Submitted by:

Deepak PM
M.Tech(PT) Mechanical
Roll No: 17

MEP 3103 : METAL FORMING THEORY

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
HENCKY'S THEOREMS

INDEX

PAGE

1.Introduction............................................................................. 1
2.Hencky's First Theorem.......................................................... 5
3.Hencky's Second Theorem..................................................... 7
4.Reference.................................................................................. 10

INTRODUCTION
In order to be able to solve the metal forming problems drastic
approximations are made both on material properties as well as on the
governing equations. The different methods for solution developed are :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Slab Method
Slip line method
Upper bound technique
Lower bound technique
Numerical techniques and Finite Element Method (FEM)

THEORY OF SLIP PLANES

Slip lines are the directions of maximum shear stress in the body
undergoing plastic deformation.
For plane strain deformation the equilibrium eqns given below,
dxx/dx + dxy/dy = 0 &

dxy/dx + dyy/dy = 0

along with yield condition( von Mises or Tresca's ) for plane strain
case, are solvable for the three variables xx, yy and xy.
The partial differential equations along with yield condition in plane
strain are hyperbolic partial differential equations. Their solution
admits discontinuities. Directions of maximum shear are the
characteristic directions of these equations.Therefore slip may take
place along the planes of maximum shear.
If we take the directions of maximum shear as co-ordinate directions
and transform the above equations along these directions, these
equations will get converted into algebraic equations .

In order to determine the load necessary for a particular plastic

forming operation, first of all the slip-line field patterns must be
obtained . This means that equations for the variation of p along both
- and -lines must be derived.
This is obtained from the Hencky's stress equations shown below :
P + 2K = F( ) = constant along -line
P - 2K = f( ) = constant along -line

HENCKY'S THEOREMS
There are two Hencky's theorems describing the geometrical properties of
slip lines mentioned below :

Hencky's First Theorem

If a pair of lines of one type ( say ) is intersected by lines of second
type ( ) then the angle between the tangents to -lines at the points of
intersection with any line remains same.

Fig(A)
Consider Fig(A) in which two -lines are intersected by two -lines at
points A, D with one line and at B & C with second -line. According
to the theorem angle between tangents at points A and D is equal to the
angle between tangents at points B & C, ie., AOD = BO'C.

PROOF :
If we go from point A to B along the -line then according to Hencky's
equation we can write,
PA + 2KA = C1

(1.a)

Also
PB + 2KB = C1

(1.b)

where
PA & PB : hydrostatic pressure at A and B respectively
A & B : inclinations of -line with respect to the x-axis of the chosen
co-ordinate system at A and B respectively.
PA PB = 2KB 2KA

(2)

Now if we go from point B to C along the -line BC we can similarly write

the following equations.
PB - 2KB = C2

(3.a)

and
PC - 2KC = C2

(3.b)

Similarly we can get,

PB PC = 2KB 2KC

(4)

By adding eqations (2) and (4) we can get,

PA PC = 4KB - 2KA - 2KC

(5)
6

We can repeat similar analysis if we go from A to D via -line and from D

to C via -line, and can obtain the following equation ,
PA PC = 4KD - 2KA - 2KC

(6)

Equating the RHS of eqns. (5) and (6) we get,

D - A = B C
or
AOD = BO'C.

Hencky's Second Theorem

If we move along a slip line ( say -line ) the radii of curvature of the
other lines ( ) at the points of intersections change equal to the distance
traversed, i.e.,
dR/dS = -1
and
dR/dS = -1

where
R and R : radii of curvature
S and S : lenghts along -line and -line respectively

PROOF:

Fig(B)
Consider Fig(B) the differential lenghts S and S are given as
S = R.

(1.a)

and
S = -R.

(1.b)

where R, R are the average radii of curvature of the segments BC and

AB respectively, and, S and S are their respective lengths.
Now
CD = S + (d(S)/dS) . S
or CD = - (R S)

Clearly

d(S)/dS =

Substituting eqn(1.b) in the above equation we get

d(-R.)/ dS =
But between the two slip lines does not change according to Hencky's
first theorem.
Therefore,
dR/dS = -1
Similarly we can prove dR/dS = -1
Now
dR = - dS = -R.
dR + R. = 0
Similarly,
dR = -dS = -R(-d)
dR Rd = 0

REFERENCES
1. B.L.Juneja, Fundaments of Metal Forming Processes,
New Age International, 2007
2. www.DoITPoMS.ac.uk, University of Cambridge

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