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5

Series Solutions of Linear Equations

Exercises 5.1


 n+1 n+1

 an+1 
2
x
/(n + 1) 
2n



= lim
1. lim 
lim
|x| = 2|x|
 = n
n
an  n 
2n xn /n
n+1
The series is absolutely convergent for 2|x| < 1 or |x| < 1/2. At x = 1/2, the series
the alternating series test. At x = 1/2, the series


(1)n
converges by
n
n=1


1
is the harmonic series which diverges. Thus, the given
n
n=1

series converges on [1/2, 1/2).






 an+1 
 100n+1 (x + 7)n+1 /(n + 1)! 



 = lim 100 |x + 7| = 0
2. lim 
= lim 

 n n + 1
n
n
n
n
an
100 (x + 7) /n!
The series is absolutely convergent on (, ).




 ak+1 
 (x 5)k+1 /10k+1 



 = lim 1 |x 5| = 1 |x 5|
3. lim 
= lim 

 k 10
k
k
k
k
ak
(x 5) /10
10
1
|x 5| < 1, |x 5| < 10, or on (5, 15). At x = 5, the series
10




(1)k 10k
=
1 diverges by the k-th term test. At x = 15, the series
=
(1)k
10k

The series is absolutely convergent for


(1)k (10)k
k=1

10k

k=1

k=1

k=1

diverges by the k-th term test. Thus, the series converges on (5, 15).




k+1 
 ak+1 

 = lim  (k + 1)!(x 1)
 = lim (k + 1)|x 1| = ,
4. lim 
 k
k
ak  k 
k!(x 1)k

x = 1

The radius of convergence is 0 and the series converges only for x = 1.



5. sin x cos x =

6. e

7.


cos x =



x3
x5
x7
x2
x4
x6
2x3
2x5
4x7
+

+
1
+

+ = x
+

+
6
120 5040
2
24 720
3
15
315



x2
x3
x4
x2
x4
x3
x4
1x+

+

1
+
= 1 x +

+
2
6
24
2
24
3
6

1
1
5x4
61x6
x2
=
+
+
+
=1+
2
4
6
cos x
2
4!
6!
1 x2 + x x +
4!
6!
Since cos(/2) = cos(/2) = 0, the series converges on (/2, /2).

8.

1x
3
1 3
3
= x + x2 x3 +
2+x
2 4
8
16
Since the function is undened at x = 2, the series converges on (2, 2).

212

Exercises 5.1

9.

2ncn xn1 +

n=1

6cn xn+1 = 2 1 c1 x0 +

n=0

2ncn xn1 +

n=2




n=0

k=n1

= 2c1 +

= 2c1 +



k=n+1

2(k + 1)ck+1 xk +

k=1

6cn xn+1

6ck1 xk

k=1

[2(k + 1)ck+1 + 6ck1 ]xk

k=1

10.

n(n 1)cn xn + 2

n=2

n(n 1)cn xn2 + 3

n=2

ncn xn

n=1

= 2 2 1c2 x0 + 2 3 2c3 x + 3 1 c1 x +

n(n 1)cn xn +2

n=2



n(n 1)cn xn2 +3

n=4



k=n

= 4c2 + (12c3 + (12c3 + 3c1 )x +

k(k 1)ck xk + 2

n=2

= 4c2 + (3c1 + 12c3 )x +

n=2

= 4c2 + (3c1 + 12c3 )x +

n=2

k=n2

y  =

(1)n+1 xn1 ,

n=1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3

n=2


n=2


[k(k 1) + 3k]ck + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk



k(k + 2)ck + 2(k + 1)(k + 2)ck+2 xk

(1)n+1 (n 1)xn2

n=2


(x + 1)y + y = (x + 1)

n+1

(1)

(n 1)x

n2

n=2

(1)n+1 xn1

n=1

(1)n+1 (n 1)xn1 +

n=2

(1)n+1 (n 1)xn2 +

n=2

= x + x +
0

n+1

(1)

n=2

n1

n+1

(1)

n=3

k=n1


k=1

(1)k+2 kxk +

(1)n+1 xn1

n=1

(n 1)x



(n 1)x



n2

(1)n+1 xn1

n=2

k=n2

(1)k+3 (k + 1)xk +

k=1


k=1



(1)k+2 k (1)k+2 k (1)k+2 + (1)k+2 xk = 0

k=1

12. y  =


(1)n 2n 2n1
x
,
22n (n!)2
n=1

xy  + y  + xy =

y  =


(1)n 2n(2n 1) 2n2
x
22n (n!)2
n=1


(1)n 2n(2n 1) 2n1  (1)n 2n 2n1  (1)n 2n+1
x
+
x
+
x
22n (n!)2
22n (n!)2
22n (n!)2
n=1
n=1
n=0







k=n

k=n

213


k=n1

(1)k+2 xk

k=n+1

ncn xn


k=n

n=2

11. y  =

kck xk

Exercises 5.1


(1)k 2k(2k 1)


(1)k 2k
(1)k1
x2k1
=
+ 2k
+ 2k2
22k (k!)2
2 (k!)2
2
[(k 1)!]2
k=1



(1)k (2k)2
(1)k
x2k1
=

22k (k!)2
22k2 [(k 1)!]2
k=1



2
2 2

k (2k) 2 k
x2k1 = 0
=
(1)
22k (k!)2
k=1

13. Substituting y =


n=0



y xy =

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

n(n 1)cn x

n2

n=2



cn x

n=0

k=n2

= 2c2 +

n+1



(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x

k=0

ck1 xk

k=1

k=n+1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck1 ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
c2 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck1 = 0
and
1
ck1 ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

ck+2 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
6
c4 = c5 = 0
1
c6 =
180

c3 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c3 = 0
1
c4 =
12
c5 = c6 = 0
1
c7 =
504
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
1 6
1
1 7
y1 = 1 + x3 +
and
y2 = x + x4 +
x +
x + .
6
180
12
504

14. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have


y +x y =


n=2

n(n 1)cn x

n2



k=n2

= 2c2 + 6c3 x +


n=0

n+2

cn x


(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x +

k=0

k=n+2

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck2 ]xk = 0.

k=2

214


k=2

ck2 xk

Exercises 5.1
Thus
c2 = c3 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck2 = 0
and
ck+2 =

1
ck2 ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
12
c5 = c6 = c7 = 0
1
c8 =
672

c4 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c4 = 0
1
20
c6 = c7 = c8 = 0
1
c9 =
1440

c5 =

and so on. Thus, two solutions are


y1 = 1
15. Substituting y =


n=0

1 4
1 8
x +
x
12
672

and

y2 = x

1 5
1 9
x +
x .
20
1440

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

y  2xy  + y =


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn2 2





n=1

k=n2

ncn xn +


(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk 2

k=0

= 2c2 + c0 +

k=n


n=0

 
k=n

kck xk +

k=1

cn xn

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (2k 1)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 + c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (2k 1)ck = 0
and
1
c2 = c0
2
2k 1
ck ,
ck+2 =
(k + 2)(k + 1)

215

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Exercises 5.1
Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
2
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 =
8
7
c6 =
336

c2 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
1
c3 =
6
1
c5 =
24
1
c7 =
112
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
1
7 6
y1 = 1 x2 x4
x
2
8
336
16. Substituting y =


n=0

1
1
1 7
x + .
y2 = x + x3 + x5 +
6
24
112

and

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

y  xy  + 2y =

n(n 1)cn xn2

n=2




n=1

k=n2

ncn xn + 2


k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0


n=0

 
k=n

kck xk + 2

k=1

= 2c2 + 2c0 +

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k 2)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 + 2c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k 2)ck = 0
and
c2 = c0
ck+2 =

cn xn

k2
ck ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 = 1
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
c4 = 0
c6 = c8 = c10 = = 0.

216

Exercises 5.1
For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain
c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
1
c3 =
6
1
c5 =
120
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
y1 = 1 x2
17. Substituting y =


n=0

and

1
1 5
x .
y2 = x x3
6
120

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

y  + x2 y  + xy =

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2




n=1

k=n2

ncn xn+1 +


k=n+1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0


n=0

cn xn+1


(k 1)ck1 xk +

k=2

= 2c2 + (6c3 + c0 )x +

k=n+1

ck1 xk

k=1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck1 ]xk = 0.

k=2

Thus
c2 = 06c3 + c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck1 = 0
and
1
c3 = c0
6
ck+2 =

k
ck1 ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
6
c4 = c5 = 0
1
c6 =
45

c3 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c3 = 0
1
6
c5 = c6 = 0
5
c7 =
252

c4 =

and so on. Thus, two solutions are


1
1
y1 = 1 x3 + x6
6
45

and

217

1
5 7
y2 = x x4 +
x .
6
232

Exercises 5.1
18. Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

y  + 2xy  + 2y =

n(n 1)cn xn2 + 2

n=2




n=1

k=n2

ncn xn + 2


k=0

 
k=n

kck xk + 2

k=1

= 2c2 + 2c0 +

cn xn

n=0

k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 2

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 + 2c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck = 0
and

c2 = c0
ck+2 =

2
ck ,
k+2

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 = 1
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
c4 =

1
2

c6 =

1
6

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
2
c3 =
3
4
c5 =
15
8
c7 =
105
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
1
2
4
8 7
y1 = 1 x2 + x4 x6 + and y2 = x x3 + x5
x + .
2
6
3
15
105

19. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have
(x 1)y  + y  =


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn1





n=2

k=n1

= 2c2 + c1 +


k=n2

(k + 1)kck+1 xk

k=1

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=1

ncn xn1


k=n1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

(k + 1)ck+1 xk

k=0

[(k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0.

k=1

218

Exercises 5.1
Thus
2c2 + c1 = 0
(k + 1)2 ck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0
and
1
c1
2
k+1
ck+1 ,
=
k+2

c2 =
ck+2

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd c2 = c3 = c4 = = 0. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


1
,
2

c2 =

1
,
3

c3 =

c4 =

1
,
4

and so on. Thus, two solutions are


y1 = 1
20. Substituting y =


n=0

1
1
1
y2 = x + x2 + x3 + x4 + .
2
3
4

and

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

(x + 2)y  + xy  y =

n(n 1)cn xn1 +

n=2



2n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2

k=n1



k=n2

(k + 1)kck+1 xk +

k=1


n=1

ncn xn



n=0

 

k=n

2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

cn xn

k=n

kck xk

k=1

ck xk

k=0




(k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 1)ck xk = 0.
= 4c2 c0 +
k=1

Thus
4c2 c0 = 0
(k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 1)ck = 0,

k = 1, 2, 3, . . .

and
1
c0
4
(k + 1)kck+1 + (k 1)ck
=
,
2(k + 2)(k + 1)

c2 =
ck+2

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c1 = 0,

c2 =

1
,
4

c3 =

1
,
24

c4 = 0,

c5 =

1
480

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = 0
c3 = 0
c4 = c5 = c6 = = 0.
Thus, two solutions are



1
1 5
1
y1 = c0 1 + x2 x3 +
x +
4
24
480

219

and

y2 = c1 x.

Exercises 5.1
21. Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

y  (x + 1)y  y =

n(n 1)cn xn2

n=2




n=1

k=n2

ncn xn



n=1

k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

ncn xn1

kck xk

= 2c2 c1 c0 +

cn xn

n=0

 

k=n1

k=1



k=n

(k + 1)ck+1 xk

k=0

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 (k + 1)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 c1 c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k 1)(ck+1 + ck ) = 0
and
c1 + c0
2
ck+1 + ck
=
ck ,
k+2

c2 =
ck+2

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 =

1
,
2

c3 =

1
,
6

c4 =

1
6

1
,
2

c3 =

1
,
2

c4 =

1
4

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 =
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
1
1
1
1
1
y1 = 1 + x2 + x3 + x4 +
and
y2 = x + x2 + x3 + x4 + .
2
6
6
2
2
4

22. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have





x2 + 1 y  6y =
n(n 1)cn xn +
n(n 1)cn xn2 6
cn xn
n=2



n=2

k=n


k=2

k(k 1)ck xk +



k=n2

n=0

 
k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk 6

k=0

ck xk

k=0

= 2c2 6c0 + (6c3 6c1 )x +



k 2 k 6 ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk = 0.

k=2

Thus
2c2 6c0 = 0
6c3 6c1 = 0
(k 3)(k + 2)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0

220

Exercises 5.1
and
c2 = 3c0
c3 = c1
ck+2 =

k3
ck ,
k+1

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 = 3
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
c4 = 1
c6 =

1
5

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
c3 = 1
c5 = c7 = c9 = = 0.
Thus, two solutions are
1
y1 = 1 + 3x2 + x4 x6 +
5
23. Substituting y =


n=0

and

y2 = x + x3 .

cn xn into the dierential equation we have






x2 + 2 y  + 3xy  y =
n(n 1)cn xn + 2
n(n 1)cn xn2 + 3
ncn xn
cn xn
n=2



n=2

k=n

k(k 1)ck xk + 2

k=2



n=1

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3

k=0

= (4c2 c0 ) + (12c3 + 2c1 )x +

k=n

kck xk

k=1



n=0

 
k=n

ck xk

k=0



2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + k 2 + 2k 1 ck xk = 0.

k=2

Thus
4c2 c0 = 0
12c3 + 2c1 = 0


2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + k 2 + 2k 1 ck = 0
and
1
c0
4
1
c3 = c1
6
k 2 + 2k 1
ck ,
ck+2 =
2(k + 2)(k + 1)
c2 =

221

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Exercises 5.1
Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
4
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
7
c4 =
96

c2 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
1
c3 =
6
7
c5 =
120
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
7
y1 = 1 + x2 x4 +
4
96

24. Substituting y =

n=0

1
7 5
x .
y2 = x x3 +
6
120

and

cn xn into the dierential equation we have






x2 1 y  + xy  y =
n(n 1)cn xn
n(n 1)cn xn2 +
ncn xn
cn xn
n=2



n=2



k=n

n=1

k=n2

k(k 1)ck xk

k=2



k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0


k=1

n=0

 
k=n

kck xk

ck xk

k=0



= (2c2 c0 ) 6c3 x +
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + k 2 1 ck xk = 0.
k=2

Thus
2c2 c0 = 0
6c3 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 1)(k + 1)ck = 0
and

1
c2 = c0
2
c3 = 0
ck+2 =

k1
ck ,
k+2

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
2
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 =
8

c2 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0.

222

Exercises 5.1
Thus, two solutions are
1
1
y1 = 1 x2 x4
2
8

25. Substituting y =

n=0

and

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

(x 1)y  xy  + y =

n(n 1)cn xn1

n=2



n(n 1)cn xn2

n=2



k=n1

y2 = x.

(k + 1)kck+1 xk

k=1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

= 2c2 + c0 +

ncn xn +

n=1

k=n2

k=0




n=0

 

k=n

kck xk +

k=1

cn xn

k=n

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)kck+1 (k 1)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 + c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 1)kck+1 (k 1)ck = 0
and

1
c0
2
(k 1)ck
kck+1

,
=
k+2
(k + 2)(k + 1)

c2 =
ck+2

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 =

1
,
2

c3 =

1
,
6

c4 = 0

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain c2 = c3 = c4 = = 0. Thus,




1
1
y = C1 1 + x2 + x3 + + C2 x
2
6
and


1 2

y = C1 x + x + + C2 .
2
The initial conditions imply C1 = 2 and C2 = 6, so


1
1
y = 2 1 + x2 + x3 + + 6x = 8x 2ex .
2
6

26. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have
(x+1)y  (2 x)y  + y
=


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn1 +





n=2

k=n1



k=n2

(k + 1)kck+1 xk +

k=1

= 2c2 2c1 + c0 +

n(n 1)cn xn2 2

n=1

ncn xn1 +


k=n1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk 2

k=0


k=0


n=1

ncn xn +


k=n

(k + 1)ck+1 xk +

223

cn xn

n=0

 
k=n


k=1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 + (k + 1)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

kck xk +


k=0

ck xk

Exercises 5.1
Thus
2c2 2c1 + c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 + (k + 1)ck = 0
and
1
c2 = c1 c0
2
1
1
ck+2 =
ck+1
ck ,
k+2
k+2

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
c2 = ,
2

1
c3 = ,
6

1
12

c4 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = 1,

c4 =

c3 = 0,

1
4

and so on. Thus,







1 2 1 3
1 4
1 4
2
y = C1 1 x x + x + + C2 x + x x +
2
6
12
4



1
1
y  = C1 x x2 + x3 + + C2 1 + 2x x3 + .
2
3

and

The initial conditions imply C1 = 2 and C2 = 1, so



 

1
1
1
1
y = 2 1 x2 x3 + x4 + x + x2 x4 +
2
6
12
4
1
5
= 2 x 2x2 x3 + x4 + .
3
12
27. Substituting y =


n=0


cn xn into the dierential equation we have




y 2xy + 8y =

n(n 1)cn x

n=2

n2




n=1

k=n2

ncn x + 8



n=0

 

k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk 2

k=0

k=n

kck xk + 8

k=1

= 2c2 + 8c0 +

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (8 2k)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 + 8c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (8 2k)ck = 0
and
c2 = 4c0
ck+2 =

cn xn

2k 8
ck ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

224

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Exercises 5.1
Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 = 4
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
4
c4 =
3
c6 = c8 = c10 = = 0.
For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain

c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
c3 = 1
1
c5 =
10

and so on. Thus,

and





4
1
y = C1 1 4x2 + x4 + C2 x x3 + x5 +
3
10




16
1
y  = C1 8x + x3 + C2 1 3x2 + x4 + .
3
2

The initial conditions imply C1 = 3 and C2 = 0, so




4
y = 3 1 4x2 + x4 = 3 12x2 + 4x4 .
3

28. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have
(x2 + 1)y  + 2xy  =


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn +


n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2



k=n

k=n2

k(k 1)ck xk +

k=2

2ncn xn

n=1



(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

= 2c2 + (6c3 + 2c1 )x +

k=n

2kck xk

k=1



k(k + 1)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk = 0.

k=2

Thus
2c2 = 0
6c3 + 2c1 = 0
k(k + 1)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0
and
c2 = 0
1
c3 = c1
3
k
ck ,
ck+2 =
k+2

225

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

Exercises 5.1
Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd c3 = c4 = c5 = = 0. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain
1
3
c4 = c6 = c8 = = 0
1
c5 =
5
1
c7 =
7
c3 =

and so on. Thus



1
1
1
y = c0 + c1 x x3 + x5 x7 +
3
5
7

and


y  = c1 1 x2 + x4 x6 + .

The initial conditions imply c0 = 0 and c1 = 1, so


1
1
1
y = x x3 + x5 x7 + .
3
5
7

cn xn into the dierential equation we have






1 3
1 5

n2
y + (sin x)y =
x c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 +
n(n 1)cn x
+ x x +
6
120
n=2






1
= 2c2 + 6c3 x + 12c4 x2 + 20c5 x3 + + c0 x + c1 x2 + c2 c0 x3 +
6


1
= 2c2 + (6c3 + c0 )x + (12c4 + c1 )x2 + 20c5 + c2 c0 x3 + = 0.
6

29. Substituting y =

n=0

Thus
2c2 = 0
6c3 + c0 = 0
12c4 + c1 = 0
1
20c5 + c2 c0 = 0
6

c2 = 0

and

1
c3 = c0
6
1
c4 = c1
12
1
1
c0 .
c5 = c2 +
20
120
Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 = 0,

1
c3 = ,
6

c4 = 0,

c5 =

1
120

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = 0,

c3 = 0,

c4 =

226

1
,
12

c5 = 0

Exercises 5.1
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
1 5
y1 = 1 x3 +
x +
6
120
30. Substituting y =


n=0

y2 = x

and

1 4
x + .
12

cn xn into the dierential equation we have

y  + ex y  y =


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn2





1 2 1 3
+ 1 + x + x + x + c1 + 2c2 x + 3c3 x2 + 4c4 x3 +
cn xn
2
6
n=0


2
3
= 2c2 + 6c3 x + 12c4 x + 20c5 x +




1
+ c1 + (2c2 + c1 )x + 3c3 + 2c2 + c1 x2 + [c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + ]
2


1
= (2c2 + c1 c0 ) + (6c3 + 2c2 )x + 12c4 + 3c3 + c2 + c1 x2 + = 0.
2
Thus
2c2 + c1 c0 = 0
6c3 + 2c2 = 0
1
12c4 + 3c3 + c2 + c1 = 0
2
and
1
1
c0 c1
2
2
1
c3 = c2
3
1
1
1
c4 = c3 + c2 c1 .
4
12
24
c2 =

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 =

1
,
2

1
c3 = ,
6

c4 = 0

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


1
c2 = ,
2

c3 =

1
,
6

c4 =

1
24

and so on. Thus, two solutions are


1
1
1
1
1
y1 = 1 + x2 x3 +
and
y2 = x x2 + x3 x4 + .
2
6
2
6
24

31. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the rst dierential equation leads to


y xy =

n(n 1)cn x

n=2

n2


k=n2

= 2c2 +


n=0

n+1

cn x


(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x

k=0

k=n+1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck1 ]xk = 1.

k=1

227


k=1

ck1 xk

Exercises 5.1
Thus
2c2 = 1
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck1 = 0
and
1
2

c2 =

ck1
,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

ck+2 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Let c0 and c1 be arbitrary and iterate to nd


1
2
1
c3 = c0
6
1
c1
c4 =
12
1
1
c5 =
c2 =
20
40

c2 =

and so on. The solution is


1
1
1
1
y = c0 + c1 x + x2 + c0 x3 + c1 x4 + c5 +
2
6
12
40




1
1
1
1
= c0 1 + x3 + + c1 x + x4 + + x2 + x5 + .
6
12
2
40
Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn into the second dierential equation leads to

y  4xy  4y =


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn2





n=1

k=n2

4ncn xn


k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0


n=0

4cn xn


k=n

4kck xk

k=1

4ck xk

k=0




(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 4(k + 1)ck xk
= 2c2 4c0 +
k=1


1 k
= ex = 1 +
x .
k!
k=1

Thus
2c2 4c0 = 1
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 4(k + 1)ck =

1
k!

and
1
+ 2c0
2
4
1
+
ck ,
=
(k + 2)! k + 2

c2 =
ck+2

228

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Exercises 5.1
Let c0 and c1 be arbitrary and iterate to nd
1
+ 2c0
2
4
4
1
1
+ c1 =
+ c1
c3 =
3! 3
3! 3

c2 =

and so on. The solution is

c4 =

1
1
13
4
1
+ c2 =
+ + 2c0 =
+ 2c0
4! 4
4! 2
4!

c5 =

1
1
17 16
4
4
16
+ c3 =
+
+ c1 =
+ c1
5! 5
5! 5 3! 15
5!
15

c6 =

1
1
261 4
4
4 13 8
+ c4 =
+
+ c0 =
+ c0
6! 6
6!
6 4!
6
6!
3

c7 =

4
4 17
64
64
1
1
409
+ c5 =
+
+
c1 =
+
c1
7! 7
7!
7 5!
105
7!
105








4
1
1
13
17 16
2
3
4
y = c0 + c1 x +
+ 2c0 x +
+ c1 x
+ 2c0 x +
+ c1 x5
2
3! 3
4!
5!
15




261 4
409
64
+
+ c0 x6 +
+
c1 x7 +
6!
3
7!
105




4 3 16 5
4 6
64 7
2
4
= c0 1 + 2x + 2x + x + + c1 x + x + x +
x +
3
3
15
105


1
1
13
17
261 6 409 7
+ x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 +
x +
x + .
2
3!
4!
5!
6!
7!
32. We identify P (x) = 0 and Q(x) = sin x/x. The Taylor series representation for sin x/x is 1 x2 /3! + x4 /5! ,
for |x| < . Thus, Q(x) is analytic at x = 0 and x = 0 is an ordinary point of the dierential equation.

33. (a) Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have
y  + xy  + y =

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2




n=1

k=n2

ncn xn +


k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

cn xn

n=0

 
k=n

kck xk +

k=1

ck xk

k=0




= (2c2 + c0 ) +
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck xk = 0.
k=1

Thus
2c2 + c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck = 0
and

1
c2 = c0
2
1
ck+2 =
ck .
k+2

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd

229

Exercises 5.1

1
2
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1 1
1
c4 =
= 2
4
2
2 2
1 1 
1
c6 =
= 3
6 22 2
2 3!

c2 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
1
2
c3 = =
3
3!
1 1
1
42
c5 =
=
=
5
3
53
5!


1 42
642
c7 =
=
7 5!
7!
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
y1 =


(1)k
k=0

2k k!

x2k

and

y2 =


(1)k 2k k!
k=0

(2k + 1)!

x2k+1 .

(b) For y1 , S3 = S2 and S5 = S4 , so we plot S2 , S4 , S6 , S8 , and S10 .


y

2
-4 -2
-2

N=2
2 4

-4

-4 -2
-2

2 4

N=4

-4

N=6

-4 -2
-2

2 4

-4 -2
-2

-4

2 4

-4 -2
-2

N=8

-4

N=10
2 4

2 4

-4

For y2 , S3 = S4 and S5 = S6 , so we plot S2 , S4 , S6 , S8 , and S10 .


y

-4 -2
-2
-4

2 4
N=2

-4 -2
-2
-4

N=4
2 4

-4 -2
-2

2 4
N=6

-4 -2
-2

-4

N=8

2
x

2 4

-4 -2
-2

-4

(c) The graphs of y1 and y2 obtained from a numerical


solver are shown. We see that the partial sum representations indicate the even and odd natures of the solution, but dont really give a very accurate representation of the true solution. Increasing N to about 20
gives a much more accurate representation on [4, 4].

230

-4

N=10

-4

y1

y2

-2

-4

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

Exercises 5.1
34. (a) We have
y  + (cos x)y = 2c2 + 6c3 x + 12c4 x2 + 20c5 x3 + 30c6 x4 + 42c7 x5


x4
x6
x2
+

+ (c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 + c5 x5 + )
+ 1
2!
4!
6!


1 
1 
= (2c2 + c0 ) + (6c3 + c1 )x + 12c4 + c2 c0 x2 + 20c5 + c3 c1 x3
2
2

1
1  4 
1
1  5
+ 30c6 + c4 + c0 c2 x + 42c7 + c5 + c1 c3 x + .
24
2
24
2
Then

1
1
1
1
and
42c7 + c5 + c1 c3 = 0,
c0 c2 = 0
24
2
24
2
which gives c6 = c0 /80 and c7 = 19c1 /5040. Thus
1
1
1
y1 (x) = 1 x2 + x4 x6 +
2
12
80
and
1
1
19 7
y2 (x) = x x3 + x5
x + .
6
30
5040
(b) From part (a) the general solution of the dierential equation is y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 . Then y(0) = c1 + c2 0 = c1
and y  (0) = c1 0 + c2 = c2 , so the solution of the initial-value problem is
1
1
1
1
1
19 7
y = y1 + y2 = 1 + x x2 x3 + x4 + x5 x6
x + .
2
6
12
30
80
5040
(c)
30c6 + c4 +

-6 -4 -2

-6 -4 -2

-6 -4 -2

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

y
4

-6 -4 -2

-6 -4 -2

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

y
6
4
2
-6 -4 -2
-2

-6 -4 -2

(d)

-4
-6

231

Exercises 5.1
35. From ex =
3.2 we have

xk /k! we see that ex

k=0

/2

2
k
k=0 (x /2) /k!

k 2k
k
k=0 (1) x /2 k! .

From (5) of Section

 x2 /2

2
2
ex /2
e
x2 /2
x2 /2
y2 = y 1
ex /2 dx
dx = e
dx = e
dx = e
y12
ex2
(ex2 /2 )2
 





 (1)k

1
(1)k 2k  1
2k
2k
2k
=
x
x dx =
x
x dx
2k k!
2k k!
2k k!
2k k!
k=0
k=0
k=0
k=0



 (1)k

1
2k
2k+1
=
x
x
2k k!
(2k + 1)2k k!


x dx

x2 /2

k=0

k=0



1
1
1
1 3
1
1
5
7
= 1 x2 + 2 x4 3
x6 + x +
x +
x
x
+
+

2
2 2
2 3!
32
5 22 2
7 23 3!

 (1)k 2k k!
2
42 5 642 7
= x x3 +
x
x + =
x2k+1 .
3!
5!
7!
(2k + 1)!
k=0

36. If x > 0 and y > 0, then y  = xy < 0 and the graph of a solution curve is concave down. Thus, whatever
portion of a solution curve lies in the rst quadrant is concave down. When x > 0 and y < 0, y  = xy > 0,
so whatever portion of a solution curve lies in the fourth quadrant is concave up.

Exercises 5.2
1. Irregular singular point: x = 0
2. Regular singular points: x = 0, 3
3. Irregular singular point: x = 3; regular singular point: x = 3
4. Irregular singular point: x = 1; regular singular point: x = 0
5. Regular singular points: x = 0, 2i
6. Irregular singular point: x = 5; regular singular point: x = 0
7. Regular singular points: x = 3, 2
8. Regular singular points: x = 0, i
9. Irregular singular point: x = 0; regular singular points: x = 2, 5
10. Irregular singular point: x = 1; regular singular points: x = 0, 3
11. Writing the dierential equation in the form
y  +

5
x
y +
y=0
x1
x+1

we see that x0 = 1 and x0 = 1 are regular singular points. For x0 = 1 the dierential equation can be put in
the form
x(x 1)2
(x 1)2 y  + 5(x 1)y  +
y = 0.
x+1
In this case p(x) = 5 and q(x) = x(x 1)2 /(x + 1). For x0 = 1 the dierential equation can be put in the form
(x + 1)2 y  + 5(x + 1)

x+1 
y + x(x + 1)y = 0.
x1

In this case p(x) = (x + 1)/(x 1) and q(x) = x(x + 1).

232

Exercises 5.2
12. Writing the dierential equation in the form
y  +

x+3 
y + 7xy = 0
x

we see that x0 = 0 is a regular singular point. Multiplying by x2 , the dierential equation can be put in the
form
x2 y  + x(x + 3)y  + 7x3 y = 0.
We identify p(x) = x + 3 and q(x) = 7x3 .
13. We identify P (x) = 5/3x + 1 and Q(x) = 1/3x2 , so that p(x) = xP (x) =
Then a0 = 53 , b0 = 13 , and the indicial equation is

5
3

+ x and q(x) = x2 Q(x) = 13 .

5
2
1
1
1
1
r(r 1) + r = r2 + r = (3r2 + 2r 1) = (3r 1)(r + 1) = 0.
3
3
3
3
3
3
and 1. Since these do not dier by an integer we expect to nd two series solutions
using the method of Frobenius.
The indicial roots are

1
3

14. We identify P (x) = 1/x and Q(x) = 10/x, so that p(x) = xP (x) = 1 and q(x) = x2 Q(x) = 10x. Then a0 = 1,
b0 = 0, and the indicial equation is
r(r 1) + r = r2 = 0.
The indicial roots are 0 and 0. Since these are equal, we expect the method of Frobenius to yield a single series
solution.

15. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


2xy  y  + 2y = 2r2 3r c0 xr1 +
[2(k + r 1)(k + r)ck (k + r)ck + 2ck1 ]xk+r1 = 0,
k=1

which implies
2r2 3r = r(2r 3) = 0
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r 3)ck + 2ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 0 and r = 3/2. For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck =

2ck1
,
k(2k 3)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

and
c1 = 2c0 ,

c2 = 2c0 ,

c3 =

4
c0 .
9

For r = 3/2 the recurrence relation is


ck =

2ck1
,
(2k + 3)k

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

and
2
2
c1 = c0 ,
c0 ,
c2 =
c3
5
35
The general solution on (0, ) is



4
y = C1 1 + 2x 2x2 + x3 + + C2 x3/2 1
9

233

4
c0 .
945


4 3
2
2
x + x2
x + .
5
35
945

Exercises 5.2
16. Substituting y =

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


2xy  + 5y  + xy = 2r2 + 3r c0 xr1 + 2r2 + 7r + 5 c1 xr
n=0

[2(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 5(k + r)ck + ck2 ]xk+r1

k=2

= 0,
which implies
2r2 + 3r = r(2r + 3) = 0,

2

2r + 7r + 5 c1 = 0,
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r + 3)ck + ck2 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 3/2 and r = 0, so c1 = 0 . For r = 3/2 the recurrence relation is
ck =

ck2
,
(2k 3)k

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and
1
c2 = c0 ,
2

c3 = 0,

c4 =

1
c0 .
40

For r = 0 the recurrence relation is


ck =

ck2
,
k(2k + 3)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and
c2 =

1
c0 ,
14

c3 = 0,

c4 =

1
c0 .
616

The general solution on (0, ) is






1 2
1 2
1 4
1 4
3/2
y = C1 x
1 x + x + + C2 1 x +
x + .
2
40
14
616

17. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain





1
7
1
4xy  + y  + y = 4r2 r c0 xr1 +
4(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r)ck + ck1 xk+r1
2
2
2
k=1

= 0,
which implies



7
7
4r2 r = r 4r
=0
2
2

and
1
(k + r)(8k + 8r 7)ck + ck1 = 0.
2
The indicial roots are r = 0 and r = 7/8. For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck =

2ck1
,
k(8k 7)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

and
c1 = 2c0 ,

c2 =

2
c0 ,
9

234

c3 =

4
c0 .
459

Exercises 5.2
For r = 7/8 the recurrence relation is
ck =

2ck1
,
(8k + 7)k

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

and
c1 =

2
c0 ,
15

c2 =

2
c0 ,
345

c3 =

4
c0 .
32,085

The general solution on (0, ) is






2
2
4 3
4
2 2
y = C1 1 2x + x2
x + + C2 x7/8 1 x +
x
x3 + .
9
459
15
345
32,085


cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


2x2 y  xy  + x2 + 1 y = 2r2 3r + 1 c0 xr + 2r2 + r c1 xr+1

18. Substituting y =

n=0

[2(k + r)(k + r 1)ck (k + r)ck + ck + ck2 ]xk+r

k=2

= 0,
which implies
2r2 3r + 1 = (2r 1)(r 1) = 0,

2

2r + r c1 = 0,
and
[(k + r)(2k + 2r 3) + 1]ck + ck2 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1/2 and r = 1, so c1 = 0. For r = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
ck =

ck2
,
k(2k 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and
1
c2 = c0 ,
6

c3 = 0,

c4 =

1
c0 .
168

For r = 1 the recurrence relation is


ck =

ck2
,
k(2k + 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and
c2 =

1
c0 ,
10

c3 = 0,

c4 =

1
c0 .
360

The general solution on (0, ) is






1 2
1 4
1 2
1 4
1/2
y = C1 x
1 x +
x + + C2 x 1 x +
x + .
6
168
10
360


cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


3xy  + (2 x)y  y = 3r2 r c0 xr1

19. Substituting y =

n=0

[3(k + r 1)(k + r)ck + 2(k + r)ck (k + r)ck1 ]xk+r1

k=1

= 0,

235

Exercises 5.2
which implies
3r2 r = r(3r 1) = 0
and
(k + r)(3k + 3r 1)ck (k + r)ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 0 and r = 1/3. For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck1
ck =
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
(3k 1)
and
c1 =

1
c0 ,
2

c2 =

1
c0 ,
10

c3 =

1
c0 .
80

For r = 1/3 the recurrence relation is


ck =
and
c1 =

1
c0 ,
3

ck1
,
3k

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

c2 =

1
c0 ,
18

c3 =

1
c0 .
162

The general solution on (0, ) is






1
1
1 3
1 3
1 2
1 2
1/3
y = C1 1 + x + x + x + + C2 x
1+ x+ x +
x + .
2
10
80
3
18
162

20. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain







2
2
2
2 
2
r
x y x
(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + ck ck1 xk+r
y = r r+
c0 x +
9
9
9
k=1

= 0,
which implies
r2 r +
and

2
=
9


r

2
3


r

1
3


=0



2
(k + r)(k + r 1) +
ck ck1 = 0.
9

The indicial roots are r = 2/3 and r = 1/3. For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is

and
c1 =

ck =

3ck1
,
3k 2 + k

3
c0 ,
4

c2 =

ck =

3ck1
,
3k 2 k

3
c0 ,
2

c2 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
9
c0 ,
56

c3 =

9
c0 .
560

For r = 1/3 the recurrence relation is

and
c1 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
9
c0 ,
20

c3 =

9
c0 .
160

The general solution on (0, ) is






9 3
9 3
9
9
3
3
y = C1 x2/3 1 + x + x2 +
x + + C2 x1/3 1 + x + x2 +
x + .
4
56
560
2
20
160

236

Exercises 5.2
21. Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


2xy  (3 + 2x)y  + y = 2r2 5r c0 xr1 +
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)ck
k=1

3(k + r)ck 2(k + r 1)ck1 + ck1 ]xk+r1


= 0,
which implies
2r2 5r = r(2r 5) = 0
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r 5)ck (2k + 2r 3)ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 0 and r = 5/2. For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck =
and

(2k 3)ck1
,
k(2k 5)

1
c0 ,
3

c1 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

1
c2 = c0 ,
6

1
c3 = c0 .
6

For r = 5/2 the recurrence relation is


ck =
and
c1 =

2(k + 1)ck1
,
k(2k + 5)

4
c0 ,
7

c2 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

4
c0 ,
21

c3 =

32
c0 .
693

The general solution on (0, ) is






1
4
32 3
1 2 1 3
4 2
5/2
y = C1 1 + x x x + + C2 x
1+ x+ x +
x + .
3
6
6
7
21
693

22. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain






4
4
5
x2 y  + xy  + x2
y = r2
c0 xr + r2 + 2r +
c1 xr+1
9
9
9



4
(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r)ck ck + ck2 xk+r
+
9
k=2

= 0,
which implies




2
2
4
r = r+
r
= 0,
9
3
3


5
2
r + 2r +
c1 = 0,
9
2

and



4
2
(k + r)
ck + ck2 = 0.
9

The indicial roots are r = 2/3 and r = 2/3, so c1 = 0. For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
ck =

9ck2
,
3k(3k 4)

237

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

Exercises 5.2
and

3
c2 = c0 ,
4
For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
ck =

and
c2 =

c3 = 0,

9ck2
,
3k(3k + 4)

3
c0 ,
20

c4 =

9
c0 .
128

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

c3 = 0,

c4 =

9
c0 .
1,280

The general solution on (0, ) is






3 2
3 2
9 4
9
2/3
2/3
4
y = C1 x
1 x +
1 x +
x + + C2 x
x + .
4
128
20
1,280

23. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


9x2 y  + 9x2 y  + 2y = 9r2 9r + 2 c0 xr
+

[9(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 2ck + 9(k + r 1)ck1 ]xk+r

k=1

= 0,
which implies
9r2 9r + 2 = (3r 1)(3r 2) = 0
and
[9(k + r)(k + r 1) + 2]ck + 9(k + r 1)ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1/3 and r = 2/3. For r = 1/3 the recurrence relation is
ck =

(3k 2)ck1
,
k(3k 1)

and

1
c1 = c0 ,
2
For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
ck =

and

c2 =

1
c0 ,
5

(3k 1)ck1
,
k(3k + 1)

1
c1 = c0 ,
2

c2 =

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

c3 =

7
c0 .
120

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

5
c0 ,
28

c3 =

1
c0 .
21

The general solution on (0, ) is






1
1
1
5
7 3
1
y = C1 x1/3 1 x + x2
x + + C2 x2/3 1 x + x2 x3 + .
2
5
120
2
28
21

24. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


2x2 y  + 3xy  + (2x 1)y = 2r2 + r 1 c0 xr
+

[2(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 3(k + r)ck ck + 2ck1 ]xk+r

k=1

= 0,

238

Exercises 5.2
which implies
2r2 + r 1 = (2r 1)(r + 1) = 0
and
[(k + r)(2k + 2r + 1) 1]ck + 2ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1 and r = 1/2. For r = 1 the recurrence relation is
ck =

2ck1
,
k(2k 3)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

and
c2 = 2c0 ,

c1 = 2c0 ,

c3 =

4
c0 .
9

For r = 1/2 the recurrence relation is


ck =

2ck1
,
k(2k + 3)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

and
2
2
4
c1 = c0 ,
c2 =
c3 =
c0 ,
c0 .
5
35
945
The general solution on (0, ) is




2
2
4
4 3
y = C1 x1 1 + 2x 2x2 + x3 + + C2 x1/2 1 x + x2
x + .
9
5
35
945
25. Substituting y =

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


xy  + 2y  xy = r2 + r c0 xr1 + r2 + 3r + 2 c1 xr
n=0

[(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 2(k + r)ck ck2 ]xk+r1

k=2

= 0,
which implies
r2 + r = r(r + 1) = 0,

2

r + 3r + 2 c1 = 0,
and
(k + r)(k + r + 1)ck ck2 = 0.
The indicial roots are r1 = 0 and r2 = 1, so c1 = 0. For r1 = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck =

ck2
,
k(k + 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and
1
c0
3!
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 = c0
5!
1
c0 .
c2n =
(2n + 1)!
c2 =

239

Exercises 5.2
For r2 = 1 the recurrence relation is
ck =
and

ck2
,
k(k 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

1
c0
2!
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 = c0
4!
1
c0 .
c2n =
(2n)!
c2 =

The general solution on (0, ) is


y = C1


1
1
x2n + C2 x1
x2n
(2n
+
1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0






1
1
1
2n+1
2n
C1
x
x
=
+ C2
x
(2n + 1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0
=


1
[C1 sinh x + C2 cosh x].
x

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain








1
1
3
x2 y  + xy  + x2
y = r2
c0 xr + r2 + 2r +
c1 xr+1
4
4
4



1
(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r)ck ck + ck2 xk+r
+
4

26. Substituting y =

n=0

k=2

= 0,
which implies




1
1
1
r = r
r+
= 0,
4
2
2


3
r2 + 2r +
c1 = 0,
4
2

and



1
2
(k + r)
ck + ck2 = 0.
4

The indicial roots are r1 = 1/2 and r2 = 1/2, so c1 = 0. For r1 = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
ck2
ck =
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
k(k + 1)
and

1
c0
3!
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 = c0
5!
(1)n
c0 .
c2n =
(2n + 1)!
c2 =

240

Exercises 5.2
For r2 = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
ck =

ck2
,
k(k 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and
1
c0
2!
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 = c0
4!
(1)n
c0 .
c2n =
(2n)!
c2 =

The general solution on (0, ) is


y = C1 x1/2



(1)n 2n
(1)n 2n
x + C2 x1/2
x
(2n + 1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0

= C1 x1/2



(1)n 2n+1
(1)n 2n
+ C2 x1/2
x
x
(2n + 1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0

= x1/2 [C1 sin x + C2 cos x].


27. Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


xy  xy  + y = r2 r c0 xr1 +
[(k + r + 1)(k + r)ck+1 (k + r)ck + ck ]xk+r = 0
k=0

which implies
r2 r = r(r 1) = 0
and
(k + r + 1)(k + r)ck+1 (k + r 1)ck = 0.
The indicial roots are r1 = 1 and r2 = 0. For r1 = 1 the recurrence relation is
ck+1 =

kck
,
(k + 2)(k + 1)

k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

and one solution is y1 = c0 x. A second solution is





 dx
 x

1 2
e
e
1
1 3
1
+
x
+
y2 = x
dx
=
x
dx
=
x
+
+

dx
x
x
x2
x2
x2
2
3!



 
1
1 1
1
1 3
1
1 2
1
1 2
=x
+ + + x + x + dx = x + ln x + x + x + x +
x2
x 2 3!
4!
x
2
12
72
1
1
1
= x ln x 1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + .
2
12
72
The general solution on (0, ) is
y = C1 x + C2 y2 (x).

241

Exercises 5.2
28. Substituting y =


n=0

y  +

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain


3 
y 2y = r2 + 2r c0 xr2 + r2 + 4r + 3 c1 xr1
x
+

[(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 3(k + r)ck 2ck2 ]xk+r2

k=2

= 0,
which implies
r2 + 2r = r(r + 2) = 0


r2 + 4r + 3 c1 = 0

(k + r)(k + r + 2)ck 2ck2 = 0.


The indicial roots are r1 = 0 and r2 = 2, so c1 = 0. For r1 = 0 the recurrence relation is
2ck2
,
k(k + 2)

ck =
and

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

1
c0
4
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 =
c0
48
1
c0 .
c6 =
1,152

c2 =



1
1
1
y1 = c0 1 + x2 + x4 +
c6 + .
4
48
1,152

The result is

A second solution is

 (3/x)dx

e
dx
y2 = y 1
dx
=
y
2

1
1 2
1 4
3
y12
x 1 + 4 x + 48
x +




dx
1
1 2
7 4
19 6

x
x
x
1

= y1
+
+
+

=
y
1
5 4
7
x3
2
48
576
x3 1 + 12 x2 + 48
x + 576
x6 +



 
1
1
7
19 3
7 2
1
1
19 4
= y1

+
x

x
ln
x
+
x
x

=
y

1
x3
2x 48
576
2x2
2
96
2,304


1
1
7
19 4
= y1 ln x + y 2 + x2
x + .
2
2x
96
2,304
The general solution on (0, ) is
y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x).
29. Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

xy  + (1 x)y  y = r2 c0 xr1 +

[(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r)ck (k + r)ck1 ]xk+r1 = 0,

k=0
2

which implies r = 0 and


(k + r)2 ck (k + r)ck1 = 0.

242

Exercises 5.2
The indicial roots are r1 = r2 = 0 and the recurrence relation is
ck1
ck =
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
k
One solution is


1 2
1 3
y1 = c0 1 + x + x + x + = c0 ex .
2
3!
A second solution is



ex /x
1 x
x
y2 = y 1
dx = e
dx = e
e dx
e2x
e2x
x




 
1
1
1 3
1 2
1
1 2
x
x
=e
1 x + x x + dx = e
1 + x x + dx
x
2
3!
x
2
3!




1 2
(1)n+1 n
1 3
= ex ln x x +
x
x + = ex ln x ex
x .
22
3 3!
n n!
n=1
e

(1/x1)dx

The general solution on (0, ) is


x

y = C1 e + C2 e
30. Substituting y =


n=0


(1)n+1 n
ln x
x
n n!
n=1


.

cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

xy  + y  + y = r2 c0 xr1 +

[(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r)ck + ck1 ]xk+r1 = 0

k=1
2

which implies r = 0 and


(k + r)2 ck + ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r1 = r2 = 0 and the recurrence relation is
ck1
ck = 2 , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
k
One solution is




1
(1)n n
1 3
1 4
y1 = c0 1 x + 2 x2
x
+
x

=
c
x .
0
2
2
2
(3!)
(4!)
(n!)2
n=0
A second solution is

y2 = y 1

y12


dx = y1

x 1x+

dx
59 x3 +

dx
1 2
4x

1 3
36 x


35 4
x 1 2x +
288 x



1
5 2 23 3 677 4
= y1
1 + 2x + x + x +
x + dx
x
2
9
288

 
1
5
23 2 677 3
= y1
+2+ x+ x +
x + dx
x
2
9
288


23
677 4
5
= y1 ln x + 2x + x2 + x3 +
x +
4
27
1,152


23
677 4
5
= y1 ln x + y1 2x + x2 + x3 +
x + .
4
27
1,152

= y1

(1/x)dx

3 2
2x

243

2
+

Exercises 5.2
The general solution on (0, ) is
y = C1 y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x).
31. Substituting y =

n+r
n=0 cn x

into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

xy  + (x 6)y  3y = (r2 7r)c0 xr1 +



(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r 1)ck1
k=1


6(k + r)ck 3ck1 xk+r1 = 0,
which implies
r2 7r = r(r 7) = 0
and
(k + r)(k + r 7)ck + (k + r 4)ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r1 = 7 and r2 = 0. For r1 = 7 the recurrence relation is
(k + 7)kck + (k + 3)ck1 = 0,

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

or
ck =

k+3
ck1 ,
k+7

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Taking c0 = 0 we obtain

1
c1 = c0
2
5
c2 =
c0
18
1
c3 = c0 ,
6
and so on. Thus, the indicial root r1 = 7 yields a single solution. Now, for r2 = 0 the recurrence relation is
k(k 7)ck + (k 4)ck1 = 0,

Then

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

6c1 3c0 = 0
10c2 2c1 = 0
12c3 c2 = 0
12c4 + 0c3 = 0 = c4 = 0
10c5 + c4 = 0 = c5 = 0
6c6 + 2c5 = 0 = c6 = 0
0c7 + 3c6 = 0 = c7 is arbitrary

and
ck =
Taking c0 = 0 and c7 = 0 we obtain

k4
ck1 ,
k(k 7)

k = 8, 9, 10, . . . .

1
c1 = c0
2
1
c2 =
c0
10
1
c3 =
c0
120
c4 = c5 = c6 = = 0.

244

Exercises 5.2
Taking c0 = 0 and c7 = 0 we obtain
c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = 0
1
c8 = c7
2
5
c9 =
c7
36
1
c10 = c7 .
36
In this case we obtain the two solutions
1
1 3
1
5
1
1
y1 = 1 x + x2
and
y2 = x7 x8 + x9 x10 + .
x
2
10
120
2
36
36

32. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
x(x 1)y  + 3y  2y


= 4r r2 c0 xr1 +
[(k + r 1)(k + r 12)ck1 (k + r)(k + r 1)ck
k=1

+ 3(k + r)ck 2ck1 ]xk+r1


= 0,
which implies
4r r2 = r(4 r) = 0
and
(k + r)(k + r 4)ck + [(k + r 1)(k + r 2) 2]ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r1 = 4 and r2 = 0. For r1 = 4 the recurrence relation is
(k + 4)kck + [(k + 3)(k + 2) 2]ck1 = 0
or
ck = (k + 1)ck1 ,

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Taking c0 = 0 we obtain
c1 = 2c0
c2 = 3!c0
c3 = 4!c0 ,
and so on. Thus, the indicial root r1 = 4 yields a single solution. For r2 = 0 the recurrence relation is
k(k 4)ck + k(k 3)ck1 = 0,

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

(k 4)ck + (k 3)ck1 = 0,

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

or

Then

3c1 2c0 = 0
2c2 c1 = 0
c3 + 0c2 = 0 c3 = 0
0c4 + c3 = 0 c4 is arbitrary

245

Exercises 5.2
and

(k 3)ck1
,
c4

ck =
Taking c0 = 0 and c4 = 0 we obtain

k = 5, 6, 7, . . . .

2
c0
3
1
c2 = c0
3
c3 = c4 = c5 = = 0.

c1 =

Taking c0 = 0 and c4 = 0 we obtain


c1 = c2 = c3 = 0
c5 = 2c4
c6 = 3c4
c7 = 4c4 .
In this case we obtain the two solutions
2
1
y1 = 1 + x + x2
3
3

y2 = x4 + 2x5 + 3x6 + 4x7 + .

and

33. (a) From t = 1/x we have dt/dx = 1/x2 = t2 . Then


dy
dy dt
dy
=
= t2
dx
dt dx
dt
and

d2 y
d
=
2
dx
dx

Now

dy
dx


=

d
dx


t2

d2 y
1
x
+ y = 4
2
dx
t

dy
dt

n=0 cn t

n+r

d2 y dt
dy

2
dt dx
dt

d2 y
dy
t
+ 2t3
2
dt
dt
t

= t2

becomes

(b) Substituting y =

+ y =


2t

dt
dx


= t4

d2 y
dy
.
+ 2t3
2
dt
dt

d2 y 2 dy
+
+ y = 0
dt2
t dt

d2 y
dy
+2
+ ty = 0.
dt2
dt

into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

d2 y
dy
+2
+ ty = (r2 + r)c0 tr1 + (r2 + 3r + 2)c1 tr
dt2
dt
+

[(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + 2(k + r)ck + ck2 ]tk+r1

k=2

= 0,
which implies
r2 + r = r(r + 1) = 0,

2

r + 3r + 2 c1 = 0,
and
(k + r)(k + r + 1)ck + ck2 = 0.
The indicial roots are r1 = 0 and r2 = 1, so c1 = 0. For r1 = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck =

ck2
,
k(k + 1)

246

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

Exercises 5.2
and

c0
3!
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0

c2 =

c4 =

2
c0
5!

c2n = (1)n

n
c0 .
(2n + 1)!

For r2 = 1 the recurrence relation is


ck =

ck2
,
k(k 1)

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ,

and

c0
2!
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
c2 =

c4 =

2
c0
4!

c2n = (1)n

n
c0 .
(2n)!

The general solution on (0, ) is


y(t) = C1



(1)n
(1)n
( t)2n + C2 t1
( t)2n
(2n
+
1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0


 


(1)n
(1)n
1
2n+1
2n
C1
( t)
( t)
=
+ C2
t
(2n + 1)!
(2n)!
n=0
n=0
=

1
[C1 sin t + C2 cos t ].
t

(c) Using t = 1/x, the solution of the original equation is

y(x)C1 x sin
+ C2 x cos
.
x
x
34. (a) From the boundary conditions y(a) = 0, y(b) = 0 we nd

C1 sin
+ C2 cos
=0
a
a

C1 sin
+ C2 cos
= 0.
b
b
Since this is a homogeneous system of linear equations, it will have nontrivial solutions if





 sin

cos



a
a


cos
cos
sin

 = sin

a
b
a
b



 sin

cos
b
b





ba
= sin

= sin
= 0.
a
b
ab
This will be the case if



ba

= n
ab

or

247

nab
nab
=
, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
ba
L

Exercises 5.2
or, if
n2 2 a2 b2
Pn b 4
=
.
L2
EI

n =

The critical loads are then Pn = n2 2 (a/b)2 EI0 /L2 . Using C2 = C1 sin( /a)/ cos( /a) we have

sin( /a)

y = C1 x sin
cos

x
x
cos( /a)

= C3 x sin
cos
cos
sin
x
a
x
a



1
1
= C3 x sin

,
x a


and
nab
yn (x) = C3 x sin
L

1
1

x a


= C4 x sin

nab 
a
1
.
L
x
y

(b) When n = 1, b = 11, and a = 1, we have, for C4 = 1,




1
y1 (x) = x sin 1.1 1
.
x

2
1
x

Exercises 5.3
1. Since 2 = 1/9 the general solution is y = c1 J1/3 (x) + c2 J1/3 (x).
2. Since 2 = 1 the general solution is y = c1 J1 (x) + c2 Y1 (x).
3. Since 2 = 25/4 the general solution is y = c1 J5/2 (x) + c2 J5/2 (x).
4. Since 2 = 1/16 the general solution is y = c1 J1/4 (x) + c2 J1/4 (x).
5. Since 2 = 0 the general solution is y = c1 J0 (x) + c2 Y0 (x).
6. Since 2 = 4 the general solution is y = c1 J2 (x) + c2 Y2 (x).
7. Since 2 = 2 the general solution is y = c1 J2 (3x) + c2 Y2 (3x).
8. Since 2 = 1/4 the general solution is y = c1 J1/2 (6x) + c2 J1/2 (6x).
9. If y = x1/2 v(x) then
1
y  = x1/2 v  (x) x3/2 v(x),
2
3
y  = x1/2 v  (x) x3/2 v  (x) + x5/2 v(x),
4
and
2 

2 2

3/2 

x y + 2xy + x y = x
Multiplying by x1/2 we obtain

1/2 

v +x


2 3/2

v + x



1
x2 v  + xv  + 2 x2
v = 0,
4

248


1 1/2
v.
x
4

Exercises 5.3
whose solution is v = c1 J1/2 (x) + c2 J1/2 (x). Then y = c1 x1/2 J1/2 (x) + c2 x1/2 J1/2 (x).
10. From y = xn Jn (x) we nd
y  = xn Jn + nxn1 Jn

and

y  = xn Jn + 2nxn1 Jn + n(n 1)xn2 Jn .

Substituting into the dierential equation, we have


xn+1 Jn + 2nxn Jn + n(n 1)xn1 Jn + (1 2n)(xn Jn + nxn1 Jn ) + xn+1 Jn
= xn+1 Jn + (2n + 1 2n)xn Jn + (n2 n + n 2n2 )xn1 Jn + xn+1 Jn
= xn+1 [x2 Jn + xJn n2 Jn + x2 Jn ]
= xn+1 [x2 Jn + xJn + (x2 n2 )Jn ]
= xn1 0

(since Jn is a solution of Bessels equation)

= 0.
Therefore, xn Jn is a solution of the original equation.
11. From y = xn Jn we nd
y  = xn Jn nxn1 Jn

and y  = xn Jn 2nxn1 Jn + n(n + 1)xn2 Jn .

Substituting into the dierential equation, we have



xy  + (1 + 2n)y  + xy = xn1 x2 Jn + xJn + x2 n2 Jn
= xn1 0

(since Jn is a solution of Bessels equation)

= 0.
Therefore, xn Jn is a solution of the original equation.

12. From y = x J (x) we nd

1
y  = x J (x) + x1/2 J (x)
2
and

1
y  = 2 x J (x) + x1/2 J (x) x3/2 J (x).
4

Substituting into the dierential equation, we have








1
x2 y  + 2 x2 2 +
y = x 2 x2 J (x) + xJ (x) + 2 x2 2 J (x)
4

= x0
(since Jn is a solution of Bessels equation)
= 0.
Therefore,

x J (x) is a solution of the original equation.

13. From Problem 10 with n = 1/2 we nd y = x1/2 J1/2 (x). From Problem 11 with n = 1/2 we nd y =
x1/2 J1/2 (x).
14. From Problem 10 with n = 1 we nd y = xJ1 (x). From Problem 11 with n = 1 we nd y = xJ1 (x) = xJ1 (x).
15. From Problem 10 with n = 1 we nd y = x1 J1 (x). From Problem 11 with n = 1 we nd y = x1 J1 (x) =
x1 J1 (x).

16. From Problem 12 with = 2 and = 0 we nd y = x J0 (2x).

17. From Problem 12 with = 1 and = 3/2 we nd y = x J3/2 (x) and y = x J3/2 (x).

249

Exercises 5.3
18. From Problem 10 with n = 3 we nd y = x3 J3 (x). From Problem 11 with n = 3 we nd y = x3 J3 (x) =
x3 J3 (x).
19. (a) The recurrence relation follows from
J (x) + xJ1 (x) =

 x 2n+

(1)n
(1)n  x 2n+1
+x
n!(1 + + n) 2
n!( + n) 2
n=0
n=0

 x 2n+  (1)n ( + n)
 x   x 2n+1
(1)n
+
2
n!(1 + + n) 2
n!(1 + + n)
2
2
n=0
n=0


(1)n (2n + )  x 2n+
= xJ (x).
n!(1
+

+
n)
2
n=0

(b) The formula in part (a) is a linear rst-order dierential equation in J (x). An integrating factor for this
equation is x , so
d
[x J (x)] = x J1 (x).
dx
20. Subtracting the formula in part (a) of Problem 19 from the formula in Example 4 we obtain
0 = 2J (x) xJ+1 (x) xJ1 (x)

or

2J (x) = xJ+1 (x) + xJ1 (x).

21. Letting = 1 in (15) we have




d
xJ0 (x) =
[xJ1 (x)]
dx

so

r=x

rJ0 (r) dr = rJ1 (r) 
= xJ1 (x).
r=0

22. From (14) we obtain J0 (x) = J1 (x), and from (15) we obtain J0 (x) = J1 (x). Thus J0 (x) = J1 (x) = J1 (x).
23. Since



1
(2n 1)!
1 +n =
2
(n 1)!22n1

we obtain


(1)n 21/2 x1/2 2n
x =
J1/2 (x) =
2n(2n 1)!
n=0

2
cos x.
x

24. (a) By Problem 20, with = 1/2, we obtain J1/2 (x) = xJ3/2 (x) + xJ1/2 (x) so that

J3/2 (x) =

2
x


sin x
cos x ;
x

with = 1/2 we obtain J1/2 (x) = xJ1/2 (x) + xJ3/2 (x) so that

J3/2 (x) =


2  cos x
+ sin x ;
x
x

and with = 3/2 we obtain 3J3/2 (x) = xJ5/2 (x) + xJ1/2 (x) so that

J5/2 (x) =

2
x


3 sin x 3 cos x

sin
x
.
x2
x

250

Exercises 5.3

y
1
0.5

y
1
0.5

= 1/2
5

10

15

20 x

= 1/2
5

-0.5
-1

y
1
0.5

10

15

20 x

y
1
0.5

= 3/2
5

10

15

20 x

15

20 x

= 5/2
5

-0.5
-1

10

-0.5
-1

-0.5
-1

y
1
0.5

= 3/2

10

15

20 x

-0.5
-1

25. Rolles theorem states that for a dierentiable function f (x), for which f (a) = f (b) = 0, there exists a number
c between a and b such that f  (c) = 0. From Problem 20 with = 0 we have J0 (x) = J1 (x). Thus, if a and b
are successive zeros of J0 (x), then there exists a c between a and b for which J1 (x) = J0 (x) = 0.

 
b
 b

26. Since  a f (x) dx a |f (x)| dx, we have
|Jn (x)|

| cos(x sin t nt)| dt


0

27. Letting
2
s=

we have

1 dt = 1.
0

k t/2
,
e
m



 
 
dx
dx
k t/2
dx ds
dx 2 k   t/2
=
=
=

e
dt
ds dt
dt m
2
ds
m


 

  
d dx
dx
dx k t/2
k t/2
+
=
e

e
dt
ds 2 m
dt ds
m


 
 
dx k t/2
k t/2
d2 x ds
=
+ 2
e

e
ds 2 m
ds dt
m

 


dx k t/2
d2 x k t
=
+ 2
.
e
e
ds 2 m
ds
m

and

d2 x
d
=
2
dt
dt

Then


2
d2 x
m k t/2 dx
t
t d x
m 2 + ke x = ke
+
e
+ ket x = 0.
dt
ds2
2
m
dt
Multiplying by 22 /2 m we have

22 k t d2 x
2 k t
2 k t/2 dx
e
e
+ 2
e x=0
+
2
2
m
ds
m
dt
m

or, since s = (2/) k/m et/2 ,
d2 x
dx
s2 2 + s
+ s2 x = 0.
ds
ds

28. (a) We identify m = 4, k = 1, and = 0.1. Then


x(t) = c1 J0 (10e0.05t ) + c2 Y0 (10e0.05t )
and
x (t) = 0.5c1 J0 (10e0.05t ) 0.5c2 Y0 (10e0.05t ).

251

Exercises 5.3
Now x(0) = 1 and x (0) = 1/2 imply
c1 J0 (10) + c2 Y0 (10) = 1
c1 J0 (10) + c2 Y0 (10) = 1.
Using Cramers rule we obtain
c1 =

Y0 (10) Y0 (10)


J0 (10)Y0 (10) J0 (10)Y0 (10)

c2 =

J0 (10) J0 (10)


.
J0 (10)Y0 (10) J0 (10)Y0 (10)

and

Using Y0 = Y1 and J0 = J1 and Table 6.1 we nd c1 = 4.7860 and c2 = 3.1803. Thus
x(t) = 4.7860J0 (10e0.05t ) 3.1803Y0 (10e0.05t ).
x

(b)

10
5
5

50

29. Dierentiating y = x1/2 w

and

100

150

200

with respect to 23 x3/2 we obtain






2 3/2
1 1/2
2 3/2

1/2 
1/2
y =x w
x + x
w
x
x
3
2
3




2 3/2
2 3/2
y  = xw
x1/2 + w
x
x
3
3




1
2 3/2
1 3/2
2 3/2

+ w
x
.
w
x
x
2
3
4
3

3/2
3 x

Then, after combining terms and simplifying, we have


 


3 
1

2
3/2 
3/2
y + xy = x w + w + x
w = 0.
2
4x3/2
Letting t = 23 x3/2 or x3/2 = 32 t this dierential equation becomes




3 2 
1

2
t w (t) + tw (t) + t
w(t) = 0,
2 t
9

t > 0.

30. The general solution of Bessels equation is


w(t) = c1 J1/3 (t) + c2 J1/3 (t),

t > 0.

Thus, the general solution of Airys equation for x > 0 is








2 3/2
2 3/2
2 3/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
y=x w
x
x
x
= c1 x J1/3
+ c2 x J1/3
.
3
3
3
31. (a) Identifying =

1
2

, the general solution of x + 14 tx = 0 is






1 3/2
1 3/2
+ c2 x1/2 J1/3
.
x(t) = c1 x1/2 J1/3
x
x
3
3

Solving the system x(0.1) = 1, x (0.1) = 12 we nd c1 = 0.809264 and c2 = 0.782397.

252

Exercises 5.3
x

(b)

1
t

50

100

150

200

32. (a) Letting t = L x, the boundary-value problem becomes


d2
+ 2 t = 0,
 (0) = 0, (L) = 0,
dt2
where 2 = g/EI. This is Airys dierential equation, so by Problem 30 its solution is




2 3/2
2 3/2
1/2
1/2
y = c1 t J1/3
t
t
+ c2 t J1/3
= c1 1 (t) + c2 2 (t).
3
3
(b) Looking at the series forms of 1 and 2 we see that 1 (0) = 0, while 2 (0) = 0. Thus, the boundary
condition  (0) = 0 implies c1 = 0, and so



2 3/2
(t) = c2 t J1/3
.
t
3
From (L) = 0 we have

c2 L J1/3

2 3/2
L
3


= 0,

so either c2 = 0, in which case (t) = 0, or J1/3 ( 23 L3/2 ) = 0. The column will just start to bend when
L is the length corresponding to the smallest positive zero of J1/3 . Using Mathematica, the rst positive
root of J1/3 (x) is x1 1.86635. Thus 23 L3/2 = 1.86635 implies

2/3 
1/3
3(1.86635)
9EI
2
L=
(1.86635)
=
2
4g

1/3
9(2.6 107 )(0.05)4 /4
2
=
(1.86635)
76.9 in.
4(0.28)(0.05)2

33. Setting y = x J1 (2 x ) and dierentiating we obtain

2
1
1
y  = x J1 (2 x ) + J1 (2 x ) = J1 (2 x ) + J1 (2 x )
2 x 2 x
2 x
and

2
2
1
1
y  = J1 (2 x ) + J1 (2 x ) 3/2 J1 (2 x )
2 x 2 x
2 x 4x

1
1 
1
= J1 (2 x ) +
J (2 x ) 3/2 J1 (2 x ).
2x 1
x
4x

Substituting into the dierential equation and letting t = 2 x we have

1
1
xy  + y = x J1 (2 x ) + J1 (2 x ) J1 (2 x ) + x J1 (2 x )
2
4 x





1
x 
1

= xJ1 (2 x ) +
J (2 x ) + x
J1 (2 x )
2 1
4
x


 2

2 t2 
1
t
t
=
J1 (t) + J1 (t) +

J1 (t)
t 4
4
4
4
1 2 
=
[ t J1 (t) + tJ1 (t) + (t2 1)J1 (t)].
2t

253

Exercises 5.3
Since J1 (t) is a solution of t2 y  +ty  +(t2 1)y = 0, we see that the last expression above is 0 and y =
is a solution of xy  + y = 0.

x J1 (2 x )

34. (a) Writing the dierential equation in the form xy  + (P L/M )y = 0, we identify = P L/M . From
Problem 33 the solution of this dierential equation is
 
 



y = c1 x J1 2 P Lx/M + c2 x Y1 2 P Lx/M .
Now J1 (0) = 0, so y(0) = 0 implies c2 = 0 and
 


y = c1 x J1 2 P Lx/M .


(b) From y(L) = 0 we have y = J1 (2L P M ) = 0. The rst positive zero of J1 is 3.8317 so, solving 2L P1 /M =
3.8317, we nd P1 = 3.6705M/L2 . Therefore,
 




3.8317
3.6705x
y1 (x) = c1 x J1 2
x .
= c1 x J1
L
L
(c) For c1 = 1 and L = 1 the graph of y1 =

x J1 (3.8317 x ) is shown.

0.3

0.2
0.1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

35. (a) Using the expressions for the two linearly independent power series solutions, y1 (x) and y2 (x), given in the
text we obtain

1

P6 (x) =
231x6 315x4 + 105x2 5
16
and

1

P7 (x) =
429x7 693x5 + 315x3 35x .
16



(b) P6 (x) satises 1 x2 y  2xy  + 42y = 0 and P7 (x) satises 1 x2 y  2xy  + 56y = 0.
36. (a)

P2
1

P1
1

0.5

0.5
-1 -0.5

P3
1

0.5

1 x

-1 -0.5

P4
1

0.5
0.5

1 x

-1 -0.5

0.5
0.5

1 x

-1 -0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1

-1

P6
1

P5
1

0.5

0.5
-1 -0.5

P7
1

0.5

1 x

-1 -0.5

0.5
0.5

1 x

-1 -0.5

0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1

254

1 x

1 x

Exercises 5.3
(b) Zeros of Legendre polynomials
P1 (x) : 0
P2 (x) : 0.57735
P3 (x) : 0, 0.77460
P4 (x) : 0.33998, 0.86115
P5 (x) : 0, 0.53847, 0.90618
P6 (x) : 0.23862, 0.66121, 0.93247
P7 (x) : 0, 0.40585, 0.74153 , 0.94911
P10 (x) : 0.14887, 0.43340, 0.67941, 0.86506, 0.097391
The zeros of any Legendre polynomial are in the interval (1, 1) and are symmetric with respect to 0.
37. The recurrence relation can be written
Pk+1 (x) =
k = 1: P2 (x) =
k = 2: P3 (x) =
k = 3: P4 (x) =
k = 4: P5 (x) =
k = 5: P6 (x) =
k = 6: P7 (x) =
=

2k + 1
k
xPk (x)
Pk1 (x),
k+1
k+1

k = 2, 3, 4, . . . .

3 2 1
x
2
2


5
3
3 2 1
2
5
x
x
x = x3 x
3
2
2
3
2
2




7
5 3 3
3 3 2 1
35 4 30 2 3
x
x x
x
=
x x +
4
2
2
4 2
2
8
8
8




35 4 30 2 3
4 5 3 3
63 5 35 3 15
9
x
x x +

x x =
x x + x
5
8
8
8
5 2
2
8
4
8




63 5 35 3 15
5 35 4 30 2 3
231 6 315 4 105 2
11
5
x
x x + x
x x +
=
x
x +
x
6
8
4
8
6 8
8
8
16
16
16
16




13
5
231 6 315 4 105 2
5 63 5 35 3 15
x
x
x +
x

x x + x
7
16
16
16
16
6 8
4
8
429 7 693 5 315 3 35
x
x +
x x
16
16
16
16

38. If x = cos then


dy
dy
= sin
,
d
dx
d2 y
d2 y
dy
= sin2 2 cos
,
2
d
dx
dx
and



d2 y

d2 y
dy
dy
2
sin 2 + cos
2 cos
+ n(n + 1)(sin )y = sin 1 cos
+ n(n + 1)y = 0.
d
d
dx2
dx

That is,

1 x2

d2 y
dy
+ n(n + 1)y = 0.
2x
dx2
dx

255

Chapter 5 Review Exercises

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


1. The interval of convergence is centered at 4. Since the series converges at 2, it converges at least on the interval
[2, 10). Since it diverges at 13, it converges at most on the interval [5, 13). Thus at 10 it might converge; at
7 it does converge; at 7 it does not converge: and at 11 it might converge.
2. We have
x5
x3
+

sin x
2x5
x3
6
120
f (x) =
=
+
+ .
=x+
2
4
cos x
3
15
x
x
1
+

2
24

3. Solving x2 2x + 10 = 0 we obtain x = 1 11 , which are singular points. Thus, the minimum radius of

convergence is |1 11 | = 11 1.
x

4. Setting 1 sin x = 0 we see the singular points closest to 0 are 3/2 and /2. Thus, the minimum radius of
convergence is /2.
5. The dierential equation (x3 x2 )y  + y  + y = 0 has a regular singular point at x = 1 and an irregular singular
point at x = 1.
6. The dierential equation (x 1)(x + 3)y  + y = 0 has regular singular points at x = 1 and x = 3.

7. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn+r into the dierential equation we obtain


2xy  + y  + y = 2r2 r c0 xr1 +
[2(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r)ck + ck1 ]xk+r1 = 0
k=1

which implies
2r2 r = r(2r 1) = 0
and
(k + r)(2k + 2r 1)ck + ck1 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 0 and r = 1/2. For r = 0 the recurrence relation is
ck =

ck1
,
k(2k 1)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

so
c1 = c0 ,

c2 =

1
c0 ,
6

c3 =

1
c0 .
90

For r = 1/2 the recurrence relation is


ck =

ck1
,
k(2k + 1)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

so
1
1
1
c1 = c0 ,
c0 ,
c0 .
c2 =
c3 =
3
30
630
Two linearly independent solutions are


1 2
1 3
y1 = C1 1 x + x x +
6
90
and


1 3
1
1
y2 = C2 x1/2 1 x + x2
x + .
3
30
630

256

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


8. Substituting y =

n
n=0 cn x

into the dierential equation we have

y  xy  y =

n(n 1)cn xn2

n=2




n=1

k=n2

ncn xn



n=0

 

k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

k=n

kck xk

k=1

= 2c2 c0 +

cn xn

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus

2c2 c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck = 0

and

1
c0
2
1
ck ,
=
k+2

c2 =
ck+2

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
2
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 =
8
1
c6 =
48

c2 =

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
1
c3 =
3
1
c5 =
15
1
c7 =
105
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
1
1
1
y1 = 1 + x2 + x4 + x6 +
2
8
48
and

1
1
1 7
y2 = x + x3 + x5 +
x + .
3
15
105

9. Substituting y =


n=0

cn xn into the dierential equation we obtain

(x 1)y  + 3y = (2c2 + 3c0 ) +

(k 1)(k 2)ck1 k(k 1)ck + 3ck2 ]xk2 = 0

k=3

which implies c2 = 3c0 /2 and


ck =

(k 1)(k 2)ck1 + 3ck2


,
k(k 1)

257

k = 3, 4, 5, . . . .

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
3
,
2

c3 =

1
,
2

c4 =

5
8

c2 = 0,

c3 =

1
,
2

c4 =

1
4

c2 =
and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain

and so on. Thus, two solutions are

and

10. Substituting y =


n=0


3 2 1 3 5 4
y1 = C1 1 + x + x + x +
2
2
8


1 3 1 4
y2 = C2 x + x + x + .
2
4

cn xn into the dierential equation we obtain

y  x2 y  + xy = 2c2 + (6c3 + c0 )x +

[(k + 3)(k + 2)ck+3 (k 1)ck ]xk+1 = 0

k=1

which implies c2 = 0, c3 = c0 /6, and


ck+3 =

k1
ck ,
(k + 3)(k + 2)

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
6
c4 = c7 = c10 = = 0

c3 =

c5 = c8 = c11 = = 0
1
c6 =
90
and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain
c3 = c6 = c9 = = 0
c4 = c7 = c10 = = 0
c5 = c8 = c11 = = 0
and so on. Thus, two solutions are



1
1
y1 = c0 1 x3 x6
6
90

11. Substituting y =

n+r
n=0 cn x

and y2 = c1 x.

into the dierential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

xy  + (x 6)y  3y = (r2 7r)c0 xr1 +



(k + r)(k + r 1)ck + (k + r 1)ck1
k=1


6(k + r)ck 3ck1 xk+r1 = 0,
which implies
r2 7r = r(r 7) = 0
and
(k + r)(k + r 7)ck + (k + r 4)ck1 = 0.

258

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


The indicial roots are r1 = 7 and r2 = 0. For r2 = 0 the recurrence relation is
k(k 7)ck + (k 4)ck1 = 0,
Then

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

6c1 3c0 = 0
10c2 2c1 = 0
12c3 c2 = 0
12c4 + 0c3 = 0 = c4 = 0
10c5 + c4 = 0 = c5 = 0
6c6 + 2c5 = 0 = c6 = 0
0c7 + 3c6 = 0 = c7 is arbitrary

and
ck =
Taking c0 = 0 and c7 = 0 we obtain

k4
ck1
k(k 7)

k = 8, 9, 10, . . . .

1
c1 = c0
2
1
c0
c2 =
10
1
c3 =
c0
120
c4 = c5 = c6 = = 0.

Taking c0 = 0 and c7 = 0 we obtain


c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = 0
1
c8 = c7
2
5
c7
c9 =
36
1
c10 = c7 .
36
In this case we obtain the two solutions
1
1
1 3
1
5
1
y1 = 1 x + x2
x
and
y2 = x7 x8 + x9 x10 + .
2
10
120
2
36
36

12. Substituting y = n=0 cn xn into the dierential equation we have


1 2
1 4
1 6

(cos x)y + y = 1 x + x
x + (2c2 + 6c3 x + 12c4 x2 + 20c5 x3 + 30c6 x4 + )
2
24
720


+
cn xn
n=0





1
2
3
4
= 2c2 + 6c3 x + (12c4 c2 )x + (20c5 3c3 )x + 30c6 6c4 + c2 x +
12
+ [c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4 + ]



1
= (c0 + 2c2 ) + (c1 + 6c3 )x + 12c4 x2 + (20c5 2c3 )x3 + 30c6 5c4 + c2 x4 +
12
= 0.

259

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


Thus
c0 + 2c2 = 0
c1 + 6c3 = 0
12c4 = 0
20c5 2c3 = 0
1
30c6 5c4 + c2 = 0
12
and
1
c2 = c0
2
1
c3 = c1
6
c4 = 0
1
c5 =
c3
10
1
1
c6 = c4
c2 .
6
360
Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
1
c2 = ,
2

c3 = 0,

c4 = 0,

c5 = 0,

1
c3 = ,
6

c4 = 0,

c5 =

c6 =

1
720

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we nd


c2 = 0,

1
,
60

c6 = 0

and so on. Thus, two solutions are


1
1 6
y1 = 1 x2 +
x +
2
720
13. Substituting y =

n
n=0 cn x


1
1
y2 = x x3 x5 + .
6
60

and

into the dierential equation we have

y + xy + 2y =


n=2

n(n 1)cn x

n2



k=n2


n=1

ncn x + 2



n=0

 

k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

k=n

kck xk + 2

k=1

= 2c2 + 2c0 +

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 2)ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
2c2 + 2c0 = 0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 2)ck = 0
and
c2 = c0
ck+2 =

cn xn

1
ck ,
k+1

260

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 = 1
c3 = c5 = c7 = = 0
1
c4 =
3
1
c6 =
15
and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain
c2 = c4 = c6 = = 0
1
c3 =
2
1
c5 =
8
1
c7 =
48
and so on. Thus, the general solution is




1
1
1
1
1
y = c0 1 x2 + x4 x6 + + c1 x x3 + x5 x7 +
3
15
2
8
48
and




4
3
2
5
7
y  = c0 2x + x3 x5 + + c1 1 x2 + x4 x6 + .
3
5
2
8
48
Setting y(0) = 3 and y  (0) = 2 we nd c0 = 3 and c1 = 2. Therefore, the solution of the initial-value problem
is
1
1
1
y = 3 2x 3x2 + x3 + x4 x5 x6 + x7 + .
4
5
24
14. Substituting y =

n
n=0 cn x

into the dierential equation we have

(x + 2)y  + 3y =

n(n 1)cn xn1 + 2

n=2



n(n 1)cn xn2 + 3

n=2

k=n1

(k + 1)kck+1 xk + 2

k=1

= 4c2 + 3c0 +



k=n2

cn xn

n=0

 
k=n

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3

k=0


k=0

[(k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3ck ]xk = 0.

k=1

Thus
4c2 + 3c0 = 0
(k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3ck = 0
and
3
c2 = c0
4
ck+2 =

ck xk

k
3
ck+1
ck ,
2(k + 2)
2(k + 2)(k + 1)

261

k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


Choosing c0 = 1 and c1 = 0 we nd
c2 =

3
4

1
8
1
c4 =
16

c3 =

c5 =

9
320

and so on. For c0 = 0 and c1 = 1 we obtain


c2 = 0
c3 =

1
4

1
16
c5 = 0
c4 =

and so on. Thus, the general solution is






3 2 1 3
1 3
1 4
9 5
1 4
y = c0 1 x + x + x
x + + c1 x x + x +
4
8
16
320
4
16
and




9 4
3 2 1 3
3
3 2 1 3

y = c0 x + x + x x + + c1 1 x + x + .
2
8
4
64
4
4
Setting y(0) = 0 and y  (0) = 1 we nd c0 = 0 and c1 = 1. Therefore, the solution of the initial-value problem is
1
1
y = x x3 + x4 + .
4
16
15. Writing the dierential equation in the form
y  +


1 cos x 
y + xy = 0,
x

and noting that


1 cos x
x x3
x5
=
+

x
2
24 720
is analytic at x = 0, we conclude that x = 0 is an ordinary point of the dierential equation.
16. Writing the dierential equation in the form
y  +


x
y=0
ex 1 x

and noting that


ex

x
2 2
x
x2
= +
+

1x
x 3 18 270

we see that x = 0 is a singular point of the dierential equation. Since




x
2x2
x3
x4
2
x
=
2x

+
+
,
ex 1 x
3
18 270
we conclude that x = 0 is a regular singular point.

262

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


17. Substituting y =

n
n=0 cn x

y  + x2 y  + 2xy =

into the dierential equation we have


n=2

n(n 1)cn xn2 +





n=1

k=n2

ncn xn+1 + 2


n=0

k=n+1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

cn xn+1


(k 1)ck1 xk + 2

k=2

= 2c2 + (6c3 + 2c0 )x +

k=n+1

ck1 xk

k=1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck1 ]xk = 5 2x + 10x3 .

k=2

Thus
2c2 = 5
6c3 + 2c0 = 2
12c4 + 3c1 = 0
20c5 + 4c2 = 10
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck1 = 0,

k = 4, 5, 6, . . . ,

and
c2 =

5
2

1
1
c3 = c0
3
3
1
c4 = c1
4
 
1 1
1 1 5
c5 = c2 =
=0
2 5
2 5 2
1
ck+2 =
ck1 .
k+2
Using the recurrence relation, we nd
1
1
1
1
c6 = c3 =
(c0 + 1) = 2
c0 + 2
6
36
3 2!
3 2!
1
1
c1
c7 = c4 =
7
47
c8 = c11 = c14 = = 0
1
1
1
c9 = c6 = 3
c0 3
9
3 3!
3 3!
1
1
c10 = c7 =
c1
10
4 7 10
1
1
1
c12 = c9 = 4
c0 + 4
12
3 4!
3 4!
1
1
c13 = c0 =
c1
13
4 7 10 13

263

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


and so on. Thus

18. (a) From y =



1 3
1
1
1
6
9
12
y = c0 1 x + 2
x 3
x + 4
x
3
3 2!
3 3!
3 4!


1
1 7
1
1
+ c1 x x4 +
x
x10 +
x13
4
47
4 7 10
4 7 10 13


5
1
1
1
1
+ x2 x3 + 2
x6 3
x9 + 4
x12 .
2
3
3 2!
3 3!
3 4!
1 du
we obtain
u dx
dy
1
1 d2 u
+ 2
=
dx
u dx2
u

du
dx

2
.

Then dy/dx = x2 + y 2 becomes

so

1 d2 u
1
+ 2
2
u dx
u

du
dx

2
= x2 +

1
u2

du
dx

2
,

d2 u
+ x2 u = 0.
dx2

(b) If u = x1/2 w( 12 x2 ) then




1 2
1 1/2
1 2
u =x w
w
x + x
x
2
2
2






1 3/2
1 2
1 2
1 2

5/2 
1/2 
u =x w
x + 2x w
x x
x ,
w
2
2
4
2


and

so

3/2





 
 

1 2
1 2
1 2
1
u + x2 u = x1/2 x2 w
x + 2w
x + x2 x2 w
x
= 0.
2
2
4
2

Letting t = 12 x2 we have





2t 2tw (t) + 2w (t) + 2t

or

1
4 2t

1
t w (t) + tw (t) + t
16
2




w(t) = 0


w(t) = 0.

This is Bessels equation with = 1/4, so


w(t) = c1 J1/4 (t) + c2 J1/4 (t).
(c) We have
1 du
d 1/2
1
= 1/2
x w(t)
u dx
x w(t) dx


1
1 1/2
1/2 dw dt
= 1/2
x
w
+ x
dt dx 2
x w


1
dw
1
= 1/2
x3/2
+ 1/2 w
dt
x w
2x




1
dw
1
dw
=
2x2
+w =
4t
+w .
2xw
dt
2xw
dt

y=

264

Chapter 5 Review Exercises


Now
4t

dw
d
+ w = 4t [c1 J1/4 (t) + c2 J1/4 (t)] + c1 J1/4 (t) + c2 J1/4 (t)
dt
dt
 



1
1
= 4t c1 J3/4 (t) J1/4 (t) + c2 J1/4 (t) J3/4 (t)
4t
4t
+ c1 J1/4 (t) + c2 J1/4 (t)
= 4c1 tJ3/4 (t) 4c2 tJ3/4 (t)




1 2
1 2
= 2c1 x2 J3/4
x 2c2 x2 J3/4
x ,
2
2

so
y=

=x

2c1 x2 J3/4 ( 12 x2 ) 2c2 x2 J3/4 ( 12 x2 )


2x[c1 J1/4 ( 12 x2 ) + c2 J1/4 ( 12 x2 )]
c1 J3/4 ( 12 x2 ) + c2 J3/4 ( 12 x2 )
.
c1 J1/4 ( 12 x2 ) + c2 J1/4 ( 12 x2 )

Letting c = c1 /c2 we have


y=x
19. Let
y2 =
so that
y2
and
y2

J3/4 ( 12 x2 ) cJ3/4 ( 12 x2 )
.
cJ1/4 ( 12 x2 ) + J1/4 ( 12 x2 )

1
x[ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)] 1
2



1
1
1
1
= x
+
+ [ln(1 + x) ln(1 x)]
2
1+x 1x
2






1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
= x
+
+
+
+
2
(1 + x)2
(1 x)2
2 1+x 1x
2 1+x 1x


1
1
1
1
1
= x
+
.
+
+
2
(1 + x)2
(1 x)2
1+x 1x

Then
(1 x)(1 + x)y2 2xy2 + 2y2 = 0.
20. n = 0: P0 (x) = 1
n = 1: P1 (x) =

1 d
(x2 1) = x
2 dx

n = 2: P2 (x) =

1 d2
1 d2
1
3
1
2
2
(x

1)
=
(x4 2x2 + 1) = (12x2 4) = x2
2
2
8 dx
8 dx
8
2
2

n = 3: P3 (x) =

1 d3
1 d3
1
5
3
(120x3 72x) = x3 x
(x2 1)3 =
(x6 3x4 + 3x2 3) =
3
48 dx
48 dx3
48
2
2

265

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