Learning R

Laboratory Exercise-III
BPS651 Research Methodology
R.S.Rajput, Assistant Professor (Computer Science)
Laboratory Instructor

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Laboratory Exercise -III

Correlation

Regression
Analysis of Variance

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Correlation
Correlation is used to test for a relationship between two

numerical variables or two ranked (ordinal) variables.

Correlation is a bi variants analysis that measures the strengths
of association between two variables. In statistics, the value of
the correlation coefficient varies between +1 and -1.
Usually, in statistics, we measure three types of correlations:

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Pearson correlation
Kendall rank correlation
Spearman correlation

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Pearson Correlation
Pearson r correlation: Pearson r correlation is widely used in

statistics to measure the degree of the relationship between

linear related variables. Pearson r correlation, both variables
should be normally distributed.
The following formula is used to calculate the Pearson r
correlation:

Where:
r = Pearson r correlation coefficient
N = number of value in each data
xy = sum of the products of paired scores
x = sum of x scores
y = sum of y scores
x2= sum of squared x scores
y2= sum of squared y scores

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Kendall rank Correlation

Kendall rank correlation is a non-parametric test that measures

the strength of dependence between two variables. If we

consider two samples, a and b, where each sample size is n, we
know that the total number of pairings with a b is n(n-1)/2. The
following formula is used to calculate the value of Kendall rank
correlation:
Where:
Nc= number of concordant
Nd= Number of discordant
Concordant: Ordered in the same way
Discordant: Ordered differently

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Spearman Correlation
Spearman rank correlation is a non-parametric test that is used to

measure the degree of association between two variables. Spearman

rank correlation test does not assume any assumptions about the
distribution of the data and is the appropriate correlation analysis when
the variables are measured on a scale that is at least ordinal.
The following formula is used to calculate the Spearman rank
correlation:

Where:
P= Spearman rank correlation
di= the difference between the ranks of corresponding values Xi and Yi
n= number of value in each data set

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The cor( ) function

The cor( ) function to produce correlations .A simplified format is
cor(X , use=, method= )

where

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X: Matrix or data frame

Use:Specifies the handling of missing data. Options
all.obs (assumes no missing data, * missing data
produce an error), complete.obs (listwise deletion),
pairwise.complete.obs (pairwise deletion)
Method: Specifies the type of correlation. Options
pearson, spearman or kendall.
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are
will
and

are

Visualizing Correlations
plot(), abline(), lowess() ,line(), pairs()
plot(): The basic function is plot(), denoting the (x,y) points to plot

>plot(x, y)
pairs() to create scatterplot matrices
>pairs(y~ x)
lines() use to point match
> lines(x, y, col="black")
abline() use to print regression line (y~ x)
>abline(lm(x~ y), h=0,v=0,col="red")
lowess line function
> lines(lowess(x, y), col="blue")

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Exercise 10
Protein intake X and fat intake Y (in gm) for ten old

women given as
X 56,47,33,39,42,38,46,47,38,32
Y 56,83,49,52,65,52,56,48,59,70
Calculate correlation Coefficient (Pearson)
Draw scatter plot matrix, scatter plot

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Exercise 11
Find correlation coefficient (Pearson) between the

sales and expenses from the data given below:

Firm:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sales (Rs Lakhs):
50 50 55 60 65 65 65 60 60 50
Expenses (Rs Lakhs):11 13 14 16 16 15 15 14 13 13

Draw scatter plot matrix, scatter plot

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10

Simple Linear Regression

A simple linear regression model that describes the relationship

between two variables x and y can be expressed by the

following equation. The numbers and are called parameters,
and is the error term.
Estimated Simple Regression Equation

Coefficient of Determination
Significance Test for Linear Regression
Confidence Interval for Linear Regression
Prediction Interval for Linear Regression

Residual Plot
Standardized Residual
Normal Probability Plot of Residuals
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Simple Linear Regression cont.

Estimated Simple Regression Equation

>W=lm(y~x)
Where
X

Y
w

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Multiple Linear Regressions

Estimated Multiple Regression Equation

Multiple Coefficient of Determination

Adjusted Coefficient of Determination
Significance Test for MLR

Confidence Interval for MLR

Prediction Interval for MLR

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Logistic Regression
Estimated Logistic Regression Equation

Significance Test for Logistic Regression

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Exercise 11
Geographical area x and area under paddy

cultivated y ( in hectares) for 15 villages of a

district are given below X 103,106,120,120,100,151,160,155,136,178,196,140,160,166,112
Y 041,033,087,078,035,081,090,085,070,100,102,070,082,085,050

Calculate correlation coefficient

Calculate regression equation of y on x
Estimate paddy cultivation whore geograhical

area is 136 hater

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Exercise 12
Calculate correlation coefficient between

marks obtained in 1st prefinal and 2nd prefinal

examination on the basis of the following data
collected for a sample of 12 students
I 12,14,9.5,10.5,8,11.5,10,14,8,9.5,11,12
II 11.5,13.5,12,14,7,14,8,12.5,6.5,10,9,12
Calculate correlation coefficients
Calculate regression equation of y on x

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Exercise 10
Protein intake X and fat intake Y (in gm) for

ten old women given as

X 56,47,33,39,42,38,46,47,38,32
Y 56,83,49,52,65,52,56,48,59,70
Calculate correlation Coefficient
Calculate regression equation of y on x
Estimate fat intake of a women whose protein

intake is 38 gm.

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Exercise 13
Twelve students for the following percentage

of makes in physics & statistics calculate: Correlation coefficient

Linear regression equation of y on x
Calculate predicted values & residual value
for x=80, for the given data below
X 73,42,88,38,68,75,80,54,64,48,35,37
Y 73,48,86,58,65,60,76,54,50,38,32,30
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Exercise 14

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Exercise 15

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Exercise 16

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Exercise 17

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Exercise 18

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Exercise 19

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Exercise 20

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Analysis of Variance

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Completely Randomized Design

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Randomized Block Design

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Factorial Design

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Laboratory Exercise -IV

T Test

Chi square test

Non-parametric Methods

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30