07.08.

15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

PE Summer Course 2015

Reservoir Engineering II

James A. Craig

2015

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Table of Contents
Reservoir Fluid proper;es
Density
Gas-Oil Ra;o (GOR)
Forma;on Volume Factor (FVF)
Gas Compressibility Factor

Original Hydrocarbon-in-Place

James A. Craig

2015

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Gas Density
Gas density depends upon pressure and temperature
because of its compressibility.
m
PV = znRT PV = z
RT
Mg
Mg = gas molecular weight = g Ma
M
P
Mg = air molecular weight = 29
m
g = = g
P = pressure (psia)
V
zRT

P
zT

g = 2, 7 g
g =

V = volume (O3)
R = gas constant = 10.73 psiaO3/oR
T = temperature (oR) = T (o F) + 460

g
air

g = density of gas.
a = density of dry air.

James A. Craig

2015

15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Oil Density

o = o
w

o =

350 o + 0, 0764 g Rs
5, 615 Bo

o = density of oil (lb/O3)

o = specic gravity of oil
g = specic gravity of gas
Rs = gasoil ra;o (SCF/STB)
Bo = oil forma;on volume factor (bbl/
STB)

350 = density of water at stand. cond. (lb/STB)

0.0764 = density of air at stand. cond. (lb/SCF)
5.615 = conversion factor (O3/bbl)
o

API =

141.5

James A. Craig

131.5
2015

16

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Gas-Oil Ra5o (GOR)

The quan;ty of gas dissolved in an oil at reservoir
condi;ons. Also called Gas solubility.
It is also the amount of gas that evolves from the oil as
the oil is transported from the reservoir to surface
condi;ons.

James A. Craig

2015

17

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Forma5on Volume Factor (FVF)

Ra;o of reservoir uid volume at reservoir condi;ons to
volume of uid at standard condi;ons.
For oil: the reciprocal is called Shrinkage factor.
For gas: the reciprocal is called Expansion factor.
B=

Vres
Vsc

Bg = 0, 0282

zT
P

Bg = gas FVF (O3/SCF)

Bo = oil FVF (bbl/STB)
James A. Craig

2015

18

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Gas Compressibility Factor

Ra;o of the volume actually occupied by a gas at given
temperature & pressure to the volume the gas would
occupy at the same temperature and pressure if it
behaved like an ideal gas.

z=

Vactual
Videal

PV = znRT z =

PV
nRT

P = pressure (psia)
V = volume (O3)
R = gas constant = 10.73 psiaO3/oR
T = temperature (oR) = T (o F) + 460
James A. Craig

2015

19

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

James A. Craig

2015

20

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Given the temperature, pressure and gas specic

gravity, calculate the z-factor using the Hall-Yarborough
correla;on and Newton-Raphson method of itera;on.
Reservoir pressure = 3.250 psia
Reservoir temperature = 180 deg.F
Gas gravity = 0,71

z=

xn +1 = xn

f ( xn )
f ( xn )

APpr
Y

Y = reduced density

James A. Craig

2015

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Pseudo-cri;cal condi;ons

Pseudo-reduced condi;ons

Ppc = 708, 75 57,5 g

Ppr = P

Tpc = 169, 0 + 314, 0 g

Ppc

Tpr = T

Tpc

Hall-Yarborough correla;on

t= 1

2
A = 0, 06125t exp 1, 2 (1 t )

Tpr

B = 14, 76t 9, 76t 2 + 4,58t 3

D = 2,18 + 2,82t

C = 90, 7t 242, 2t 2 + 42, 4t 3

James A. Craig

2015

10

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

(Y + Y
+

f (Y ) = APpr

f (Y )

+Y3 Y 4 )
3

(1 Y )

(1 + 4Y + 4Y
=

4Y 3 + Y 4 )

(1 Y )

Yn +1 = Yn

f (Y )
f (Y )

James A. Craig

BY 2 + CY D = 0

2 BY + CDY D 1

z=

APpr
Y

2015

11

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Reservoir Characteriza5on
The 5 types of reservoir uids
Reservoir
Fluid

Oil

Black Oil

James A. Craig

Gas

Vola;le Oil

Retrograde
Gas

2015

Wet Gas

Dry Gas

12

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Phase
diagram

James A. Craig

2015

13

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Changes in phase
behavior during
produc;on

James A. Craig

2015

14

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Original Hydrocarbon-in-Place
(1 Sw)
Sw

Bulk volume, V = Ah
Pore volume, PV = V
HCPV = VSh

1 Sw

Matrix

James A. Craig

Water

2015

Hydrocarbon

15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Standard/Surface Condi;ons

Reservoir Condi;on

OOIP = 7.758 Ah (1 S w )

OGIP = 43.560 Ah (1 S w )
OOIP = Original Oil-in-Place (Bbls)
OGIP = Original Gas-in-Place (O3)

OOIP =

7.758 Ah (1 S w )
Bo

OGIP =

43.560 Ah (1 S w )
Bg

OOIP = Original Oil-in-Place (STB)

OGIP = Original Gas-in-Place (SCF)

7.758 = conversion factor (acre-O/bbl)

43.560 = conversion factor (acre-O/O3)
James A. Craig

2015

22

07.08.15

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

A Gas Reservoir
Calculate: Average porosity, Average water satura;on,
Ini;al gas-in-place, Gas volume at abandonment, Gas
produced, Recovery factor.
Abandonment condi;ons
Pressure = 4.200 psia
Z-factor = 0,98

Ini;al condi;ons
Pressure = 12.700 psia
Z-factor = 0,83

Temperature = 267 deg.F

Area = 300 acres

Bed Thickness Porosit

y

2
3
James A. Craig

Water Satura5on

25 O

30%

20%

35 O

15%

25%

20 O

20%

22%

2015

17

Chair of Drilling and Completion Engineering

Gi =

RF =

43.560 HCPV
Bgi

Ga =

Gi

Gi Ga
G
= 1 a
Gi
Gi

43.560 HCPV
Bga
RF = 1
43.560 HCPV
Bgi

43.560 HCPV
Bga

G p = Gi Ga

James A. Craig

Gp

B
RF = 1 gi
B
ga

2015

100%

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