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AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH IN EUROPE:

CURRENT AND EMERGING DISEASES


IN MEDITERRANEAN MARICULTURE
Dr. Panos Christofilogiannis
Managing Director, AQUARK
www.aquark.gr

Caring for health and welfare of fish: A critical success factor for aquaculture
Brussels, 16 -17 May 2013 - International Auditorium, Boulevard Roi Albert II 5, Brussels, Belgium

DRIVERS

Diversification - New cultured species

Introduction of Alien species

Global warming Climate Change

Intensification Strategic decisions Spatial Planning

DIVERSIFICATION

DIVERSIFICATION

DIVERSIFICATION
Seriola dumerilii
Greater amberjack

Polyprion americanus
Wreck fish

Mullus surmulletus
Striped red mullet

Octopus vulgaris

ALIEN SPECIES

GLOBAL WARMING CLIMATE CHANGE

GLOBAL WARMING CLIMATE CHANGE

INTENSIFICATION / SPATIAL PLANNING


Optimistic projection APR10%

Sea bream

Sea bass

Meagre
EATiP projection APR 5%

Turbot
Sole

Epidemiology on the fish farm


Epidemiology Med AQUA

vibriosis period
vibriosis period North Med
Pasteurellosis period
Pasteurellosis period North Med
Myxobacteria
Nodavirus (Sea bass)
Monogenea
Microcotyle infestation (sea bream)

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MARAPR MAY JUN JUL AUGSEPTOCT NOV DEC

MAIN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

Vibriosis

Bacterial Pathogen

Species

Listonella anguillarum
(=Vibrio anguillarum)

Sea bass

Photobacterium damsela
subsp. piscicida

Sea bass
Sea bream

Tenecibaculum maritimum
(=F. maritimus)

Sea bass
Sea bream

Nocardia spp
J Fish Dis. 2013
Feb;36(2):141-9.

Meagre

Aeromonas spp

Sea bass

Streptocossus iniae

Sea bass

Pasteurellosis

Argyrosomus regius

VIBRIOSIS

Vibrio anguillarum (I + II) / (V. ordalii = biotype II)


Sea bass (During ALL production circle)
Seasonal disease (Spring & Autumn)
Rapid temperature fluctuations can cause outbreaks
Outbreaks often stress-related
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
Dark fish, Anaemia (gills very pale)
Haemorrhages around the mouth, fin edges and skin
Systemic septicaemia, Petechial haemorrhages on intestine
Renal and Heart necrosis
Spleen enlarged (and cherry red)
Inoculate from kidney onto TSA (non-selective) or TSBS agar
Incubate at 25oC for 24h

PASTEURELLOSIS
* Sea bass (During ALL production circle)
* Sea bream (Mainly up to 40g)
* Seasonal disease (June to October)
* Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
* Petechiae - Haemmorhagies in gut and gills
* Renal and Heart necrosis
* Nodules / necrosis in spleen (Chronic Pasteurellosis)
* Inoculate from kidney onto TSA (non-selective) or TSBROTH / BHI agar
* Incubate at 25oC for 48h (Pasteurella)
* Bacterium appears as very small smooth, convex grey-white colonies (TSA)

DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES


ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT
Tenacibaculum

Vibrio spp

ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT
Different strains showing resistance
different antibiotic sensitivity profiles
Oxytetracycline
Oxolinic Acid
Flumequine
Potentiated Sulphonamides

VIRAL ENCEPHALOPATHY
AND RETINOPATHY (VER)

ANNUAL ESTIMATED COST: MORE THAN 18 MILLION EUROS

Sea Bass and Sea Bream Pathogens


Monogeneans

Lymphocystis

Cryptocaryon

Ceratomyxa

Epitheliocystis

Myxidium

Trichodina

Major need for licensed antiparasitic compounds

Sphaerospora

MICROCOTYLE
INFESTATION

1 hour - 200ppm Formalin bath


30 min - 300ppm Formalin bath
Repeat after 5 days

Organic Iron:
2000 ppm in feed for 15-20 days

Red lesions in Sea bream


Intracytoplasmatic organisms
(Chlamydia like)

Source: Sito Padros

Lernathropus kroyeri in sea bass

Lernathropus kroyeri in sea bass

Diplectanum aequans

Ceratothoa oestroides

Solea senegalensis
Bacterial Pathogen

Species

Listonella anguillarum
(=Vibrio anguillarum)

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream


Striped red mullet

Tenecibaculum
maritimum (=F.
maritimus)

Turbot, Senegalensis sole,


Commun sole

Aeromonas
salmonicida subsp
salmonicida

Turbot

Vibrio sp (V. splendidus,


V pelagius, V harveyi..)

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream,


Striped red mullet, octopus

Pseudomonas

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream,


Striped red mullet, octopus

Edwarsiella tarda

Turbot

Pseudomonas
anguilliseptica

Turbot

Pseudomonas sp

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea Bream,


Striped red mullet, octopus

Streptococcus
parauberis

Turbot

Solea solea

Scophthalmus maximus

Parasitic
Pathogen

Host

Philasterides
dicentrarchi

Turbot, sole

Enteromyxum
scophthalmi

Turbot

Microsporidium
sp

Turbot

Trichodina sp

Turbot, Sole, Red Sea


Bream, Striped red mullet,
octopus

Ceratomyxa sp

Red Sea Bream, Striped


red mullet

Icthobodo sp

Turbot, Solea, Red Sea


Bream, Striped red mullet

Copepod sp

Wild sole

Enteromyxum
scophthalmi

Tenacibaculum maritimum

Philasterides
dicentrarchi

VACCINATION STRATEGIES SEA BASS

VACCINATION STRATEGIES SEA BREAM

Vaccine technologies-delivery

Need to fast track approval of new generation vaccines

Recombinant vaccines for aquaculture: IPNV, SRS ,ISAV (only salmon)

Current market of fish vaccines


3,5 million Euros

Immersion (V+P) vaccine market : 800.000 Euros


Injection (V+P) vaccine market: 2.5 mio Euros
Relatively Low Vaccine Dose Cost:
Double injection vaccination strategy cost is
4 times lower per Fish than salmon (5valent strategy cost)
Introduction of NODAVIRUS vaccine is going to
Double the vaccine market in the Med.

Future fish health management


Increased application of vaccination programmes
Faster development of new generation vaccines (EU initiative required)
Increased vaccine market value (motivation) due to:
increased vaccination adoption (e.g. Spain)
increased expected production
new vaccines (Nodavirus etc)
new fast growers pathologies
New licensed antiparasitic compounds
Effective genetic selection programmes (robustness)

THANK YOU FOR


YOUR ATTENTION

Caring for health and welfare of fish: A critical success factor for aquaculture
Brussels, 16 -17 May 2013 - International Auditorium, Boulevard Roi Albert II 5, Brussels, Belgium

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