Design of Sewer Systems and

Stormwater Treatment
SS 2014
Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Dittmer
Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste
Management
- Department of Urban Drainage -

Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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General Information
Contact:
Ulrich Dittmer, Room 0.035
Tel.: 685-69350
e-mail: ulrich.dittmer@iswa.uni-stuttgart.de

Start: 01:45 p.m., 15 min break end 04:45 p.m.

No textbook or lecture notes
take your own notes!
All slides will be uploaded on ILIAS
ILIAS will be used for all kinds of communications
check for mails regularly!
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

Urban Area

main slope

main slope

WWTP

Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Separate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Separate
System

sedimentation tank
Separate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
8

Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
STUTTGART

Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

Fig: open storage basin

WWTP

Modified
System
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
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Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
10

Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
STUTTGART

Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
11

Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

UNIVERSITT
STUTTGART

Elements of Urban Drainage Systems

CSO
CSO tank
storage tank

Seperate
System

pumping station
SUDS (storage and infiltration)

Seperate
System

sedimentation tank
Seperate
System
Combined System

WWTP

Modified
System
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Contents of the Course

Intro + Stormwater Retention
Simplified procedure (DWA Rules and Standards A 117)
Stormwater Infiltration
Simplified procedure (DWA Rules and Standards A 138)
Design and sizing of drainage pipe networks

Alignment
Rational Method (Exercise)
Stormwater Treatment in Combined and Seperate Systems

Design of CSOs and CSO Tanks (Exercise)

(DWA Rules and Standards A 128)

Modeling of Sewer Networks

Modeling and Simulation using EPA SWMM (Laptop-Exercise)
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Contents of the Course

Stormwater Treatment in Seperate Systems

Assessment of pollution and choice of treatment measures

(DWA Rules and Standards M 153)
LID (Low impact design) or Sust. Urb. Drain. Syst. (SUDS)
Design of sedimentation tanks and infiltration swales (Exercise)

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Definition of areas and runoff

coefficients

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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Area
A_C,s:

catchment area (e.g. of a given point or structure) served

by a drainage system

A_C,p:

sum of all paved surfaces of a catchment area

(including roofs)

A_C,np: sum of all unpaved surfaces of a catchment area

:

Degree of paving

A_imp:

impermeable surface = A_imp = (A_C,s * )

General notation:

= A_C,p / A_C,s

A_C,s = AC,s

Note:
In international literature the terms impermeable area or impervious
area are often used as synonyms for paved areas.
Respectively unpaved areas are referred to as permeable or pervious.
Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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Runoff Generation
Drift
Evapo(transpi)ration

Wetting

Intensity

Depression storage

Surface
runoff
Infiltration
Rain duration
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Runoff Generation
Drift

Wetting

Intensity

Evapo(transpi)ration
Depression storage

Surface
runoff
Infiltration
Rain duration

Constant rain intensity does not generate constant runoff

Maximum runoff occurs only after initial losses (wetting, depression
storage) are covered
Higher leads to less infiltration [mm/s] higher runoff
Wetting losses and max. depression storage are almost constant values
for a given surface area
the higher the rain volume, the higher is the percentage of runoff
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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Runoff coefficients
Calculation of stormwater flow in design procedures based on block rainfall
Q_R = r_D,n * A_C,s *
But:
For a given surface the ratio between precipitation and runoff depends on
the rain intensity and varies over time.
Runoff coefficents can be given only for certain conditions
We need different values to solve specific problems (e.g. peak runoff,
mean runoff volume)

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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Runoff coefficients
Peak runoff coefficient __S = q_max / r_max
with
q_max : maximum runoff rate
r_max : (maximum) rainfall intensity
Used for the calculation of peak flows e.g. when sizing sewers

Drift

Wetting

Intensity

Evapo(transpi)ration
Depression storage

Surface
runoff

q_max

Infiltration
Rain duration
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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Runoff coefficients
Mean runoff coefficient _m = V_runoff / V_rainfall
Integration of runoff rate and rain intensity over a certain time (single heavy
rain event, annual or long term mean)
Used in combination with design storm for dimensioning of e.g. storage
structures

Drift

Wetting

Intensity

Evapo(transpi)ration
Depression storage

Surface
runoff

q_max

Infiltration
Rain duration
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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Runoff coefficients
Design values for _S and _m of different types of surfaces are given in
the literature and in various DWA Rules and Standards
To calculate the overall runoff coefficient of a catchment the individual
values can be weighted according to the percentage of each surface type

tot

=
A
i

When a draingage system is planned for future developments the

percentage of each surface type is unknown.
The expected distribution of surface types can be estimated based on the
land use (residential areas (one-family houses, apartment blocks),
industrial areas, )
Lumped approach e.g. _S as a function of according to DWA A 118
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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Peak runoff coefficients _s for sizing of sewer pipes

slope group 1
I<1%

Degree of paving (%)

slope group 2
1 <I<4%

Degree of paving (%)

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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Peak runoff coefficients _s for sizing of sewer pipes
Design storms (n < 0.5, D > 15 min)
Values depend on degree of pavement, slope and rain intensity
Degr
ee of
pavi
ng
[%]

Slope class 1

Slope class 2

Slope class 3

Slope class 4

IG < 1 %

1 % IG 4 %

4 % < IG 10 %

IG > 10 %

r15 [l/s
ha] von

100

130

180

225

100

130

180

225

100

130

180

225

100

130

180

225

0*)

0,00

0,00

0,10

0,31

0,10

0,15

0,30

(0,46)

0,15

0,20

(0,45)

(0,60
)

0,20

0,30

(0,55
)

(0,75)

10*)

0,09

0,09

0,19

0,38

0,18

0,23

0,37

(0,51)

0,23

0,28

0,50

(0,64
)

0,28

0,37

(0,59
)

(0,77)

20

0,18

0,18

0,27

0,44

0,27

0,31

0,43

0,56

0,31

0,35

0,55

0,67

0,35

0,43

0,63

0,80

30

0,28

0,28

0,36

0,51

0,35

0,39

0,50

0,61

0,39

0,42

0,60

0,71

0,42

0,50

0,68

0,82

40

0,37

0,37

0,44

0,57

0,44

0,47

0,56

0,66

0,47

0,50

0,65

0,75

0,50

0,56

0,72

0,84

50

0,46

0,46

0,53

0,64

0,52

0,55

0,63

0,72

0,55

0,58

0,71

0,79

0,58

0,63

0,76

0,87

60

0,55

0,55

0,61

0,70

0,60

0,63

0,70

0,77

0,62

0,65

0,76

0,82

0,65

0,70

0,80

0,89

70

0,64

0,64

0,70

0,77

0,68

0,71

0,76

0,82

0,70

0,72

0,81

0,86

0,72

0,76

0,84

0,91

80

0,74

0,74

0,78

0,83

0,77

0,79

0,83

0,87

0,78

0,80

0,86

0,90

0,80

0,83

0,87

0,93

90

0,83

0,83

0,87

0,90

0,86

0,87

0,89

0,92

0,86

0,88

0,91

0,93

0,88

0,89

0,93

0,96

100

0,92

0,92

0,95

0,96

0,94

0,95

0,96

0,97

0,94

0,95

0,96

0,97

0,95

0,96

0,97

0,98

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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Peak runoff coefficients _s for sizing of sewers
Design storms (n < 0.5, D > 15 min)
Values depend on degree of pavement, slope and rain intensity
Differences in types of pavement are not considered (general approach)
Low intensity
_s of paved areas < 100 % and _s of unpaved areas = 0
_tot <
High intensity
_s of paved areas = 100 % and _s of unpaved areas > 0
_tot >

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Permeable Pavement
Types of pavement

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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Mean runoff coefficients _m for sizing of storage volume
Design storms (n < 2/a, D > 15 min)
Further influence of different rain intensities is neglected
Long-term mean runoff is much lower
Examples taken from DWA M 153
Type of surface

Material and properties

Roof (slope > 5 %)

any

Roof (slope < 5 %)

gravel
green roof

Streets, sidewalks, squares

(examples on next slide)

Unpaved surfaces (that can

produce sewer runoff)

_m

0.8 to 1.0
0.7
0.3 to 0.5

Asphalt

0.9

Cobbles, pavement blocks (small gaps)

0.75

Cobbles, pavement blocks (wide gaps)

0.25

Grass paver

0.15

Flat

0.05 to 0.1

Steep

0.1 to 0.3
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Exercise
Mean runoff coefficients _m for sizing of storage volume
Calculate the possible range of the mean runoff coefficient for the total
catchment (new development)
Result: 0,56 to 0,15
Examples taken from DWA M 153
Type of surface

Material and properties

Perc.

_m

Roof (slope > 5 %)

any

25 %

0.8 to 1.0

Roof (slope < 5 %)

gravel

0.7

green roof
Streets, sidewalks,
squares

Asphalt

Unpaved surfaces (that

can produce sewer runoff)

0.3 to 0.5
25 %

0.9

Cobbles, pavement blocks (small gaps)

0.75

Cobbles, pavement blocks (wide gaps)

0.25

Grass paver

0.15

Flat

35 %

0.05 to 0.1

Steep

15 %

0.1 to 0.3
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Urban Drainage 1. Introduction

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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Area
A_C,s:

catchment area (e.g. of a given point or structure) served

by a drainage system

A_C,p:

sum of all paved surfaces of a catchment area

(including roofs)

A_C,np : sum of all unpaved surfaces of a catchment area

:

Degree of paving

= A_C,p / A_C,s

A_imp : impermeable surface.

virtual surface from which 100% of rainfall reach the
sewer system.
A_imp = (A_C,i * _i)
Note:

Like the value A_imp depends on the problem to be solved!

It is not identical with the paved area A_C,p. Depending on the
application A_imp might be larger or smaller than A_C,p.
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Definitions according to DWA A 198

Area
A_imp :

impermeable surface.
virtual surface from which 100% of rainfall reach the
sewer system.
A_imp = (A_C,i * _i)

Area-specific discharge rate (discharge related to the area)

To compare runoff Q (volume/time) to rain intensity (length/time) we have to
divide the runoff by an area.
q (l/(s*ha)) = Q (l/s) / A (ha)
We also need q to compare flows generating from catchments of different
size.
For most design purposes A_imp is used.

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General Aspects
Why are areas and runoff coefficients so important?
Each value has a linear influence on runoff and storage volumes

How can they be determined?

Field survey, estimation according to land use, remote sensing (orthophotographs)
rainfall runoff measurements

Additional considerations
Topography: runoff from (unpaved) areas outside the served area A_C,s
Future developments

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