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LEARNING STRATEGY: COLLABORATIVE WORK


UNIT 1

Students:

ALVARO LUIS VELASQUEZ


ANA MILENA RIOS MARTINEZ
ANDREA AGUIRRE
CRISTIAN LEANDRO ARISTIZABAL
NANCY BIBIANA SANCHEZ JARAMILLO

GROUP: 7

Tutor
Jos Gregorio Preciado

CURSE
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BACHELOR EDUCATION IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE


UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
MAY 2016

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A. The translated text and the feedback of each student:


Link 1: By Nancy Snchez
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9139/chocolate_bebida_divina_que_
conquisto_europa.html

THE CHOCOLATE, DIVINE DRINK THAT CONQUERED EUROPE.

Despite initial misgivings, in the seventeenth century the


chocolate became drink fashionable European high society.
On April 3, 1502, Christopher Columbus came out, once
again, the port of Seville. His idea was to find a sea
passage, that from Central America, take him, at last to
Asia. It was his fourth voyage to the New World, and the
route had its difficulties. One day, in the middle of a storm,
the navigator and his men were forced to disembark. It
seems, they intercepted a vessel maya that carrying as
cargo a few almonds to Columbus didnt give importance.
Without knowing it, the admiral had the first contact with
the seeds of the cacao tree.
Over two hundred years later, Madrid consumed more than five tons of chocolate per year.
According to chronicles of the time, there was not street in the capital where the chocolate
there was not sold. This may illustrate that a bad principle is not always decisive, because
chocolate is obtained of the almonds that Columbus had discarded. We do not know what was
the first contact between the Spanish and the chocolate drunk who consumed mayans and
aztecs, for whom this product was very important. The Maya wroten the first references of
history consumption in the so-called Madrid Codex, preserved in the Museum of America.
Meanwhile, the Aztecs thought the seeds of the obtained chocolate were but the
materialization of Quetzalcoatl, god of wisdom.

Tenochtitlan to Madrid
So important was the cocoa for Aztecs that used the almonds as currency. Pedro Martir of
Anglera, chronicler of indian, said about it: "They use money, not of metal but of nutlets of
certain trees, almond-like." To better understand the exchanges carried in the aztec world, the
spaniards drew up tables of equivalence. Thanks to them, we know that a hare paid in cocoa
cost the same as the services of a prostitute.
At first the spaniards showed rejection by chocolate, because according to the chronicler
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, the lips were as bloodstained after drinking it. Apart from that,

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its bitter and peppery taste not just convince. Girolamo Benzoni, in his History of new world,
he went on to say that "looked more like a chocolate drink for pigs that to be consumed by
humanity." Nevertheless, in the sixteenth century it came to Spain and the chocolate was
presented to Charles V by Hernan Cortes. From that moment, their acceptance will increase,
reaching levels very high.

The triumph of chocolate


According to several authors, the monks were responsible for spreading the consumption
chocolate in monasteries. Over time, the Cistercians would achieve greater fame as
chocolatiers. But not all religious were in favor of consumption of the chocolate. In this sense,
the Jesuits believed that chocolate was contrary to the precepts of mortification and poverty.
Since the nutritious beverage also drank into periods of fasting, soon was opened a debate
between advocates and opponents of this custom. It was in the seventeenth century when was
given answer to the question. Come from the hand of Franois Marie Cardinal Brancaccio, he
would finish manifesting: Liquidum non frangit jejunum, ie "the liquid does not break the
fast." The Church accepted the consumption of drinking chocolate.
Precisely in the seventeenth century, to serve a hot chocolate as drink became part
indispensable of the "entertainment" ritual followed snacks the nobles offered their visits. It
used to be accompanied by biscuits and other sweets for dipping. If the snack is celebrated in
winter, it was normal that of the chocolate is drink in the heat of the braziers, on podiums
living rooms, between cushions and tapestries. If chocolate starring a summer snack, usually
served with a "snow vase," a glass of iced.
Since chocolate is consumed very thick, stains that produced the spill were very annoying.
But one day in 1640, Don Pedro Alvarez de Toledo and Leiva, viceroy of Peru and first
Marquis of Mancera, came up with a solution. He invented a container consisting of a small
tray with center clamp, which was holding the jicara, small vessel without a handle within
which the chocolate is poured. In honor of its inventor, the tray would be christened
mancerina. According to the social level who served the meal, the mancerinas could be silver,
porcelain or earthenware.

Fashion comes to Versailles


Chocolate consumption in Spain known widely disseminated throughout the century XVII
and it was announced in the confectioneries as the "drink that comes from the Indies." The
habit of to drink chocolate was so widespread that even the ladies of the nobility did serve in
half the long and boring church sermons. The bishops, offended, they banned this form of
consumption.
Soon, the rest of Europe, especially France, was adopted this sweet tradition. One of those
responsible was Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III, who exported the habit of snacking
and breakfast chocolate after her wedding to Louis XIII. Maria Teresa of Austria, daughter of

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Philip IV and wife of Louis XIV, secured this practice by drinking chocolate regularly in their
new country.
When the Bourbons came to Spain they were very fond of chocolate. Above all, Felipe V and
his son Charles III, they often eat breakfast with this drink. It was precisely Carlos III, in an
effort to create an industry that sit the foundations for economic development of the country,
who allowed the exclusive monopoly between exchange Real Madrid and the Captaincy
General of Venezuela. Through the centralized system that characterized his reign, the
monarch created an institution responsible for managing trade, called Royal Company
Guipuzcoana de Caracas. The product reaches the Spanish tables through marine stores. It
was also in the century XVIII when chocolate burst into confectionery. Juan de la Mata used
the chocolate as an ingredient to make dried sweet in some recipes from her book art pastries.
De la Mata himself was a forerunner of the chocolate mousse by inventing what he called
chocolate foam, something very similar to the mousse.

Chocolatiers teachers
The preparation of the product would then be consumed was the responsibility of the grinder.
He traveled the country with a curved stone on the back. Following the technique called the
metate, consisting of ground, kneeling, and on the mentioned stone, the cacao seeds. Slowly,
and with great effort, he pulled a uniform liquid mass, known as cocoa paste. The Valencian
lawyer Marcos Antonio Orellana speaks of it in this poem: "O divine chocolate / that kneel
you grind / hands together churn you / and eyes to heaven you drink!"
Everything changed from the century XIX, when the Industrial Revolution techniques favored
further consumption and cheapened cost. Soon, tea and coffee were moving to chocolate,
which began to associate with revelers and night owls. Gone were the days when he was
considered divine character, as he wrote Valle-Inclan: "Cocoa language of Anahuac / is gods
bread, or Cacahuac".

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Nancy Snchez to Alvaro: Hello Alvaro, the text translation is excellent, I observed
excellent use of time in the sentences. Very good work!!!

Nancy Snchez to Andrea: Hi Andrea, I think the translation that you have prepared
the text: road for the paradise of gigant trees singular animals, and choral beaches, is
correct, the intention of the text is understood and translated sentences are following
the rules.

Nancy Snchez to Cristian: Hello Cristian. When I read your translation, I observe
that your the text has overall consistency, you have done a good job. When we read
texts such as those proposed in this forum we know about the history of places and
situations that have given rise to new projects in history for benefit of society.

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Link 2: By Alvaro Velasquez


http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9517//lago_garda.ht
ml

Scenic route between beach resorts and stately villas

In northern Italy, right where the plains look up


towards the Alps, it extends the Lake Region,
where coexist natural scenery, historical heritage
and artistic wealth. Close to must-see cities as
Milan, Verona and Trento, the water mirror that is
Gardas Lake takes over the space and deceives
the traveler into believing that it is a calm sea on
the south shore, while in the north reminds more
a Norwegian fjord. In addition, a mild
microclimate transforms the surroundings of the
largest lake in Italy (370 km2) in a garden where
southern crops are grown such as vines, lemon
trees, palm and laurel. Thats why, from Roman
times to the nineteenth century, the aristocracy has lifted villas bordering this Lombard
lagoon, whose banks also belong to the regions of Trentino and Veneto.
The district resort of Sirmione, located at the southern end of the lake, is the starting point of
this journey through the 150 kilometers of the Gardesana, the sinuous road that borders the
lake and gives stunning views; another option, although slower, is to travel on ships that unite
many towns.
Sirmione is located on a peninsula that ends at the castle of Rocca Scaligera (XIII century),
surrounded by walls. The beaches are another attraction of the place, as well as the Caves of
Catulo, where remains of a Roman villa are seen, in which it is believed that the poet lived the
first century b.C that gives it its name; rooms, baths and patios are preserved, and the
privileged position on the lake.
From Sirmione there are only eleven kilometers to Desenzano, the capital of the lake and also
its most populated city. There is advisable to walk the streets of the historic center and visit
the church of Santa Maria Maddalena (XVI century), where you can admire the Last Supper
by Tiepolo.
The route continues climbing up the west bank, along stately villas, farmhouses and hills with
vineyards. On the way emerge attractive stages as Sal, a town linked to the memory of
Benito Mussolini, but today shines more thanks to its Renaissance palaces. A few kilometers

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you reach Gardone Riviera, where the aristocracy of the nineteenth century built art deco
villas such as Il Vittoriale degli Italiani, today a museum, or which occupies the Andr Heller
Foundation, that shows a beautiful botanical garden.
You reach now one of the most forested areas of Garda, where many hiking trails are
proposed. There it is Tignale, famous for its sanctuary hung on a hill, and Limone sul Garda, a
town of Venetians buildings and perfumed by citrus trees.
Thus it reaches Riva del Garda, the northernmost town of the lake and one of the most
beautiful. In which resided the writer D. H. Lawrence whom besides finding there the
inspiration for several of his books, he left said that 'the Garda is beautiful as the beginning of
creation.' In Riva abound classical mansions, restaurants bordering the lake and hikers that
based routes to the nearby Alps.
It now falls to the east bank until Malcesine, town that the painter Gustav Klimt immortalized
in 1913. It crowds around the Scaligero castle, which includes a room dedicated to Goethe
who mentions it in his Voyage to Italy (1813). A cable climbs up Mount Baldo (1 760 m), with
one of the best views over the Garda.
The relaxing coastal walk passes near of the Punta San Virgilio, one of the most charming
corners of the lake, and ends in Bardolino. This town also is an excellent gastronomic stage to
enjoy the bardolino wines, marinated perfectly with Garda region cheeses.
MORE INFORMATION
Getting there and around: From Spain fly to Milan (Lombardy), from where trains leave to
Sirmione (137 km). Verona (Veneto) is 42 km away and Trento (Trentino), 127 km. It is best
to rent a car to travel freely around the area.

Feedback

Alvaro to Nancy: Hi Nancy. What a good work. Very thorough explanation on


problems and techniques you faced. The subject of the article is one of the most
popular and interesting and I imagine you have in mind all the time the american
origin of chocolate that are deeply rooted in our culture. The sense and meaning is
complete.

Alvaro to Cristian: Hi Cristian. The article you translated was very interesting and
probably you faced similar problems as I because of the Italian culture involved. Very
precise in the chose of words and a good sense of the story in the final work.

Alvaro to Andrea: Hi Andrea. The text you chose was kind of difficult to translate
because the tone of the description. I think you try to give the best sense of the story
with the resources available. Good job!

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B.

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Link 3: By Andrea Aguirre


http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/grandes_viajes/9413/madagascar_gran_
isla_del_indico.html
ROAD FOR THE PARADISE OF GIGANT TREES SINGULAR ANIMALS, AND
CHORAL BEACHES
I went to Madagascar to admire the
baobabs of Morondava, but I found an
island 1,600 kilometers of long its love
me for the varied landscapes rice fields,
exotics, vegetation, animals curious as
lemurs and magnificent beaches south
and north.
In Madagascar almost all it starts in the
capital, Antananarivo (Tana for the
friends), a noisy city that spreads by 18
hills, with street markets, a lake and a
palace. In Tana I became familiar with the local currency, the ariary, I learned that rice is the
principal food and rented, with my friend Patrick, a French guide who has been years in the
island, an all terrain vehicle.
When, we leaving Tana everything changes. The urban chaos is diluted and overlooks the
Highlands, a green landscape of rolling hills, red- land and rice fields. "The mixture of Africa
and Asia in the landscape its because to the Indonesian island peopled " Patrick tells me. We
come across with many taxi Brousse, minibuses loaded in excess which drivers risk their lives
to win a few minutes.
In Antsirabe, 160km south of Tana, the pousse-pousses (draw cars by a man) the Asian
vocation of the island confirms it. Here the road is to divert towards to Morondava through a
landscape where meadows where grazing zebus alternate with sugar cane plantations and
forests depleted illustrating deforestation of the island. Some tasty samosas (typical South
Asian dumplings) served it of lunch in one many stops next to the road.
A short time before Morondava appear the first baobabs, reigning over the rice fields. These
are the type Adansonia grandidieri, reaching 30 meters high. The Baobabs only grow in Africa
and the west coast of Australia, but in Madagascar live till to seven species it is known as
"the mother island of baobabs" although the British writer Gerald Durrell (1925-1995) He was
preferred fauna, whose protection is still devotes Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust..
Just at the entrance of Morondava a poster announces the school Le Petit Prince with a draw
of the Prince de Saint-Exupery father the streets and a beach battered by cyclones
Morondava in a desolate population..

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When falls the sunset we approach the so-called Avenue of the Baobabs, near to the city. The
slanting light of evening shadows lengthen and beauty the red trunks, while a cart moving on
the road. "I came from Tokyo just to see this," Japanese confesses me with emotion tears. A
few steps, a few baobabs entwine their trunks: the lovers tree.
About 200 kilometers North Morondava its found Tsingy of Bemaraha, park. Its like a
haunted forest of stone, with sharp limestone that also populate the Ankarana reserve in the
North. Here we must be careful with the fady, the Malagasy word for taboo and indicating, for
example, you should never point a tomb with your finger.
Madagascar is a large island you learn as you go devouring kilometers. In my journey towards
south, herds of zebu and Malagasy shepherds, wrapped in colors blankets, foreshadow the
arrival in Ambositra. In this city jams pousse-pousses are repeated, but there is also a special
agitation as Savika parties are held. We followed the crowd to a stadium where young people
compete trying to mount threatening zebu horns.
A few kilometers farther, around Fianarantsoa this are an ideal place for trekking through rice
fields and small villages field. But it is in the gorges of Isalo Park with lakes and waterfalls,
where the view ring-tailed lemurs bring me back to Madagascar dreamed. Improvised
settlements seekers sapphires, the gold fever Madagascan preceding more later the return of
baobabs in the region Tulear, a population that has sandy beaches and restaurants serving
steak flavored zebu with spices on the island especially vanilla.
A few days later we flew toward north,to the island of Nosy Be, where tropical vegetation
surrounds beaches where the fish, the lobster and black coral abound. In the east coast of
Madagascar there is other similar paradise in Sainte-Marie Island with palm fringed beaches
and crystal waters.
To come back to land, we follow the north coast by taxi-brousse to Diego Suarez, a city where
left a mark French colonial presence. It was here the pirates founded in the seventeenth
century, the utopian republic of Libertalia. "The spoils were divided equally," Patrick tells me,
"but did not have the local population. One day down the Madagascan Mountains they ended
up with everything and all Long ago there is nothing of that ephemeral pirate republic, but
on the main street of Diego Suarez a painted recalls the utopia that reined in the north of this
island dream

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Link 4: By Ana Ros


http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9514/triangulo_dali
_emporda.html

Landscapes that inspired the life and work of the gerundense artist.
A few artists have had so much
bond and fascination for their native
land like Salvador Dali by
Empord. He himself recognized
that the north wind, the wind that
often plagues that Catalan region,
was responsible for his complete
madness. In the Empord was
born, lived, created and died. Also
in this corner of the Girona province
is exhibited a great part of his
legacy, in places that were witnesses
of his life and scenarios for his inspiration.
To be able to understand Dali you have to visit Figueres, the city that saw him grow and in
which the young Salvador spent his youth. He came to the world in 1904 at the number 6 of
the Monturiol Street to which he himself years later would put the nickname the street of the
genius. Dali was baptized in the Sant Pere church, located in the homonymous street two
blocks from his home. In the same way is located the Cataluas Toy Museum where among
porcelain dolls, brass cars and zoetropes, there is an exposition dedicated to the young Dali,
with many family photos and the inseparable doll of the artist: the Marquina teddy.
Close to the museum there is La Rambla, in whose downtown cafeterias teenager Dali used to
spend hours drawing the life surrounding him. In one of them, the Emporium Caf, years later
he wrote with Luis Buuel the script of the movie Un Perro Andaluz (1929)
In his youth, Dali was already making a constant performance of his life and didnt get tired
of unleashing extravagance. However, the culmination of that exhibitionism arrived at
maturity with the conversion which he directed of the Figueres Theater making it into the
current Theater-Museum Dali which in his own words was an absolute surreal object. The
museum show a unique quantity of works and times of the artist and includes some of his
most acclaimed paintings, among them Self Portrait with fried bacon (1941) and Galatea of
the Spheres (1952), besides the sculptures, ceramics, engravings, photographs, holograms and
the extraordinary collection of jewelry that he designed between 1941 and 1970.
During the teenager years of the artist, the Dali family spent the summer on the Costa Brava,
in the picturesque village of Cadaques (35 Km away). There Salvador had his first painting
study in a small house of fishermen located next to Port Alguer. During the years that he spent

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in this place he received the visit of great friends like Garcia Lorca and Buuel, and there he
also met the love of this life, Helena Ivnovna, the world would know her as Gala, who
settled in the hotel Miramar, today The Residence for the summer of 1929.
Dali reflected in paintings the landscapes that he so much admired. The stony orography of
the Costa Brava between Cadaques and The Natural Park of Cap de Creus was discovered in
works such as Muchacha en la Ventana (1925) El espectro del sex-appeal (1932) o El destete
del mueble alimento (1934). Other no landscape elements also became part of the daliniano
universe. For example the espardenyes, the traditional footwear of the region contained in
some of this sculptures, the jugs and breads pags that used to introduce into his creations as
an allegory of art as food.
The route of the master ampurdans continues being in the fishing village of Portlligat, to two
Kilometers of Cadaques, where Dali and Gala moved to in 1949 after their retirement in New
York. Their house, today converted into a museum, shows again that Dali not only reflected
surrealism in his paintings but also in his life. The labyrinthine architecture, the variegated
stays and a Kitsch decoration-polar bear with dissection included were the love nest and the
creative shop for the couple during more than three decades. The Museum House of Portlligat
just opened a new exhibition space, the Torre de las Ollas where Dali used to work in his
ceramics and sculptures.
From the fishing house of the couple in Portlligat it is now continued inward from the
Empord to know other enclaves of the Dali Route. To fifty Kilometers you get to the
Santuari dels ngels, elevated on top of a hill and surrounded by pines. There, betraying his
exhibitionism, Gala and Dali got married in secret and in the strictest intimacy in 1958.
Decades later, the artists wife wanted to retire from the public life for which the marriage
received the castle of Pbol to 10 Km of the sanctuary, to where Gala moved when she turned
76. She got in charge of decorating it with an aesthetic that reminded her Russian aristocratic
origin. The genius muse died in 1982 and after being embalmed, was buried in the crypt of
the castle, dressed in an elegant red Dior dress. Just beside was another crypt, initially
designed to bury Dali, but was left empty for the genius ampurdans decided at the end of his
days that he wanted to eternally rest in the museum of his native Figueres and asked to build a
mausoleum in one of the rooms. There he was buried in 1989, exactly 25 years ago.

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Link 5: By Cristian Aristizabal


http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9137/villa_farnesina_u
na_galeria_pintura_bajo_tiber.html#gallery-1

In 1879 an urbanistic remodeling in Rome brought to light the remains of a Roman


house of the century 1st B.C. decorated with splendid frescoes.

On December 28th of 1870 there was a


catastrophic overflow of the river Tibet on its way
thru Rome. Since its beginnings, the city suffered
such flash flooding, but now the Italian
government decided to use all the means to prevent
them. it was created urgently a commission formed
for the best hydraulics engineers of the time and in
1875, with momentum of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the
Raffaele Canevari draft was adopted, that he
proposed in addition to lifting high breakwaters in
the river banks, clean up and expand the river
course, until reached up to one hundred meters
wide in its course for the city.
At the same level of the Villa Farnesina, a
beautiful renacentist residence, in the right-hand
bank of the river, the riverbed was not average
more than 40 meters, for that reason it was necessary to dig others 60 meters until reached the
wide that the Canevari project required. It was in the course of this works when, in March of
1879, brought to light the remains of a noble private house of Augustan age, adorned with the
most splendid wall paintings as never seen before in Rome, as the archaeologist Rodolfo
Lanciani said in his first report.
The residence, indeed, dated back to the time of Emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.) and it
highlighted for the frescoes and stuccos decoration, miraculously preserved. Until that
moment were very few the examples of Roman painting parietal appeared in the imperial
capital, only knew the house of Livia on the Palatine and the Auditorium of Maecenas on the
Esquilino, so the painting studio ancient Roman was based almost exclusively on
contemporary Pompeian discoveries.
Rescue operation

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Archaeologists had to work under pressure. The architectural remains of the house were
removed by "public utility reasons". Such was the urgency that the engineer responsible for
monitoring and documentation of excavations, Domenico Marchetti, complained in June 1879
could not ensure the accuracy his planimetries; since the ancient walls were demolished
before he could take action or take position. The only thing that was decided to keep was the
decorative elements: frescoes, stucco and mosaics. Some were lost especially geometric
mosaics in black and white and others were stolen or sold to art dealers who settled along the
excavations to bribe the workers. But most of the paintings were relocated nearly Botanic
Garden, to be taken in 1889 to its final destination at the Termas of Diocletian, the first seat of
the Roman National Museum.
The curiosity was resolved about the paintings had risen from the beginning. In September
1879, an admired journalist of La Stampa wrote: "It is a very special work, curious, made
with great skill and patience. Each of those fresh, just is ripped from the walls, you take like a
cloth, matches, cleaned and placed in a frame. So many beautiful pictures are formed. I've
seen a few framed and I can say that had never been presented before the eyes such a
beautiful thing. "
It is believed that this splendid villa was built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa around 21 B.C.,
when married Julia, daughter of Augustus. It stood in Trastevere, mainly occupied by artisan
shops and department stores such as wine deposits which were in 1880 in the vicinity of the
villa. Although it was not a popular residential area as the nearby slope of the Janiculum or
the Vatican area, the Latin sources put it other famous villas, such as Clodia, lover poet
Catullus, or Cassius Longinus, one of the murderers Caesar, as well as the beautiful gardens
of the dictator, the Caesariani horti, connected to the heart of the city by a bridge built by the
same Agrippa.
Luxury by the Tiber
Domenico Marchetti Watercolors and Rodolfo Lanciani report are the only surviving evidence
of the architecture of the villa. It was a residence along the Tiber, overlooking to the field of
Marte and a scenographic architecture composed of two arranged on both sides of a large
exedra symmetrical bodies. The paintings decorated nine rooms of the winter wing: three
bedrooms, the couch or dining room, the lobby, the entrance a hallway (cryptoporticus)
communicating with the servants' quarters, the garden and the inner hall of the central exedra.
The quality of the paintings, the amount of detail and the decorative dependent on the
function spaces and social status of people who had access to them. Thus, the environments in
which the boss received her clientele had a more austere decor while those who welcomed his
guests containing the richest and elaborate paintings. These frescoes are preserved today
exposed in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, in rooms that recreate the original floor of the
house.

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B. The text about the problems faced and techniques applied.

NANCY SNCHEZ:

The translation techniques used was the Direct Translation Techniques are used when
structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target
language.
Translation is a process that is very important to consider the communicative purpose of the
text, language and culture. When identification and comparison between the rules of text to be
translated and the translated text is performed, they are called translation problems.
Translate the text to achieve a more correctly, as a first step I had in mind the basic structure
of sentences: subject + verb + complement in order to give more coherence to each sentence.
difficulty in some words like clamp was presented, but english is not the term as such, for that
reason, I translated the phrase thus: He invented a container consisting of a small tray with
center clamp. The big problem when translating from Spanish into English is our language
translation adds words and this contribute to the loss of accuracy in translation. furthermore,
in Spanish we wrote the longest sentences in English, what we say five words in english can
be said only three words.
Translation is difficult because it must take into account many grammatical rules of the target
text, the words used in certain regions to avoid falling into misunderstanding. By translating
the sentences are difficult words to locate: "Chocolate consumption in Spain known Widely
disseminated throughout the century XVII and it was Announced in the Confectioneries as
the" drink That comes from the Indies "I try to locate the word where better it would.
translation. by translating a text into English must take into account the use of pronounssubjects.

ALVARO VELASQUEZ: PROBLEMS AND TECHNIQUES

The first problem I faced was that when you translate to a second language that isnt your
mother tongue you are more dependent on bookish knowledge, grammar references and
dictionaries, than in your instinctive knowledge of morphological, semantic, syntactic and

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LICENCIATURA EN INGLS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA
TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

lexical aspects of your mother tongue. Because a second language is more learned than
acquired, and normally out of context, linguistic and cultural elements can be daunting when
you are translating. Sayings, proverbs and collocations can be a hard issue to deal with. Then
there is another common problem such as ambiguity or mismatches, that can be lexical
(words) or structural(sentence).
In this particular text besides that general fact, it comes into play that the article is about an
Italian touristic place, so many names and references that maybe are familiar to the Spanish
(from Spain) writer, are kind of unfamiliar to me. Anyway I tried to focus more on the
original message of the article and keep its coherence than to find the right translation for
every word or phrase.
The techniques used were mainly Oblique translations like Transposition (los excursionistas
que la toman como base de rutas, hikers that based routes), Modulation (ciudades de visita
obligada, must-see cities) and Direct translations like Borrowing (art dco, art deco) and
Literal translation (la sinuosa carretera que bordea el lago, the sinuous road that borders the
lake).

ANA ROS: PROBLEMS FACED DURING THE ACTIVITY

For me it was difficult to translate some proper names because I know that proper names are
not translated but I wasnt sure if there were some exceptions and also because the language
was a little difficult to understand even though it was Spanish, some vocabulary words were
new for me so I had to interpret them correctly in order to translate them.

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METHOD

STRATEGY

TECHNIQUE

A method is a set of
procedures
established
from an approach to
determine the curriculum,
objectives, content, work
techniques,
types
of
activities,
and
the
respective
roles
and
functions of teachers,
students and materials
didactic. (Cervantes)

Strategies
are
the
procedures (conscious or
unconscious,
verbal or nonverbal)
used by the translator to
solve problems that
emerge when carrying
out
the
translation
process with a particular
objective in mind.

The technique is the


procedure or method used
to achieve the objectives in
a knowledge or activity.
Strategies open the way to
finding a suitable solution
for a translation unit. The
solution
will
be
materialized by using a
particular technique.

Strategies are part of the Techniques


affect
Translation method refers process.
result.
to the way a particular
translation process is
carried
out
in
terms
of
the
translators objective, i.e.,
a global option that
affects the whole text.
There
are
several
translation methods that
may be chosen, depending
on
the
aim
of translation techniques
revisited the translation:
interpretativecommunicative
(translation of the sense),
literal (linguistic Trans
codification),
free
(modification of semiotic
and
communicative
categories)
and
philological (academic or
critical translation).
C. The chart about differences between method, strategy and technique
BY NANCY SNCHEZ

the

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TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

BY ALVARO VELASQUEZ

METHOD

STRATEGIES

TECHNIQUES

Global setting that affects Procedures


to
resolve It affects the result of the
all text.
problems in translation.
translation.
You can choose several They are part of the process The
solution
is
methods.
of translation.
implemented.
You
may
encounter
problems in the translation
process.
The way a particular
translation
process
is
carried out in terms of the
translators objective
BY ANA ROS

METHOD
Its an organized, orderly, systematic,
and well-planned procedure aimed at
facilitating and enhancing students
learning. It is undertaken according to
some
rule,
which
is
usually
psychological in nature. That is, it
considers primarily the abilities, needs,
and interests of the learners. Method is
employed to achieve certain specific
aims of instruction.

STRATEGY
Strategy
usually
requires some fort of
planning. You would
probably use strategy
when faced with a new
situation, the strategy to
win a game. A plan of
action
designed
to
achieve an overall aim.

D. Link blogger:
http://translationtecniques.blogspot.com.co

TECHNIQUE
Technique encompasses the
personal style of the teacher in
carrying out specific steps of
the teaching process. Through
technique, teachers enable to
develop, create and implement,
using her distinctive way, the
procedures
(method)
of
teaching.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carvajal, Henry. Didatic material: translation techniques. UNAD. 2013.


Cervantes, I. (s.f.). Centro Virtual Cervantes. Obtenido de http://cvc.cervantes.es
National geographic. La villa Farnesina: una galera de pintura bajo el Tber
Recuperado de: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/lavilla-farnesinauna-galeria-de-pintura-bajo-el-tiber_8137#gallery-1
National geographic. Chocolate bebida divina que conquisto Europa Recuperado de:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9139/chocolate_bebi
da_divina_que_conquisto_europa.html
National geographic. Ruta por este paraso de rboles gigantes, animales nicos y
playas
de
coral.
Recuperado
de:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/grandes_viajes/9413/madagasca
r_gran_isla_del_indico.html
National geographic. Ruta panormica entre pueblos balnearios y villas seoriales.
Recuperado
de:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9517/lago_g
arda.html

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