GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 1
(a)

(b)

oxygen 2 6 (0)
sulphur 2 8 6

1
1

(i)
8P
8N

(i)

chlorine radicals have unpaired electrons

are chlorine atoms
OR
chlorine molecules have no unpaired electrons
are pairs of chlorine atoms

1
1

CFCs/chlorofluorocarbons
(NOT aerosols, fridges etc as these are not substances)

ctiv

e.c

lose 6 electrons
gain 2 electrons

(ii)

he

QUESTIONSHEET 2

1
1

1
1

TOTAL 9

(i)

outer shell electron

furthest from nucleus

(ii)

all electrons in same shell

(iii)

nearest electrons to nucleus

ww
w.c

(a)

1
1

(ii)

ma

(c)

om

correct nucleus
correct electronic arrangement

(b)

energy

2
3
number of electrons

three electrons in outside shell

after this removing from next shell in

1
1

1
1

TOTAL 7

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 3
(a)

(i)

relative atomic mass/mass number = 40

atomic number/proton number = 20

1
1

(ii)

protons 20
neutrons 20
electrons 20

1
1
1

(b)
electrons
0
2
23
54
36

om

neutrons
0
5
30
74
45

(a)

he

10P
12N

TOTAL 13

ww
w.c

(b)

mark each
rounded to whole number

ma

QUESTIONSHEET 4

10P
10N

ctiv

e.c

protons
1
4
26
53
34

correct and same electronic arrangement

correct and same protons in each
correct neutrons

1
1
1

90/100 20 = 18
10/100 22 = 2.2
relative atomic mass = 18 + 2.2 = 20.2
(correct answer alone scores 3)

1
1
1

Note: that the answer alone scores full marks. Always show working as an incorrect
answer with no working will score zero. Correct working will gain some marks.
(c)

all chemical properties are the same

chemical properties depend on number of electrons
electrons are the same in both isotopes

1
1
1

TOTAL

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 5

(d)

(ii)

argon

(i)

20

(ii)

Calcium ion/Ca2+

(i)

1/ one

(ii)

20

(i)

7/ seven

(ii)

37

om

(c)

18

1
1

e.c

(b)

(i)

TOTAL 8

ctiv

(a)

QUESTIONSHEET 6
13 protons 11 neutrons
13 electrons

1
1

(b)

atoms with same number of protons/ atoms of same element

with different numbers of neutrons

1
1

(c)

both isotopes have same number of electrons/ arrangement of electrons

it is number/arrangement of electrons that determines chemical behaviour

1
1

(d)

25/100 24 = 6
75/100 28 = 21
6 + 21 = 27
(correct answer alone scores 3)

1
1
1

ww
w.c

he

ma

(a)

Note: that the answer alone scores full marks. Always show working as an incorrect answer with no
working will score zero. Correct working will gain some marks.
(e)

aluminium/Al

TOTAL 10

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 7
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

B
E
A
F
A
B & C/C & B
D & E/E & D/D & F/F & D

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

om

TOTAL 7

QUESTIONSHEET 8

(ii)

2,8,7

(i)

atoms become stable by obtaining full outer shells

calcium loses 2 electrons
chlorine gains one electron
electrons transferred from calcium atoms to chlorine atoms

1
1
1
1

(ii)

Ca2+, Cl

(iii)

CaCl2

ionic bonds/forces between ions/particles are very strong

they take a lot of energy to break/overcome

ww
w.c

he

(c)

e.c

2,8,8,2

ctiv

(b)

(i)

ma

(a)

1
1

1
1
1

TOTAL 11

QUESTIONSHEET 9
(a)
(b)

(c)

covalent

(i)

bonds between atoms are very strong

require a lot of energy to break

1
1

(ii)

atoms arranged in layers

forces between layers weak/layers slide past each other easily

1
1

free electrons
move along the layers

1
1

TOTAL 7

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 10
regular pattern of ions
tightly packed
free electrons
hold structure together
(All four marks could be obtained from a clearly labelled diagram)

+
-

+
-

+
-

+
-

+
+

+
-

1
1
1
1

+
-

+
-

om

Positively charged
metal ions

e.c

(a)

Electrons

forces holding lattice together are strong

ions/atoms in lattice tightly packed

(ii)

layers of ions/atoms can slide past each other

(c)

free electrons take in heat

passed on as electrons collide

1
1

(d)

alloy

(a)

(b)

(i)

2,8,1

(ii)

2,8,7

(i)

Na+

(ii)

Cl

(c)
(d)

(e)

NaCl

ma

ww
w.c

QUESTIONSHEET 11

ctiv

(i)

he

(b)

1
1

TOTAL 10

1
1
1
1
1

(i)

ions able to move freely

(ii)

melt it

(i)

inert/noble gas/ Group 0

(ii)

has a full outer shell

TOTAL 9

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 12

(ii)

one potassium with 1+ needed to cancel 1- in nitrate

KNO3

1
1

(iii)

one calcium 2+ needed to cancel 1- in two chlorines

CaC12

1
1

(iv)

one magnesium 2+ needed for two nitrates 1Mg(NO3) 2

1
1

(v)

one potassium 1+ needed for one chloride 1KC1

(i)

ionic

(ii)

electrons are transferred from one atom

to another

(i)

I-

(ii)

Sr2+

(iii)

SrI2

ctiv

e.c

om

1
1

ma

(c)

two sodium with 1+ needed to cancel 2- in sulphate

Na2SO4

he

(b)

(i)

ww
w.c

(a)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

TOTAL 16

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 13

(b)

(i)

simple molecular

(ii)

giant atomic

(iii)

simple molecular

(iv)

giant metallic

(v)

giant ionic

both will be low

om

(a)

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Co2+

Sea of electrons

ctiv

Co2+

e.c

(c)

ma

Co2+

1
1

TOTAL 8

ww
w.c

he

regular arrangement of cobalt ions

surrounded by free electrons

QUESTIONSHEET 14
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

A & E/E & A

B
B & D/D & B
C
F
E
F

2
1
2
1
1
1
1

Note: that you may use each atom once, more than once or not at all. This is sometimes stated on the
question paper. Students often go wrong by thinking that they must use all the alternatives at
some point in the answer.

TOTAL 9

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 15
4

(ii)

(i)

(ii)

(i)

carbon & silicon/silicon & carbon/C & Si/Si & C

(ii)

four electrons in outer shell of both

means they are both in group 4

(b)
(c)

(d)

(iii)

positive/+/+12

(c) (i)

(ii)

2,8,2

1
1
1

TOTAL 8

1
1
1
1
1
1

two/2/II
has two electrons in outer shell

1
1

three/3/III
outer electrons in third shell/energy level

1
1

ww
w.c

(ii)

12

he

protons
neutrons

ma

nucleus

(ii)

(b) (i)

ctiv

QUESTIONSHEET 16
(a) (i)

om

(i)

e.c

(a)

TOTAL 10

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 17
(a)

K2O

(ii)

MgO

(iii)

Al2O3

(i)

FeO
Fe2O3

1
1

(ii)

iron(II) oxide & iron(III) oxide

e.c

om

(b)

(i)

QUESTIONSHEET 18

sodium sulphate

(iii)

sodium hydrogencarbonate

(i)

sodium sulphate/ Na2SO4

(ii)

(i)

sodium hydrogencarbonate/ NaHCO3

(ii)

sodium (no marks as given in question)

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen

ctiv

(ii)

ma

(c)

sodium chloride

he

(b)

(i)

ww
w.c

(a)

TOTAL 6

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

TOTAL 9

GCSE CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & BONDING

ANSWERS AND MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 19

e.c

om

One mark each for the following in the correct order

smallest
neutrons
positive
negative
nucleus
equal
ion
atomic number
mass number/atomic mass
different
protons
electrons
neutrons

ctiv

QUESTIONSHEET 20

sodium
Na
23
11
12

he

magnesium
Mg
24
12
12

ww
w.c

neon
Ne
20
10
10

ma

one mark each

Name of element
symbol
mass number
atomic number
number of neutrons

TOTAL 13

nitrogen
N
14
7
7

carbon
C
12
6
6

TOTAL 9