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doi:10.1006/jcis.2002.8508
INTRODUCTION
Determining the partition equilibrium of an ionic drug between a membrane solution and an external electrolyte solution
(115) constitutes a difficult problem not only because of the
multi-ionic character of the system (the ionic drug, the salt ions,
and the hydrogen and hydroxide ions) but also due to the great
C 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
RAMIREZ ET AL.
172
in biotechnology (14, 713, 15, 18, 19)). Indeed, although control release and separation processes usually involve both equilibrium and transport phenomena (8, 9), the partition equilibria
between the membrane and the external solutions often constitutes a crucial step that is not completely understood (2, 3, 7,
913, 20). In this context, it should be emphasized that while
experiments are often conducted using a buffer solution and/or
a supporting electrolyte, the measured multi-ionic system properties are sometimes analyzed in terms of simplified binary salt
system equations, and the pH value in the membrane solution
is often assumed to be close to the pH value in the external solution. These assumptions may introduce severe errors and will
not thus be invoked in the theoretical model.
THEORETICAL APPROACH
cH+ = 10pH ,
[2]
cOH = K W /cH+ ,
[3]
cDH+ = cDHCl ,
[4]
cCa2+ = cCaCl2 ,
[5]
where K W = 1014 M2 .
The electroneutrality condition in the external solutions leads to
DHCl DH+ + Cl .
[1]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
173
N
COOH
COO + H+ ,
kB =
X CN cH+
,
X C0
X CP
,
X CN cCa2+
[13]
[14]
where X CN , X C0 , and X CP are, respectively, the concentration of negative (COO ), neutral (COOH), and positive
(COO Ca+ ) forms of the carboxylic groups. From Eqs [13]
and [14] together with
X CT = X CP + X CN + X C0 ,
[15]
1 kB cCa2+
X CT . [16]
1 + cH+ /kN + kB cCa2+
Note that for pH pka the membrane fixed charge concentration is X S X CT for kB cCa2+ 1 and X S + X CT for
kB cCa2+ 1. Binding constants for Ca2+ adsorption to fixed
charge groups appear to be in the range 10103 M1 (9, 21),
though significantly higher values up to 105 M1 have been reported for trivalent (La3+ ) cations (21).
The electroneutrality condition within the membrane solution
leads to
cNa+ + cH+ + 2cCa2+ + cDH+
1 kB cCa2+
= cCl + cOH + X S +
X CT .
1 + cH+ /kN + kB cCa2+
1 0
0
ki exp
i ,
RT i
[19]
[20]
1 kB cCa2+ u 2
X CT = 0,
1 + cH+ u/kN + kB cCa2+ u 2
1
u
[21]
where
u
[17]
[18]
[12]
zi F
( ) ,
ci = ki ci exp
RT
[11]
equilibrium equations
cDH+
.
kDH+ cDH+
[22]
Equation [21] can be solved for u = 0 using, e.g., a NewtonRaphson procedure. This procedure is very convenient even for
low values of u provided that a reasonable initial guess for the
RAMIREZ ET AL.
174
lower and higher solution bounds is made. Once u has been calculated, the Donnan potential difference between the membrane
and external solutions is
RT
RT
cDH+
kDH+ cDH+
=
.
=
ln
ln kDH+ + ln
cDH+
cDH+
F
F
[23]
Equation [21] yields a very simple solution when cCaCl2 = 0
and X CT = 0 (no carboxylic acid groups)
cDH+
=
cDH+
Figure 2 shows the ratio between the cationic drug concentration in the external and membrane solutions, cDH+ /cDH+ , vs
the external pH for X S = 101 M (sulfonic groups, SO
3 ) and
cDHCl = 102 M, with X CT = 0 (carboxylic groups, COO )
0DH+ , no hydrophobic effects in the
and kDH+ = 1 (0DH+ =
cationic drug equilibrium). The curves are parametric in the
NaCl (continuous line) and CaCl2 (discontinuous line) salt concentrations. pH values higher than 10 are not included because the drug could be in a neutral form in this case. On the
other hand, the lower pH values in the figure are seldom employed experimentally. They are included only to show the limiting behavior of cDH+ /cDH+ when the hydrogen concentration
cH+ = 10pH > cDHCl = 102 M. In this limit, the hydrogen substitutes for the cationic drug in the membrane solution, and then
FIG. 2. The ratio between the cationic drug concentration in the external
and membrane solutions, cDH+ /cDH+ , vs the external pH for X S = 101 M and
cDHCl = 102 M, with X CT = 0 and kDH+ = 1. The curves are parametric in the
NaCl (continuous lines) and CaCl2 (dashed lines) salt concentrations.
FIG. 3. The ratio cDH+ /cDH+ vs the external solution concentration cNaCl
(continuous lines) and cCaCl2 (dashed lines) for X S = 101 M and cDHCl =
102 M, with X CT = 0 and kDH+ = 1. The curves are parametric in the external pH.
FIG. 4. The Donnan potential difference between the membrane and external solutions, = , vs the external solution concentration cNaCl (continuous lines) and cCaCl2 (dashed lines) for X S = 101 M and cDHCl = 102 M,
with X CT = 0 and kDH+ = 1. The curves are parametric in the external pH.
salt cation that conpensates for the negative fixed charge in the
membrane. Figure 4 shows that closely follows the behavior
of the ratio cDH+ /cDH+ in Fig. 3, as could be anticipated from
Eq. [23]. Note finally that the results of Fig. 4 show clearly
the effect of salt concentration on the cationic drug content in
the membrane (see Fig. 3). Since the membrane fixed charge is
negative, the Donnan potential is also negative (see Fig. 1) and
tends to keep the cationic drug in the membrane solution in the
case of low salt concentrations. However, the absolute value of
the (negative) Donnan potential decreases with the external salt
concentration and this lowers the cationic drug concentration
in the membrane. The theoretical predictions of Figs. 3 and 4
are in good agreement with previously reported experimental
results (2, 57, 9) showing the influence of salt concentration
on ionic drug release, though other effects not included in our
model (e.g., conformational changes in the membrane chains
and membrane swelling) may also be important in some cases
(2, 18). Therefore, the Donnan potential is a useful concept for
the understanding of the ionic drug partition equilibrium, as it
is observed with ion-exchange membranes (16, 23) and fixed
charge conducting polymers in aqueous solution (24, 25).
Figure 5 shows the ratio cDH+ /cDH+ vs the external drug concentration cDHCl for pH = 7 and cNaCl = 0 = cCaCl2 , with X CT = 0
and kDH+ = 1. The curves are parametric in the fixed charge
concentration X S . In each case, the drug concentration in the
membrane solution is essentially equal that of the external solution concentration (cDH+ /cDH+ = 1) for cDHCl X S . On the
other hand, the drug concentration in the membrane solution
attains values much higher than those in the external solution
(cDH+ /cDH+ 1) in the opposite limit cDHCl X S . Therefore,
the higher the (negative) fixed charge concentration, the more
difficult should be the (cationic) drug release. Figure 6 shows
175
FIG. 5. The ratio cDH+ /cDH+ vs the external drug concentration cDHCl
for pH = 7 and cNaCl = 0 = cCaCl2 , with X CT = 0 and kDH+ = 1. The curves are
parametric in the fixed charge concentration X S .
FIG. 6. The ratio cDH+ /cDH+ vs the external solution concentration cCaCl2
for pH = 7 and cDHCl = 102 M, with X CT = 0, cNaCl = 0, and kDH+ = 1. The
curves are parametric in the membrane fixed charge concentration X S .
176
RAMIREZ ET AL.
177
FIG. 10. The ratio cDH+ /cDH+ vs the external solution concentration cNaCl
for X S = 101 M, pH = 7, and cDHCl = 102 M, with X CT = 0 and cCaCl2 = 0.
The curves are parametric in the drug partition coefficient kDH+ .
FIG. 11. The Donnan potential vs the external solution concentration cNaCl for X S = 101 M, pH = 7, and cDHCl = 102 M, with X CT = 0 and
cCaCl2 = 0. The curves are parametric in the drug partition coefficient kDH+ .
RAMIREZ ET AL.
178
kB
ki
KW
i0
i0
pka
R
T
X C0
X CN
X CP
FIG. 12. The ratio cDH+ /cDH+ vs the external solution concentration cCaCl2
for X CT = 101 M (pka = 4), pH = 7, and cDHCl = 102 M, with X S = 0 and
cNaCl = 0. The curves are parametric in the Ca2+ ion binding constant kB and
the drug partition coefficient kDH+ .
ci
ci
F
kN
X CT
XS
zi
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