Table of contents

Originality declaration....................................................................................................ii
Abstract..........................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................iv
Dedication.......................................................................................................................v
Table of contents............................................................................................................vi
List of Figures.................................................................................................................x
List of Tables.................................................................................................................xii
Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................................................................1
1.0
Background........................................................................................................1
1.1
Problem definition.............................................................................................3
1.2
Project objectives..............................................................................................4
1.2.1 General................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Specific................................................................................................4
1.3
Relevance of project .........................................................................................4
1.4
Conceptual model..............................................................................................5
1.5
Justification.......................................................................................................6
1.6
Outline of thesis.................................................................................................7
Chapter 2 Literature Review.....................................................................................8
2.0
Introduction.......................................................................................................8
2.1
Fire in automobiles............................................................................................9
2.1.1 Internal combustion engine.................................................................9
2.1.1.1 Advances in spark ignition engines.......................................9
2.1.1.2 Advances in compression ignition engines.........................13
2.1.2 Maintenance (welding)......................................................................14
2.1.3 Pleasure (Smoking)...........................................................................15
2.1.4 Unwanted fire....................................................................................16
2.1.4.1 Fuel fire ...............................................................................16
2.1.4.1.1 Petrol/Gasoline.....................................................18
2.1.4.1.2 Diesel....................................................................18
2.1.4.1.3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)...........................19
2.1.4.2 Electrical fire ........................................................................19
2.1.4.2.1 Arcing ..................................................................20
2.1.4.2.2 Ohmic heating (without arcing) ..........................21
2.1.4.3 External fire sources............................................................. 21
2.1.4.3.1 Arson....................................................................21
2.1.4.3.2 Impact induced fire..............................................22
2.2
Electricity in automobiles................................................................................22
2.2.1 Actuation...........................................................................................22
2.2.2 Lighting............................................................................................ 25
2.2.3 Safety and Comfort............................................................................26
2.2.4 Entertainment....................................................................................28
2.2.5 Telematics..........................................................................................28
2.2.6 Electric cars......................................................................................29
2.3
Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) in automobiles...............29
2.3.1 R134a (tetrafluoro-ethane) system....................................................32
2.3.2 R744 (carbon dioxide) system...........................................................34
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2.4
2.5
2.6

Sensors in automobiles....................................................................................36
Control modules in automobiles......................................................................39
In-Vehicle Networking....................................................................................41
2.6.1 Local Interconnect Network..............................................................41
2.6.2 Controller Area Network...................................................................42
2.6.3 FlexRay..............................................................................................42
2.6.4 Media Oriented System Transport (MOST)..................................... 43
2.6.5 1394 Automotive...............................................................................43
2.6.6 Ethernet..............................................................................................44
2.7
Review of related work ..................................................................................44
2.7.1 Fire detection ....................................................................................44
2.7.2 Fire extinguishment ..........................................................................51
Chapter 3 Theoretical Foundations for System Design........................................55
3.0
Re-engineering mobile air-conditioning..........................................................55
3.0.1 Design block diagram .......................................................................56
3.0.2 Design flow chart .............................................................................57
3.1
Design methodology .......................................................................................58
3.1.1 System block diagram ......................................................................59
3.1.2 Engine and fuel tank subsystem flow chart..........................................60
3.1.3 Cabin and boot subsystem flow chart ..................................................61
3.2
Foundations of mathematics for fire detection................................................64
3.2.1 Fuzzy logic........................................................................................64
3.2.2 Neural network..................................................................................73
3.2.3 Neural-fuzzy......................................................................................74
3.3
Foundations of electricity for fire control.......................................................77
3.3.1 Micro-controller isolation..................................................................77
3.3.2 Circuit protection...............................................................................77
3.3.3 Actuator isolation..............................................................................77
Chapter 4 System Design Process and Development...........................................78
4.0
Introduction.....................................................................................................78
4.1
Fire detection network.....................................................................................78
4.1.1 Temperature sensor............................................................................81
4.1.2 Smoke sensor.....................................................................................82
4.1.3 Flame sensor.....................................................................................82
4.2
Fire extinguisher network................................................................................83
4.2.1 Accumulator......................................................................................87
4.2.2 Pipework............................................................................................87
4.2.3 Valves and nozzles.............................................................................88
4.3
Fire control module.........................................................................................89
4.4
Fire detection and control system design........................................................89
4.5
Development tools...........................................................................................90
Chapter 5 System Implementation and Testing.....................................................92
5.0
Implementation................................................................................................92
5.1
Fuzzy logic controller......................................................................................95
5.2
Arduino libraries..............................................................................................97
5.3
ISIS 7 Professional with Proteus VSM...........................................................97
5.3.1 Simulation of fire detection and control............................................98
5.4
Testing...........................................................................................................104
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5.4.1 Electrical circuitry of control system..............................................106

5.4.2 Sensors in control system................................................................107
5.4.3 Arduino control module..................................................................108
5.4.4 Carbon dioxide network..................................................................109
5.4.5 Scenarios..........................................................................................111
5.5
Discussion of results......................................................................................112
5.5.1 Expected outcomes..........................................................................112
5.5.2 Accomplished objectives................................................................113
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation......................................................117
6.0
Introduction...................................................................................................117
6.1
Conclusions...................................................................................................117
6.2
Recommendations.........................................................................................117
6.3
Challenges and observations........................................................................118
References..................................................................................................................121
Appendix....................................................................................................................125
A
Cabin and Boot Subsystem ...........................................................................125
A.1
fisThesis.......................................................................................... 125
A.2
fis_header .......................................................................................140
B
Engine and Fuel Tank Subsystem .................................................................141
B.1
fisThesis_En ...................................................................................141
B.2
fis_header .......................................................................................156

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List of Figures
Figure 2.0 (a)...................................................................................................................8
Figure 2.1.1.1 (a)...........................................................................................................10
Figure 2.1.1.1 (b)...........................................................................................................11
Figure 2.3 (a).................................................................................................................31
Figure 2.3.1 (a)..............................................................................................................33
Figure 2.3.2 (a)..............................................................................................................35
Figure 2.5 (a).................................................................................................................40
Figure 2.6.2 (a)..............................................................................................................42
Figure 3.0 (a).................................................................................................................55
Figure 3.0.1(a)...............................................................................................................56
Figure 3.0.2 (a)..............................................................................................................57
Figure 3.1.1 (a)..............................................................................................................59
Figure 3.1.2 (a)..............................................................................................................60
Figure 3.1.3 (a)..............................................................................................................61
Figure 3.1 (d).................................................................................................................62
Figure 3.2.1 (a)..............................................................................................................64
Figure 3.2.1 (b)..............................................................................................................65
Figure 3.2.1 (c)..............................................................................................................65
Figure 3.2.1 (d)..............................................................................................................65
Figure 3.2.1 (e)..............................................................................................................67
Figure 3.2.1 (f)..............................................................................................................68
Figure 3.2.1 (g)..............................................................................................................68
Figure 3.2.1 (h)..............................................................................................................69
Figure 3.2.1 (k)..............................................................................................................69
Figure 3.2.1 (m).............................................................................................................70
Figure 3.2.1 (n)..............................................................................................................71
Figure 3.2.1 (p)..............................................................................................................72
Figure 3.2.2 (a)..............................................................................................................73
Figure 3.2.2 (b)..............................................................................................................73
Figure 3.2.3 (a)..............................................................................................................75
Figure 4.1.1 (a)..............................................................................................................81
Figure 4.1.1 (b)..............................................................................................................81
Figure 4.1.2 (a)..............................................................................................................82
Figure 4.1.3 (a)..............................................................................................................83
Figure 4.2 (a).................................................................................................................84
Figure 4.2 (b).................................................................................................................85
Figure 4.2 (c).................................................................................................................86
Figure 4.2.2 (a)..............................................................................................................87
Figure 4.2.2 (b)..............................................................................................................88
Figure 4.3 (a).................................................................................................................89
Figure 5.0 (a).................................................................................................................92
Figure 5.0 (b).................................................................................................................93
Figure 5.0 (c).................................................................................................................93
Figure 5.0 (d).................................................................................................................94
Figure 5.0 (e).................................................................................................................94
Figure 5.3.1 (a)..............................................................................................................99
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Figure 5.3.1 (b)............................................................................................................100

Figure 5.3.1 (c)............................................................................................................101
Figure 5.3.1 (d)............................................................................................................102
Figure 5.3.1 (e)............................................................................................................103
Figure 5.3.1 (f)............................................................................................................103
Figure 5.4 (a)...............................................................................................................104
Figure 5.4 (b)...............................................................................................................105
Figure 5.4 (c)...............................................................................................................105
Figure 5.4.2 (a)............................................................................................................107
Figure 5.4.3 (a)............................................................................................................108
Figure 5.4.4 (a)............................................................................................................109
Figure 5.5.2 (a)............................................................................................................113
Figure 5.5.2 (b)............................................................................................................114
Figure 5.5.2 (c)............................................................................................................114
Figure 5.5.2 (d)............................................................................................................115
Figure 5.5.2 (e)............................................................................................................115
Figure 5.5.2 (f).............................................................................................................116
Figure 5.5.2 (g)............................................................................................................116
Figure 6.3 (a)...............................................................................................................120

List of Tables
Table 2.1.4 (a)................................................................................................................17
Table 2.2.6 (a)................................................................................................................41
Table 2.7.1 (a)................................................................................................................45
Table 2.7.2 (a)................................................................................................................52
Table 3.2.1 (a)................................................................................................................67
Table 3.2.1 (b)...............................................................................................................67
Table 3.2.1 (c)................................................................................................................68
Table 3.2.1 (d)...............................................................................................................68
Table 3.2.1 (e)................................................................................................................69
Table 3.2.1 (f)................................................................................................................69
Table 3.2.1 (g)...............................................................................................................70
Table 5.0 (a)...................................................................................................................92
Table 5.1 (a)...................................................................................................................97
Table 5.4.1 (a)..............................................................................................................106
Table 5.4.1 (b).............................................................................................................106
Table 5.4.1 (c)..............................................................................................................106
Table 5.4.1 (d).............................................................................................................106
Table 5.4.5 (a)..............................................................................................................111
Table 5.4.5 (b)..............................................................................................................111
Table 5.4.5 (c)..............................................................................................................112

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