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Endocrine System
2.
Hydrophilic water-soluble
Lipophilic - fat-soluble
45.1.4 Paracrine Regulators Exert Powerful
Effects within Tissues
Peptide hormones
Antidiuretic hormone (9 amino acids)
Insulin (51 amino acids)
Growth hormone (191 amino acids)
Prostaglandins
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Gamete transport
Labor
Possibly ovulation
Some are active in promoting smooth muscle
contraction
Premature labor
Endometriosis
Dysmenorrhea
Prostaglandins (fish)
o
o
Includes:
Steroid hormones
thyroid hormones
retinoids (vitamin A)
Travel in the blood attached to transport
proteins
Can cross cell membranes and bind to
intracellular receptors
days to week
minutes to hours
diacylglycerol (DAG)
Receptor Kinases
o Receptors that can directly phosphorylate
intracellular proteins that alter cellular activity
o Growth hormone works he same, instead,
hormone-bound receptor recruits and activates
intracellularkinases
Second-messenger Systems
o Second messengers small molecules or
substances that helps relay the message within
the cytoplasm
(2) Oxytocin
o Second peptide neurohormone that, like ADH,
composed of nine amino acids
o (mammals) stimulates the milk ejection reflex
o Needed to stimulate uterine contractions in
women during childbirth
o Helps in returning the normal size of
breastfeeding mothers after pregnancy
o Important regulator of reproductive behavior
Two parts:
o
o
o
o
Hypothalamus (TRH)
hypothalamohyphophyseal portal system
anterior pituitary (TSH) thyroid gland
(thyroxine )
o Thyroxine
Contains iodine
o Goiter lack of iodine
o
o
o
o
Reproductive actions:
Parental care in mammals
Broodiness in birds
water drive in amphibians
TSH thyroid gland
ACTH adrenal cortex
Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) gonads
MSH melanophores contains melanin (black
pigment)
(humans) Melanocytes
calcitonin
Thyroid-Related Disorders
o Hypothyroidism low metabolism due to
underproduction of thyroxine
Vitamin D
o Produced in the skin from a cholesterol derivative
in response to ultraviolet light
o essential vitamin
o Inactive form of hormone
o 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (activated) gained
two hydroxyl groups (-OH) stimulated by PTH
Enzyme in kidneys
o 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D stimulates the
2+
intestinal absorption of Ca and thereby helps
raise blood Ca2+ levels so that bone can become
properly mineralized
o Rickets poor bone formation due to vitamin D
deficiency
Glucagon
o Glucagon secreted by cells if the islets
Treatment of Diabetes
o Insulin only hormone that promotes movement
of glucose from blood into cells
o Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
lack the insulin secreting cells and produce no
insulin