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Hong Kong Institution of Vocation Education (Tsing Yi)


Department of Construction
CBE 3028 Steelwork Design
Laboratory Report
Experiment: Bolt Connection Test

Group Member:
Submission Date:

CONTENT

OBJECTIVE

P.3

APPARATUS

P.3

TESTING PROCEDURES

P.7

RESULT CALCULATION

P.12
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CONCLUSION

P.20

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the behavior of failure about bolted connection with steel splice under
tensile force.
By testing with three set-ups, understand the failure mode of them.
After obtaining data from experiment, compare between it and theoretical value from
calculation.
APPARATUS
Tensile Test Machine
Grade 8.8 M10 bolts
Ordinary bolts are in three strength grades in
BS4190:2001 as specified below:
1. Grade S355 steel main plates of 16 mm
thick.
2. Grade S275 steel cover plates of 6 mm
thick.
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TESTING PROCEDURES
1.

Assemble the steel connections as indicate in the diagrams of setup no.1 to no. 3

Set-up No.1 : 2 bolts with 1 bolt at each side, double 12 mm cover plates
Set-up No.2 : 4 bolts with 2 bolts at each side, double 12 mm cover plates
Set-up No.3 : 8 bolts with 4 bolts at each side, double 12 mm cover plates.

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2.

22 type of failure.
Use testing machine to illustrate each

The result is recorded by software from computer.

At the moment of failure for set-up

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Shear failure of the bolts

Shape deform of cover plate at the end edge

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Shear failure of the hole.

3. At the moment of failure happen, the failed elements appear so that one testing
is completed. Repeat the steps until all set-ups are done.
RESULT CALCULATION
SET UP NO. 1

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Table 9.59.6, p s=375 N / mm2 , pbb =1000 N /mm2 , pbs=550 N /mm2


Bolt Capacity
Shear Capacity of bolts
Ps=2 ps A s
2 ( 375 )( 58.9 ) ( 103 )
44.175 kN per bolt
Compare main platecover plate
2 cover plate=16 mm>12 mm , which is thethickness of main plate
t p=1 2 mm
Bolt bearing capacity
Pbb= pbb d t p= (1000 )( 10 ) ( 12 ) ( 103 ) =120 kN per bolt

bearing
capacity of Plate
Pbs=k bs d t p pbs
Pbs=0.5 k bs e t p p bs
Pbs=1.5 I c t p U s 2.0 d t p U b
2
2
For S 355, pbs =550 N /mm , U s=510 N /mm
For Standard hole , k bs =1.0 , d=10 mm , t p=16 mm , e=35 mm
Pbs=( 1.0 ) ( 10 ) (16 )( 510 ) ( 103 ) =88 kN
Pbs=( 0.5 ) ( 1.0 ) ( 35 ) (16) ( 550 ) ( 103 ) =154 kN
Connection part capacity=88 kN per bolt
Two bolts capacity =2 x 88=176 kN
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Strength
of Plates
For Main Plates
Gross Area=( 65 ) ( 16 )=1040 mm2
p y strength=355 N /mm2 (t <16 mm)
2
A e =( 1.1 )( 16 )( 6512 )=932.8 mm
Pt =( 355 )( 932.8 ) ( 103 ) =331.14 kN

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For Cover Plates


2
Gross Area=( 65 ) ( 6 )=390 mm
2
p y strength=275 N /mm (t 16 mm)
A e =( 1.1 )( 6 )( 15012 )=349.8 mm2
Pt =( 2 )( 275 ) ( 349.8 ) ( 103 )=192.4 kN

Bearing capacity of set-up No. 1 will be governed by connecting part of cover plate at
176 kN or shear of bolt at 120 kN.

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SET UP NO. 2

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Table 9.59.6, p s=375 N / mm2 , pbb =1000 N /mm2 , pbs=550 N /mm2


Bolt Capacity
Shear Capacity of bolts
Ps=2 ps A s
2 ( 375 )( 58.9 ) ( 103 )
44.175 kN per bolt
Compare main platecover plate
2 cover plate=16 mm>12 mm , which is thethickness of main plate
t p=1 2 mm
Bolt bearing capacity
Pbb= pbb d t p= (1000 )( 10 ) ( 12 ) ( 103 ) =120 kN per bolt

bearing
capacity of Main PlateCover Plate
For Main Plate
Pbs=k bs d t p pbs
Pbs=0.5 k bs e t p p bs
Pbs=1.5 I c t p U s 2.0 d t p U b
2
2
For S 355, pbs =550 N /mm , U s=510 N /mm
For Standard hole , k bs =1.0 , d=10 mm , t p=16 mm , e=35 mm
I c =351 2=23 mm
Pbs=( 1.0 ) ( 10 ) (16 )( 510 ) ( 103 ) =88 kN
Pbs=( 0.5 ) ( 1.0 ) ( 35 ) (16) ( 550 ) ( 103 ) =154 kN
Pbs=( 1.5 ) ( 60 ) (12 )( 510 ) ( 103 )=281.5 kN
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(2.0)(60)(12)( 800)(103)=256 kN 22
For Cover Plate
For S 275, p bs =460 N /mm2 , U s=430 N /mm2
For Standard hole , k bs=1.0 , d=10 mm , t p=1 2 mm ,e=35 mm
I c =351 2=23 mm
Pbs=( 1.0 ) ( 10 ) (1 2 ) ( 510 ) ( 103 )=55.2 kN
Pbs=( 0.5 ) ( 1.0 ) ( 35 ) (12) ( 550 ) ( 103 )=96.6 kN
Pbs=( 1.5 ) ( 35 ) (12 ) ( 430 ) ( 103 ) =178.02 kN
(2.0)(23)(12)( 800)(103 )=192 kN
Connection part capacity=55.2 kN per bolt
Two bolts capacity =2 x 55.2=100.4 kN

Strength
of Plates
For Main Plates
Gross Area=( 65 ) ( 16 )=1040 mm2
2
p y strength=355 N /mm (t <16 mm)
A e =( 1.1 )( 16 )( 6512 )=932.8 mm2
Pt =( 355 )( 932.8 ) ( 103 ) =331.14 kN
For Cover Plates

Gross Area=( 65 ) ( 6 )=390 mm 2


p y strength=275 N /mm2 (t 16 mm)
A e =( 1.1 )( 6 )( 15012 )=349.8 mm2
Pt =( 2 )( 275 ) ( 349.8 ) ( 103 )=192.4 kN
Bearing capacity of set-up No. 2 will be governed by double shear of bolts at 88.35
kN.

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SET UP NO. 3

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Table 9.59.6, p s=375 N / mm2 , pbb =1000 N /mm2 , pbs=550 N /mm2


Bolt Capacity
Shear Capacity of bolts
Ps=2 ps A s
2 ( 375 )( 58.9 ) ( 103 )
44.175 kN per bolt
Compare main platecover plate
2 cover plate=16 mm>12 mm , which is thethickness of main plate
t p=1 2 mm
Bolt bearing capacity
Pbb= pbb d t p= (1000 )( 10 ) ( 12 ) ( 103 ) =120 kN per bolt

bearing
capacity of Main PlateCover Plate
For Main Plate
Pbs=k bs d t p pbs
Pbs=0.5 k bs e t p p bs
Pbs=1.5 I c t p U s 2.0 d t p U b
2
2
For S 355, pbs =550 N /mm , U s=510 N /mm
For Standard hole , k bs =1.0 , d=10 mm , t p=16 mm , e=35 mm
I c =351 2=23 mm
Pbs=( 1.0 ) ( 10 ) (16 )( 510 ) ( 103 ) =88 kN

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Pbs=( 0.5 ) ( 1.0 ) ( 35 ) (16) ( 550 ) ( 103 ) =15422
kN
3
Pbs=( 1.5 ) ( 60 ) (12 )( 510 ) ( 10 )=281.5 kN
(2.0)(60)(12)( 800)(103)=256 kN
For Cover Plate
For S 275, p bs =460 N /mm2 , U s=430 N /mm2
For Standard hole , k bs=1.0 , d=10 mm , t p=1 2 mm ,e=35 mm
I c =351 2=23 mm
Pbs=( 1.0 ) ( 10 ) (1 2 ) ( 510 ) ( 103 )=55.2 kN
Pbs=( 0.5 ) ( 1.0 ) ( 35 ) (12) ( 550 ) ( 103 )=96.6 kN
Pbs=( 1.5 ) ( 35 ) (12 ) ( 430 ) ( 103 ) =178.02 kN
(2.0)(23)(12)( 800)(103 )=192 kN
Connection part capacity=55.2 kN per bolt
Two bolts capacity =2 x 55.2=100.4 kN

Strength
of Plates
For Main Plates
Gross Area=( 65 ) ( 16 )=1040 mm2
p y strength=355 N /mm2 (t <16 mm)
A e =( 1.1 )( 16 )( 6512 )=932.8 mm2
Pt =( 355 )( 932.8 ) ( 103 ) =331.14 kN
For Cover Plates

Gross Area=( 50 ) ( 6 )=300 mm 2


p y strength=275 N /mm2 (t 16 mm)
2
A e =( 1.1 )( 6 )( 5012 )=250.8 mm
Pt =( 2 )( 275 ) ( 349.8 ) ( 103 )=137.94 kN
Overall bearing capacity of set-up No. 3 will be governed by tensile strength of cover
plate at 137.94 kN.

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22mode for each set-up
Summary of the failure

SET-UP NO. 1 (Shear failure of the bolt)

SET-UP NO. 2 (Shear failure of the bolts)

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SET-UP NO. 3 (Tension failure of cover plates)

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DISCUSSION
There are three mode of failure for the bolt connection: shear failure, crushing of
cover plate and tension failure. These modes are indicated by picture as below.

Normally, depends on the thickness of cover plate, the failure always happened to the
cover plate first, which is not exceed around 15 mm because the bolt has the fixed
capacity of bearing and shearing. Once that thickness of the plate is insufficient,
crushing or shearing failure will happened, but it will not appear simultaneously. For
tension failure, rupture is found on the plate because the bolt capacity is greater than
the cover plate because of 8 bolts, so that it dominates the failure of the connection.
Below is a summary of the test with comparison between calculations and
practical
Set-up
No.

Mix load
applied
(kN)

Failure mode

Findings

Theoretical
Calculation Result

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179.65 kN

84.72 kN

186.78 kN

Shear failure 22

Cover plates
crushed

End shear failure of


cover plate at 176
kN

Shear failure

No founding.

Shear failure of
bolts at 88.35 kN.

Tension failure

Cover plates are


failed by tension

Tension failure of
cover plate at
137.94 kN.

To compared between the theoretical result and experimental result, they are quite
near, but the failure values are always bigger than the theoretical value, this is because
the materials has ultimate failure point. After reaching yield point, the material still
not going to fail immediately but it is not elastic anymore so that the shape is going to
deform so that the value could be enhance a little.

Figure: Testing result of three set-ups.


Analysis: These three curves are the load versus deflection graph of three set-ups of
steel splice-bolt connections. There fail value are different but the shape of them are
equivalent. This is because of the same material of steel about four main stages:
elastic limit, yield point, ultimate point, and failure point.
For set-up No.2 (red circle), there is a rebounded value (the value sudden increase
after the load reduces rapidly), this is because the de-bonding of the bolts is going is
be happened and it almost attains failure point but exceed ultimate limit. As the result,
there is a short time that the load increases.
SOURCE OF ERROR
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No perfect testing in the world, errors must exist come with experiment but we could
only minimize them. Here are some possible errors.
1.

The bearing of the bolt may not exactly effectively contact with the cover
plate because of corrosion.
2.
The material may has metal fatigue because of long time storage.
3.
The contact area between steel splice and the machine, which is relative
minor.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
1.

Provide more combinations of different thickness of the plates

2.

Use more different sizes of diameter for the bolts.

3.

Use new batch of material as possible to avoid any failure of the


deterioration of material.
REFERENCES
1. Code of Practice of Structural Use of Steel 2011, Building Department, Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region
2. Joints in Steel Connection Simple Construction (2005), The Steel Construction
Institute and The British Construction Steelwork Association Limited

CBE 3028 Steelwork Design | Laboratory Report

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