THEORY

Many methods could be used in determined the viscosity such as

Gravimetric Capillary Principle, Rotational Principle, Stabinger Viscometer
Principle, Rolling or Falling-Ball Principle. Each methods came with different
principle in measuring the viscosity. Viscosity can be defined as the resistant of
the fluid to flow or resistant of the fluid to deform. There were two viscosity as
learnt in the class which were dynamic or absolute viscosity and kinematic
viscosity. Newtonian fluid would had only one unique or constant value of the
viscosity since the relationship of shear rate and shear stress were constant. For
non-Newtonian fluid, the relationship between shear stress and shear rate were
not constant yielded the difference in dynamic and kinematic viscosity of nonNewtonian fluid. The viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid depends on the shear rate
that yielded common behaviour to happen such as shear thickening, shear
thinning and plastic.

The dynamic viscosity can be expressed

where
= shear stress (N/m2)
= dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)
= shear rate (1/s)

Shear stress and shear rate can be defined using two-plates model.
Shear stress

In laminar flow, the fluid was arranged parallel to each other. Assume above
diagram was in laminar flow of the fluid. The top plate were moving by force
meanwhile the bottom plate was standing still. The force that caused the
movement of the top plate caused the stress parallel to the fluid surface which
was called shear stress. Hence, shear stress can be defined as the force applied
to move the top plate divided by plates area. The unit of shear stress in N/m 2 or
Pa.
Shear rate

Shear rate was the velocity of the top plate in meter per second, m/s divided by
the distance between the two plates which was in meter, m resulting in unit 1/s.
Kinematic viscosity could be determined by dividing dynamic viscosity with the
density of the fluid used which in this experiment was cooking oil.
=/
where
= kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
= absolute or dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)

 = density (kg/m3)
Effect of temperature on viscosity of the liquid
As the heat was supplied to the fluid, the molecule inside of the fluid will gain
more energy. The intermolecular force between the molecules were reduced and
the molecule increased in kinematic energy tend to moving around and collided
with each other. This condition caused the fluid to flow easier than the starting
condition. In easy word we can said that as the temperature applied on the fluid
increased, the viscosity of the fluid decreased.
As the experiment was conducted using automated viscometer, the capillary
tube was set at angle of 70. This to ensure that the flow of the fluid in the
capillary tube were in laminar flow as the angle more than 80 caused the flow of
the fluid became turbulent which would affected the viscosity results. As the
capillary tube in inclined condition, the ball moved down that drive by
gravitational force. Shear stress occur as the ball moved as the ball fell causing
stress parallel to cooking oil and shear rate were the distance from the cooking
nearest to capillary tube to the moving ball. As more surfaces of the ball
contacted with the cooking oil, the time taken for the ball to fall was longer since
the more shear stress yielded.
OBJECTIVES

To measure viscosity of various fluids using ball viscometer of various

sizes.
To compare viscosity of fluids using various sizes of capillary tube.
To measure viscosity of fluids at various temperatures.