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FLOW AROUND
SPHERE
Presented by:
Prof. D.Rashtchian
Now remember
i = ijk
u k
= 0 for irrotational flow.
x j
uk =
x k
satisfied.
Substituting for
uk
u k
2
=
=0
x k
x k x k
i.e.
Laplace's Equation
or
=0 ;
2
2
xi xi
2
2 2 2
+
+
=0
x12 x22 x32
Thus the determination of the velocity profile requires the solution of laplace's equation with appropriate b.c.'s
(i)
=0
x n
(
)
=
(
)
u
far from solid surface
i
x i
2 = 0
= 0
U = 0.
i.e. any tracer-marked fluid approaching the sphere is displaced radially but remains in the
same plane w.r.t.Ox3.
In spherical co-ordinates, Laplace's Equation is (B.S.L. p740(B))
1 2
1
r
+
sin
=0
r r 2 sin
r 2 r
(1)
Ur =
r
1
U =
r
c.f. U i =
x i
Boundary conditions:
(i)
Ur=0 at r=a
(ii)
= U r = U 0 cos
r
at
(iii)
1
= U = U 0 sin
r
at
= U 0 f (r ) cos
(2)
f (r )
1 2
cos + U 0 f (r ) cos
r
= 2U 0
2
r
r r r
1
f (r )
sin
= 2U 0 2 cos
2
r sin
r
Hence r 2 f (r ) + 2rf (r ) 2 f (r ) = 0
This is a second order, homogeneous O.D.E.
(3)
f (t ) + f (t ) 2 f = 0
(4)
a3
= U 0 r + 2 cos
2r
(5)
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
u r = U 0 cos
u = U 0 cos
u = 0
P = P0
Hence
(say)
u .u
U 02
+ P = constant =
+ P0
2
2
ur =
r
1
u =
r
r =a
r =a
a3
= U 0 1 2 cos = 0
r
U
= 0
r
a3
3
r + 2 sin = U 0 sin
2
2r
Hence
P P0 9 2
= 1 sin
2
U 0 / 2 4
2
4
U 0 / 2
Note:
(i)
Improves with Re
(ii)
U2
>>
L
L2
i.e.
Re << 1.0
A solution similar to the one for ideal flow is possible in terms of the stream function (introduced later).
Result of analysis, which is valid up to Re = 1.0, is that resultant force on sphere is due,
(i)
(ii)
Stoke's Law
(Known as drug coefficient)
f = friction factor
= dimensionless force per unit area acting on sphere
6 a U 0 .2
24
F
=
=
A p [ U 02 / 2 ] a 2 ( U 02 ) Re
Dimensional Analysis
Normalization of N-S equation gives:
Du i
P
1 2ui
=
Dt Re x x x
j
j
i
Solution of this P.D.E will certainly have Re as parameter.
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
f = f (Re)
(a)
(b)
Re 10
- A pair of vortex appears behind the
cylinder.
(c)
Re 10 2 (Intermediate Region)
- Von Karman Vortex Street.
- Vortices shed from alternate sides at regular
intervals.
(d)
Re 10 4 (high Re)
- Boundary layer develops on upstream face.
- Breaks away at separation point. This is
associated with adverse pressure gradient on the
downstream face.
(e)
Re 10 6
- Turbulence appears upstream of separation point