nicknamed the Barger Larger, which was rst used in
1959. It later became the club standard.

History

The Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical

romantic fashion like the 19th-century James-Younger
Gang: free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and
loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Corman lm The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent
and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang and
a scourge on society.[19]

This B-17F, tail number 41-24577, was named Hells Angels after the 1930 Howard Hughes movie about World War I ghter
pilots.[10][11]

The club became prominent within, and established its

notoriety as part of, the 1960s counterculture movement in San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury scene, playing a
part at many of the movements seminal events. Members were directly connected to many of the countercultures primary leaders, such as Ken Kesey and the
Merry Pranksters, Allen Ginsberg, Jerry Garcia and the
Grateful Dead, Timothy Leary, The Beatles, The Rolling
Stones, Mick Farren and Tom Wolfe. The club launched
the career of "Gonzo" journalist Hunter S. Thompson.[20][21][22][23]

The Hells Angels were started on March 17, 1948, by

the Bishop family, American war immigrants in Fontana,
California[12] followed by an amalgamation of former
members from dierent motorcycle clubs, such as the
Pissed O Bastards of Bloomington.[13][14] The Hells
Angels website[15] denies the suggestion that any mist
or malcontent troops are connected with the motorcycle
club. The website also notes that the name was suggested
by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders, who had
served in the Flying Tigers Hells Angels squadron in
China during World War II.[16] The name Hells Angels was inspired by the typical naming of American
squadrons, or other ghting groups, with a erce, deathdefying title in World Wars I and II, e.g., the Flying Tigers
(American Volunteer Group) in Burma and China elded
three squadrons of P-40s and the third Squadron was

Criminologist Karen Katz said in 2011 that the Hells Angels were the center of a moral panic in Canada involving
the media, politicians, law enforcement, and the public
that sensationalized the importance of isolated criminal
acts.[24]

3 INSIGNIA

Criminal activities and incidents

1 stand for the respective positions in the alphabet of H

and A. These are used by friends and supporters of the
Main article: Hells Angels MC criminal allegations and club in deference to club rules which purport to restrict
the wearing of Hells Angels imagery to club members.
incidents
The diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used,
Numerous police and international intelligence agen- displaying '1%' in red on a white background with a
cies classify the Hells Angels as one of the big four red merrowed border. The term one-percenter is said
motorcycle gangs, along with the Pagans, Outlaws, to be a response to the American Motorcyclist Associand Bandidos, and contend that members carry out ation (AMA) comment on the Hollister incident, to the
widespread violent crimes, including drug dealing, traf- eect that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citicking in stolen goods, and extortion, and are involved zens and the last 1% were outlaws. The AMA has no
in prostitution.[25][26] Members of the organization have record of such a statement to the press, and calls this story
[31]
continuously asserted that they are only a group of motor- apocryphal.
cycle enthusiasts who have joined to ride motorcycles together, to organize social events such as group road trips,
fundraisers, parties, and motorcycle rallies, and that any
crimes are the responsibility of the individuals who carried them out and not the club as a whole.[27][28] Members
of the club have been accused of crimes and/or convicted
in many host nations.

Insignia

Insignia of the Hells Angels from Karlsruhe chapter, with the

'1%' patch

The Hells Angels ocial website attributes the ocial

deaths head insignia design to Frank Sadilek, past
president of the San Francisco chapter.[29] The colors
and shape of the early-style jacket emblem (prior to
1953) were copied from the insignias of the 85th Fighter
Squadron and the 552nd Medium Bomber Squadron.[29]
The Hells Angels utilize a system of patches similar to
military medals. Although the specic meaning of each
patch is not publicly known, the patches identify specic
or signicant actions or beliefs of each biker.[30] The ocial colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed
on a white backgroundhence the clubs nickname The
Red and White. These patches are worn on leather or
denim jackets and vests.

New York Hells Angels patch.

Most members wear a rectangular patch (again, white

background with red letters and a red merrowed border)
identifying their respective chapter locations. Another
similarly designed patch reads Hells Angels. When
applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization. The
patch is rectangular and, similar to the patches described
above, displays a white background with red letters and a
red merrowed border. Some examples of the titles used
are President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and
Sergeant at Arms. This patch is usually worn above the
'club location' patch. Some members also wear a patch
with the initials AFFA, which stands for Angels Forever; Forever Angels, referring to their lifelong membership in the biker club (i.e., once a member, always a
member).

Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on

many patches, as in Support 81, Route 81. The 8 and The book Gangs, written by Tony Thompson (a crime

3
correspondent for The Observer), states that Stephen
Cunningham, a member of the Angels, sported a new
patch after he recovered from attempting to set a bomb,
consisting of two Nazi-style SS lightning bolts below the
words 'Filthy Few'. Some law enforcement ocials claim
that the patch is only awarded to those who have committed, or are prepared to commit murder on behalf of the
club. According to a report from the R. v. Bonner and
Lindsay case in 2005 (see related section below), another
patch, similar to the 'Filthy Few' patch is the 'Dequiallo'
patch. This patch signies that the wearer has fought law
enforcement on arrest.[32] There is no common convention as to where the patches are located on the members
jacket/vest.

3.1

and the lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice.

As of December 2013, the Hells Angels sells its branded
merchandise at a retail store in Toronto, Canada.[46] Over
seven years, it has defended its brand and label against use
in clothes, jewelry, posters, and yo-yos.[46]

4 Membership

Intellectual property rights

In March 2007 the Hells Angels led suit against the

Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group alleging that the
lm entitled Wild Hogs used both the name and distinctive logo of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation
without permission.[33] The suit was eventually voluntarily dismissed,[34] after the Angels received assurances
from Disney that the references would not appear in the
lm.[35]
In October 2010 the Hells Angels led a lawsuit against
Alexander McQueen for misusing its trademark winged
death heads symbol[36] in several items from its Autumn/Winter 2010 collection. The lawsuit is also aimed
at Saks Fifth Avenue and Zappos.com, which stock the
jacquard box dress and knuckle duster ring which bear
the symbol which has been used since at least 1948 and
is protected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Oce.[37]
A handbag and scarf was also named in lawsuit.[38] The
lawyer representing Hells Angels claimed This isn't just
about money, its about membership. If you've got one
of these rings on, a member might get really upset that
you're an impostor.[39] Saks refused to comment, Zappos had no immediate comment and the companys parent company, PPR, could not be reached for comment.[40]
The company settled the case with the Hells Angels after
agreeing to remove all of the merchandise featuring the
logo from sale on their website, stores and concessions
and recalling any of the goods which have already been
sold and destroying them.[41][42][43]
In fall 2012 in the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of California, Hells Angels sued Toys
R Us for trademark infringement, unfair competition,
and dilution in relation to the sale of yo-yos manufactured by Yomega Corporation, a co-defendant, which allegedly bear the Death Head logo. In its complaint,[44]
Hells Angels asserted that the mark used on the yo-yos
is likely to confuse the public into mistakenly believing
that the toys originate with Hells Angels and Yomega led
counterclaims against Hells Angels for cancellation of the
Death Head registrations on grounds of alleged fraud in
the procurement of the registrations.[45] The case settled

A club member at a biker gathering in Australia, 2008.

In order to become a Hells Angels prospect, candidates

must have a valid drivers license, a motorcycle over
750cc, and have the right combination of personal qualities. It is said the club excludes child molesters and individuals who have applied to become police or prison
ocers.[47]
After a lengthy, phased process, a prospective member
is rst deemed to be a hang-around, indicating that the
individual is invited to some club events or to meet club
members at known gathering places.
If the hang-around is interested, he may be asked to become an associate, a status that usually lasts a year
or two. At the end of that stage, he is reclassied as
prospect, participating in some club activities, but not
having voting privileges while he is evaluated for suitability as a full member. The last phase, and highest membership status, is Full Membership or "Full-Patch".[48]

RACIAL POLICIES

The term Full-Patch refers to the complete four-piece

crest, including the Death Head logo, two rockers (top
rocker: Hells Angels"; bottom rocker: state or territory
claimed) and the rectangular MC patch below the wing
of the Deaths Head. Prospects are allowed to wear only a
bottom rocker with the state or territory name along with
the rectangular MC patch.

The Hells Angels clubhouse at 77 East 3rd Street between

First and Second Avenues in the East Village neighborhood of
Manhattan, New York City

Hells Angels clubhouse in Oakland, California

To become a full member, the prospect must be voted

on unanimously by the rest of the full club members.[49]
Prior to votes being cast, a prospect usually travels to every chapter in the sponsoring chapters geographic jurisdiction (state/province/territory) and introduces himself
to every Full-Patch member. This process allows each
voting member to become familiar with the subject and
to ask any questions of concern prior to the vote. Some
form of formal induction follows, wherein the prospect
arms his loyalty to the club and its members. The nal
logo patch (top Hells Angels rocker) is then awarded at
this initiation ceremony. The step of attaining full membership can be referred to as being patched.

ter renewing the already existing 1950 South London

chapterand the other for East London, but by 1973
the two charters came together as one, called London.
The London Angels provided security at a number of UK
Underground festivals including Phun City in 1970 organized by anarchist, International Times writer and lead
singer with The Deviants, Mick Farren. They awarded
Farren an approval patch in 1970 for use on his rst solo
album Mona, which also featured Steve Peregrin Took
(who was credited as Shagrat the Vagrant).[55]

In the 1980s and 1990s, there was a major expansion of

the club into Canada. The Quebec Biker war was a violent turf war that began in 1994 and continued until late
2002 in Montreal. The war began as the Hells Angels in
Quebec began to make a push to establish a monopoly on
street-level drug sales in the province. A number of drug
Even after a member is patched-in, the patches them- dealers and crime families resisted and established groups
selves remain the property of HAMC rather than the such as the Alliance to ght the Angels. The war remember. On leaving the Hells Angels, or being ejected, sulted in the bombings of many establishments and murders on both sides. It has claimed more than 150 lives[56]
they must be returned to the club.[50]
and led to the incarceration of over 100 bikers.[57]

Worldwide chapters

The HAMC acknowledges more than one hundred chapters spread over 29 countries. The Hells Angels motorcycle club founded a chapter in Auckland, New Zealand in
1961 and has since taken over gangs in Wanganui. New
Zealand had the rst chapter of the Hells Angels outside the US.[51] Europe did not become widely home to
the Hells Angels until 1969 when two London chapters
were formed. The Beatles' George Harrison invited some
members of the HAMC San Francisco to stay at Apple
Records in London in 1968.[52][53] According to Chris
O'Dell, only two members showed up at Apple Records,
Frisco Pete and Bill Sweet William Fritsch.[54] Two
people from London visited California, prospected, and
ultimately joined. Two charters were issued on July 30,
1969; one for South Londonthe re-imagined chap-

The Spanish Chapter was involved in killing and

trialed.[58]
A list of acknowledged chapters can be found on the
HAMCs ocial website.[59]

6 Racial policies
The club claims not to be a racially segregated
organization,[60][61] although at least one chapter allegedly
requires that a candidate be a white male,[62] and Sonny
Barger stated in a BBC interview in 2000 that The club,
as a whole, is not racist but we probably have enough
racist members that no black guy is going to get in it.[49]
At that time the club had no black members.[49]
However there have been black members of puppet clubs,
notably Gregory Wooley, a high-ranking member of the

5
Rockers MC in Montreal who was the protg[63] and
bodyguard of Hells Angel boss Maurice Boucher (who
had been labeled a white supremacist by the media).
Wooley became an associate of the Hells Angels Montreal chapter[64] in the 1990s and later tried uniting street
gangs in Quebec after Boucher was imprisoned.[65]

[6] Lockyer, Bill (2003). ORGANIZED CRIME IN CALIFORNIA (PDF). CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
[7] ORGANIZED CRIME IN OREGON (PDF). Oregon
State Department of Justice. September 2006. Retrieved
January 23, 2010.

In another interview with leader Sonny Barger in 2000 he

[8] ASIAN ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST
remarked if you're a motorcycle rider and you're white,
ACTIVITY IN CANADA, 19992002 (PDF). Federal
you want to join the Hells Angels. If you [sic] black, you
Research Division. Library of Congress. July 2003. Rewant to join the Dragons. Thats how it is whether anyone
trieved January 23, 2010.
likes it or not. We don't have no blacks and they don't
have no whites.[66] When asked if that could change [9] Hells Angels MC World FAQ. Hells-angels.com. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
Barger replied Anything can change, I can't predict the
[66]
future. Tobie Levingston who formed the black mo- [10] Bishop, Cli T. (1986). Fortresses of the Big Triangle
torcycle club East Bay Dragons MC wrote in his book that
First, East Anglia Books. ISBN 1-869987-00-4, pp.160,
he and Sonny Barger have a long-lasting friendship and
236.
that the Hells Angels and Dragons have a mutual friend[11] Hells Angels vs. Memphis Belle, Historical Information
ship and hang out and ride together.[67]
In a 1966 article about motorcycle rebels in the AfricanAmerican community magazine Ebony, the Chosen Few
MC stated that they see no racial animosity in the Hells
Angels and that when they come into Chosen Few territory they all get together and just party.[68] A Hells Angel
member interviewed for the magazine insisted there was
no racial prejudice in any of their clubs and stated we
don't have any negro members but maintained there have
not been any blacks who have sought membership.[68] At
one point in the 1970s the Hells Angels were looking to
consolidate the dierent motorcycle clubs and oered every member of the Chosen Few MC a Hells Angel badge,
but the Chosen Few turned down the oer.[69]

See also
Motorcycling
River Run Riot

References

[1] Frank Reynolds, Michael McClure (1967) Freewheelin

Frank: Secretary of the Angels, Grove Press, 1967, p.73
[2] Hopper, C. B., & Moore, J. (1990). Women in outlaw
motorcycle gangs. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 18(4), p.385.
[3] Inside the biker gangs: the truth about guns, drugs and organized crime. The Independent (UK). August 14, 2007.
Retrieved August 13, 2010.
[4] Hells Angels Charters Worldwide. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
[5] Motorcycle gang. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved
January 23, 2010.

(PDF). 303rd Bomb Group Association. Retrieved 11

August 2008.

[12] Drewery, George (Spring 2003). 3 Skulls, Wings &

Outlaws Motorcycle Club Insignia & Cultural Identity
(PDF). Inter-Cultural Studies; A Forum on Social Change
& Cultural Diversity 3 (2). p. 29. ISSN 1445-1190.
Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2006.
[13] History Channel episode, Hells Angels
[14] History Documentary Hells Angels Time Index approximately 00.05 minutes into the program
[15] "http://affa.hells-angels.com/". hells-angels.com. Retrieved November 30, 2014. External link in |title= (help)
[16] Hells Angels MC World. Hells-angels.com. Retrieved
February 15, 2011.
[17] Rossi, J.R. Flying Tiger Association Unit Rosters. The
Flying Tigers - American Volunteer Group - Chinese Air
Force.
[18] Birney Jarvis for Male magazine, 1964. Reprinted in Hells
Angels by Hunter S. Thompson
[19] Bagnall, Sam (January 2, 2004). Programmes | This
World | Hells Angels: Easy-riders or criminal gang?".
BBC News. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
[20] The Fall of the Counterculture :
Preview.
Bu.digication.com. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
[21] Hells Angels and the Illusion of the Counterculture;
Wood, John. 30 Sept 2003. The Journal of Popular Culture, Volume 3
[22] The Haight-Ashbury: A History; Perry, Charles. 2005
[23] Interview with Sonny Barger.
trieved 2013-06-18.

Pdr.autono.net.

Re-

[24] Katz, Kare (2011-09-01). The Enemy Within: The Outlaw Motorcycle Gang Moral Panic. American Journal of
Criminal Justice 36 (Springer Boston). pp. 231249.
doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9106-6. ISSN 1066-2316.

REFERENCES

[25] FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative Report Fiscal

Year 2000 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on
2001-09-13. Retrieved August 13, 2010.

[38] Companies / Personal Goods Hells Angels sue luxury

fashion house. Financial Times. October 27, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[26] Ibrahim, Youssef M. (March 3, 1997). New York Times,

Swedens Courteous Police Spoil a Hells Angels Clubouse
Party. New York Times (Stockholm (Sweden); Sweden).
Retrieved August 13, 2010.

[39] Hells Angels set for rumble on the catwalk - Business Retail. MSNBC. October 27, 2010. Retrieved February
15, 2011.

[27] "[Hpn] Hells Angels Mc Salvation Army Shelter Run.

Hpn.asu.edu. July 6, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
[28] Under watchful eye, bikers aid charity Thursday, Sept.
4, 2008 | midnight. Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved August 9,
2010.
[29] History. Hells-angels.com. Archived from the original
on 2008-07-14.
[30] Gangs; A Journey into the heart of the British Underworld,
Tony Thompson, (2004) ISBN 0-340-83053-0
[31] Lindsey, Tom (November 2005). A Brief History of
Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs. International Journal of
Motorcycle Studies. The Life story caused something of
a tumult around the country (Yates), and some authors
have asserted that the AMA subsequently released a press
statement disclaiming involvement in the Hollister event,
stating that 99% of motorcyclists are good, decent, lawabiding citizens, and that the AMAs ranks of motorcycle clubs were not involved in the debacle (e.g., Reynolds,
Thompson). However, the American Motorcyclist Association has no record of ever releasing such a statement.
Tom Lindsay, the AMAs Public Information Director,
states 'We [the American Motorcyclist Association] acknowledge that the term one-percenter' has long been
(and likely will continue to be) attributed to the American Motorcyclist Association, but we've been unable to
attribute its original use to an AMA ocial or published
statementso its apocryphal.' delete character in |quote=
at position 545 (help)

[40] Jerey, Don (October 26, 2010). Hells Angels Sue Saks,
McQueen Design, Over Trademark. Bloomberg. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
[41] Grazia Fashion: McQueen Settles with Hells Angels.
Graziadaily.co.uk. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
[42] Verena von Pfetten (November 3, 2010). Alexander McQueen Hells Angels SETTLEMENT. Styleite. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
[43] Cowles, Charlotte. Alexander McQueen Settles With
Hells Angels by Agreeing to Destroy Merchandise With
Skull Logo The Cut. Nymag.com. Retrieved February
15, 2011.
[44] Attorney for Plainti : HELLS ANGELS MOTORCYCLE CORPORATION (PDF). Archive.org. Retrieved
30 November 2014.
[45] Weller, Susan Neuberger; Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris,
Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. (July 12, 2013). Hells Angels
and Toys R Us Settle Death Head Trademark Litigation. The National Law Review. Cite uses deprecated
parameter |coauthors= (help)
[46] Weiss, Debra Cassens (3 December 2013). Hells Angels
club sues often to protect its intellectual property. ABA
Journal. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
[47] Hall, Neal (June 10, 2005). Behind the Patch: Angels
ABCs. The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
[48] NDIC Document, US Department of Justice Report on
OMG HA

[32] HAMC Overview Document, Overview of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) In Canada

[49] Born to raise Hell. BBC News. August 14, 2000. Retrieved February 1, 2013.

[33] 'Litigation against movie release' (March 8, 2006) and they

rule., HAMC vs Walt Disney

[50] A Wayward Angel: The Full Story of the Hells Angels by

George Wethern and Vincent Colnett

[34] Hells Angels Motorcycle Club settled disputes the oldfashioned way, with a swift kick in the groin or a punch in
the face to the oending party. Hells Angels. Zimbio.
Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[51] Kemp, p 50

[35] Companies / Personal Goods Hells Angels sue luxury

fashion house. Financial Times. October 27, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[53] Pg. 129, Rock Scully, David Dalton, Living with the
Dead: Twenty Years on the Bus with Garcia and the
Grateful Dead, Cooper Square Publ Inc, 2001 ISBN 9780-8154-1163-5

[36] Ella Alexander (October 27, 2010). Hells Angels sue

Alexander McQueen (Vogue.com UK)". Vogue.co.uk.
Retrieved February 15, 2011.
[37] Tamara Abraham (October 27, 2010). Alexander McQueen sued by Hells Angels over winged death head trademark | Mail Online. Daily Mail (UK). Retrieved February 15, 2011.

[52] George Harrisons memo to Apple sta about the Hells

Angels, 4 December 1968. Beatlesbible.com. 1968-1204. Retrieved 2013-11-06.

[54] Chris O'Dell (2009-10-06). Miss O'Dell: My Hard Days

and Long Nights with The Beatles, The Stones, Bob Dylan,
Eric Clapton, and the Women They Loved. p. 68. ISBN
1416590935.
[55] Hells Angels MC London History. Archived from the
original on 2009-05-09.

[56] Biker gangs in Canada. Cbc.ca. July 13, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
[57] Archived February 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

Jerry Langton (2009). Fallen Angel: The Unlikely

Rise of Walter Stadnick and the Canadian Hells Angels. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-739945.

[58] http://www.abc.es/local-alicante/20140114/
abci-condenados-nueve-motoristas-angeles-201401141805. Yves Lavigne (2000). Hells Angels: Taking Care
of Business. Random House of Canada, Limited.
html
[59] Hells Angels MC World. Hells-angels.com. Retrieved
February 15, 2011.
[60] Johnson Publishing Company (December 1966). Nazi
Emblems of 'Way Outs Are No Symbols of Hate. Ebony:
70. ISSN 0012-9011.
[61] 2003 Soul on Bikes: The East Bay Dragons MC and Black
Biker Set, Tobie Gene Levingston, with Keith and Kent
Zimmerman (St. Paul, MN: Motorbikes International
Publishing). The history of the Oakland-based AfricanAmerican Motorcycle Club with a foreword from Sonny
Barger.
[62] Wright, Gary L. (2012-06-08). FBI leads crackdown on
area Hells Angels gangs in N.C. and S.C.. Winston-Salem
Journal. Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
[63] Eric Thibault (2012-08-16). Sun News : Dead gang
leader rebued top biker prior to assassination: Source.
Sunnewsnetwork.ca. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
[64] Montreal police try to calm maa war fears after multiple
killings. Global Montreal. Archived from the original on
2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
[65] Giuseppe Valiante. Sun News : Bust shows connections
in criminal underworld in Canada. Sunnewsnetwork.ca.
Retrieved 2013-06-18.
[66] Sonny Barger Interview. Let Them Talk. Retrieved
2013-06-18.
[67] Soul on Bikes: Tobie Levingston: 9780760317471:
Amazon.com: Books. Amazon.com. Retrieved 201306-18.
[68] Johnson Publishing Company (December 1966). Nazi
Emblems of 'Way Outs Are No Symbols of Hate. Ebony:
66. ISSN 0012-9011.
[69] Chosen Few Motorcycle Club - Bualo, NY. Chosenfewbualony.com. Retrieved 2013-06-18.

Further reading
Barnes, Scott (1987). BOHICA (rst ed.). Oakland:
Daring Pubs. pp. 1224. ISBN 0-938936-61-1.
Sonny Barger (2009). Hells Angel: The Autobiography of Sonny Barger. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-006-184736-3.
Paul Cherry (2005). The Biker Trials: Bringing
Down the Hells Angels. ECW Press. ISBN 978-155490-250-7.

ISBN 978-0-7704-2858-7.
Yves Lavigne (2011). Hells Angels: Into the Abyss.
HarperCollins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-14434-0411-2.
Yves Lavigne (2011). Hells Angels at War. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-1-44340410-5.
William Marsden; Julian Sher (2010). Angels of
Death: Inside the Bikers Empire of Crime. Knopf
Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-37032-7.
Valerie Smart (2001). The Original Hells Angels:
303rd Bombardment Group of World War II. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-0910-5.
Julian Sher; William Marsden (2010). The Road to
Hell: How the Biker Gangs are Conquering Canada.
Knopf Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-36586-6.
Hunter S. Thompson (1999). Hells Angels: A
Strange and Terrible Saga. Modern Library. ISBN
978-0-679-60331-3.
Edward Winterhalder; Wil De Clercq (2008). The
Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos: Bikers United Against the Hells Angels. ECW Press.
ISBN 978-1-55490-321-4.

10 External links
Ocial website listing many chartered local chapters, with links
Hells Angels at DMOZ
FBI le on Hells Angels
Never-Seen: Hells Angels, 1965 slideshow by Life
magazine

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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11.2

Images

gism, Lugia2453, Famousjettjackson, AlmejaNegra, FtDixisforQueers, Haseebahmedd, Purplegirl01, Jellysh987987987, Gamefowl92,

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Anonymous: 1102

11.2

Images

File:Boeing_B-17F-25-BO_Fortress_42-24577_Hells_Angels.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/

Boeing_B-17F-25-BO_Fortress_42-24577_Hells_Angels.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: United States Army Air Forces via
National arhives, from: Yenne, Bill, 2006, B-17 at War, Zenith Press; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 0760325227 Original artist: United States
Army Air Forces
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:HAMC_BD.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/HAMC_BD.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ikar.us
File:Hells_Angels-02-MJ.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Hells_Angels-02-MJ.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: moving moving moving Original artist: John Lambert Pearson from Berkeley, CA, United States
File:Hells_Angels-03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Hells_Angels-03.jpg License: CC BY 2.0
Contributors: Hells Angels Member on a Motorcycle Original artist: SliceofNYC
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Contributors: Gypsy Joker Protest Run Original artist: Roy Lister from Salisbury North, South Australia
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clubhouse_East_Village.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Beyond My Ken
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http://www.hells-angels.cz/index1.htm Original artist: ?
File:Simbolo_triada.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Simbolo_triada.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Trabajonacho

11.3

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