Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the idea of integrating the layer-II label-switching technique with the layer-III ad-hoc
routing and to study the effect of MultiProtocol Label Switch (MPLS) mechanism on the performance of
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs). This integration shows various effects on the QoS pramateres and
in this paper, a number of these effects will be discussed through various anlyses and simulations.
Keywords: MPLS, MANETs, QoS, AODV, OLSR, ZRP.
INTRODUCTION
(a)
MOTIVATION
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 52
(b)
Figure 1: Different categories of MANET protocols
www.ubicc.org
3.1 Introduction
MPLS is a packet forwarding protocol that is
capable of layer III to Layer II mapping. The essence
of this protocol is to assign packet flows to Label
Switched Paths (LSPs). Packets are classified and at
the ingress router (edge router at the MPLS domain)
or the Label Edge Router (LER), based on
Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FECs) [8, 9].
In MPLS, traffic is aggregated into FEC groups.
FECs are assigned to specific LSP and TrafficEngineering (TE) can be implemented to assign
high-priority FECs onto high-quality LSPs and
lower-priority FECs onto lower-quality LSPs.
MPLS is therefore capable of connectionoriented QoS treatment. FECs summarize essential
information about the packet, such as:
Destination
Precedence
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Membership
Layer III information (QoS specifications,
selected interfaces, etc)
Labels are assigned at the ingress after normal
layer III headers are stripped-off. At the MPLS
domains ending edge (egress), normal layer III
information is attached back to the packets. Figure 2
shows a typical MPLS Domain with its edge routers.
MPLS benefits both from circuit-switched
network attributes, similar to ATM, which can
provide minimum bandwidth guaranteed, and from
packet-switched
network
attribute,
offering
connectionless flexibilities, such as in IP. From
functional point of view, the other reason for
migrating to MPLS is the fact that MPLS works at
the layer II and can integrate wide variety of
protocols on to the data link layer. Therefore, MPLS
acts as a network layer independent protocol. It is,
therefore highly reliability, it supports variety of QoS
criteria, and Traffic Engineering (TE).
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 53
www.ubicc.org
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 54
MPLS
AND AD-HOC ON-DEMAND
DISTANCE VECTOR (AODV)
www.ubicc.org
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 55
www.ubicc.org
OLSR-MPLS INTEGRATION
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 56
www.ubicc.org
(a)
(b)
Figure 11: OLSR Packet Format (a) and Hello
Format (b)
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 57
5.2.1
Observations
Figure 12 shows that the delays in both
traditional OLSR and MPLS-OLSR schemes act
somehow linearly when nodes start from zero
mobility up to around 5 m/Sec. The delay of
MPLS-OLSR reaches stability afterwards,
however the traditional OLSR keeps increasing
the delay. Figure 14 shows sharp decrease of
delay in MPLS-OLSR scheme when the number
of nodes increases from 30 to 100.
www.ubicc.org
6 ZRP-MPLS INTEGRATION
The hybrid Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) [7] is
able to adapt to a wide variety of network scenarios
by adjusting the range of the nodes to maintain
routing zones proactively. ZRP divides the network
into overlapping routing zones, where independent
protocols are run inside and between the zones. ZRP
utilizes two mechanisms: intra-zone protocol (IARP)
and inter-zone protocol (IERP).
The intra-zone protocol (IARP) is a proactive
protocol that works inside the zone and learns all the
possible routes, proactively. The inter-zone protocol
(IERP) is a reactive mechanism. By sending RREQ
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 58
www.ubicc.org
6.3.1 Observation
Figures 16 an 17 show an average of 20%
reduction in delay times comparing the performance
of traditional ZRP with MPLS-ZRP. This reduction
happens for mobility of 10 m/Sec or higher and
average number of nodes of 35 or higher.
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 59
CONCLUSION
www.ubicc.org
8
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
Figure 19: Delay/Variable Node Mobility in ZRP,
OLSR, and AODV with MPLS Integration
From the other hand, ZRP shows worst
performance because it is not well matched with a
reliable protocol, such as MPLS.
[13]
[14]
Volume 2 Number 2
Page 60
REFERENCES
E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, R. Callon,
Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture,
RFC 3031, January 2001
F. Le Faucheur, W. Lai, Requirements for
Support of Differentiated Services-aware
MPLS Traffic Engineering, RFC 2564, July
2003
D. Johnson, C. Perkins, J. Arkko, Mobility
Support in IPv6, RFC 3775, June 2004
Vincent Untz, Martin Heusse, Franck
Rousseau, Andrzej Duda, On Demand Label
Switching for Spontaneous Edge Networks,
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM
workshop on Future directions in network
architecture, August 30-30, 2004, Portland,
Oregon, USA
C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das, Ad
hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
Routing, RFC 3561, July 2003
T. Clausen and P. Jacquet. Optimized Link
State Routing Protocol (OLSR), RFC 3626,
October 2003
Z. J. Haas, M. R. Pearlman, The Zone
Routing Protocol (ZRP) for Ad Hoc
Networks, INTERNET-DRAFT, March 2000
V. Vassiliou, H. L. Owen, D. Barlow, J. Sokol,
H. P. Huth, M-MPLS, Micromobilityenabled Multiprotocol Label Switching Proc.
IEEE
International
Conference
on
Communications (ICC2003), Alaska, USA,
May 2003
Sasan Adibi, Mohammad Naserian, Shervin
Erfani, Mobile-IP MPLS-Based Networks,
CCECE 2005, Saskatoon, May 2005
Ina Minei, MPLS DiffServ-aware Traffic
Engineering, Juniper Networks White Paper,
2004
F. Le Faucheur, L. Wu, B. Davie, S. Davari,
P. Vaananen, R. Krishnan, P. Cheval, J.
Heinanen, Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(MPLS) Support of Differentiated Services,
RFC 3270, May 2002
Shinji Motegi, Hiroki Horiuchi, Proposal on
AODV-based Multipath Routing Protocol for
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, First International
Workshop on Networked Sensing Systems,
INSS 2004
Mahesh K. Marina Samir R. Das, Ondemand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in
Ad Hoc Networks, EE 398b Project, Stanford
University, Ca, USA, 2004
Zygmunt J. Haas, Marc R. Pearlman: The
performance of query control schemes for the
zone routing protocol. IEEE/ACM Trans.
Netw. 9(4): 427-438 (2001)
www.ubicc.org