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Tenochtitlan to Madrid
So important was the cocoa for Aztecs that used the almonds as currency. Pedro Martir of
Anglera, chronicler of indian, said about it: "They use money, not of metal but of nutlets of
certain trees, almond-like." To better understand the exchanges carried in the aztec world, the
spaniards drew up tables of equivalence. Thanks to them, we know that a hare paid in cocoa
cost the same as the services of a prostitute.
At first the spaniards showed rejection by chocolate, because according to the chronicler
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, the lips were as bloodstained after drinking it. Apart from that,
its bitter and peppery taste not just convince. Girolamo Benzoni, in his History of new world,
he went on to say that "looked more like a chocolate drink for pigs that to be consumed by
humanity." Nevertheless, in the sixteenth century it came to Spain and the chocolate was
presented to Charles V by Hernan Cortes. From that moment, their acceptance will increase,
reaching levels very high.
Philip IV and wife of Louis XIV, secured this practice by drinking chocolate regularly in their
new country.
When the Bourbons came to Spain they were very fond of chocolate. Above all, Felipe V and
his son Charles III, they often eat breakfast with this drink. It was precisely Carlos III, in an
effort to create an industry that sit the foundations for economic development of the country,
who allowed the exclusive monopoly between exchange Real Madrid and the Captaincy
General of Venezuela. Through the centralized system that characterized his reign, the
monarch created an institution responsible for managing trade, called Royal Company
Guipuzcoana de Caracas. The product reaches the Spanish tables through marine stores. It
was also in the century XVIII when chocolate burst into confectionery. Juan de la Mata used
the chocolate as an ingredient to make dried sweet in some recipes from her book art pastries.
De la Mata himself was a forerunner of the chocolate mousse by inventing what he called
chocolate foam, something very similar to the mousse.
Chocolatiers teachers
The preparation of the product would then be consumed was the responsibility of the grinder.
He traveled the country with a curved stone on the back. Following the technique called the
metate, consisting of ground, kneeling, and on the mentioned stone, the cacao seeds. Slowly,
and with great effort, he pulled a uniform liquid mass, known as cocoa paste. The Valencian
lawyer Marcos Antonio Orellana speaks of it in this poem: "O divine chocolate / that kneel
you grind / hands together churn you / and eyes to heaven you drink!"
Everything changed from the century XIX, when the Industrial Revolution techniques favored
further consumption and cheapened cost. Soon, tea and coffee were moving to chocolate,
which began to associate with revelers and night owls. Gone were the days when he was
considered divine character, as he wrote Valle-Inclan: "Cocoa language of Anahuac / is gods
bread, or Cacahuac".
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Nancy Snchez to Alvaro: Hello Alvaro, the text translation is excellent, I observed
excellent use of time in the sentences. Very good work!!!
Nancy Snchez to Andrea: Hi Andrea, I think the translation that you have prepared
the text: road for the paradise of gigant trees singular animals, and choral beaches, is
correct, the intention of the text is understood and translated sentences are following
the rules.
Nancy Snchez to Cristian: Hello Cristian. When I read your translation, I observe
that your the text has overall consistency, you have done a good job. When we read
texts such as those proposed in this forum we know about the history of places and
situations that have given rise to new projects in history for benefit of society.
you reach Gardone Riviera, where the aristocracy of the nineteenth century built art deco
villas such as Il Vittoriale degli Italiani, today a museum, or which occupies the Andr Heller
Foundation, that shows a beautiful botanical garden.
You reach now one of the most forested areas of Garda, where many hiking trails are
proposed. There it is Tignale, famous for its sanctuary hung on a hill, and Limone sul Garda, a
town of Venetians buildings and perfumed by citrus trees.
Thus it reaches Riva del Garda, the northernmost town of the lake and one of the most
beautiful. In which resided the writer D. H. Lawrence whom besides finding there the
inspiration for several of his books, he left said that 'the Garda is beautiful as the beginning of
creation.' In Riva abound classical mansions, restaurants bordering the lake and hikers that
based routes to the nearby Alps.
It now falls to the east bank until Malcesine, town that the painter Gustav Klimt immortalized
in 1913. It crowds around the Scaligero castle, which includes a room dedicated to Goethe
who mentions it in his Voyage to Italy (1813). A cable climbs up Mount Baldo (1 760 m), with
one of the best views over the Garda.
The relaxing coastal walk passes near of the Punta San Virgilio, one of the most charming
corners of the lake, and ends in Bardolino. This town also is an excellent gastronomic stage to
enjoy the bardolino wines, marinated perfectly with Garda region cheeses.
MORE INFORMATION
Getting there and around: From Spain fly to Milan (Lombardy), from where trains leave to
Sirmione (137 km). Verona (Veneto) is 42 km away and Trento (Trentino), 127 km. It is best
to rent a car to travel freely around the area.
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Alvaro to Cristian: Hi Cristian. The article you translated was very interesting and
probably you faced similar problems as I because of the Italian culture involved. Very
precise in the chose of words and a good sense of the story in the final work.
Alvaro to Andrea: Hi Andrea. The text you chose was kind of difficult to translate
because the tone of the description. I think you try to give the best sense of the story
with the resources available. Good job!
B.
When falls the sunset we approach the so-called Avenue of the Baobabs, near to the city. The
slanting light of evening shadows lengthen and beauty the red trunks, while a cart moving on
the road. "I came from Tokyo just to see this," Japanese confesses me with emotion tears. A
few steps, a few baobabs entwine their trunks: the lovers tree.
About 200 kilometers North Morondava its found Tsingy of Bemaraha, park. Its like a
haunted forest of stone, with sharp limestone that also populate the Ankarana reserve in the
North. Here we must be careful with the fady, the Malagasy word for taboo and indicating, for
example, you should never point a tomb with your finger.
Madagascar is a large island you learn as you go devouring kilometers. In my journey towards
south, herds of zebu and Malagasy shepherds, wrapped in colors blankets, foreshadow the
arrival in Ambositra. In this city jams pousse-pousses are repeated, but there is also a special
agitation as Savika parties are held. We followed the crowd to a stadium where young people
compete trying to mount threatening zebu horns.
A few kilometers farther, around Fianarantsoa this are an ideal place for trekking through rice
fields and small villages field. But it is in the gorges of Isalo Park with lakes and waterfalls,
where the view ring-tailed lemurs bring me back to Madagascar dreamed. Improvised
settlements seekers sapphires, the gold fever Madagascan preceding more later the return of
baobabs in the region Tulear, a population that has sandy beaches and restaurants serving
steak flavored zebu with spices on the island especially vanilla.
A few days later we flew toward north,to the island of Nosy Be, where tropical vegetation
surrounds beaches where the fish, the lobster and black coral abound. In the east coast of
Madagascar there is other similar paradise in Sainte-Marie Island with palm fringed beaches
and crystal waters.
To come back to land, we follow the north coast by taxi-brousse to Diego Suarez, a city where
left a mark French colonial presence. It was here the pirates founded in the seventeenth
century, the utopian republic of Libertalia. "The spoils were divided equally," Patrick tells me,
"but did not have the local population. One day down the Madagascan Mountains they ended
up with everything and all Long ago there is nothing of that ephemeral pirate republic, but
on the main street of Diego Suarez a painted recalls the utopia that reined in the north of this
island dream
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Landscapes that inspired the life and work of the gerundense artist.
A few artists have had so much
bond and fascination for their native
land like Salvador Dali by
Empord. He himself recognized
that the north wind, the wind that
often plagues that Catalan region,
was responsible for his complete
madness. In the Empord was
born, lived, created and died. Also
in this corner of the Girona province
is exhibited a great part of his
legacy, in places that were witnesses
of his life and scenarios for his inspiration.
To be able to understand Dali you have to visit Figueres, the city that saw him grow and in
which the young Salvador spent his youth. He came to the world in 1904 at the number 6 of
the Monturiol Street to which he himself years later would put the nickname the street of the
genius. Dali was baptized in the Sant Pere church, located in the homonymous street two
blocks from his home. In the same way is located the Cataluas Toy Museum where among
porcelain dolls, brass cars and zoetropes, there is an exposition dedicated to the young Dali,
with many family photos and the inseparable doll of the artist: the Marquina teddy.
Close to the museum there is La Rambla, in whose downtown cafeterias teenager Dali used to
spend hours drawing the life surrounding him. In one of them, the Emporium Caf, years later
he wrote with Luis Buuel the script of the movie Un Perro Andaluz (1929)
In his youth, Dali was already making a constant performance of his life and didnt get tired
of unleashing extravagance. However, the culmination of that exhibitionism arrived at
maturity with the conversion which he directed of the Figueres Theater making it into the
current Theater-Museum Dali which in his own words was an absolute surreal object. The
museum show a unique quantity of works and times of the artist and includes some of his
most acclaimed paintings, among them Self Portrait with fried bacon (1941) and Galatea of
the Spheres (1952), besides the sculptures, ceramics, engravings, photographs, holograms and
the extraordinary collection of jewelry that he designed between 1941 and 1970.
During the teenager years of the artist, the Dali family spent the summer on the Costa Brava,
in the picturesque village of Cadaques (35 Km away). There Salvador had his first painting
study in a small house of fishermen located next to Port Alguer. During the years that he spent
in this place he received the visit of great friends like Garcia Lorca and Buuel, and there he
also met the love of this life, Helena Ivnovna, the world would know her as Gala, who
settled in the hotel Miramar, today The Residence for the summer of 1929.
Dali reflected in paintings the landscapes that he so much admired. The stony orography of
the Costa Brava between Cadaques and The Natural Park of Cap de Creus was discovered in
works such as Muchacha en la Ventana (1925) El espectro del sex-appeal (1932) o El destete
del mueble alimento (1934). Other no landscape elements also became part of the daliniano
universe. For example the espardenyes, the traditional footwear of the region contained in
some of this sculptures, the jugs and breads pags that used to introduce into his creations as
an allegory of art as food.
The route of the master ampurdans continues being in the fishing village of Portlligat, to two
Kilometers of Cadaques, where Dali and Gala moved to in 1949 after their retirement in New
York. Their house, today converted into a museum, shows again that Dali not only reflected
surrealism in his paintings but also in his life. The labyrinthine architecture, the variegated
stays and a Kitsch decoration-polar bear with dissection included were the love nest and the
creative shop for the couple during more than three decades. The Museum House of Portlligat
just opened a new exhibition space, the Torre de las Ollas where Dali used to work in his
ceramics and sculptures.
From the fishing house of the couple in Portlligat it is now continued inward from the
Empord to know other enclaves of the Dali Route. To fifty Kilometers you get to the
Santuari dels ngels, elevated on top of a hill and surrounded by pines. There, betraying his
exhibitionism, Gala and Dali got married in secret and in the strictest intimacy in 1958.
Decades later, the artists wife wanted to retire from the public life for which the marriage
received the castle of Pbol to 10 Km of the sanctuary, to where Gala moved when she turned
76. She got in charge of decorating it with an aesthetic that reminded her Russian aristocratic
origin. The genius muse died in 1982 and after being embalmed, was buried in the crypt of
the castle, dressed in an elegant red Dior dress. Just beside was another crypt, initially
designed to bury Dali, but was left empty for the genius ampurdans decided at the end of his
days that he wanted to eternally rest in the museum of his native Figueres and asked to build a
mausoleum in one of the rooms. There he was buried in 1989, exactly 25 years ago.
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Archaeologists had to work under pressure. The architectural remains of the house were
removed by "public utility reasons". Such was the urgency that the engineer responsible for
monitoring and documentation of excavations, Domenico Marchetti, complained in June 1879
could not ensure the accuracy his planimetries; since the ancient walls were demolished
before he could take action or take position. The only thing that was decided to keep was the
decorative elements: frescoes, stucco and mosaics. Some were lost especially geometric
mosaics in black and white and others were stolen or sold to art dealers who settled along the
excavations to bribe the workers. But most of the paintings were relocated nearly Botanic
Garden, to be taken in 1889 to its final destination at the Termas of Diocletian, the first seat of
the Roman National Museum.
The curiosity was resolved about the paintings had risen from the beginning. In September
1879, an admired journalist of La Stampa wrote: "It is a very special work, curious, made
with great skill and patience. Each of those fresh, just is ripped from the walls, you take like a
cloth, matches, cleaned and placed in a frame. So many beautiful pictures are formed. I've
seen a few framed and I can say that had never been presented before the eyes such a
beautiful thing. "
It is believed that this splendid villa was built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa around 21 B.C.,
when married Julia, daughter of Augustus. It stood in Trastevere, mainly occupied by artisan
shops and department stores such as wine deposits which were in 1880 in the vicinity of the
villa. Although it was not a popular residential area as the nearby slope of the Janiculum or
the Vatican area, the Latin sources put it other famous villas, such as Clodia, lover poet
Catullus, or Cassius Longinus, one of the murderers Caesar, as well as the beautiful gardens
of the dictator, the Caesariani horti, connected to the heart of the city by a bridge built by the
same Agrippa.
Luxury by the Tiber
Domenico Marchetti Watercolors and Rodolfo Lanciani report are the only surviving evidence
of the architecture of the villa. It was a residence along the Tiber, overlooking to the field of
Marte and a scenographic architecture composed of two arranged on both sides of a large
exedra symmetrical bodies. The paintings decorated nine rooms of the winter wing: three
bedrooms, the couch or dining room, the lobby, the entrance a hallway (cryptoporticus)
communicating with the servants' quarters, the garden and the inner hall of the central exedra.
The quality of the paintings, the amount of detail and the decorative dependent on the
function spaces and social status of people who had access to them. Thus, the environments in
which the boss received her clientele had a more austere decor while those who welcomed his
guests containing the richest and elaborate paintings. These frescoes are preserved today
exposed in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, in rooms that recreate the original floor of the
house.
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NANCY SNCHEZ:
The translation techniques used was the Direct Translation Techniques are used when
structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target
language.
Translation is a process that is very important to consider the communicative purpose of the
text, language and culture. When identification and comparison between the rules of text to be
translated and the translated text is performed, they are called translation problems.
Translate the text to achieve a more correctly, as a first step I had in mind the basic structure
of sentences: subject + verb + complement in order to give more coherence to each sentence.
difficulty in some words like clamp was presented, but english is not the term as such, for that
reason, I translated the phrase thus: He invented a container consisting of a small tray with
center clamp. The big problem when translating from Spanish into English is our language
translation adds words and this contribute to the loss of accuracy in translation. furthermore,
in Spanish we wrote the longest sentences in English, what we say five words in english can
be said only three words.
Translation is difficult because it must take into account many grammatical rules of the target
text, the words used in certain regions to avoid falling into misunderstanding. By translating
the sentences are difficult words to locate: "Chocolate consumption in Spain known Widely
disseminated throughout the century XVII and it was Announced in the Confectioneries as
the" drink That comes from the Indies "I try to locate the word where better it would.
translation. by translating a text into English must take into account the use of pronounssubjects.
The first problem I faced was that when you translate to a second language that isnt your
mother tongue you are more dependent on bookish knowledge, grammar references and
dictionaries, than in your instinctive knowledge of morphological, semantic, syntactic and
lexical aspects of your mother tongue. Because a second language is more learned than
acquired, and normally out of context, linguistic and cultural elements can be daunting when
you are translating. Sayings, proverbs and collocations can be a hard issue to deal with. Then
there is another common problem such as ambiguity or mismatches, that can be lexical
(words) or structural(sentence).
In this particular text besides that general fact, it comes into play that the article is about an
Italian touristic place, so many names and references that maybe are familiar to the Spanish
(from Spain) writer, are kind of unfamiliar to me. Anyway I tried to focus more on the
original message of the article and keep its coherence than to find the right translation for
every word or phrase.
The techniques used were mainly Oblique translations like Transposition (los excursionistas
que la toman como base de rutas, hikers that based routes), Modulation (ciudades de visita
obligada, must-see cities) and Direct translations like Borrowing (art dco, art deco) and
Literal translation (la sinuosa carretera que bordea el lago, the sinuous road that borders the
lake).
For me it was difficult to translate some proper names because I know that proper names are
not translated but I wasnt sure if there were some exceptions and also because the language
was a little difficult to understand even though it was Spanish, some vocabulary words were
new for me so I had to interpret them correctly in order to translate them.
METHOD
STRATEGY
TECHNIQUE
A method is a set of
procedures
established
from an approach to
determine the curriculum,
objectives, content, work
techniques,
types
of
activities,
and
the
respective
roles
and
functions of teachers,
students and materials
didactic. (Cervantes)
Strategies
are
the
procedures (conscious or
unconscious,
verbal or nonverbal)
used by the translator to
solve problems that
emerge when carrying
out
the
translation
process with a particular
objective in mind.
the
BY ALVARO VELASQUEZ
METHOD
STRATEGIES
TECHNIQUES
METHOD
Its an organized, orderly, systematic,
and well-planned procedure aimed at
facilitating and enhancing students
learning. It is undertaken according to
some
rule,
which
is
usually
psychological in nature. That is, it
considers primarily the abilities, needs,
and interests of the learners. Method is
employed to achieve certain specific
aims of instruction.
STRATEGY
Strategy
usually
requires some fort of
planning. You would
probably use strategy
when faced with a new
situation, the strategy to
win a game. A plan of
action
designed
to
achieve an overall aim.
D. Link blogger:
http://translationtecniques.blogspot.com.co
TECHNIQUE
Technique encompasses the
personal style of the teacher in
carrying out specific steps of
the teaching process. Through
technique, teachers enable to
develop, create and implement,
using her distinctive way, the
procedures
(method)
of
teaching.
BIBLIOGRAPHY