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GROUP NO 5
SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES
CIV 420
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
WRITTEN REPORT
Submitted by:
GROUP 5
ABERIN, Mark Andrew E.
FAJARDO, Annika Phoebe H.
MAGTALAS, Micah L.
NEPOMUCENO, Juvy Anne T.
UNGRIA, Louies Amelia E.
ZAMORA, Ralph Gianne U.
Submitted to:
CIV 420
ELECTIVE II: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
GROUP NO 5
SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES
A structure spanning and providing passage over a gap or barrier, such as a river or roadway.
A structure that spans horizontally between supports, whose function is to carry vertical loads.
lengths or restraint.
Column brittle failure due to deficiencies in shear capacity and inadequate ductility.
Unique failures in complex structures.
Damage to a bridge can have severe consequences for a local economy, because bridges provide vital links
in the transportation system of a region. In general, the likelihood of damage increases if the ground motion is
particularly intense, the soils are soft, the bridge was constructed before modern codes were implemented, or the
bridge configuration is irregular. Even a well-designed bridge can suffer damage if nonstructural modifications
and structural deterioration have increased the vulnerability of the bridges.
Depending on the ground motion, site conditions, overall configuration, and specific details of the bridge,
the damage induced in a particular bridge cat take many forms. Damage of the superstructure is rarely the
primary cause of collapse.
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CIV 420
ELECTIVE II: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
GROUP NO 5
SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES
-Before the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake, seismic design of highway bridges are based on lateral force
requirements for buildings.
-Lateral loads = 2 to 6% of dead loads.
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Now
Caltrans published the Guide
Specs for Seismic Design of Steel
Bridge. And in 2004, they
published the performance and
displacement-based Seismic
Design Criteria v. 1.3 w/c focuses
mainly on concrete bridges.
2001 &
2004
19961997
1995
Since
1989
Caltrans design manual have been updated continuously to
reflect recent research findings and devt in the field of
seismic bridge design. Caltrans has been shifting toward a
displacement-based design approach emphasizing element
and system capacity design.
No-Collapsed-Based Design
Applied Technology
Council (ATC)
published the
improved Seismic
Design Criteria (SDC)
recommendations for
California bridges; US
bridges and highway
structures.
Two Approaches:
Force-Based Approach
-Adjustment factor for ductility and risk assessment (Caltrans) or Response modification factor (AASHTO
& ATC) is applied to elastic member forces from the response spectra
Displacement-Based Approach
-Displacements are a major consideration in design
Performance-Based Design
In performance-based design, bridge engineers faced 3 essential challenges:
1. Ensure that earthquake risks posed by new construction are acceptable.
2. Identify and correct unacceptable seismic safety conditions in existing structures.
3. Develop and implement the rapid, effective and economic response mechanism for the recovering structural
integrity after damaging earthquakes.
Bridge type, component and member dimensions, and esthetics shall be investigated.
Arch bridges These bridges uses arch as a main structural component (arch is always located below
the bridge, never above it). They are made with one or more hinges, depending of what kind of load
and stress forces they must endure.
Beam bridges Very basic type of bridges that are supported by several beams of various shapes and
sizes. They can be inclined or V shaped.
Truss bridges Very popular bridge designs that uses diagonal mesh of posts above the bridge.
Cantilever bridges Similar in appearance to arch bridges, but they support their load not trough
vertical bracing but trough diagonal bracing. They often use truss formation both below and above the
bridge.
Tied arch bridges Similar to arch bridges, but they transfer weight of the bridge and traffic load to
the top chord that is connected to the bottom cords in bridge foundation. They are often called
bowstring arches or bowstring bridges.
Suspension bridges Bridges that use ropes or cables from the vertical suspender to hold the weight
of bridge deck and traffic.
Cable-stayed bridges Bridge that uses deck cables that are directly connected to one or more vertical
columns.
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3
4
5
6
Various techniques may be used to achieve balanced geometry to create a uniform and more predictable
structure such as:
Seismic protective devices, that is, energy dissipation and isolation devices may be provided at
appropriate locations.
For concrete bridges, structural components shall be proportioned to direct inelastic damage into the
columns, pier walls, and abutments.
Initial sizing of columns should be based on slenderness ratios, bent cap depth, compressive dead-to-live
load ratio, and service loads.
Caltrans
Permissible earthquake resisting elements that require owners approval
Earthquake resisting
elements that are not
recommended for new
bridges