Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1) Phases of Class-A surface creation
3) Mathematical Requirements
3.1
3.2
3.3
4) Curve Creation
12
17
4.1
Curve order
17
4.2
18
4.3
Curve Redistribution
19
4.4
20
4.5
21
5) Surface Creation
23
5.1
23
5.2
Patch/Surface Parameterization
24
5.3
Patch/Face Plan
25
5.4
ISO-Curve distribution
26
5.5
27
5.6
27
5.7
Symmetry Criteria
28
5.8
Transition Surface
29
5.9
Surface Completeness
31
5.10
Fillets
32
33
6.1
Patch properties
33
6.2
33
6.3
35
6.4
Curvature Analysis
35
6.5
Reflection Analysis
36
6.6
36
6.7
37
6.8
37
6.9
38
6.10
38
Page 2 of 45
39
41
8.1
41
8.2
Class-A Standard-I
42
8.3
Class-A Standard-II
42
8.4
Class-A Standard-III
43
44
9.1
44
9.2
46
9.3
48
Page 3 of 45
1)
Figure 3.1-1
Page 4 of 45
2)
Class-A surfaces and their requirements have a close relationship with the aesthetics of a product.
The reflection of light plays a major role in surface appearance. If a surface does not posses certain
described characteristics, Visual appearance of the product will get affected.
Characteristics of Class-A surface can be classified into three major categories
Visual Characteristics
a)
Aesthetic requirements
b)
Reflection, smoothness
c)
Mathematical Requirements
d)
e)
f)
g)
Manufacturing requirements
h)
Panels should retain their shape - proper stretching requirement should be taken care,
i)
j)
Feature lines like shoulder line or waist line on body side panel, feature lines on hood
panel should retain their place (skidding),
k)
l)
Page 5 of 45
Broken reflection lines - which will affect the homogeneous looks of the car body,
n)
o)
p)
q)
Local dark spots in the middle of smooth surface - which may result in visual mismatch of
colour,
r)
Effect of transparent surfaces like windshield, window glasses and long lenses on surface
Curvatures,
s)
u)
v)
w)
Bad parameterization,
x)
y)
Topological problems,
z)
Twisted patches,
aa)
bb)
dd)
ee)
ff)
gg)
hh)
ii)
Shrinkage marks,
kk)
Molding direction,
ll)
Undercuts,
oo)
Inadequate lensing,
pp)
Warping etc.
Page 6 of 45
3)
Mathematical Requirements
3.1 Positional Continuity OR 0 - Order continuity
Surface are said to be having Positional Continuity, when they posses the following
characteristics
Gap between them is less or equal to the recommended tolerance limit along the common
edge
Image 3.1-1
Image 3.1-2
Page 7 of 45
Note:
Angle between the Normals to the surface or
curve on a point laying on the common edge
is not within the set tolerance limit.
Image 3.1-3
Image 3.1-4
Image 3.1-5
Page 8 of 45
Refer images below for allowable errors for acceptance of surface for Positional continuity
Image 3.1-6
Industry Standard Examples
DCX
Value
0.02
GM
0.025
FORD
BERTONE
0.02
0.01
TTL
0.01
Surface are said to be having Tangent Continuity, when they posses the following
characteristics.
Gap between them is less or equal to the recommended value along the common
edge.
Angle between the normals at any common point on common edge is within in the set
tolerance value.
Page 9 of 45
Image 3.2-8
Image 3.2-9
Note:
Angle between the normals to the surface or
curve at a point laying on the common edge is
within in the set tolerance value..
Observe the sudden change in curvature value
between the normals to the surface or curve at a
point laying on the common edge.
Image 3.2-10
Page 10 of 45
Image 3.2-11
Image 3.2-12
Refer image below for allowable errors for acceptance of surface for Tangent continuity
0.05
GM
0.05
FORD
BERTONE
0.07
0.1
TTL
0.05
Image 3.2-13
Page 11 of 45
rr)
Gap between them is less or equal to the recommended value along the common edge.
ss)
Angle between the normals at any common point on common edge is within in the set
tolerance value.
tt)
Variation in curvature value at two points on same curve on surface is within specified
value.
uu)
Image 3.3-14
Image 3.3-15
Page 12 of 45
Image 3.3-16
Image 3.3-17
Image 3.3-18
Page 13 of 45
Refer image below for allowable errors for acceptance of surface for curvature continuity
DCX
GM
FORD
BERTONE
0.001
0.001
0.005
0.01
TTL
0.001
Image 3.3-19
Constant Rate of Change of Curvature Continuity OR 3 - Order continuity
Surface are said to be having Constant rate of change of curvature Continuity, when they posses the
following characteristics
Gap between them is less or equal to the recommended value along the common edge
Angle between the normals at any common point on common edge is within in the set tolerance
value.
Variation in curvature value at two points on same curve on surface is within specified value.
Distant between two points on curves for which the change of curvature occurs has to be same
for all point on the curves.
Image 3.3-20
Page 14 of 45
Image 3.3-21
Note:
Distance between points on curve on the surface For
which curvature changes is constant
Image 3.3-22
Image 3.3-23
Page 15 of 45
Image 3.3-24
Page 16 of 45
4)
Curve Creation
Creation of a curve plays a very important role in the process of Class-A surface creation. The quality
of the curve dictates the quality of the surface.
Criteria for curve creation
Curves should be of minimum required order as far as possible (preferred order-3 maximum
order is based on the software being used)
Image 4.1-25
Page 17 of 45
Image 4.1-27
Image 4.2-28
Page 18 of 45
Image 4.2-29
Image 4.3-30
Image 4.3-31
optimization
and
Page 19 of 45
Image 4.3-32
3)
4)
5)
6)
Symmetry Curve
Note:
Observe the absence of curve node at plane of
symmetry, most of the times this condition
automatically ensures G0, G1 and G2 continuity.
Figure 4.4-2
Change in curve parameter distribution should be monotonic in nature. In the absence of above
characteristics, chances of internal surface distortions are very high.
Page 20 of 45
Image 4.5-33
Image 4.5-34
Page 21 of 45
5)
Surface Creation
As explained in the earlier chapter, quality of the surface plays major role in aesthetics of the product,
it is very important we take a lot of care while creating a surface. Apart from basic requirements like
positional continuity, tangent continuity and curvature continuity, following criterias has to be given due
consideration.
Patch/Face Plan
Division or splitting of patches to create features in surfaces
ISO-curve distribution
Surface over-building and trimming of surface
Creation of extra surface beyond the required area for component design
Symmetry criteria
Guidelines for creation of symmetric surfaces.
Surface completeness
Completely defined surface in all respects, by mathematical definitions.
Fillets
Page 22 of 45
b)
c)
d)
of
patch
Image 5.2-35
Image 5.2-36
Page 23 of 45
Image 5.2-37
Image 5.2-38
Page 24 of 45
Image 5.3-39
in
ISO-Parametric
curve
Image 5.3-40
Image 5.3-41
Page 25 of 45
Use of high number of profile to define the patch may result in bad quality.
f)
Patch with minimum number of constraints posses characteristics like, good distribution
of ISO-parametric curves, Better parameterization.
Patch over
building
Trimming profiles
Image 5.5-42
Page 26 of 45
Positional Continuity
Tangency and curvature continuity
Curvature variation
No directional variation
Symmetry Plane
Image 5.6-43
Symmetry Plane
Curvature of bad symmetry patch
Note:
In this case only Positional and Tangency
continuities are fulfilled.
Observe the length and shape variation of
curvature normal in the marked area.
Image 5.6-44
Page 27 of 45
M
T
C
Observe
Two main surfaces marked M are joined by using
transition surface marked C
Two main corner surfaces marked C are joined by using
transition surface marked T
Observe
Concept of using transition surfaces is not applied while
creating the surface
Figure 5.7-4
Uniform
Irregular
ISO-curve distribution
Page 28 of 45
Observe
Irregular distribution of ISO-curves in main surface.
Figure 5.7-5
Observe
Uniform variation in ISO-curve shapes.
Synergy in variation of gaps between ISO-curves
distribution.
Observe
Irregular variation in ISO-curve shapes.
Irregular variation of gaps between ISO-curves distribution.
Figure 5.7-6
Page 29 of 45
Untrimmed patch
Figure 5.8-7
Incomplete
Fillet
corner
and
Figure 5.8-8
Page 30 of 45
5.9 Fillets
While creating fillets for joining two surfaces/patches, avoid using circular / cylindrical fillets.
This kind of fillets, will not guarantee a good reflection effect because of the sudden change in
curvature at the joining lines.
To improve the aesthetic effects, it is suggested to use conical blending, which is available in
softwares like CATIA and EUCLID-3.
Limit the use of mechanical blending to following areas
1)
Unseen areas like corners, Flange line blending, Joggles on flanges etc.
2)
Mechanical Filleting
Image 5.9-45
Conical Filleting
Conical Filleting
Image 5.9-46
Page 31 of 45
6)
Polynomial representation of a
surface, defined by a network of
lines and points, called control
points or poles. These points are
distributed over sections.
Image 6.1-47
Image 6.2-48
Page 32 of 45
Green
lines
Image 6.2-49
Global connectivity analysis
Green lines
Red lines
2)
is
Image 6.2-50
2)
3)
Method of
dependent.
Image 6.3-51
result
display
is
software
Page 33 of 45
Image 6.4-52
Image 6.5-53
Page 34 of 45
Image 6.7-55
Image 6.8-56
Image 6.9-57
Page 35 of 45
Image 6.10-58
7)
Page 36 of 45
Page 37 of 45
8)
External Panels
Internal Panel
External Seen
External Unseen
Internal Seen
Internal Unseen
Class A Standard I
Class A Standard II
Class A Standard II
Figure 8.1-9
Plastic Trims
External Panels
Internal Panel
Painted/Textured Seen
Painted/Textured Unseen
Painted/Textured Seen
PaintedTextured Unseen
Class A Standard I
Class A Standard II
Class A Standard II
Figure 8.1-10
Page 38 of 45
Characteristics
Standards
G0 Positional Continuity
0.01
G1 Tangency Continuity
0.05
G2 Curvature Continuity
0.001
---
Patch descriptors
ISO-curve distribution
Fillets
Manufacturability criterias
Refer Section 9
Dynamic highlights
Characteristics
plastic
plastic
plastic
metal
Standards
G0 Positional Continuity
0.02
G1 Tangency Continuity
0.05
G2 Curvature Continuity
0.02
Patch descriptors
ISO-curve distribution
Fillets
Manufacturability criterias
Refer Section 9
Dynamic highlights
Page 39 of 45
Characteristics
Standards
G0 Positional Continuity
0.02
G1 Tangency Continuity
0.1
G2 Curvature Continuity
0.05
Patch descriptors
ISO-curve distribution
Fillets
Manufacturability criterias
Refer Section 9
Dynamic highlights
Note:
3)
Take care for not changing styling intent shapes and features in all above cases.
4)
Seen means - areas which are coming in lines of direct visual angle of a person standing next
to the car, and sitting inside the car.
5)
Unseen means - areas which are not coming in lines of direct visual angle of a person standing
next to the car, and sitting inside the car.
6)
* In case of fillet values take care for minimum exterior and interior projection regulations.
7)
Decide the maximum allowed deviation for Class-A surface creation from Digitised data for each
model.
8)
Take the approval from Styling department in case of deviation from digitized data.
9)
10)
At the stage of design verification, changes done on styled surface with respect to the Stylingfreeze should be documented and agreed upon.
Page 40 of 45
9)
Objective of this section is to lead stylist or product engineers through the manufacturing process for
sheet metal. Cases listed in this section of the documents are only for reference and knowledge of the
stylist and product engineers. The cases explained here are not to be considered as guidelines.
While designing the panels for manufacturability, proper attention needs to be given for following
aspects of sheet metal components.
Panels should retain their shape after stamping process, for the same proper stretching requirement
should be taken care, Styled features should retain intended shapes, For example, Feature lines like
shoulder line or waist line on body side panel, Feature lines on hood panel should retain their place.
Bulge effect on flange lines should be avoided.
In the same way, while designing plastic trims, care should be taken care to avoid warping of panels at
free ends, shrinkage effect on the areas where internal ribs are provided for strength purpose.
Page 41 of 45
Figure 9.1-11
Page 42 of 45
Page 43 of 45
d
D
50R Minimum
Radius to be kept
Figure 9.2-12
Figure 9.3-13
Page 44 of 45
Figure 9.3-14
Page 45 of 45
Figure 9.3-15