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Glass and acoustic insulation

2010

Thermal
Insulation

Acoustic
Insulation

Solar
Control

Safety

Aesthetic
and decoration

Glass and acoustic insulation


Basis notion
Standards
Acoustical performances of glazing
AGC Flat Glass Europes brand of acoustical
glazing
Performances of windows and faades

Basis notions The sound


What is a sound ?
Vibration of the air
That gives variations of air pressure
Ours eardrums are sensible to this pressure

Basis notions The sound


What characterizes an audible sound ?
Its difference of pressure
from 0,00002 to 20 Pa
( 1 Pa 0,1 kg/m)
Its frequency
from 100 4000 Hz

(patm 100 000 Pa)

(frequencies to consider
for buildings)

Basis notions The sound

a : number of waves / second ~ frequency


b : height of waves ~ intensity

Basis notions The sound


Frequency :
100 Hz

Low frequencies
(deep sounds)

2000 Hz

4000 Hz
High frequencies
(shrill sounds)

Basis notions The sound


Pressure :
0,00002 Pa
0,0002
0,002
0,02
0,2
2
20

dB = Number of 0 x 20
just audible
X 10
X 100
X 1000
X 10000
X 100000
X 1000000

0 dB
20 dB
40 dB
60 dB
80 dB
100 dB
120 dB

so 6 0 x 20 = 120 (logarithmic scale)

Basis notions The sound

LP 10 log

2
p0

(dB)

Lp

: level of sound pressure (dB)

: sound pressure (Pa)

p0

: reference pressure (Pa)


(limit of hearing : 0,00002 Pa)

Basis notions The sound


Examples of level of sound pressure
Pa

dB

20

120

100

0,2

80

0,02

60

0,002

40

0,0002

20

0,00002

Basis notions The decibels

60 dB

x2

63 dB

Basis notions The decibels

40 dB

x 10

50 dB

Basis notions The decibels

70 dB

= 80,4 dB

80 dB

Basis notions The hearing perception

--11dB
dB::

--33dB
dB::

--55dB
dB::

--10
10dB
dB::

Can
Cannot
notbe
be
heard
heard

just
just
audible
audible

clearly
clearly
audible
audible

Noised
Noisedreduced
reduced
by
by1/2
1/2

-- 20
20 dB
dB ::

= spreading of the

Noised
Noised
Thermobel Phonibel range
reduced
by
3/4
reduced by 3/4

Basis notions Acoustical spectrum


Sound = mixing of pressures and frequencies
acoustical spectrum 60
Insulation level / of noise
(dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Basis notions Acoustical spectrum


Spectrum of the noises traffic et urban
80

60

Urban noise
50

Frequency (Hz)

00
50

50
31

00
20

50
12

0
80

0
50

5
31

20
0

5
12

80

60

40
25

Noise level (dB)

70

Basis notions Acoustical spectrum


Spectrum of the noises traffic et urban
80

Traffic noise

60

Urban noise
50

Frequency (Hz)

00
50

50
31

20

00

50
12

0
80

0
50

5
31

0
20

5
12

80

60

40
25

Noise level (dB)

70

Glass and acoustic insulation


Basis notion
Standards
Acoustical performances of glazing
AGCs brand of acoustical glazing
Performances of windows and faades

Standards Mesure in laboratory


Following EN ISO 140-3

Room of
emission

Room of
reception

Standards Mesure in laboratory

Standards Curve of attenuation of noise

Level of insulation (dB)

60

50

40

indices :
30

Rw,
Ra
20

...

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Standards Indexes
Index
Rw (C, Ctr)
Rroute
Rrose
RA
RA,l
RA,r

(road)
(plane)
(train)

Category

Units

Country

dB

EN ISO 717-1
Germany

dB (A)
dB (A)

France

dB (A)
dB (A)
dB (A)

Holland

Va, Vb, Vc, Vd

Belgium

Standards Indexes
Disparition in the long term of the indexes and
national classes
Application of IN ISO 717-1 and use of a single
index (Rw) and of two terms of adaptation (C and
Ctr)

Belgian class, Ra, Ra,l,


Ra,r, Rroute, Rrose...

Rw (C;Ctr)

Standards Calculation of the Rw index


60

50

30

20

Curve of measured insulation

10

[Hz]

3150

2500

2000

1600

1250

1000

800

630

500

400

315

250

200

160

125

0
100

[dB]

40

Standards Calculation of the Rw index


60

ISO ref. curve


50

30

Gemeten geluidsisolatiecurve

20

Curve of measured insulation

10

[Hz]

3150

2500

2000

1600

1250

1000

800

630

500

400

315

250

200

160

125

0
100

[dB]

40

Standards Calculation of the Rw index


60

ISO ref. curve


50

unfavourable variations

30

20

Curve of measured insulation


10

[Hz]

3150

2500

2000

1600

1250

1000

800

630

500

400

315

250

200

160

125

0
100

[dB]

40

Standards Calculation of the Rw index


60

50

Rw = 41 dB

30

unf. var.= 28

20

32 : OK

10

[Hz]

3150

2500

2000

1600

1250

1000

800

630

500

400

315

250

200

160

125

0
100

[dB]

40

Standards Determination of C and Ctr terms


70
60
50
40

Curve of measured
insulation

20
10

3150

2500

2000

1600

1250

1000

-10

800

630

500

400

315

250

200

160

125

0
100

[dB]

30

spectrum of
adaptation C
spectrum of
adaptation Ctr

-20
-30
[Hz]

Standards Rw (C, Ctr) indexes


How to understand Rw (C, Ctr) = 40 (-2, -5) ?

Rw = 40
average of the
spectrum of acoustical
insulation

Standards Rw (C, Ctr) indexes

Level of insulation (dB)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Standards Rw (C, Ctr) indexes


How to understand Rw (C, Ctr) = 40 (-2, -5) ?

Rw (C, Ctr)

Rw + C
= 38

Takes into account


the high frequencies
(acute sounds)

Rw + Ctr
= 35

Takes into account


the low frequencies
(shrill sounds)

Standards Rw (C, Ctr) indexes

Level of insulation (dB)

60

Rw + C
better

50

40

30

Rw + Ctr
worst

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Standards Application of the Rw (C, Ctr) index


How to use and choose the index ?
Sound level which one must insulate oneself (dB)
Type of noise which one must insulate oneself (shrill
or acute)
ex: Noise of a road traffic, noise of a rapid traffic,
children playing, music of a discotheque

Standards Application of the Rw (C, Ctr) index


Example Rw(C;Ctr) = 38 (-1; -4) dB

Rw + C = 37 dB

Rw + Ctr = 34 dB

Standards Application of the Rw (C, Ctr) index


Noises at medium and high
dominant frequencies

Noises at low dominant


frequencies

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

domestic noises (voice,


radio, television)
children playing
discotheque
rapid traffic (>80 km/h)

slow traffic (urban)

rapid traffic

slow traffic

jets at short distance

jets at long distance


propeller planes
industries with production
of noises of low
frequencies

industries with production of


noises of high frequencies

Standards Diverse indexes


Rw + Ctr is overall equivalent to
Ra, wegverkeer (NL)
Rroute (F)
Rw + C is overall equivalent to
Ra, railverkeer (NL)
Rrose (F)
EN ISO 717-1 the use of Rw alone is not envisaged
Rw maintained for "classification" of the products
will not be used to carry out a choice according to the
application

Standards Diverse indexes


Remark : Use of Rw (C, Ctr): some countries
use Ra and Ratr
RA = R w + C
RA,tr = Rw + Ctr

Glass and acoustic insulation


Basis notion
Standards
Acoustical performances of glazing
AGCs brand of acoustical glazing
Performances of windows and faades

Acoustical performances of the glazings


And what about of the acoustical insulation of the
walls (glass) ?

Acoustical performances of the glazings

Level of insulation (dB)

60

Law of acoustics :

50

1. If the frequency of a
sound source
doubles, the
acoustical insulation
increases by 6 dB

40

30

+ 6 dB

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings


In practice :

Level of insulation (dB)

60

50

Critical
frequency

40

30

fcr = 12 800
e (mm)

20

4 mm

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings


60

Level of insulation (dB)

Law of acoustics :
50

2. If the mass of a wall


is doubled, the

40

+ 6 dB
30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

acoustical insulation
increases by 6 dB

Acoustical performances of the glazings


In practice :

Level of insulation (dB)

60

50

8 mm

40

30

20

4 mm

Critical
frequency

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Spectrums of the road and urban noises
80

70

60

Urban noise
50

Frequency (Hz)

00
50

50
31

20

00

50
12

0
80

0
50

5
31

0
20

5
12

80

60

40
25

Level of noise (dB)

Road noise

Acoustical performances of the glazings

Mass spring - mass

Acoustical performances of the glazings


60

Level of insulation (dB)

50

412-4

40

30

4 mm

20

10

Resonance
frequency

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings


60

Level of insulation (dB)

50

412-4
40

30

8 mm
20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630

1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings

Acoustical performances of the glazings


60

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

4-12-8

30

412-4

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630

1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings

SF6

Acoustical performances of the glazings

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Aim of the spacer : to disunite glasses

Sort of spacers :
acoustical resin
PVB acoustic
(PVB)

Acoustical performances of the glazings


60

Level of insulation (dB)

50

10 mm float
55.2 laminated

40

55.2 acoustical
lamintated

30

55 1,5 acoustical
resin

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630

1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Laminated glass: Remark
The use of dissymmetric laminated glass is not
interesting for acoustical performances: a glass
46.2 is equivalent to a glass 55.2

Acoustical performances of the glazings

Acoustical performances of the glazings


60

Level of insulation (dB)

50

4124
41244.2

40

4-12-44.2 acoust.
30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Acoustical performances of the glazings

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Conclusions
Always an asymmetrical DGU
Use an important air space
For almost, use thick glazings
Use a laminated glass (traditional safety PVB)
to replace one of the tow monolithic glazings
For important noise trouble : use a laminated
glass with acoustical PVB

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Conclusions

32 dB

- 2 dB
Renovation !

+ 5 to 9 dB

+ 7 to 20 dB

Acoustics of the dwelling !

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Conclusions
Insulation range of 30 to 50 dB
acoustical insulation of the glazing improved
by 3/4
Rw values tested in labo for dimensions of
1,23 m x 1,48 m and only the glazing

Acoustical performances of the glazings


Conclusions
Do not have an influence on the acoustical
capacities of the glazings :
The direction of installation of the glazing
Presence of coatings
Tempered glazings
The use of argon (thermal insulation)

Glass and acoustic insulation


Basis notion
Standards
Acoustical performances of glazing
AGCs brand of acoustical glazing
Performances of windows and faades

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


Planibel
Stratobel
Stratophone
Thermobel
Thermobel Phonibel
Thermobel Phonibel
Thermobel Phonibel S
(Thermobel Phonibel GH)
Thermobel Phonibel ST

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Planibel

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

4
6
8
10

30
31
32
34

28
29
31
32

26
28
30
31

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Stratobel

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

32
35

31
34

30
32

8
44.2

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Stratobel

Influence of the thickness of PVB

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

44.1
44.2
44.3
44.6

34
35
35
35

33
34
33
34

32
32
31
32

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Level of insulation (dB)

Stratobel

Influence of the thickness of the glass

50

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

33.2
44.2
55.2
66.2

33
35
35
36

32
34
34
35

29
32
32
33

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Range of acoustical glass of AGC

Level of insulation (dB)

60

Stratophone

50

40

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

8
44.2
44.2 st

32
35
37

31
34
37

30
32
35

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Stratophone

Level of insulation (dB)

50

Influence of the thickness of PVB


40

Composition

30

44.2 st
44.4 st

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Rw

37
37

Rw + C Rw + Ctr

37
37

35
34

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Stratophone

Influence of the thickness of the


glass

Level insulation (dB)

50

40

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

55.2 st
66.2 st

36
37
39
40

36
37
38
39

33
35
36
37

33.2 st
44.2 st

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


Planibel
Stratobel
Stratophone
Thermobel
Thermobel Phonibel
Thermobel Phonibel
Thermobel Phonibel S
(Thermobel Phonibel GH)
Thermobel Phonibel ST

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


Remark : appellation of Thermobel Phonibel

Thermobel Phonibel 2534

25 = total thickness of DV

34 = Rw

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Thermobel

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

4
6
8
10

29
31
32
34

28
30
32
33

26
28
29
30

12
12
12
12

4
6
8
10

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Thermobel Phonibel
Influence of asymmetric
thicknesses

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

4 - 12 - 4
6 - 12 - 6
4 - 12 - 6

29
31
33

28
30
32

26
28
30

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Thermobel
Influence of the width of the
spacer

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

6-9-6
6 - 12 - 6
6 - 15 - 6
6 - 20 - 6

30
31
32
32

30
30
31
31

28
28
29
30

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Thermobel Phonibel S: with


laminated Stratobel

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Composition

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

4 - 12 - 4
4 - 12 - 44.2

29
36

28
34

26
30

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


60

Thermobel Phonibel ST: with


laminated Stratophone

Level of insulation (dB)

50

40

30

20

10

0
100

160

250

400

630 1000 1600 2500 4000

Frequency (Hz)

Composition

4 - 12 - 4
4 - 12 - 44.2
4 - 12 - 44.2st

Rw

Rw + C

Rw + Ctr

29
36
39

28
34
37

26
30
33

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


50

66.2st-2044.2st

10-20-44.2st

45

8-15-66.2st
88.2 st
66.2st
55.2 st

Rw (dB)

40
88.2
15 mm

35

30

37

12 mm
10 mm

66.2
44.2
33.2

43

8-15-55.2
6-12-44.2

40

8-12-66.2

39
44.2 st
33.2 st

43

10-15-6

39
6-12-44.2

36

35

8-12-5
6-15-4

32

8 mm
4 mm
3 mm

4-12-4

29

29

25
Planibel

Stratobel

Single glazing

Stratophone

Phonibel

Phonibel S

Double glazing

Phonibel ST

Range of acoustical glass of AGC


4-12-4

Rw = 29 dB

6-15-4
8-12-5

Rw = 34 dB
Rw = 36 dB

6-12-44.2

Rw = 37 dB

6-12-44.2 st

Rw = 40 dB

10-20-44.2 st
Rw = 45 dB
88.2 st1566.2 st Rw = 51 dB

Name

Rw+C
Composition Rw index index

Rw+Ctr
index

Category
NBN

Coef. U(k) in
Total
Coef. U(k) Starlite N
thickness
Thermobel

S01-400
dB (1)

dB (1)

dB (1)

(2)

mm (3)

W/m.K(4)

W/m.K(4)

Phonibel
asymmetrical double glazings

2534

6 - 15 - 4

34

33

30

Vc

25

2.7

1.1

2536

8 - 12 - 5

36

35

32

Vb

25

2.8

1.3

3037

10 - 12 - 8

37

36

34

Vb

32

2.8

1.3

3138

10 - 15 - 6

38

37

34

Vb

31

2.7

1.1

Phonibel S
Double glazings with laminated PVB Stratobel

S 2737

6 - 12 - 9

37

36

34

Vb

27

2.8

1.3

S 3239

6 - 15 - 11

39

38

35

Vb

32

2.7

1.1

S 3339

8 - 12 - 13

39

38

36

Vb

33

2.7

1.3

S 3441

8 - 15 - 11

41

39

37

Va

34

2.7

1.1

S 3742

6 - 20 - 11

42

41

37

Va

37

2.7

1.1

S 3443-5

8 - 15 - 11

43

41

38

Va

34

2.8

1.6

Phonibel ST
Double glazings with laminated acoustic Stratophone
ST 2740

6 - 12 - 9

40

38

35

Vb

27

2.8

1.3

ST 2942

8 - 12 - 9

42

40

36

Vb

29

2.6

1,3

ST 3643

8 - 15 - 13

43

41

39

Va

36

2.7

1.1

ST 3143

10 - 12 - 9

43

41

38

Va

31

2.8

1.3

ST 3945

10 - 20 - 9

45

43

40

Va

39

2.7

1.1

ST 4249

13 - 20 - 9

49

47

43

Va

42

2.7

1.1

ST 4251-5

13 - 20 - 9

51

49

44

Va

42

2.7

1.5

Name

Index

Index

Rw+C

Rw+Ctr

dB (1)

dB (1)

dB (1)

Composition Rw index

Cat. NBN

Total
S01-400 thickness
(2)

mm (3)

Phonibel
Asymmetric double glazings
2534-9

6 - 15 - 4

34

33

30

Vc+2dB

25

2536-9

8 - 12 - 5

36

35

32

Vb

25

3237-9

10 - 12 - 8

37

36

34

Vb

32

3138-9

10 - 15 - 6

38

37

34

Vb+2dB

31

Name

Composition Indice Rw

dB (1)

Indice

Indice Classe NBNEpaisseur

Rw+C

Rw+Ctr

dB (1)

dB (1)

S01-400
(2)

totale
mm (3)

Phonibel S
Double glazings with laminated and PVB Stratobel
S 2737-9

6 - 12 44.2

37

36

34

Vb+1dB

27

S 3239-9

6 - 15 55.1

39

38

35

Vb+3dB

32

S 3339-9

8 - 12 66.2

39

38

36

Vb+2dB

33

S 3440-9

8 - 15 55.2

41

38

36

Va

34

S 3742-9

6 - 20 55.2

42

41

37

Va+1dB

37

S 3443-5

8 - 15 55.2

43

41

38

Va+1dB

34

Name

Indice Indice Classe NBN


Epaisseur
CompositionIndice Rw
Rw+C Rw+Ctr S01-400 totale
dB(1)

dB(1)

dB(1)

(2)

mm(3)

Phonibel ST
Doubles vitrages avec verre feuillet acoustique Stratophone
ST 2740

6 - 12 44.2 st 40

38

35

Vb+2dB

27

ST 2942

8 - 12 44.2 st 42

40

36

Vb+4dB

29

ST 3643

8 - 15 66.2 st 43

41

39

Va+2dB

36

ST 3140

10 - 12 44.2 st43

41

38

Va+1dB

31

ST 3945

10 - 20 44.2 st45

44

41

Va+4dB

39

ST 4249

13 - 20 44.2 st49

47

43

Va+4dB

42

ST 4251-5

13 - 20 44.2 st51

49

44

Va+4dB

42

AGCs acoustical range


Information available on www.YourGlass.com

Glass and acoustic insulation


Basis notion
Standards
Acoustical performances of glazing
AGCs brand of acoustical glazing
Performances of windows and faades

Performances of the windows and faades


Reminder:
Rw (C; Ctr) values correspond to glazings of
1,23 m x 1,48 m tested separately (standard
rebate without frame)
Important:
AGC never communicates about other
indexes like Rw, LA,eq, DnT, which concern
in situ performances and/or performances
during a period

Performances of the windows and faades


The real acoustical performances of a faade
can change depending on:

the
the
the
the

dimensions of the glazing


window system used
airtightness of the faade
origin of the noises

Performances of the windows and faades

Performances of the windows and faades


60
50
40

Rw
[dB]

30
20
10
0
Massive
wall

Double
glazing

Acoustical
glazing

Double
facade

Performances of the windows and faades


60

Dimension of the glazings

Level of insulation in dB

50
Glass

Dimensions

(mm)

40

RW
dB

30

8 mm 600 x 900
8 mm 1230 x 1480

35
33

32
31

Vc
Vc

8 mm 1690 x 1360

33

31

Vc

20
10
0

Frequnecy in Hz
125 250 500 1k

2k

4k

8k

RA Belgian
road
cat.
dB (A)

Performances of the windows and faades


Nature of the joint in
glazing rebate

60

Level of insulation in dB

50
Product

40

RW
dB

30
20
10
0
125 250 500 1k

2k

4k

8k

RA

road Belgian
cat.
dB (A)

10 mm
+ butyl

34

32

Vc

10 mm
+ EPDM

28

29

Vd

10 mm
+ silicone

34

31

Vc

Frequency in Hz

Performances of the windows and faades


Influence of the seal between
casement and fixed window

60

Level of insulation in dB

50
RW

RA
road

26
30

24
29

Vd
Vd

foam
Extrused seal

38

34

Vb

Silicone seal

40

35

Vb

Sort of seals

40
No seal
Seal in

30
20

Belgian
cat.
dB dB (A)

Test by AGC at the CSTC

10
0

Frequency in Hz
125 250 500 1k

2k

4k

8k

Performances of the windows and faades


Double-window
150 mm

Glass and acoustic insulation


Basis notion
Standards
Acoustical performances of glazing
AGCs brand of acoustical glazing
Performances of windows and faades
Choice of an acoustical glazing

Choice of an insulating glazing

Faade sound insulation


> 40 dB

>80 dB

<40 dB

Choice of an acoustical glazing


3 steps :
- To identify the characteristics of the sound environment
To select a category of Phonibel according to the type
of room and environment
Choice of Phonibel in a category given according to
complementary criteria:
requirements on the thickness, the U(k) value, the cost...
"advises" according to the situation of the building

Choice of an acoustical glazing


to refine its choice

Choice of a less
performant Phonibel

Choice of a more
performant Phonibel

Surface which must be glazed :


The larger surface to be glazed is,
the more Phonibel will have to be
performant.

Small window < 1m

Large window > 1m

Road coating :
In the presence of a quiet coating
(asphalts), we will retain less
performant Phonibel.
quiet ground

noisy ground

In the presence of a noisy coating


(paving stones, concrete
flagstones), we will retain more
performant Phonibel.

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