Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic

Progression
Anish Anand
1211007
Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui
National Institute of Science Education and Research
Bhubaneswar

2015-16

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Overview

In this presentation we are going to prove Dirichlets theorem,

namely primes of form lk + q are infinite where l and q are
relatively prime. On the way we will develop the concept of
Dirichlet characters, L-functions and their properties.

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

There are infinite primes of the form 4k + 3.

Obsevation : gcd(4, 3) = 1
Are #(primes) of form lk + q, where gcd(l, q) = 1 infinite?
Answer : Dirichlets Theorem
Dirichlets Theorem
If q and l are relatively prime positive integers, the there are
infinitely many primes of form lk + q with k Z.
To prove Dirichlets theorem using L-function.
To prove Dirichlets theorem, it is equivalent to prove that the
series
X
1
p
p l mod q

diverges

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Proposition
The series
X

1/p.

diverges where sum is taken over all primes p.

Proof.
Y
p

1
1 p s

X
1
=
.
ns
n=1

Since (s) is a continuous function, taking log both side we get,

X

log (1 1/p s ) = log (s).

p

Now since log (1 + x) = x + O(|x|2 ) whenever |x| 1/2, so we

have
X

[1/p s + O(1/p 2s )] = log (s).

p
Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Proof(Contd.)
That implies,
X

1/p s + O(1) = log (s).

Since,
lims1+

1/ns

n=1

M
X

1/n for every M.

n=1

P
s
+
We
P conclude
Pthat s p 1/p as s 1 now since we have
p 1/p
p 1/p for all s > 1 so,
X

1/p = .

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Now let us observe

X 1
ps

pl

X 1
ps

X l (p)
ps

X (p)
1 X
(l)
.
(q)
ps
p

X (p)
1 X 0 (p)
1 X
(l)
+
(q) p
ps
(q)
ps
p

X (p)
1 X
1 X 1
+
(l)
(q)
ps
(q)
ps
p

pl

6=0

p-q

6=0

First series in the above expression

diverges as s 1+ .To prove
P
1
the divergence of the sum pl p we need to understand the
P
behaviour of p (p)p s as s 1+ .
Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Consider the function l on G which we define as, if n Z (q)

(
1 if n l mod q
l (n) =
0 otherwise
From Fourier series formula
l (n) =

l (e)e(n).

eG

where,

1
1 X
l (m)e(m) =
e(l)
l (e) =
|G |
|G |
mG

Hence,
l (n) =

1 X
e(l)e(n).
|G |
eG

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

We can extend the function l to all Z by setting l (m) = 0

whenever m and q are not relatively prime.
Similarly we can extend all characters e G to all Z by following,
(
e(m) if gcd(m, q) = 1
(m) =
0 otherwise
These functions are called Dirichlet character modulo q. We will
denote the extension to Z of the trivial character of G by 0 that
is (m) = 1 if m and q are relatively prime, and 0 otherwise.
As we can easily observe that,
(nm) = (n)(m) for n, m Z.

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Dirichlet L-function
Lemma
The Dirichlet characters are multiplicative, and
l (m) =

1 X
(l)(m).
(q)

where the sum is over all Dirichlet characters.

To prove that

(p)
ps

is bounded as s 1+ .

Given a Dirichlet character , for s > 1 Dirichlet L-function is

defined as

X
(n)
L(s, ) =
.
ns
n=1

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Theorem(Dirichlet Product Formula)

If s > 1 then

X
(n)
n=1

ns

Y
p

1
.
(1 (p)p s )

where product is over all primes.

L(s, ) 6= 0 for all s > 1.
Before proving the theorem let us define two logarithms, one on
the complex number of form 1/(1 z) with |z| < 1 which will be
denoted by log1 and one for the function L(s, ) denoted by log2 .
For the first logarithm we define,

log1

1
1z


=

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

X
zk
k=1

for |z| < 1.

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Proposition
Logarithm function log1 satisfies the following properties:
(a) If |z| < 1 then,


1
= z + E1 (z).
log1
1z
where |E1 (z)| |z|2 if |z| < 1/2.
(b) If |z| < 1/2 then,





1
log1
 2|z|.

1z 

(1)

(2)

Now we are going to define logarithm of the L-function, if is a

non trivial character and s > 1, define
Z 0
L (t, )
log2 L(s, ) =
dt.
L(t, )
s
Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

To prove that integral is well defined we will assume following

proposition.
Proposition
If is a non trivial Dirichlet character, then the series

X
(n)
n=1

ns

converges for s > 0, and the sum is denoted by L(s, ), Moreover

(i) The function L(s, ) is continuously differentiable for
0 < s < .
(ii) There exists a constant c, c 0 such that
L(s, ) = 1 + O(e cs )
0

L (s, ) = O(e

c 0 s

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

as s .

) as s .

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Since both L0 (t, ) and L(t, ) are continuous and L(t, ) 6= 0 for
t > 1 and,
Integral is convergent because
L0 (t, )
= O(e ct ),
L(t, )
which follows from the behaviour of L0 (t, ) and L(t, ) as t .
So log2 L(s, ) is well defined.
Proposition (Relation between log1 and log2 )
e log2 L(s,) = L(s, ).
and
log2 L(s, ) =


log1

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

1
1 (p)/p s


.

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Now assuming above proposition observe that



X
1
log2 L(s, ) =
log1
1 (p)/p s
p
!
X (p)
X 1
=
+O
(using equation (1))
ps
p 2s
p
p
=

X (p)
p

ps

+ O(1).

Z
log2 L(s, ) =
s

L0 (t, )
dt
L(t, )

Now if L(1, ) 6= 0 for a non trivial Dirichlet character then by

integral representation of log2 L(s, ), it remains bounded as
P
+
s 1+ , and this will show that p (p)
p s is bounded as s 1 ,
which will complete the proof.
Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Non vanishing of L-function

A Dirichlet character is said to be real if it takes only real

values(+1, 1 or 0) and complex otherwise, or is real if and
only if (n) = (n) for all integers n.
Let us prove L(1, ) 6= 0 when is complex Dirichlet character.
Lemma
If s > 1, then
Y

L(s, ) 1,

where product is taken over all Dirichlet character, in particular

product is real valued.

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Proof.
It is proved that
L(s, ) = exp


log1

1
1 (p)p s

!
.

1
L(s, ) = exp
log1
s
1

(p)p

p
!

XXX
1 (p k )
= exp
k p ks

p k=1
!
X
XX
1 (p k )
= exp
.
k p ks
p

XX

!

k=1

Now by lemma (l = 1) we have

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

(p

k)

= (q)1 (p k ) and hence

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Proof(Contd.)
Y

Now since 1

XX
1 1 (p k )
L(s, ) = exp (q)
k p ks
p

!
.

k=1

(p k )

0 so we have

L(s, )

1.

Lemma
The following three properties hold for a Dirichlet character,
(i) If L(1, ) = 0, then L(1, ) = 0.
(ii) If is a non trivial Dirichlet character and L(1, ) = 0, then
|L(s, )| C |s 1|

1 s 2.

(iii) For a trivial Dirichlet character 0 we have

|L(s, 0 )|

C
|s 1|

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

when 1 < s 2.
Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression

Now assuming above lemma let us prove L(1, ) 6= 0 for non trivial
complex Dirichlet character. If not let L(1, ) = 0, then we have
L(1, ) = 0. Since 6= , then there exists at least two terms in
the product
Y
L(s, ),

that goes as |s 1| as s 1+ , and since only the trivial character

1
goes as O( |s1|
) as s 1+ we can find that the product goes to
zero as s 1+ , contradicting the fact that it is 1. Hence
L(1, ) 6= 0.

Anish Anand1211007 Supervised By : Dr. Sanjay Parui

Dirichlets Theorem of Primes in Arithmetic Progression