ANALYSIS OF KIDNEY FILTRATION

By :
Name
Student ID
Entourage
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Assistant

: Cici Eka Yulianti

: B1K014037
: VIII
:4
: Lia Maratussolikhah

LABORATORY REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2016

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Urinary system consists of organs that produce urine and urine remove from the
body. This system is one of the main system for maintain hemoistasis body
(constancy of internal environment) (Baron, 1995). Kidneys maintain the
composition of extracellular fluid which support the functions of all body cells. The
ability of the kidneys to regulate the composition of extracellular fluid per unit time
is a function that is governed by the tubular epithelium, for substances secreted by
the tubules, setting the volume is associated with glomerulus filtration rate (GFR).
The entire substance that dissolves in glomerulus filtration can be reabsorbed or
secreted by the tubules. Glomerulus filtration rate has been widely accepted as the
best index to assess renal function. LFG measurement is important in the
management of patients with kidney disease, in addition to assessing kidney function
in general, many important uses measurements of GFR, such as to determine the
proper dose of drug that can be cleared by the kidneys. Detect early kidney disorders
can prevent further kidney disorders, managing patients with kidney transplants and
the use of radiographic contrast media potentially nephrotoxic, because it required
examination of LFG that has a value of high accuracy (Yasir dan Afrida, 2012).
Kidneys is play important role in controlling the balance by regulating water
balance in the body, regulating electrolyte balance, regulate acid-base balance,
helped regulate blood pressure, and as eritrhopoetic system. In general, the main
function of the kidneys is to clean the blood plasma of substances that are not useful
to the body by a mechanism that is filtration, absorption, reabsorption and
augmentation (Guyton and Hill, 1996).
Kidney function declines with the aging person and also because of the disease.
Deterioration of renal function may be acute or chronic. Several of abnormalities that
can be seen easily but mild abnormalities difficult to detect. A physical examination
is often difficult to determine the presence and severity of impairment of renal
function. The disorder may affect all or part of renal function, since renal filtration
analysis was performed to determine the health of kidney function (Kusnandar,
2006).

1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to analyzing the compounds that can pass
through the filter as an illustration of the mammalian kidney filtration function.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODE

2.1 Material
The tools that used in this experiment are the test tube, Erlenmeyer tube,
wathmam filter paper GF/C, funnel glass, micropipette scale 100-1000 ml, test tube
rack, glass funnel, filter paper and tweezers.
The materials that used in this experiment are Benedicts solution, the protein
solution 1 %, the starch solution 1 %, Biuret solution, iodin lugols solution, glucose
solution 1 % and aquades.
2.2 Methode
1. 1 mL of test solution (protein, glucose, starch and aquades) was add and down to
four reaction tubes has been prepared.
2. Each test tube was label in accordance with the content of the test solution.
3. 1 mL of Biuret was add into a test tube containing the protein solution, observed
and record changes.
4. 1 mL of Biuret was add into a test tube containing glucose. The test tube was
placed in boiling water (100 0C) for 5 minutes and then shaken, observed and
record changes.
5. 1 drop logols iodin was drop into a test tube labeled starch, observed and record
changes.
6. Experiment step 2 and 3 on the reaction tube 4, observed and sability changes.
7. The test solution was removed and them was cleaned until test cube clean.
8. The preparation was made by preparing four test tube, then fill it with test
solution (protein, glucose, starch and aquades) respectively of 2 mL.
9. A filter paper was prepared and placed on glass funnel and tube Erlenmeyer.
10. These four test solution and then filtered on four Erlenmeyer tube using a funnel
which has been equipped premises filter paper.
11. The experiment was repeated in step 2-4 of filtrate result of yhe filtration process
using a strain Wathman paper (GF/C).
12. Record your observation and enter in table and put the picture of this
observation.
III. RESULT AND DISCCUSION
3.1 Result

Tabel 3.1.1 Observation Data of Experiment Filtration Test Use The Filter
Paper
Solution
Protein
Glucose
Strach
Aquades

Control (Color)
+++
+++
+++
++

Experiment (Color)
++
++
++++
++

Interpretation :
+
++
+++
++++

: Low Intensity
: Medium Intensty
: High Intensity
: Very High Intensity

Figure 3.1
Control (Aquades, Protein, Starch
and Glucose)

Figure 3.2
Experiment (Aquades, Prptein,
Strach and Glucose)

3.2 Disccusion
The results of experiments conducted is starch and distilled water after
filtered become discolored become weaker, which means that both the test material is
filtered using paper wathman. It is not appropriate according of Sherwood (2006)

that aquades is not filtered, so that when passed through the kidneys. While on
Protein and Glucose once filtered changes the solution became clearer compared to
the treatment without a paper filter. Glucose filtered and maintained its presence in
the body with glucose reabsorption is dependent on Na ATP-ase pump, because Na
molecule's function is to transport glucose to penetrate the capillary membrane
tubules while using less energy, while protein is not filtered by using paper wathman.
It is appropriate according to Guyton (2005) hat proteins can be screened or filtered,
then the metabolism of protein in the form of urea excreted through the urine. If the
protein is not filtered, it will cause disease albuminuria, which is protein in the urine
due to kidney failure in protein filter. Wathman filtration mechanism using paper
such as the kidneys work to filter certain compounds.
Practicum in this time using biuret, Lugol and benedict. Biuret reagent is used
to test the protein content. If a substance contains proteins then react with biuret will
produce a purple or violet, while Lugol is used to test the content of starch, and
Benedict is a reagent that is used to test the glucose content in a material, such
reactions produce results sorrel. Urinary system involves many parts of the body,
namely a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, seminal vesicles, urethra and nephrons.
Kidney is a urinary tract organ located in the upper part of the retroperitoneal space.
The shape resembles a pea with cekungnya side facing this medial.Sisi renal hilum
there are structures where the blood vessels, lymphatic system, nervous system, and
the ureter to the kidney and left (Corwin, 2001).
Kidney function is vital as a volume control and chemical composition of
blood to excrete solute and water selectively. The main function of the kidney, there
are two, namely non excretory function and the function of excretion. Composition
and extracellular fluid volume is controlled by glomerular filtration, reabsorption,
and tubular secretion (Sherwood, 2006).
Kidney consists of several parts such as the glomerulus, the nephron and
ureter. The kidneys also function well in controlling the secretion of the hormones
aldosterone and ADH (antidiuretic hormone). The kidneys regulate the amount of
body fluid denganmengatur ion metabolism of calcium and vitamin D. Renal
produces several hormones, including erythropoietin that play a role in the formation
of red blood cells, called renin, which plays a role in regulating blood pressure, and
hormone prostaglandin (Sacher, 2004).

Kidney ureter which is a small tube that serves the urine from the kidney to
the seminal vesicles pielum. Seminal vesicles are hollow organ composed of three
layers of the detrusor muscle of mutual beranyaman.Vesika seminal works to
accommodate the urine from the ureter and then remove it through the urethra. Urine
can be collected at 300-450 ml. The urethra is the tube that transmits urine out of the
seminal vesicles through a process of micturition (Silbernagyl dan Lang, 2007). Both
kidneys contain approximately 2.4 million nephrons, and each nephron can form
their own urine. Glomerulusyang nephron consists of a length of the tubular fluid
difiltrasikan converted into urine on his way to the renal pelvis (Guyton, 2005).
Kidney consists of glomerular filtration function and run. The basic function
of the nephron is to clean and clear, the blood plasma of substances that are not
desired. Substances that must be spent mainly include metabolic end products such
as urea, creatinine and uric acid. Other substances such as sodium ions, potassium
ions, chloride ions and hydrogen ions tend to accumulate in the body in excessive
amounts. Nephron also serves to clean the plasma of this surplus (Guyton, 2005).
Glomerulus filtration is the first process in the formation of urine. Water,
ions and nutrients and solutes removed from the blood into the tubules proksimal.
Fluidy compound was filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule must pass
through the three layers that make up the glomerulus membranes, ie glomerulus
capillary wall, basal membrane and the inner lining of Bowman's capsule. Blood
cells and large proteins or negatively charged proteins such as albumin are
effectively restrained because of the size and charge on the glomerulus filtration
membrane, whereas the smaller molecules or positively charged, such as water and
crystalloid be filtered. The main objective is the formation of glomerulus filtration in
the proximal tubule primary filtrate (Sherwood, 2006).

The pressure that play a role in the process is the glomerular filtration rate,
glomerulus capillary blood pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, and Bowman's
capsule hydrostatic pressure. Glomerulus capillary pressure is the fluid pressure
caused by blood in the glomerulus capillary. Increased glomerular blood pressure is
pushing the fluid out of the glomerulus to get into the Bowman's capsule along
glomerulus capillary and is the main force that produce glomerulus filtration
(Sherwood, 2006). Approximately 20% of plasma that enters the glomerulus filtrated
with a filtration pressure 10 mmHg and resulted in 180 L filtrate GFR glomerulus
every day for an average of 125 ml / min in men and 160 liters of filtrate per day and
GFR 115 ml / min for women. There are several substances that must be removed
and filtered by the kidneys (Sherwood, 2006).
Substances that must be cleared from the blood mainly metabolic end
products such as urea, creatinine, uric acid is only slightly reabsorbed and secreted
into the tubular lumen, so that the high excretion rate. Electrolytes such as sodium,
chloride, potassium bicarbonate and many are reabsorbed, but little is excreted into
urine. Urinary excretion speed depends on three process in the kidneys ie filtration,
reabsorption and secretion were expressed by the equation Guyton (2005) :
Urinary excretion rate = filtration rate - the rate of reabsorption + secretion rate

A substance is freely filtered by the glomerulus, but not in the reabsorption or

secretion showed that the excretion rate equal to the glomerulus filtration rate. These
substances are inulin and creatinine, which is excreted in the urine entirely after
filtration. Tubular reabsorption is the process of absorbing substances that the body

needs from the tubular lumen to the capillary peritubulus. This process is the active
and passive transport transepitel for tubular cells adjacent connected by tight
junctions. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed entirely along the proximal tubule
through active transport. Potassium and uric acid almost entirely reabsorbed actively
and secreted into the distal tubule. Active sodium reabsorption occurs along the loop
of Henle tubules except pars descendens. H2O, Cl, and urea is reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule through passive transport (Sherwood, 2006). The following are the
substances that are reabsorbed in the kidneys According Sherwood (2006) :
a. Glucose reabsorption
Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport in the proximal tubule. Glucose
reabsorption process is dependent on Na ATPase pump, because Na molecule's
function is to transport glucose to penetrate the capillary membrane tubules by using
energy.
b. Sodium reabsorption
Sodium entirely filtered at the glomerulus, 98-99% will actively reabsorbed
in the tubules. Most sodium 67% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, 25% in
reabsorption in the loop of Henle and 8% in the distal tubules and collecting tubules.
Sodium reabsorbed some being returned to the capillary circulation and can also play
an important role for the reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, water and urea
c. Water reabsorption
Water passively reabsorbed by osmosis along the tubules, of filtered H2O,
80% will be reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Then the rest of
H2O as much as 20% will be reabsorbed in the distal tubules and collecting ducts to
control vasopressin.
d. reabsorption Chloride
Negatively charged chloride ions are absorbed passively follow the decrease
gradient active reabsorption of sodium is positively charged. Cl reabsorbed amount
determined by the speed of the reabsorption of Na.
e. Potassium reabsorption
Potassium entirely filtered at the glomerulus, and then be reabsorbed by
passive diffusion in the proximal tubule as much as 50%, 40% potassium will be
reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle pars, and the rest is reabsorbed in the
collecting ducts.

f. reabsorption of urea
Urea is the end product of protein metabolism. Urea would be entirely filtered
at the glomerulus, and then be reabsorbed partially in capillary peritubulus, and urea
did not undergo the process of secretion. Most of urea will be reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule end as the proximal convoluted tubules are not permeable to urea.
When it reaches the collecting duct urea will start reabsorbed back.
g. Phosphate and Calcium reabsorption
Kidney more directly regulate the levels of both phosphate and calcium ions
in the plasma. Calcium entirely filtered at the glomerulus, 40% is reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule kontortis and 50% in the loop of Henle reabsorption in the ascending
pars. In the reabsorption of calcium controlled by parathyroid hormone. Ion
phosphate filtered, sebnayak 80% will be reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted
tubules then the rest will be in eksresikan into the urine.
Kidney mammals when cut in half so there are two parts, the outer edges of
the kidney called the renal cortex and the inner triangular pyramid called kidney or
renal medulla section. Kidneys are part of the functional unit of the kidney is the
smallest, the nephron. Each kidney consist of about one million nephrons
nefron.Setiap consists of components that glomerular vascular and tubular
components, both structurally and functionally closely related (Sudoyo, 2006).
Nephron consists of several parts :
1. The glomerulus
The glomerulus is a capillary-shaped ball past contained along arterioles.
Functions for the filtration of water and solutes in the blood.
2. The capsule bowman
Bowman's capsule is a widening of the nephron is limited by the epithelium
that surrounds the glomerulus to accumulate solutes filtered by the glomerulus.
3. The proximal convoluted tubule
Filtered fluid will flow into the proximal convoluted tubule. The layout
of these tubules in the kidney cortex, length 14 mm in diameter 50-60nm. The
shape meandering and ended up as a straight line which runs towards the medulla,
the loop of Henle.
4. The loop of Henle
Loop of Henle is a short nephron segments that have a thin, sharp curved
form U-shaped Hufuf pars descending part of the loop of Henle stretched from the

cortex to the medulla, while the ascending pars walking back from the kidney
cortex toward the medulla.
5. distal tubule
After passing through the loop of Henle, it will continue into the distal
tubules of the nephron. Distal convoluted tubule is shorter than the proximal
tubule and distal tubular section is meandering in the cortex and ended up in duct
koligens.
6. collecting duct
Koligens duct is collecting ducts which will receive fluid and solutes from
the distal tubule. Koligens duct runs from the medulla beam toward the medulla.
Each collecting duct that runs toward the medulla will empty the urine that has
been formed into the renal pelvis.

A thorough knowledge of developing accessory renal arteries characterized

by an increased number of kidney transplants and procedures uroradiologi
lainnya.Ginjal is one of the vital organs in the human body. It receives a rich blood
supply, nearly 25% of cardiac output passing through the renal arteries to be filtered
by the kidneys. There are 3 kinds of arteries found in the kidney, arteries accessories
that are the arteries arising from the abdominal aorta or renal artery, then aberrant
artery or arteries arising from the addition to the aorta or renal artery and perforating

artery or arteries piercing the artery above or below the polar enter through the hilum
(Saritha. S et al, 2013).
The process of kidney damage by a variety of causes can lead to progressive
damage in the form of disorders such as glomerulus hyperfiltration, micro
albuminuria, albuminuria, distal tubules fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. In
accordance with the stages, there will be changes in the growing weight of the
biochemistry of blood or clinical manifestations among other things, an increase in
blood pressure, decreased hemoglobin, increased levels of phosphate, decreased
calcium, increased levels of parathyroid hormone, increased ueum, creatinine,
disturbances acid-base balance and others. The decline in renal function resulted in
decreased phosphate excretion of phosphate so many that are in circulation. This will
lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. The damage inflicted is calcification of soft
tissues such as muscle, blood vessels and kidneys (Sukandar, 2006).
Chronic kidney disease is a pathophysiological process with diverse etiology,
resulting in a progressive decline in renal function, and generally end up with kidney
failure. Furthermore, renal failure is a clinical condition characterized by decreased
kidney function that irreversible, to a degree that requires renal replacement therapy
were fixed, in the form of dialysis or a kidney transplant (Sudoyo, 2006). Terminal
stage renal failure decreased glomerulus filtration rate is progressive. Due to the
reduced glomerulus filtration rate, there will be malfunctioning of excretion and
cause a decrease in excretion of potassium (hypercalemia), an increase in urea and
creatinine in the blood and decreased reabsorption of other substances such as
phosphates, uric acid, HCO3-, Ca2+ urea, amino acids. Disorders of the kidney
function raises hyperphosphataemia, hyperuricaemia, and metabolic acidosis
(Silbernagyl dan Lang, 2007).
Disorders of the kidneys can be divided into two, namely accute kidney
dissease (AKD) and crhonic kidney dessease (CKD). AKD s a sudden decrease in
renal physiology in 48 hours in the form of increase in serum creatinine levels over
0.3 mg / dl (more than 26,4mol / l), presentation of the increase in serum creatinine
of> 50% (1.5 x the increase from baseline), or a reduction in urine production
(oliguria which accounted for less than 0.5 ml / kg / h for more than 6 hours)
(Sudoyo, 2006).
Crhonic kidney dessease (CKD) Is a pathophysiologic process with diverse
etiology, resulting in a progressive decline in renal function, and generally end up

with kidney failure. Furthermore, renal failure is a clinical condition characterized by

the irreversible decline in kidney function, on a drajat requiring renal replacement
therapy were fixed, in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation. Uremia is a
clinical and laboratory syndrome that occurs in all organs, due to decreased function
kidney in chronic kidney disease (Sudoyo, 2006).
High levels of urea in the blood is called uremia. The cause of uremia in CRF
is due to interference filtration function of the kidneys that can occur accumulation of
urea in the blood. Urea in the urine can diffuse into the bloodstream and lead toxicity
that affects glomerulus and renal microvasculature or renal tubules (Sacher, 2004).
When the glomerular filtration less than 10% of normal, the clinical symptoms of
uremia began to appear. The patient will show symptoms of irritation of the
gastrointestinal tract, neurological disorders, such as ammonia breath (fetor
uremikum), pericarditis uremia and uremic pneumonitis. Disorder in cerebral can
occur in a state of very high urea and cause coma uremikum (Baron, 1995).

IV. CONCLUSION
The conclusion that can be drawn from the results of this experiment are as
follows:
1. The compound which is filtered by the kidneys is glucose, starch, protein, while
distilled water escapes from renal filtration.

2. Failure filtration indicates impaired kidney function.

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