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Worldwide Underground Distribution Cable Practices

J. B. Pegram
John B. Pegram Consulting Services
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

H. E Orton, Senior Member, IEEE


Orton Consulting Engineers International Ltd.
Vancouver, BC. Canada

Abstract - Underground distribution cables are a vital part


of any power distribution system. The selection of a
particular cable design needs to be based on a consideration
of technical factors and their economic benefit. This paper
focuses on the design, installation and service environment
of distribution cables in service in several countries and
geographic regions. In addition to basic cable components
the effect of several enhancements such as filled strand,
smooth conductor shields, water swellable tapes and
powders and metal tapes, is reported. The material
presented only covers medium voltage (15-35 kv) insulated
utility cables.

SUMMARIES BY COUNTRY
HOLLAND
The medium voltage ( M V ) distribution system (94 000 km) is
mostly 10 kV., PJLC (paper insulated lead covered) cable, all
installed in wet soil. Older PILC is now being replaced with
nearly moisture impervious 3 core, water blocked TRXLPE.
Single core longitudinally water blocked TRXLPE with a thick
MDPE (medium density PE) jacket is replacing failing early
1970's XLPE.
MV cable is TRXLPE with solid aluminum or water swellable
powder filled, stranded copper conductor and bonded insulation
shield. Water swellable conductive tape under the copper wire
neutrals or aluminum tape, provides longitudinal and radial
water tightness when required.
New cable designs and other equipment are tested and prequalified by KEW, which was started by the well organized
utilities in Holland in 1931. KEMA participates in cable and
equipment standards writing and the development of (W;very
low frequency) cable and accessory diagnostic testing.
Cable materials and processes have improved. The early XLPE
has been replaced. With the moisture impeMow PlLC and the
nearly water tight TRXLPE MV cables, Holland has a system
with a low projected failure rate.

INTRODUCTION
This paper summarizes the presentations of two panel sessions
on Worldwide DistributionCable Practices sponsored by the
E E E Insulated Conductors Committee (ICC), Subcommittee 13
on Transnational Activities. The first was presented at the IEEE
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition held
in Los Angeles, California, USA. on 17 Septembeql996. [l]
The second at the IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer
Meeting held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the
Energietechnische Gesellschaft (ETG) of the Verband Deutscher
Elektrotechniker ( W E ) in Berlin, Germany, on 22 July, 1997.
[2] A larger audience within the cable industry was reached with
two panel sessions. A summary of 12 of those presentations is
given. The present paper is only intended to summarize the
material presented during the panel sessions. The panelists are
listed in the Acknowledgments.

CANADA
PILC in the urban networks is being replaced with jacketed
TRXLPE when repairs are no longer viable. Most of the MV
distribution system in rural and suburban areas is overhead with
a current trend to underground. Nearly all MV underground
cables in Canada have been jacketed; with a correspondingly
low failure rate. The mainly 15 kV system has been direct
buried and ploughed in. Ducts, always used in urban networks
are now being used in suburban locations and for commercial
and industrial customers.
TRXLPE has been increasingly used since the early 1980's,
usually jacketed. Water swellable tapes and powders are used
but the most frequent enhancement is filled conductor followed
by supersmooth conductor shield. Dry cure, true triple extrusion
and TRXLPE are specified in the Canadian Electricity
Association specification for MV UG distribution cable. ICE%
and AEIC specifications are also used. EPR's are not used for
M V distribution in Canada.
Overall even with the wide variety of geographical environments
across Canada, XLPE and TRXLPE MV UG (underground)
cable systems are performing well without the use of the
maximum number of enhancements.

SUMMARY
Engineers and others often need benchmarks to compare their
practices with those of others. Benchmarking may lead to the
recognition of others' practices that may make their system more
cost effective.
The two basic cable systems in use for insulated medium voltage
are PILC (paper insulation, fluid filled, lead covered) and
extruded dielectric cable (XLPE {crosslinked polyethylene}, a
TRXLPE (tree retardent XLPE} or an EPR {ethylene propylene
rubber}insulation). Of the extruded dielectric type, the basic
design is stranded conductor, conventional conductor shield,
strippable insulation shield, bare copper concentric neutral
wires, without ajacket. Incorporation of one or more
enhancements increases cost but provides a benefit. The basic
extruded dielectric cable construction and typical enhancements
are shown in Table I.
Usually the design chosen is a compromise, due to the economic
impact of initial and operating cost differences, the effects on
cable life of the operating environment and the utilities
experience with existing cable designs.
The design objective, in addition to meeting the utilities
reliability standards is obtaining planned cable life plus a safety
margin at the lowest total lifetime owning cost. In most cases it
is prudent to validate the technical decision with an assessment
of the total owning cost.
0-7803-5515-6/99/$10.00 0 1999 IEEE

R. Sa", Fellow, E E E
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, CA USA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


Following the initial use of PILC, inexpensive unjacketed LDPE
was used in the early 1970's during rapidly expanding
electrification.
The unjacketed bare 15 kV concentric neutral cable insulated
with thermoplastic HMW-LDPE (high molecular weight, low
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are now well protected against moisture. Underjacket water


swellable tapes are used where moisture migration could cause
premature water treeing. About 50 % of new cables are water
blocked.
Other than supersmooth conductor shields, bonded insulation
shields and water swellable tapes, enhancements such as filled
strand and longitudinally corrugated copper tape shields are not
used.
Installed PILC and XLPE cables total about 280 000 km. Most
MV distribution cable is underground. Cable is installed by
ploughing where possible and by other mechanized methods.
Overvoltage protection is provided at risers and substations.
Current XLPE cables have a stranded aluminum conductor, a
copper wire screen with a layer in a counter helix and a PE or
PVC jacket. Where the water swellable tapes are used for
longitudinal watertightness, significant radial moisture
migration into the insulation is retarded. For more complete
water tightness a bonded aluminum laminate is used under a PE
or PVC jacket. True triple extrusion is used for all bonded
insulation shield cables.
Now most of the deficient early XLPE cables have been
removed, the German MV distribution cable system is projected
to exceed the required lifetimes, thus avoiding any need to make
these MV cables radially watertight (moisture impervious) with
an expensive metal sheath as used on PILC cables. This
prediction is based on a combination of experience,
investigation, cable materials testing, sound cable specifications,
manufacturing techniques and operating practices.

density polyethylene) and later with XLPE, has mostly been


replaced by jacketed EPRs, XLPE and TRXLPE insulated
cable. Currently all have a low failure rate
The original PILC urban underground networks are gradually
being replaced with EPR insulated MV cable where small ducts
require reduced cable diameter to maintain ampacity and
otherwise with conventionally sized jacketed TRXLPE or EPR
concentric neutral (CN) cable. Much of the overall MV
distribution system continues to be bare overhead.
Significant progress in materials, cable manufacturing, quality
assurance and also the selective use of enhancements, assures
utilities low failure rates over the expected life of current cables.
The basic CN MV cable is stranded aluminum, conventional
conductor shield, TRXLPE (or an EPR) insulation, strippable
insulation shield and an LLDPE jacket over copper wire
neutrals.
Available enhancements are filled conductor strand,
supersmooth conductor shield, water swellable tape or powder
under the jacket or under the neutrals, longitudinally cormgated
(or flat) copper tape shield and semiconductive LLDPE jacket.
These alone or in combination are projected to increase cable
life at additional initial cost.
Apart from the concrete encased duct banks used for urban
networks, direct burial in a trench, pulling into preinstalled duct,
burial of cable pre-installed in conduit (CIC) and ploughmg, are
all used in suburban and rural areas.
Some of the aged unjacketed XLPE has been successllly
injected with silicone/siloxane fluid, restoring much of the
original electrical strength of the insulation.
Where powerful lightning frequently occurs, metal oxide
arresters are used at risers and normally open points to "ix
insulation damage. Semiconductive LLDPE jacket has also been
used to mitigate lightning damage.
Individual cable specifications of the many (- 2300) utilities are
based on ICEA and/or AEIC consensus specifications.
Cable production line qualification is required followed by
factory pre-shipment tests. Pre-shipment dc testing of extruded
dielectric cable has been phased out as is dc testing of service
aged cables. The first is no longer considered meaningll. The
second is considered damaging.
In some dry areas unjacketed XLPE cable has exceeded it's
expected life and continues to be used. The most used
enhancement is supersmooth conductor shield. TRXLPE is the
most used insulation for 15 and 25 kV utility distribution cable.
Few of the enhancements are used with any of the EPRs.
Once the current replacement of older unjacketed LDPE and
XLPE cable has been completed the jacketed XLPE, TRXLPE
and EPR cables currently being installed are projected to very
significantly exceed the service life obtained from earlier cables.
However, EPRI (previously Electric Power Research Institute)
[3] and others recommend an economic analysis be used to
validate engineering cable performance data and conclusions
prior to making a buying decision.

SWITZERLAND
Medium voltage PILC, EPR and XLPE cables are installed in
ducts that are mainly dry.MV cables are more widely used than
bare MV overhead. EPR and XLPE share the MV market 50
% each. PILC use is declining. With 1200 utilities the service
voltage range is wide; 6 through 24 kV voltage class.
The various designs used incorporate only copper conductors,
EPR or XLPE insulation, strippable or fully bonded insulation
shield, various types of screens (neutrals), water swellable tapes
and a PE jacket. Of the enhancements available, filled strand
and supersmooth conductor shield, are infrequently used. The
insulation thicknesses used are less than those specified by IEC
(International Electrotechnical Commission) The increased
electrical stress has not caused problems over the past 20 years.
To maintain ampacity when PILC cables are replaced, three core
sector shaped copper conductor cables, using EPR insulation for
its flexibility, are used. The insulated and shielded cores are
combined and a screen applied overall, followed by an overall
jacket.
EPR cables are more expensive but are more flexible. They
continue to be used by utilities that have only EPR in their
network. LLDPE, MDPE, or HDPE are used for MV cable
jackets. PVC jackets are considered unacceptable
environmentally and politically.
Water swellable tapes are widely used with copper screen wires.
They have been replaced in some designs with longitudinal
copper or aluminum tape to give radial water tightness. Most
early XLPE cables have been replaced. Since then the newer
cable test limits were increased above the IEC 502
requirements. More cables were rejected but fewer cables have
failed.
Much of the duct for loaded cables is also encased in concrete
resulting in a higher maximum ampacity over direct buried

GERMANY
The original and current PILC is 10 kV. Earliest PE and XLPE
cables were jacketed with PVC (plasticized polyvinyl chloride).
The graphited shield on these caused premature failure and
cable replacement. Newer cables are 20 kV with bonded
insulation shield and clean XLPE insulation. Neither EPR nor
TRXLPE are used. The EPR is more expensive and TRXLPE
(water tree retardent) is not considered necessary as the cables

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enhancements, has produced a stable long life system that also


benefits from the generally dry cable environments.

cables of up to 15%. Tests are made to find the condition of


installed cables. Usually 2.5 Uo ac for one hour using series
resonant equipment followed by other tests if needed. This test
protocol is considered to produce similar results to VLF
measurements.. Overall the near watertightness and the
installation in mainly dry ducts has led to XLPE and EPR cables
that exceed expectations.

KOREA
Underground distribution with ungrounded 6.6 kV line-to-line,
coded CV, XLPE insulated, PVC jacketed cable, started after
1973. MV distribution is 41% in Seoul rising to 65% by the late
1990s. For the country overall it is about 8%. All the MV
cables use enhancements to minimize moisture migration, but
are not completely moisture impervious.
CV type (6.6 and 22 kV ungrounded) is unshielded XLPE
with a PVC jacket. The CV cable is being replaced by
CNCV concentric neutral XLPE cable with copper conductor
and extruded (LDPE) shields. Water swellable tape is used
under (semiconductive) and over copper wire neutrals, under a
PVC jacket. Near substations and at risers CNCV-W cable
with filled strand, is used for added moisture protection. Zinc
oxide arresters are used at risers.
Both CNCV and CNCV-W operate at 22.9 kV and are
multigrounded. They are now the standard constructions.
The majority of the MV cable is installed in duct. Most duct is
sealed to make it watertight. Duct banks are concrete encased
and sand covered. No thermal backfill is used. Installed
underground MV totalled about 12 000 km in 1995. The cable
system is regularly inspected and tested. DC testing of aged
XLPE has stopped. A Murray loop tester, capacitor discharge
fault locator, pulse radar and sheath fault locator are used for
fault location.
Avoiding the use of unjacketed MV cable with graphited tape
shields, a later start with XLPE insulation, plus the more recent
use of water swellable tape (and some filled conductor),
provided earlier cables with acceptable life and recent cables
with a projected long life.

SWEDEN
PVC jacketed, tape shielcled XLPE cables started to replace
PILC 30 years ago. From the mid 1970s XLPE has dominated.
For the past 15 years MV distribution cable has been three core
longitudinally watertight aluminum conductors, triple extruded
XLPE with strippable or bonded insulation shields, a copper
wire screen and a PE sheath. Strippable insulation shield has
been used for 20 years. For special applications some radially
watertight cables are used. No failures have been reported for
cables made since 1980. Faults on cables made from 1975 - 80
are rare. No life extension methods are in use. Some techniques
for assessing installed cable condition are under investigation.
No, EPR or TRXLPE is used. Most MV cable is 10 kV voltage
class, 20 % being 20 kV. Dry curing of peroxide cables during
manufacture dominates. Silane (moisture cure) is also used.
For the past 15 years the MV distribution cables have been
virtually watertight. Long cable service life is expected.
AUSTRALIA
Most of the MV system is overhead. Of the total, 24 000 km
(6.4%) is underground, concentrated in the suburban towns and
city networks. PILC use has been protracted and the widespread
use of XLPE somewhat delayed (1975-76).
The deficiencies of early XLPE cables were avoided by using
conservative designs. Manufacturers benefited from other
countrys experiences. Extruded shields were always used and
coextruded. PVC sheath always used earlier, is now often
combined with PE, usually HDPE. Except for the extreme north,
cable environments are generally relatively dry and powerful
lightning is not frequent.
In 1991, new PILC cable installation was exceeded by XLPE
cable and the proportion of XLPE is increasing. PILC is nearly
all 11 kV with some 33 kV. Most of the XLPE is also 11 kV
with a trend to 22 kV.
Major 11 and 22 kV M V distribution cable designs (to IEC 502)
are stranded aluminum or copper with coextruded, clean,
smooth conductor shield, usually XLPE but not TRXLPE (some
EPR) insulation and a strippable insulation shield.
Semiconductive tape may be used between the conductor and the
conductor shield and over the insulation shield. Followed by a
metallic barrier tape, water blocking tape, metallic sheath (lead
alloy), with or without the most frequently used nylon 12 layer
insect (Termite) protection over the PVC, HDPE or dual PVC +
HDPE jacket. Other MV cables are 3 individual compact
aluminum conductors with XLPE insulation, triple extruded
conductor and insulation shields and individual copper wire
screens, jacketed.
For extra protection against moisture migration, semiconductive
water swellable tapes or laminated metallic tapes (usually
aluminum) are used. Filled or solid MV conductor is not
common.
Overall the use of coextruded shields and jackets on the earliest
(1975-76) XLPE cables and the incorporation of appropriate

JAPAN
The MV distribution system has, since the mid-l970s, used
XLPE insulation with extruded shields, 25 Yo overlapped copper
tape neutrals and PVC jacket, operating at 6.6 kV ungrounded;
3-phase, 3 wire or at 22 kV with low resistance grounding.
The current construction is compact copper, XLPE insulation
with extruded conductor shield and strippable insulation shield,
copper tape screen or neutral 25% overlapped and cloth tape
under the PVC jacket. The cables are usually installed triplexed
and in ducts.
The MV system is protected against short circuit faults,
overloads and ground faults. Facilities are patrolled and
inspected regularly. A hot line diagnostic device is used every
five to seven years to judge whether a cable should be replaced.
The device measures the earth current dc component, stray
current and defective cable dc current.
The MV cable system, moderately well protected against radial
moisture migration, is reported to meet service life expectations
using two enhancements, overlapped copper tape and PVC
jacket.
BRAZIL
The PILC originally used is gradually being replaced with EPR
or XLPE insulated cable (no TRXLPE to date). Only 3 YO,12
000 km, of the MV system is insulated and underground.
Overhead with lower costs than insulated cable gives better
financial returns, thus conversion to underground MV has been
quite slow.

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33 kV. The outer coverings are now MDPE on all cables to


ize moisture migration. Both PILC designs are being
replaced by extruded dielectric cable.
Early 11 kV XLPE or EPR cable designs using three solid
shaped conductors and copper wire neutrals were too advanced
(expensive). More recent designs using =PE, some TRXLPE
and also EPR have three cores, thus longitudinal water blocking
(tape or powder) is difficult and expensive, but remains an
option. More single core cables are used currently. Strippable
shields with a wide range of strip force are used. A few utilities
are considering bonded shields.
The W E D E (14 European countries) DISCAB test is used
to discriminate between insulations, shields and cable extrusion
processes. The IEC 502 I BS6622 test is now used as a routine
cable test, but at 4 Uo for 14 minutes.
In London and for other urban networks, duct banks and some
tunnels are used. Otherwise direct burial is normal.
There is no need for replacement programs. The PILC designs
have been improved. The EPR cables have been very reliable.
Of the EPR, XLPE and TRXLPE cable designs it is only 16
years since the first was installed. The enhancements generally
used are solid aluminum conductor and MDPE jacket in the
single core (EPR and XLPE) and three core TRXLPE., 11 kV
cables. Water blocking is infrequently used. Field service life
will depend on the retention of electrical strength in the
presence of slowly migrating moisture.

Original XLPE cables had PVC jackets and graphited tape


shields. Most have been replaced. Older jacketed EPR cables
are performing well. Newer XLPE and EPR cables with compact
aluminum or copper conductors are enhanced with filled
conductors. PVC jackets are used mainly for fire retardation,
otherwise PE jackets are now preferred.
Operating voltages include 3.8, 13.2, 13.8, 23 and 34.5 kV.
Brazilian National Standards 7286 (EPR) and 7287 (XLPE)
include IEC tests and a requirement to pass 30 thermal cycles to
130 OC conductor temperature and a maximum stress of 12
MV/m. A routine screening test at 12 MV/m is foreseen.
Installation in smooth PVC or corrugated HDPE ducts with or
without concrete encasement is common. Most smaller cables
are triplexed.. Trenchless techniques such as ploughmg are not
used yet. Arresters if used, are installed at riser connections to
the overhead.
The system is jacketed EPR and XLPE with filled strand as the
only enhancement. Cable life expectations are typical for cables
moderately protected against moisture migration.
FRANCE
Electricite de France established in 1946, is responsible for
generation, transmission and distribution, and for the single
French cable specification. The standard 3 core, virtually
moisture impervious XLPE cable with an aluminum conductor
and a PVC jacket, operating at 20 kV, has only been used since
1979, so much of the installed cable is less than ten years old.
The 20 kV standard has existed since 1961. Only PILC was used
until the mid 1970s and the former 15 kV is being phased out.
Enhancements used, water swellable powder in longitudinal
grooves in the strippable insulation shield and the 0.2 nun
longitudinal aluminum tape overlapped and bonded to a thick
PVC jacket (2.6 to 3mm), makes the cables longitudinally and
radially watertight. Zinc oxide arresters are installed at risers.
Direct burial of the triplexed cable is most frequently used.
Wheel and chain trenchers and ploughmg are often used in rural
locations.
About 100 000 km of MV XLPE cable is in operation.
Excluding dig-ins the fault rate is 0.10 per 100 km of cable route
per year. For PILC the rate is 2.86. There is no replacement
policy (needed) for XLPE cables.
DC tests on new XLPE insulation are deemed to be ineffective
so dc testing is only used to c o n f i i the jacket is sound. PE
jackets are being investigated. Fault detection/ loction is by the
pulse echo method so no burning at the fault is needed.
With few enhancements a virtually moisture impervious cable
has been produced. The significant life extension versus basic
cable designs is obtained with a cost premium.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to recognise the panellists who provided
the information on the countries included in this paper. From
Holland, E. Fred Steennis and Nico van Schaik, United States of
America and Canada, Lauri J. Hiivala; Germany, Horst H.
Blechschmidt; Swizerland,
F. Krahenbuhl and M. Laurent; Sweden, Bjom Dellby;
Australia, Hans A. Mayer and M. P. Garner, Korea, Song,
Byung Kwon and Bae, Sung Hwan; Japan, Mitsuhiro Aoyagi;
Brazil, Antonio Paul0 da Cunha; France, Alain Pinet; United
Kingdom, Michael S. Papadopulos.
REFERENCES
[l] Panel Session on Worldwide Distribution Cable Practices,
IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition,
Los Angeles, California, September 17, 1996.
[21 Panel Session on Worldwide Distribution Cable Practices,
IEEE Summer Power Meeting with the ETG of the W E , Berlin,
Germany, July 22, 1997
[ 3 ] W. Thue and B. S. Bemstein, Distribution Cable Research
Digest-2000, Brochure BR-110693, EPRI, 3412 Hillview
Avenue, Palo Alto, CA. 94304, USA. (limited availability)

UNITED KINGDOM
The extensive PILC system is slowly being converted to
extruded dielectric. Increased use of XLPE, TRXLPE and EPR
has been constrained by the high earth fault levels from
transformers that could only be handled economically by a
metallic (lead or aluminum) sheath as on PILC. When earth
fault levels were designed to be reduced it became economical
to use concentric neutral cables with copper wire shields.
PILC designs were improved to permit increased operating
temperatures. At 11 kV the MIND belted or screened
corrugated aluminum sheathed cables are now rated at 85 C and
are used extensively. Self-contained, low pressure, fluid filled
cable, rated at 90 OC, and the MDTD coded designs are used at

BIOGRAPHIES
John Pegram is the Principal of John B. Pegram Consulting
Services, in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. He is a Fellow of the
Institute of Materials, FIM.(UK) and has an Associateship of
the Plastics and Rubber Institute, APRI. (UK). He graduated
from South Bank (London) University; Chemistry (UK) (1959).
Is a Professional member of the Corporation of Chemists in the
Province of Quebec (P.Chim.) and a Chartered Chemist (C.
Chem.) in Ontario. Mr Pegram has written several papers and
has two Canadian patents.

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Ralph Samm is the Manager Distribution Systems Area of


the Energy Delivery & Utilization Division of EPRI in Palo Alto,
California. He received a BS degree ffom John Hopkins
University in 1957 and an MBA fiom the University of
Pittsburgh in 1969. He is Past-chairman of the IEEE, ICC
Transnational Subcommittee# 13, has served as the Chairman of
the IEEE Superconductivity Committee and as Chairman of the
Editorial Board of the IEEE Transactions on Applied
Superconductivity. In addition he has written and co-authored
papers
and
has
three
US
patents.
many

Harry Orton is the Principal of Orton Consulting Engineers


International Ltd. in Vancouver, BC. Canada. He graduated ffom
the University of New South Wales with a BE(Honors) in 1966
and received a MASc. in 1969 ffom the University of British
Columbia. He is Chairman of the ICC Task Group 5-29 on the
Characteristics of Semiconductive Shields, Task Group 10-57
on Diagnostic Testing for cable Joints and Terminations and
Co-chairman of Subcommittee 13 on Transnational Activities.
Mr Orton has published over 30 papers on radio and television
interference and on the applications of underground power
cables.

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Basic Construction
Conductor
Aluminum, stranded
Copper, stranded
Conductor Shield
Conventionall extruded
Insulation
XLPE
An EPR
Insulation shield
Strippable

Table I
Basic Extruded Dielectric Cable Components and Enhancements
Enhancement
Blocked strand
Solid aluminum
Blocked strand

Powder or filler compound


Powder or filler compound

Smoother/ cleaner
Supersmooth (smoothed cleaner)
A TRXLPE

Longitudinal grooves filled with water swellable powder


Bonded to the insulation
Wire Neutral/ Screen/ Shield
Water swellable tape (under wires, semiconducting and over, non conducting)
Copper wires
Water swellable powder
Metallic tape/ Screed Shield
No tape
Flat - Overlapped
Copper or aluminum
SemiconductingWater Swellable Tape
Flat - Overlapped
Sealed and bonded to the jacket
Flat - Overlapped
Corrugated longitudinally and overlapped
Corrugated longitudinally, overlapped and sealed
Extruded lead or aluminum sheath (moisture impervious
cable construction)
Jacket
No jacket Bare neutrals
LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene)
Jacket
LLDPE
Semiconductive
Ion scavenging (LLDPE base)
h4DPE (medium density PE)
HDPE (high density PE)
Heat resistant (modified rubber)
Flexible PVC
Flexible PVC
Under HDPE

File name; DCABPRAC.DOC Windows, MS Word 3.1 ( 08 1998 / JBP)

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