Exponential and Logarithmic Functions PDF

Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
University of the Philippines Manila
April 15, 2014
Mathematics 14
Laws of Exponents
Let a, b, x, y R
1
2
3
4
5
ax ay = ax+y
ax
= axy
ay
(ab)x = ax b x
a x
ax
= x
b
b
(ax )y = axy
Mathematics 14
Theorem
Let a, b, x, y R and a, b > 0,
1
ax is a unique real number
a0 = 1
if a = 1, then ax = 1
1
ax = x
a
if a > 1 with x < y then ax < ay
if 0 < a < 1 with x < y then ax > ay
3
4
Mathematics 14
Definition
If b > 0, b 6= 1, the exponential function with base b is defined
by
f (x) = b x
for every x R
Mathematics 14
Mathematics 14
Properties of the Exponential Function

Let b > 0, b 6= 1 and f be the exponential function with base b.
1
dom f = R
ran f = (0, +)
x-intercept:none
y -intercept: 1
If b > 1, then f is increasing.
If 0 < b < 1, then f is decreasing.
If x1 6= x2 , then b x1 6= b x2 . (f is one-to-one)
Mathematics 14
The Natural Exponential Function
Eulers Number
Among all for exponential functions there is one particular base
that plays a special role in Calculus. That base, denoted by the
letter e, is a certain irrational number whose value to six decimal
places is
Mathematics 14
Eulers Number
places is
e 2.718282
Mathematics 14
Eulers Number
places is
e 2.718282
This base is important in calculus because, b = e is the only base
for which the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = b x at any
point P on the curve is equal to the y -coordinate at P.
Mathematics 14
Definition
The natural exponential function is the exponential function
with base e:
f (x) = e x .
Mathematics 14
Equations involving Exponential Expressions
Exercises
Solve for the solution set of the following equations:
1
53x = 57x2
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
53x = 57x2
4t = 23t+2
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
2
3
53x = 57x2
2
4t = 23t+2
1
459x = x2
8
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
2
3
4
53x = 57x2
2
4t = 23t+2
1
459x = x2
8
9x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Mathematics 14
Logarithms
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If b y = x then y is called
the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by y = logb x.
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
log4 16 =
Mathematics 14
Logarithms
Definition
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
Mathematics 14
Logarithms
Definition
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
2
3
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
log 1 81 =
3
Mathematics 14
Logarithms
Definition
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
2
3
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
log 1 81 =
3
loga 1 =
Mathematics 14
Logarithms
Definition
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
2
3
4
5
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
log 1 81 =
3
loga 1 =
loga a =
Mathematics 14
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Mathematics 14

Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
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Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
Mathematics 14

f (x) = b x .

x = by
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f (x) = b x .

x = by
By definition of a logarithm,
Mathematics 14

f (x) = b x .

x = by
logb x = y
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f (x) = b x .

x = by
logb x = y
Thus,
Mathematics 14

f (x) = b x .

x = by
logb x = y
Thus,
f 1 (x) = logb x
Mathematics 14
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
Mathematics 14
Definition
f (x) = logb x
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
Mathematics 14
Definition
f (x) = logb x
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
logb (b x ) = x for all x R
Mathematics 14
Definition
f (x) = logb x
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
b logb x = x for all x (0, +)
Mathematics 14
Definition
f (x) = logb x
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
x-int:1
Mathematics 14
Definition
f (x) = logb x
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
x-int:1
y -int: none
Mathematics 14
Mathematics 14
Mathematics 14
Common and Natural Logarithms
Definition
Let x R such that x > 0.
The common logarithm of x, denoted log x, is
log x = log10 x
The natural logarithm of x, denoted ln x, is
ln x = loge x
Mathematics 14
Properties of Logarithms
Theorem
If b, x, y > 0, b 6= 1, and p R then
1
logb (xy ) = logb x + logb y

x
logb
= logb x logb y
y
logb x p = p logb x
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
Evaluate log2 42014
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
Evaluate log2 42014
Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
2
Evaluate log2 42014


7
as a sum of constants and
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
2
Evaluate log2 42014


7
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
1
3
Express logb m + logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm
2
2
with a coefficient 1.
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
2
Evaluate log2 42014


7
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
1
3
2
2
Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.
Mathematics 14
Exercises
1
2
5
6
Evaluate log2 42014


7
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
1
3
2
2
Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.
Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g (x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same
functions?
Mathematics 14
Change of Base Formula
Theorem
If a, b, x R with a, b, x > 0 and a, b 6= 1 then
logb x =
loga x
loga b
Mathematics 14
Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1
log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2
8
1
9
logx 2 + logx 5 =
2
10
2 log5 (x 2) log5 x =
log5 (x + 1)
11
1
log3 (x 2 +6) = log3 4log3 x12
2
13
log4 (x log4 x ) = 4
(log3 x)2 log3 x 2 = log2 8

32x1 = 4x+2
e 2x e x = 6
ln x = ln x
log3 x + log9 x + log27 x = 5.5
3x + 3x = 32x
32x 108 2x1 = 0
Mathematics 14
Prepare for Quiz 1 next

meeting!
Mathematics 14

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Properties of Exponents

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

University of the Philippines Manila

April 15, 2014

ax is a unique real number

if 0 < a < 1 with x < y then ax > ay

Properties of the Exponential Function

If b > 1, then f is increasing.

If 0 < b < 1, then f is decreasing.

The Natural Exponential Function

The Natural Exponential Function

The Natural Exponential Function

Equations involving Exponential Expressions

Equations involving Exponential Expressions

Equations involving Exponential Expressions

Equations involving Exponential Expressions

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Interchanging x and y , we have

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Interchanging x and y , we have

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Interchanging x and y , we have

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Interchanging x and y , we have

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Interchanging x and y , we have

Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Interchanging x and y , we have

logb (b x ) = x for all x R

logb (b x ) = x for all x R

b logb x = x for all x (0, +)

logb (b x ) = x for all x R

b logb x = x for all x (0, +)

logb (b x ) = x for all x R

b logb x = x for all x (0, +)

Common and Natural Logarithms

logb (xy ) = logb x + logb y

Evaluate log2 42014

Evaluate log2 42014

Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3

Evaluate log2 42014

Evaluate log2 42014

Evaluate log2 42014

Evaluate log2 42014

Change of Base Formula

Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions

(log3 x)2 log3 x 2 = log2 8

Prepare for Quiz 1 next

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