Teaching and Learning Strategies

Inquiry-based Learning
What is Inquiry-based learning?
The old adage, Tell me and I forget, show me and I remember, involve me and I
understand describes the core of inquiry-based learning. Inquiry is the process of
seeking truth, information, or knowledge by questioning. Questioning! That is the
key.
The process of inquiring begins with gathering information and data through
applying the human senses: seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling.
Infants make connections to the world by inquiring. They observe faces that come
near, they grasp objects, they put things in their mouths, and they turn toward
voices. It is natural. Although it is most often associated with science, inquiry-based
learning is used to engage students of all ages, to learn by exploration and
discovery.
Inquiry-based learning processes vary. Models of inquiry for information literacy
include The Big 6, Irvin Information Skills, and Kuhlthau Information Seeking.
How does inquiry-based learning encourage student learning?
Memorizing facts and information is not the most important skill in todays world.
Facts change, and information is readily available. Inquiry-based learning provides
students the opportunity to construct the understanding necessary to produce
deeper learning. Such understanding greatly increases the chances that students
will be able to apply the concept in new situations. This increases the likelihood
that it will be remembered. Inquiry-based learning strategies serve as a stimulus for
learning, thinking and questioning.
What does inquiry-based learning look like in the classroom?
The following example elaborates on the five steps listed above: questioning,
planning and predicting, investigating, recording and reporting, and reflecting.
1. Questioning This is the concept development phase. It connects
students with what they already know and motivates them to bring their
own questions to the phenomenon. For example, a teacher asks Did
you ever wonder why gum gets smaller when you chew it? The purpose
of the prompt is to stimulate student interest in the topic for exploration.
To allow the students to have concrete knowledge, the teacher in this
example gives each student gum and they experience that
phenomenon. In this classroom activity, the students conduct an initial,
teacher-led experiment to test the hypothesis. The teacher models the
questioning: I have noticed that the size of a wad of gum decreases
considerably in the first 10 or 15 minutes of chewing. The teacher tells
them that this change in volume is due to the loss of sugar. After
analyzing the results of the initial experiment, students are then in a

position to generate their own questions about gum, many of which can
be answered with similar experiments. It is when students ask their own
questions that they become empowered learners.
2. Planning and Predicting After students explore ideas through handson experiences, they formulate a question and create a plan for
investigating their question. They also predict what they think their
results will be. It takes time and practice before students learn how to
formulate questions. It is important that teachers model this process,
asking questions that can be investigated, and eliminating or rewording
those that cant be investigated easily. In this example, the student
questions that evolved include: How will the weight losses compare in
sugared gum versus sugarless gum? and Does the amount of mass
lost depend on how long you chew the gum? Working in cooperative
learning groups, the students make a plan of action to investigate their
questions and predict the outcome.
3. Investigating Students become involved in their inquiries. It is vital to
give them ample time to complete their investigations. As students in this
scenario begin their investigations, they weigh an un-chewed piece of
gum. They then chew the gum for 15 minutes, let it dry for 48 hours, and
weigh it again.
4. Recording and Reporting Students record and communicate their
findings in this stage of inquiry learning. They can report their findings in
a variety of ways. Whatever means they use, they restate the question
and predictions, describe the investigation, and interpret the results. The
cooperative groups report their findings. One group documents the
results on spreadsheet graphs. Another group chooses presentation
software to describe their investigation and to report their results. A third
group scans the original gum wrapper (which lists the ingredients and
nutritional information) and artistically displays their calculations on their
original designed wrapper. They compare the percentages of the sugar
content before and after the gum was chewed.
5. Reflecting In the reflecting phase, students revisit the phenomenon
and plan further investigations. New questions may occur as a result of
the inquiry and the process is repeated. As the students share and
reflect on their findings of the chewing gum investigation, new questions
occur: Do different flavors of the same brand of gum contain different
amounts of sugar? and Would gum chewed in saliva lose more mass
than gum chewed in water? For these students, the inquiry process
begins once again with these new questions as the basis of their next
investigation.
Additional Information on the Five Steps for Inquiry-based Learning
Questioning, Planning and Predicting, Investigating, Recording and Reporting, and
Reflecting. Students, familiar with the traditional "talk and chalk" classroom, may

be uncomfortable with inquiry-based learning for some time. Teachers need to be

patient. It is up to the teacher to guide them through the process of questioning.
In many instances, the self-directed roles are unfamiliar: tracking down the best
evidence related to the essential question, critically identifying foundation
questions, coordinating with peers, and reporting back with the best solution to the
essential question. If students do not take ownership of the task, they will spend
their time trying to figure out and deliver exactly what the teacher wants, which
defeats the intention of inquiry-based learning. This section reviews the five steps
in more detail.
1. Questioning
Inquiry-based learning is about asking questions. Students are encouraged
to ask the questions that help them discover how the world works. These
questions may be posed by the teacher or formulated by the students.
Asking good questions takes practice. At the beginning of inquiry, the
teacher needs to model how to formulate questions.
There are two types of questions to formulate when using inquiry-based
learning: essential and foundation.
A. Essential Questions: Essential questions are usually posed and
modeled by the teacher. Students may create their own question if
they have had previous experience with inquiry-based learning and
are comfortable with the process. Students generate questions
(foundation) that will help them build answers to the essential
question. For example, if the U.S. History class spends a month on
the Civil War, the teacher may pose one of the following essential
questions:
1. Why do we fight wars?
2. How could political issues or ideas ever become more
important than family loyalties?
3. How does our country portray the affects of the slavery
experience and the Civil War?
B. Foundation Questions: Foundation questions are generally the
"what is" questions.
Students create the foundation questions by brainstorming questions.
Through investigation and research of factual information, students
work toward obtaining the answer to the essential question. Again,
these may need to be modeled by the teacher for students to gain a
better understanding of this process. The number of foundation
questions is typically around six to eight.

Essential Question:
How could political issues or ideas ever become more
important than family loyalties?
Foundation Questions:
1. What were the political parties of the Civil War?
2. What were similarities of each group?
3. What were differences of each group?
4. What are the important values (personal, political,
economical, etc.) of that era?
5. What was the family structure during the Civil War era?
6. Who had political influences?
7. What effect on the family did these influences play?
It is important for students to understand that the essential question
generates many small, foundation questions. Therefore, instead of
trying to grasp the whole picture, it is best to take little pieces at a
time and bring them together at the end.
2. Planning and Predicting
Prior to beginning the inquiry-based steps, students are introduced to the
topic. During this time, the teacher is helping students to generate questions
by modeling questioning: How did you come to that conclusion? What are
some other possibilities? After becoming familiar with the material,
cooperative teams create an essential question, if not supplied by the
teacher. They also brainstorm and formulate six to eight foundation
questions. The teacher may still need to model how to formulate these
questions by asking open-ended questions: Who were some political
powers? How did they influence the people in that era? It is important that
students understand that the bigger (essential) question is the compilation of
smaller (foundation) questions.
Prior to gathering their information, students create a list of necessary
resources to answer their questions and communicate their findings. These
resources may include: computer, Internet, brainstorming software,
multimedia tools, CD-ROMs, etc. Other student activities that may help in
this step include creating a list of keywords for research, acquiring e-mail
addresses of experts, and identifying local personnel who may provide
information. During this time the teacher guides the students as they
formulate answers to their questions.
3. Investigating
During this step, it is important that teachers allow students enough time to

investigate. The teacher facilitates the process by gathering resources and

asking open-ended questions during team investigations. Students have the
opportunity to move around the room to see what other groups are doing.
This generates other ideas that can be incorporated in their own
investigations. Students keep accurate records or logs to be used when
compiling information. This log also provides them with information on what
worked during the investigation and what did not; which questions have
been answered and which have not.
Not all knowledge that is needed during investigations can be acquired by
inquiry. It is important for a teacher to say "no" to investigations that are
costly or have safety concerns, investigations that sway from the goals of
the lesson, or investigations that are not relevant to answering the essential
question. Students, redirected by the teacher, stay focused on appropriate
questions and investigations.
4. Recording and Reporting
In this step of inquiry-based learning, students record and report their
findings. Students may use a variety of ways to record: lists, spreadsheets,
databases, graphic organizers, graphs, memos, notes, webs, and note
cards. Likewise, students may use word processing, multimedia
presentations, brochures, bulletin boards, graphs, artwork, models, and
portfolios for reporting their information.
5. Reflecting
In this final step of inquiry-based learning, students reflect by revisiting the
essential and foundation questions. If the information gathered does not
answer the essential question then more foundation questions may need to
be formulated and investigated. For each inquiry-based project, a rubric is
created to help students maintain direction.
A portfolio documents learning over time. This long-term perspective accounts for
student improvement and teaches students the value of self-assessment, editing,
and revision. The process of facilitating successful student portfolios can be broken
into four steps:
1. Collection - The first step is not always easy to facilitate successfully. As it
requires students to collect and store examples of their work. The key skill in
this step is to get students accustomed to collecting and documenting
whenever possible.
2. Selection - In this step, students examine their collected work and select
the materials for their portfolio. The students' portfolios will come to life if
they have more diverse materials such as audio/video recordings, artwork,
projects, journals, computer work, homework, compositions, etc.
3. Reflection - The third step is perhaps the most important step in the
portfolio process. It is what distinguishes portfolios from mere collections.
Reflection is often done in writing but can be done orally as well, particularly

with younger students. The students are asked to explain why they chose a
particular artifact, how it compares with other artifacts, what particular skills
and knowledge were used to produce it, and where he or she can improve
as a learner. The importance of this step is having the students take an
active role in the assessment process.
4. Connection - The last step has two related facets.

The first is a direct result of the reflection process. Upon reflecting on

their own achievement and identifying the skills and knowledge they
applied in producing the artifacts, students can answer the perennial
question for themselves, "Why are we doing this?" They are able to
make a more authentic connection between their schoolwork and the
value of what it is they're learning.

The second facet is connecting with the world outside the classroom.
Many successful portfolio programs have students formally present
their portfolio to a panel of peers, teachers, parents, and other
community members. In some cases, students exhibit their portfolios
during student led parent-teacher conferences. The resulting
connection between the students and the greater community creates
an invaluable celebration of student achievement and a rare dialogue
about the quality of learning at the school.

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