DIRECT AND BENDING STRESS

W
W
e

f min
f max
fig.(a)
fig.(b)
When a short column is subjected to
an axial load W along the axis of the
column, as shown in figure (a), then
it is subjected to a uniform stress
The intensity of stress will be =
W/A, where A = cross sectional area
of the column
Figure (b) shows a short column of
cross section area A carrying point load
W, where the line of action of W is
eccentric with respect to the axis YY

Let the eccentricity =e

 The section of the beam is

subjected to the following stresses
i.
A direct stress f 0 =W/A
ii.
A bending stress f b due to the
eccentricity of the load
f b = (M/I) y, where
I= Moment of inertia of the section
Y= distance of the layer concerned
from the NA
M= bending moment due to
eccentricity = W.e
The resultant stress at any point in
the section
= f 0f b = W/A (M/I)y
= W/A (W.e/I) y
The nature of the resultant stress,
whether compressive or tensile,
depends on the value of direct
stress and bending stress
The three possible distribution of
stresses across the cross section
is shown in figure (c to e)
W
f max= f o+f b (comp

f min= f o-f b (comp)

fmin
f0
fb

f0-fb

f0+fb= fmax

fig. (c) case 1: fb f 0

W
e

f max= f o+f b (comp)

f min= f o-f b =0

f0
fb f0+fb
fig. (d): case-2: fb=f0
W
e

fmax = f0+fb (comp)

fmin = f0- fb (tensile)

f0-fb
f0+fb

Fig. (e): case-3: fb f0

CONDITIONS FOR STRESS ACROSS THE

SECTION TO BE WHOLLY COMPRESSIVE
(LIMIT OF ECCENTRICITY)
There is a limit of eccentricity, which
may be permitted for different
sections, so that the stress across the

section does not change sign. ie the

stress across the section will be
wholly compressive.
We know, for stress to be wholly
compressive fb max f 0
W/A or e Z/A ----(1)
(W.e)/Z
case-1 : Kernel of Rectangular section
of width b and depth d
f 0= W/A
fb= We/Z
For f to be wholly compressive
fbmax f 0
We/Z W/A or e = Z/A
e bd2
d/6
6x bd
The load can be eccentric on either side
of the geometrical axis
ie. the stress will be of the same sign
across the section if the load is placed
within the middle third of the axis
Similarly, if the load line is in the vertical
plane bisecting the depth d, then the
permissible limit of eccentricity will be
b/3 as shown in figure.

Y
b/3

d/3

x d

Y
b
The load line need not be essentially on
either side of the principal axes XX and
YY. It must, however, lie within the
rhombus, whose diagonals are d/3 and b/3
on the respective axes.
This rhombus is known as the Core or
Kernel of the section
For any section, there is a limiting value of
eccentricity on either side of the principal
axes, so that if the load line is within the
area described by the limiting values of
eccentricity, the stress across the section
will be wholly compressive. This area is
called the core or kernel of the section.

Case-2: kernel of Hollow Rectangular

Section:
b

B
When load line is on
e Z/A = (BD 3 bd 3)
6D(BD-bd)
When load line is on
e Z/A = (DB 3 db 3)
6B(BD-bd)

YY
-----------(1)
XX
------------(2)

Case-3: kernel of Solid Circular

Section:

d
d/4

Let circle diameter = d

Z= d 3/32; A = d 2/4
e Z/A = d 3 x 4
= d/8
32 x d 2
The core is a concentric circle of
diameter d/4

Case-4: Kernel of Hollow Circular

section
Let
outer diameter = D
inner diameter = d
Z = (D4- d4)/32D
A= (D2- d2)/4
e Z/A =
(D4- d4) x 4
32D x (D2- d2)

= (D2+ d2)
8D
The core in this case will be a
concentric circle of diameter (D2+ d2)
4D

{(D2 +d2)/4D} kernel 0r core

Case-5: Kernel or Core for symmetrical I

Section
t2

d
X
b/2

X
t1 b/2

B
d = D-(2 .t2)
b = B-t1. When load is on YY
I = (BD3-bd3)/12
Z = (BD3-bd3) x 2 = (BD3-bd3)
12. D
6D
A= (BD-bd)
e = Z/A =
(BD3-bd3)
6D(BD-bd)
When load is on XX, e= (DB3-db3)
6B( BD-bd)