RESUME RUMUS

REKAYASA
LINGKUNGAN
TAMBANG

YOSYTHA PADA PARISSING

D621 13 304
 MINE GASES AND THEIR CONTROL

Tingkat volume aliran udara yang digunakan untuk mengurangi konsentrasi bebera gas
sampai dengan level yang dapat diterima dapat dihitung dengan cara sebagai berikut:
𝑪𝑬 𝒙 𝒒
𝑸=
𝑪𝑬 𝑻𝑳𝑽 − 𝑪𝒂
Where,
Q = Volume flow rate of air required in m3/s per kW
Ce = Concentration of gas in exhaust, ppm
q = exhaust quantity, m3/kW
CTLV = TLV of gas, ppm
Ca = ambient concentration of gas in normal air

METHANE AND IT’S CONTROL IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES

4.1 Presence of Methane in Coal Seams

Metane is present in coal seams in two forms:
1. Adsorbed
Adsorbed methane gas in coal at pressures normally encountered in coal mines
can be adequately described by Langmuir’s equation of the type:

𝒂𝒃𝒑
𝑸=
𝟏 + 𝒃𝒑

Where,
𝑄 = 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝, 𝑚3 /𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑟 ′ 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ∞, 𝑚^3/
𝑡 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑏 = 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑚𝑢𝑖𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

2. Free Methane
It can be calculated using the relationship:

𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝜼𝒑
𝑸=
𝑻𝒑𝟎
Where,
𝑄 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠, 𝑚3 /𝑡;
𝜂 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑚3 /𝑡
𝑝 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑘𝑃𝑎; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

Adsorption capacity is highly dependent upon the moisture content of coal and
can be describe by:
𝑸𝒘 𝟏
=
𝑸𝒅 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝒘
Where,
𝑄𝑑 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙, 𝑚3 /𝑡
𝑄𝑤 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙, 𝑚3 /𝑡 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑤 = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡, %when the moisture content reaches 4%, saturation
occurs and no further drop in gas adsorption takes place. Thus the limiting
effect of moisture is given by:
𝑸𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝑸𝒅

4.2 Emission of gas from Coal

If the unit particles forming the coal are assumed to be spherical (an
approximation) then the amount of gas Q desorbed in a given time t can be given by
(Boxho et al., 1980)

𝑸𝒕 = 𝑸∞ √𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟒𝝅
𝟐 (𝑫/𝒅𝟐 )𝒕

Where,
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑, 𝑚3 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡
𝑄∞ = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= ∞, 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒;
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑐𝑚2
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑠
; 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑑 = 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑐𝑚; = 6𝑉/𝐴0 (𝑉 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐴0 =

𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)

The value of D for methane is about 10-10 cm2/s. for small values of t[t<(d2/ πD)],
equation:
 𝟏𝟐 𝑫𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝑫𝒕
𝑸𝒕 = 𝑸∞ ( √ − 𝟐 )
𝒅 𝝅 𝒅

𝒐𝒓

𝑸𝒕 𝟏𝟐 𝑫𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝑫𝒕
= √ − 𝟐
𝑸∞ 𝒅 𝝅 𝒅

Since D and d are constants for given sample, one can state that
𝑸𝒕
= 𝒌𝟏 √𝒕
𝑸∞

𝒏
𝑸𝒕 = 𝑸𝒘 [𝟏 − 𝒆(−𝒕/𝒕𝟎) ]
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑡0 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 63%𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑛 = 0,33𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙

From equation above:

𝟏𝟐 𝑫 𝟏𝟐𝑫√𝒕
𝒌𝟏 = √ −
𝒅 𝝅 𝒅𝟐

Since D is very small and d is comparatively large, the second term of equation (4.9)
can be neglected. Hence

𝟏𝟐 𝑫
𝒌𝟏 = √
𝒅 𝝅

Or
𝑫 𝝅𝒌𝟐𝟏
= 𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒅

4.3 Gas Content of Coal Seams

4.3.1 Direct Methods

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q1 = gas lost between drilling of the core and transfer of the core from the drill hole to
the bomb
Q2 = gas liberated from the core after placing it in the bomb
Q3 = gas liberated when the coal sample is crushed, most frequently called the rest
gas

4.3.2 Indirect Methods

(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − %𝒎𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 − %𝒂𝒔𝒉) 𝟏. 𝟖𝒉

𝑸= (𝟎. 𝟕𝟓) 𝒙 [𝒌(𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔𝒉)𝒏 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 ( + 𝟏)]
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where,
Q = gas content, m3/t;
h = depth, m; and
k and n = constants
𝟏 𝒘
𝑸𝒑 = [𝒑𝒄 − 𝒑 (𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟏 − )]
𝒘 𝒑𝒄

Where,
𝑄𝑝 = quantity of gas absorded at pressure p, m3/t;
V1 = volume of bomb containing the sample, cm3
V2 = volume of chamber containing gas, cm3;
Pc = pressure of gas in the chamber;
P = pressure of gas in the chamber and bomb after equilibrium is reached;
Pc = pressure of gas in the chamber;
w = mass of coal sample, g; and
𝑝 = helium density of coal, g/cm3.

𝟏 𝒘𝟑 − 𝒘𝟐 𝑽𝟏 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏
𝑸𝒑 = [( )− (𝑽𝟎 − )]
𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 𝒑𝒈 𝑽𝟎 𝒑𝒄

Where,
𝑄𝑝 = gas absorbed at a given equilibrium pressure p, m3/t;
𝑤2 = mass of the evacuated, g;
𝑤1 = mass of the coal sample plus bomb when evacuated;
𝑤3 = mass of the bomb containi coal sample when saturated with gas at pressure p,g
𝑉0 = free volume of the bomb when empty at NTP, cm3;
𝑉1 = volume of gas at NTP contained in bomb when pressurised to pressure p, cm3;
𝑝𝑔 = density of gas, g/cm3; and
𝑝𝑐 = density of coal, g/cm3.

4.5.1. Estimation of gas emission into development excavations

A. Bozko method
𝜶𝒘𝒅𝒍𝑾𝟎 𝜸
𝑽𝑪𝑯𝟒 =
𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎
Where,
𝑉𝐶𝐻4 = methane emission, m3/minute
𝛼 = factor depending upon the excavation development; for a single excavation,
𝛼 = 2, for two headings, 𝛼 = 2 + z/l (<4) where z = length of cut-through
𝑙 = depth of fracture zone (6 m)
𝑑 = thickness of seam, m
𝑤 = rate of advance, m/month
𝑊0 = methane content of seam, m3/t
𝛾 = density of coal (1.4 ton/m3)

B. Oriechowa method
𝑽𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝟐𝟓𝜶𝒅𝒘𝑽𝑷 𝒄̅𝒌𝒘
Where,
𝑉𝐶𝐻4 = methane emission, m3/minute
𝛼 = 2 for a single roadway, = 2 + 0.05l1 (<4) for two roadways where l1 =
distance between parallel roadways, m
𝑑 = thickness of seam, m
𝑤 = rate of advance, m/day
𝑉𝑃 = quantity of gas liberated from a unit surface area of the exposed
roadway, m3/minute/m2 (determine experimentally)
𝑐̅ = coefficient defining the increase in gas emission determined by the
relationship 𝑐̅ = 0.724 ln (1.52t + 1) – 0.1t, where t = time, month
𝑉𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑉𝐶𝐻4 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑘𝑤 = constant given by the equation 𝑘𝑤 = 𝑉𝐶𝐻4

C. Barbara experimental mine method

 𝒘𝒃(∑ 𝒅𝒘 )𝜸(𝑾𝟎 − 𝑾𝒌 ) 𝟑
𝑽𝟏𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝒎 /𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝒃(∑ 𝒅𝒘 )𝑽𝑷 𝒎𝟑 /𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆

𝑽𝟑𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝒏(∑ 𝒅𝒘 )𝒘𝑽𝑷 (𝟑𝟎𝒌 + 𝒏′ 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕−𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆

And the total gas emitted is

𝑽𝒕𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝑽𝟏𝑪𝑯𝟒 + 𝑽𝟐𝑪𝑯𝟒 + 𝑽𝟑𝑪𝑯𝟒
Where,
𝑑𝑤 = total thickness of the coal bed exposed
𝑏 = width of the excavation, m
𝛾 = density of coal, ton/m3
𝑉𝑃 = gas liberated from a unit area of exposed surface (m3/minute/m2)
𝑛 = number of surfaces in a roadway (for full thickness excavation n=2)
𝑊0 = gas content of the coal, m3/t
𝑊𝑘 = rest gas, m3/t
𝑘 = permeability
𝑛′ = sequential number of the day after the start of drivae of the excavation.
𝑡 = time of drivage of excavation, months (t = n’/30)

D. Pawinski method

𝒎𝒌 𝒑𝒂 𝟐 − 𝒑𝟎 𝟐 𝟎.𝟓
𝑽𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝟐𝒅𝒘 (√ )( )𝒕
𝝁𝝅𝝆𝒂 𝒑𝟎

Where,
𝑑 = thickness of seam, m
𝑤 = rate of advance, m/s
𝑃𝑎 = in-situ gas pressure in the seam, 105 Pa
𝑃𝑣 = air pressure in the excavation, 105 Pa
𝑚 = porosity
µ = viscosity of methane, Ns/m2
𝑘 = permeability
t = time elapsed after start of driving the heanding, s.

E. Experimental techniques
𝑽𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝑨𝒕𝜶
 and if a heading has been stopped, gas emission is given by
𝑳 𝜶
𝑽𝑪𝑯𝟒 = 𝑨𝒕𝜶 − 𝑨 (𝒕 − )
𝒘
Where,
𝑉𝐶𝐻4 = volume of gas emitted, m3/minute
𝑡 = time elapsed, days
𝛼 and A = constants for a given area and depend upon local conditions
𝑤 = rate of advance, m/day, and
𝐿 = length of the heading.
If observations are made over a period of time for gas emission from a heading
advancing at a fixed rate, then the value of 𝛼 can be calculated from the
relationship
𝑽
𝐥𝐧 𝑽𝟐
𝟏
𝜶= 𝒕
𝐥𝐧 𝒕𝟐
𝟏

The value of A can be calculated from the relationship

𝑽
𝑨=
𝒕𝜶
The equations can modified as follows:
𝑽 − 𝑽𝟎
𝐥𝐧 ( 𝒊 )
𝑽𝒏 − 𝑽𝟎
𝜶= 𝒕
𝐥𝐧 (𝒕 𝒊 )
𝒏

4.6.6. Combating Layering of Gas in Roadways

The following equation may be used to indicated beforehand whether in any
given roadway methane layering will occur:

𝟑 𝟒. 𝟑 𝑸
𝒗= √
𝑾

Where,
v = velocity of airflow, m/s;
Q = rate of emission of methane into the roadway, m3/s; and
W = width of the roadway, m.