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FORM 5
Chapter 8
Electromagnetism
Compiled by
Cikgu Desikan
Chapter 8
Electromagnetism
Dear students,
FORM 5 PHYSICS
2016
Learning Objectives :
1. Analysing the magnetic effect of a
current-carrying conductor
2. Understanding the force on a currentcarrying conductor in a magnetic field
3.
4.
5.
P2
P3
A
B
C
A
B
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
5
1
-
5
1
-
5
1
1
6
1
3
1
1
-
2012
4
1
-
2013
5
1
-
2014
5
1
1
2015
Chapter 8
Electromagnetism
Concept Map
Electromagnetism
Magnetic effect
of a current
Magnetic field
pattern due to a
current
Force on a current
carrying conductor
Catapult field
Electromagnetic
Induction
Induced e.m.f.
and current
Faradays Law
Solenoid
Turning Force
Electromagnet
Applications of
Electromagnets
Transformer
D.C Motor
Lenz
Law
Flemings
RightHand Rule
Generators
A.C. & D.C Current
Generation &
Transmission of
Electricity
Used in motors,
generators, relays,
loudspeakers, hard
disks, MRI machine.
Electromagnet
When the current is
switched off, it loses
its magnetism.
Soft Iron Core
Wire
A magnetic field pattern can be represented by field lines that show the shape of the field.
Magnetic field lines which are close together represent a strong field.
The field direction is defined as the direction indicated by a compass needle placed in the
magnetic field.
The Right-Hand Grip Rule
Grip the wire using the right hand, with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current. Your
other fingers now point round the wire in the direction of the magnetic field.
When the direction of the current is reversed, the magnetic field direction also is reversed.
Line of force
of the field
Current
flow
Other fingers
give the
direction of the
field
Thumb points
in the direction
of the current
Right Hand
Straight wire
carrying a
current
The magnetic field pattern and the direction of the magnetic field due to a current in :
1. Straight Wire
2. Coil
3. Solenoid
The thumbs is
pointing to the N pole.
N
Fingers curl in the
direction of current
Note:
The right hand grip rule for a
solenoid:
The thumb points towards north
pole of the magnetic field while
the other fingers indicate the
direction of the current in the
solenoid.
Application of Electromagnet
Electric Bell
1. When the bell push is
pressed, a current flows in
the coils of the
electromagnet, causing it
to be magnetized.
2. The magnetized
electromagnet attracts the
soft-iron armature, causing
the hammer to strike the
gong.
3. The movement of the
armature breaks the
contact and causes the
electromagnet to lose it
magnetism.
Contacts
4. The light spring pulls the armature back, remaking the contact and completing the circuit
again.
5. The cycle is repeated so long as the bell push is pressed and continuous ringing occurs.
How Electric Bell works?
Electromagnetic Relay
1. A solenoid switch worked by
an electromagnet. It is used in
a circuit which controls the
operation of another circuit,
especially if the current is
large in the second circuit.
2. Circuit 1 requires only a small
current.
3. When the switch is closed,
current flows in the coil,
causing the soft-iron core to
be magnetized and attracts
the armarture.
4. The movement of the iron armature closes the contacts in the second circuit. Circuit 2 is now
switched on.
5. Circuit 2 may have a large current flowing through it to operate powerful motors or very bright
lights
6. The advantage of using a relay is
a) that a small current (circuit 1) can be used to switch on and off a circuit with a large
current (circuit 2).
b) circuit 1 may contain a component such as a light detecting resistor (LDR), which uses
small currents.
c) Only the circuit with a large current needs to be connected with thick wire.
10
Telephone Ear-piece
Circuit Breaker
Soft iron armature
1. Acts as an automatic switch that
pulled towards
Reset button
breaks open a circuit when the
electromagnet
current becomes too large.
2. Current may become excessive
Spring pulls
when there is a short circuit or
open the
an overload.
contacts
3. The strength of the magnetic
Electromagnet
field of the electromagnet
From mains
supply
increases suddenly. The soft iron
To household
armature is pulled towards the
circuit
electromagnet.
Contacts
4. This results in the spring pulling apart the contacts. The circuit is broken and the current flow
stops immediately.
5. After repairs have been made, the reset button is pushed to switch on the supply again.
11
Switch closed
When a conductor carries an electric current through another magnetic field, a magnetic
force is exerted on the wire.
The combination of the magnetic field due to the current in the conductor and the external
magnetic field produce a resultant magnetic field. This resultant magnetic field produce a
magnetic force which later act on the current carrying conductor.
____________
The direction of the magnetic
force, F, acting on the conductor can
be determined by using Flemings
____________
____________
left-hand rule.
_________
_________
12
Magnadur
magnets
Thick copper
wire
U-shaped
steel yoke
d.c. power
supply
Short copper
wire
Show the direction of the force using the Flemings left-hand rule.
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
13
Diagram 3
Diagram 4
14
Magnetic Field of
Current carrying conductor
15
16
Resultant magnetic field or catapult field for a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field.
Magnetic Field of
Permanent Magnet
Magnetic Field of
Current carrying conductor
17
F
What will happen to the coil?
________________________________
Current
Permanent
Magnet
Spring
Coil of wire
Commutator
Carbon
brush
_________________________
Reverse the direction of current in the
coil every half rotation so that the coil
continues to turn in same direction
_________________________
To contact with the commutator so
the current from the battery enters the
coil.
___________________
Push the brush so it will always
contact with the commutator.
18
N
A
D
B
19
S
A
A
C
20
Factors which
affect the speed of
rotation of the
motor
Albert Einstein
(1879 - 1955)
21
Exercise 8.1
a)
On diagram 1.1, sketch the magnetic field between the two magnadur magnets.
b)
On diagram 1.2, sketch the magnetic field produced by a wire carrying a current into the paper.
22
c)
On diagram 1.3, sketch the magnetic field produced by a wire carrying a current into the paper
between the two magnadur magnets. Hence, draw the direction of the force acting on the wire.
d)
What is the name of the field that you drawn in diagram 1.3 ?
e)
State two factors that affect the force acting on the wire.
23
The relative motion of a conductor across a magnetic field can be produced by:
1.
24
Each time the straight wire cuts across the magnetic field, or the permanent magnet moves towards
the solenoid, a current is induced in the coil and a deflection is observed in the sensitive
galvanometer.
This current is called
called the induced e.m.f.
A. Electromagnetic Induction in a
straight wire.
Galvanometer
Connecting
wires with
crocodile clips
Observation :
1. If a galvanometer shows a
deflection, it means there is an
induced current produced
2. Current is induced in a straight
conductor when it moves and
cuts the magnetic field lines
(1 & 2 only).
3. The motion of the copper rod
must be perpendicular to the
direction of the magnetic field
lines ( 1 & 2 only ) so that an
induced current will be
produced.
Copper rod
with bare
ends
Magnadur
magnet
25
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Solenoid
Solenoid
Magnet
Magnet
Solenoid
Magnet
Observation :
1. The galvanometer showed a positive reading when the bar magnet and solenoid were
coming closer to each other. This shows that a current is produced in the solenoid in certain
direction.
26
2. The galvanometer showed a negative reading when the magnet and solenoid were moving
further away from each other. This shows that a current is produced in the solenoid in the
opposite directions.
3. A current is induced in a solenoid when there is relative motion between the solenoid and a
magnet.
Conclusion
1._____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________
____________
________
________
____________
____________
27
Q
Magnetic field lines
Direction of
motion
Lenzs Law
The _______________
of the induced
current in a solenoid
is such that its
magnetic effect
always ____________
the change producing
it.
28
Attraction
Magnet is pushed
away from solenoid
29
Faradays Law:
The size of the induced e.m.f is
rate at which the conductor cuts through the magnetic field lines.
Number of turns on
the solenoid
to the
The magnitude of
induced current in
solenoid
Greater induced
current
30
Show the correct direction of the induced current when the magnet is moved in the direction
shown.
Galvanometer
Direction of
the movement
Galvanometer
Direction of
the movement
Galvanometer
Direction of
the movement
Galvanometer
Direction of
the movement
S
31
Permanent
Magnet
Coil of wire
Spring
Commutator
Carbon brush
32
N
A
D
B
33
4
B
N
D
A
D
A
C
34
The induced current varies from a maximum to zero, it flows in one direction only.
Hence, the induced current is called a direct current.
Induced Current
1 cycle
Angle
90
C
D
180
270
B
A
B
A
360
A
C
D
35
Coil
Magnet
Magnet
Bulb
Slip rings
Carbon brush
1. The two ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings which rotate with the coil.
2. Each slip ring is always in contact with the same carbon brush.
36
P
Q
F
A
Q
1. The sides AB and CD are moving
_______________ to the magnetic field and
thus do not ______________ the magnetic
field lines.
2. No ____________ _______________ is
produced at the instant.
37
F
D
P
Q
Q
1. The sides AB and CD are moving
_______________ to the magnetic field
and thus do not ________the magnetic
field lines.
2. No ____________ _______________is
produced at the instant.
3. The galvanometer returns to _______
mark.
4. The process is __________________.
38
Induced Current
1 cycle
Angle
90
270
360
B
180
D
P
Q
P
Q
B
A
A
1. The output current that generated a.c. generator is an alternating current because the current
changes direction in the external circuit each time the coil passes the vertical position.
2. Assume the current flows from P to Q is positive and the current flows from Q to P is negative.
3. The current changes the magnitude and direction after every half rotation.
39
direct current
(d.c.)
capacitor
alternating
current
(a.c.)
capacitor
bulb
resistor
bulb
resistor
40
direct current
alternating current
constant direction
I (A)
I (A)
t (s)
I (A)
t (s)
t (s)
I (A)
t (s)
41
I (A)
Io
A
B
D
T
-Io
2T
t (s)
1 cycle
alternating current
A
B
D
T
-Vo
2T
t (s)
1 cycle
alternating voltage
42
Exercise 8.1
1.
Diagram 2.1
a)
b)
c)
(i)
P : ___________________________________________
(ii)
Q : ___________________________________________
43
d)
Using the axes below, sketch a graph of the voltage (V) across the the resistor against
time (t).
Voltage (V)
Time (t)
e)
State two ways that can increase the voltage produced by a generator.
f)
Draw the direction of the current in the coil at the instant shown in Diagram 2.1.
44
2. Figure shows an alternating current with a magnitude that changes with time.
I/A
5
0.08
t/s
-5
45
8.4 Transformers
A transformer is an electrical device which increases or decreases an
based on the
Structure of a simple transformer
Laminated soft-iron core
VP
VS
Primary coil
Secondary coil
Structure of transformer
A transformer consists of two coils of wire
wound round separately on a laminated
soft-iron core.
The coil connected to the input voltage is
called the primary coil. The coil
connected to the output voltage is called
the secondary coil.
Symbol of transformer
The purpose of the common iron core is
to provide a magnetic field linkage in the
secondary coil.
46
Why does the transformer not work with a d.c power supply?
A current is induced in the secondary coil
only when there is a changing magnetic
flux due to a changing primary current.
(changes direction and magnitude)
A d.c. power supply gives a constant
current in the primary circuit
47
VN
V kN
V
k
N
VP
NP
NS
VS
Secondary coil
Primary coil
______________________________
VP
NP
NS
VS
VP
Ns > Np , Vs > Vp
VS
VP
NP
NS
VS
VP
Ns < Np , Vs < Vp
VS
48
A.C. power
Input power
supply
Primary circuit
Output power
VsIs
Electrical
device
Secondary circuit
49
Efficiency of a transformer
Input power
from a.c. power
supply
Useful output
power supplied
to an electrical
device
Power loss
______________________________________
all coils will have resistance
heat is produced when current flows
through them
50
___________________________________
Use laminated cores to reduce eddy currents
the changing magnetic field will also induces
current in the iron core
this induced current is called eddy current
cause heat to be produced in the iron cores.
Secondary
coil
Primary
coil
Laminated
core
______________________________________
of the core
the alternating current flowing through the
transformer continually magnetizes and
demagnetizes the core
work has to be done to change the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic
field in the core which
51
______________________________________
electrical energy is lost when a fraction of
the magnetic field produced by the primary
coil does not link with the secondary coil.
Input terminals
Transformer
coils
Output terminals
52
Exercise 8.4
1. A transformer is required to step down the
2. A step up transformer has 10 000 turns on
mains voltage of 240 V provide a 12 V
its secondary coil and 100 turns on its
supply for an electric toy. If the primary coil is
primary coil. An alternating current of 5.0 A
wound with 1 000 turns of wire, calculate the
flows in the primary coil when it is connected
number of turns required for the secondary
to a 12 V a.c supply. Calculate:
coil.
a) the input power to the transformer
b) the e.m.f induced across the secondary
coil.
c) What is the maximum current that could
flow in a circuit connected to the
secondary coil if the transformer is
100% efficient.
53
Question 3
Diagram shows three identical bulbs of 16 V, 48 W each connected in series to the secondary coil
of a transformer. The input voltage is 240 V from the mains supply.
240 V
The primary coil has 4800 turns. The three bulbs are lighted with normal brightness.
a)
b)
54
c)
d)
If the transformer is 100% efficient, calculate the current in the primary coil.
55
e)
If the transformer is 80% efficient, calculate the current in the primary coil.
f)
56
Non-renewable energy
57
Coal-fired power
station
Gas-fired power
station
Hydro-electric
Power station
58
Nuclear power
station
Biomass
Solar
Wind generator
1. High speed wind can be used to turn the blades of large windmills
which will in turn drive generators to produce electricity
59
1. Electrical energy is transmitted from power station to the consumer using long transmission
cables or power lines.
2. Electrical energy is transmitted at a high voltage and use alternating current.
3. A step-up transformer which increases the voltage to as high as 110,000 or 132, 000 V.
4. Step-down transformers are used to decrease the voltage before being delivered to the
consumers.
5. The long tick cables used as transmission lines are made of copper or aluminium.
Energy loss in electricity transmission cables deduce the advantage of high voltage
transmission
1. The heating effect due to the resistance of the cables causes loss of electrical energy as heat
energy.
2. When a current flows in a cable, the power loss, P through heating is P = I2R where R is the
resistance of the cable.
3. The power loss can be reduced by
(a) reducing the resistance of the cables
(b) reducing the current in the cables
4. In order to reduce resistance of the cables, a thick cable is used eg copper or aluminium. But
thick cables are very expensive to install and will be too heavy to be supported securely.
5. The loss of power in the transmissions of electricity is reduced by reducing the current in the
cables.
60
61
Exercise 8.5
1. Find the power loss in a transmission
cable when 20 kW is transmitted through
a cable of 1.5
a) at a voltage of 200 V
b) at a voltage of 10 kV.
62
1. National Grid Network is a network system of high voltages cables which connects all the
power stations in the country to the consumers.
2. Electricity is generated at 25 kV at the power station. It is then stepped up in a transformer to
132 kV before it is sent to the grid network.
3. The purpose of increasing the voltage to 132 kV is to lower the current flowing through the grid,
and this reducing power loss during transmission.
4. The high voltage in the grid is subsequently reduced by sub station transformers for distribution
to local users.
5. Heavy industries will be supplied with power at 33 kV. Light industries will be supplied with
power at 11 kV.
6. Offices will be supplied with power at 415 V while domestic users will be supplied with power at
240 V
63
Importance of the
National Grid
Network
3
Cost of generation of electricity is
reduced because high voltage
transmission reduces the current
flowing through the cables and
hence reduces power loss in the
cables.
64
Alternating
current, a.c
1. An alternating current is used
in the transmission of
electrical energy at a high
voltage because its voltage
can be easily increased or
decreased with transformers.
2. A transformer cannot function
with a direct current
Overhead or underground?
1. High voltage cables are the cheapest way
of sending power over long distances.
2. However, to prevent sparking, the only
effective way of insulating the cables is to
keep huge air spaces around them
3. The cable have to be suspended from
pylons.
Transmission
issues
High voltage or
low voltage?
Electrical power is transmitted at a high
voltage so that
The current in the cables is smaller
The loss of power due to heating of the
cables is minimized.
Charge leakage
between the cables and the earth
1. To prevent charge leakage, the aluminium
cables are supported by high metal pylons.
2. The metal support of the pylon is earthed so
that it is safe to workers and the public who
come into contact with them.
65
Theft
Transmission
issues
Cost of cables
1. Copper cables have low resistance
but are of high cost
2. Aluminium cables are usually used as
they are light, have low resistance
and cost less.
66
Non-renewable sources of
energy such as crude oil,
coal and natural gases are
fast depleting. Alternatives
must be found to replace
such sources to ensure
continuous supply of
power in the future.
Importance of
renewable energy
P. V. Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar
(1910 - 1995)
Renewable sources
of energy do not
pollute the
environment.
67
Effects on the environment caused by the use of various sources to generate electricity
Energy
resource
Advantages
Disadvantages
Hydro
1. Non-renewable energy
2. Discharges harmful gases that
can pollute the environment
3. High cost
Coal
1. Non-renewable energy
2. Discharges harmful gases that
can pollute the environment
68
Energy
resource
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nuclear
Biomass
1. Renewable energy
2. Reduces problem of disposal of
organic waste
Wind
1. Renewable energy
2. Clean and does not pollute
environment
69