Stai Papers 1965-66

. PART I.
- rIMEIDI"" or Til
- -.- ---
34th
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STAt
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I'" .
SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTS' ASSOCIATION OF INDIA.

ALYANPUR. KANPUR (India)
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THE SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTS'

ASSOCIATON OF IND IA
KANPUR.
This Association was started in 1925. It is an organisation of scienti(tc

workers and others directly interested in the technological advancement of th e
Sugar Industry . Its affairs are run by a Council elected each year by its own
members. The Counc il is assisted by standing Committees on Research and
Investigations, on Publications, on Off-Season Employment, on Uniform System
of Chemica l Control and on Indian Nationa l Committee fo r ICUMSA.
to it
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by the Notiona l Sugar Institute, Kanpur .
The Association endeavours to serve the Sugar Industry .

w-operot ion in this task .
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U. A. S. B{'}.NGr\LO" ~~
UNlVERSITY L1B ~AR Y
2GNO V1980
ACC. NO ..
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Cl . NO . ........ ........ ........... .
-------
CONT'ENTS '
1.
2.
The Use Of Simazine Along With 2, 4-D As Weedicides In Sugarcane Fields,

-by Kirti Kar, V. S. Neg; and R. P. Singh.
1-... : 6
Role Of Different Factors In Cane Cultivation,

-by Kirti Kar and Anang Nath.
7- 18
3.
On The Problem Of Low Standard Of Manuring Sugarcane In Northern India,

-hy G. N. Misra.
19- 23
4.
Elongation Of Cane In Relation To Soil Moisture During Formative Phase,

-by Sudama Singh and Lallan Singh.
5...
6.
7.
8.
9.
25- 31
Response OF Sugarcane To Different Levels Of Manuring And Irrigation

Under The Two Methods Of Planting Cane,
- by G. N. Misra, J. D. Singh and V. N. Singh.
33-
39
Approximation Formulae For Evaporation Plant Calculations,

- b), H. J. Spoelstra.
41- 48
A Note On The Problem Of Production Of White Sugar Without Sulphur.

-by D. P. Kulkani.
49- 52
Entrainment & The Entrained Liquor,

-by Ajit Singh.
53- 55
Recovery Of Sulphur Dioxide From Stack Gases of Sulphiter,

-by Biraja B. Paul & Amah K. Mitra .
57-
62
10.
Some Measures For Reducing The Consumption Of Sulphur During The

Manufacture Of White Sugar,
- by Harhhajan Singh.
63- 65
11.
Theoretical Possible Recovery Of Raw Sugar In A White Sugar Factory

When Switched Over To Raw Sugar Manufacturing,
-by Dr. B. B. Paul.
67- 71
12.
Harmones and Sugarcane III Respiratory Response of Sugarcane Setts to

Indole - 3-Acetic Acid Treatments
- By U. S. Singh
) 3. Harmones and Sugarcane . . VI Effect of Indole -3 -acetic acid on the rate of

moisture loss from the setts after soaking
- By U. S. Singh
14.
Harmones and Sugarcane - VJI The response of mata bolic water uptake and
. germination efficiency of seed to indole-3-acetic acid treatment and the
mutual relationship of the two. process
- By U. S. Singh
73 -
78
79 -
82
83 -
88
15.
Mill Setling Calculations

- By T. T. Oammen & K. C.
Hath~
16. Further Reduction of Sulphur consumption in Carbonation

Sugar Factory
-:-By Man Mokt.zn & K. K. Sharma, .
17. Power In The Sugar Industry (A Compar~so~ Of Mill Dtjves)
-hy F.
18 ~ '
J.
Aldridge.
Use Of Phosphate In The Clear Juice,

....-hJ A. C. Clw.tl4rjll.
19. Clarification Factor,

~by A. C. CIun'nj'"
20.." Studies On Specific Conductances Of Indian Sugars,
.
.
-by Sur.lsh . Chandra C;uptIJ, N. A. Ramaiah, A. P. Gupta,
.. ' S. S. Katiyar & I. S. Jutuja.
.
89- 96
97- 102
L03-107
109-111
113-114
1I5-IIS
ELECTED OFFICE BEARERS
' .-96S00" '"
President
S. K. Somaiya
Vice-President
BanslDhar
Vice-President
Vice-President
J.
S. C . Gupta (Ex-Officio)
M. Saha
Hony. Secretary
S. L. Saxena
Treasurer
J. P.
Editor
S. Mukherjee
Shukla
Members of the Council

D. R. Parashar
S, N. Gundu Rao
J.
S. C. Jolly
A. S. Bhatia
S. N.
B. L. Mlttal
N. R. Khanna
S. V. S. Sastr!.
S. HuJa
K. K.
Pran Kishan
~al
R.o
Assistant Secretary
G, L. Kapoor
Past Presidents
1915-1936 (late) Noel Deerr
19-42- I 9-44 Lalchand Hlrachand
1936-1938 (late) K. S. Majithia
19-44-19-46 (late) R. C. Srivastava
1938 19-41 (late) Desraj Narang
19-46- I963 (late) Desral Naran&

1963-196S D. D. Puri
PA"TIrONS
J.
2.
3.
4.
5.
t.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I I.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Seth Banarsj Dass"ji

Seth B. M. Birla
Shri C. P. Sinha
Shri D. D. Puri
Shri D. M. Dahanukar
Shri G. N. Kaula
Dr . .Sir Gokul Chand Narang
Sri Joseph Kay, Kt.
Seth Kishori Lal Ji
Shri V. K. Goel
Shri K. J. Somaiya
Seth Krishna Deva
Shri K. G. Apte
Shri K. V. Subbarao
Seth Lalchand Hirachand '
Lala Bharat Ram
Raja Narain Lal Bansi Lal Pitti
Setn Ramdas Kilachand
Shri H. B. Girme
SI,r Surendra Singh Majithia
Seth Shanti Prasad Jain
Dr. A. Jardine
.or. H. H. Dodds
Sir Padampat Singhania
Seth Mangturam Jaipuria
Seth Radhakrishen Ram Narain Ruia
Shri V. D. Jhunjhunwala
29.
30.
.3 I.
32.
33 .
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50 .
51.
52.
53.
Shri Govindji Raojl

Dr. John Van Nostrand Dorr
Shri S. K. Somalya
Shri S. S. Kanoria
Shrl Mohan Lal Bajoria
Lala Charat Ram
Lala Rajendra Lal
Seth Jayantilal Mulji
Seth D. P. Agarwalla
Shri K. K. Birla
Shri M. D. Khaitan
Shri A. K. Jain
Shri M. B. Lohia
Shri V. S. Shirgaokar
Shri M. L. Apte
Shri M. L. Modi
Shri Laljibhai D. Hindocha
Lala Bansidhar
Shri R. P. Nevatia
Shri Pradeep Narang
Kr. Ram Nath
Lala M. P. Jhunjhunwala
. Ali Hag Shri Amir Hassan
Shri Tulsidas Kanoria
Shri B. M. Thapar
Shri Kailash Chander Kesardeo Seksaria
HONORARY FELLOWS
I.
2.
3.
Dr. K. Douwes Dekker

Dr. H. W. Kerr
Mr. K. S. Arnold
The Use of Simazine along with 2,4-D as

Weedicide in Sugarcane Fields
By
Kirti Kar. V. S. Negi & R. p. Singh
Mathur and Singh (1962) reported that

Simazine application at 4.48 Kg. per hectare
as pre coupled with post emergence successfully suppressed most of the weeds, both
monocot and dicot. Its two doses - 4.48 Kg.
and 8.96 Kg. per hectare proved equally effective against weeds. These workers further
noted that Simazine, when applied at the rate
of 8.96 Kg. per hectare, had no deleterious
effect on the cane crop. These workers, with
the use of Simazine, obtained yields of cane
comparable to normal cultivation, with proper
hoeings.
Again Mathur and. Singh (1964) in the later
studies confirmed the weedicidal property of
Simazine at 4.48 Kg . per hectare dose. This
dose was much more effective than 2.24 Kg.
hectare. They further opined that application
of Simazine twice as pre and post emergence
spray proved more effective against different
weed species than its total quantity applied
.only once. Simazine could not effect Cyperus
rotundus. The necessity arose to note the
efficacy of Simazine at lower doses along with
2,4-D, so that the cost of weedicides be lessened as well as Cyperus rotundus may
also be affected. A trial was laid out on this
line during the year 1964-65 as per details
given below and the results arrived at are
presented in this paper.
Methods and Material
The trial was laid out with sugarcane variety

Co. S. 510, in sandy loam soil at the Main
Sugarcane Research Station, Shahjahanpur.
Randomised block design with four replication
was adopted with the following treatments :A-
Pre emergence spray of 2,4~0 @ 2.2 Kg.

per hectare.
+ Simazine @ 1.1 Kg.
B-
Pre emergence spray of 2.4-0 @ 2.2 Kg.

+ Simazine @ 1.1 Kg. per hectare and
post emergence application of only Simazine @ 1.1. Kg. per hectare.
C-
Pre + Post emergence application of

2,4-D @ 2.2 Kg. and Simazine @ 1.1 Kg.
per hectare.
D- Pre emergence application of 2,4-D and

Simazine @ 2.2 Kg. per hectare each.
E-
Pre emergence spray of 2,4-D and Simazine each @ of 2.2 Kg. per hectare, and
post emergence spray of only Simazine
@ 2.2 Kg. per hectare.
F- Pre + Post emergence spray of 2,4-D

and Simazine each @ 2.2 Kg. per hectare
every time.
G- Trash mulch - Dry cane leaves to be
spread in between lines of cane, 6 to 10
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966

ems. in thickness after complete germi.
nation.
H Normal cultivation (with usual number

of hoeiiigs).
J-
Control ( No hoeings ).
Unit Plot size - 11.5 Metres x SA
Metres = 1/ 161. 03 hectare.
Weedicides dissolved in 1125 Litres of

water were sprayed per hectare. Required
quantities of weedicides were first fully dissolved in a small quantity of water and then the
rest of water was added to make it of required
volume. Pre emergence spraying was done
10 to 12 days after planting and those of post
emergence were given 2 months after the pre
~merge nce one. Care was taken to see that
weedicides were thoroughly dissolved befo re
spraying. The spraying was done uniforml y
on clean (weed free), hoed and moist so il.
Two hoeings were provided to all the trea t
ments. Later on regular hoeings were done In

the normal cultivation plots only after each
irrigation. Trash was spread in between the
rows after germination was over.
Finding and Discussing
Germination - No adverse effect of any
of the above mentioned weedicides and their
different doses was observed on germination .
]t was almost uniform through out the trial.
It ranged between 33.5 to 42.1 per cent,
(Table I).
Tillers per Plant- In the control plots
where (lnly two hoeings were given, like all
other weedic idal treatments, 2.8 tillers per
plant were recorded . On the other hand, in
th e norm al cultivation pl ots, where regular
hoeings were pro\ id cd, 5.0 tillers per plant
were fo und . In t he weedicide trea ted plots
tillers per plant formed were in bet\\'een the
two extremities, (Table I).
Table
Germination percent, tillers per plant, millable canes per hectare at harvest and yield in lvI. T . per hectare.
Treatments
A-Pre 2,.4 -0 2.2. Kg. + Sim. 1.1 Kg.

B-Pre 2, 4-0 2.2 Kg. + Pre & Post Sim.
1.1 Kg.
C-Pre + Post 2,4-D 2.2 Kg & Sim. 1.1 Kg.
D-Pre 2,4~D + Sim. each 2.2 Kg.
E-Pre 2,4-0 + Sim. each 2.2 Kg. + Post
sim. 2.2 Kg.
F-Pre + Post 2,4-D + Sim. each 2.2 Kg.
G-Trash mulch
H-Normal cultivalion .
I-Control (No hoeings)
Genrmina
tion
percent.
Average No. Millable

canes at
of tillers
harvest
per plant
rer heet.
Yield in
M.T. per
hectare
35.2
33.5
2.9
3.7
107568
121899
51.89
59.86
35 .1
35.2
36.4
3.8
3.3
3.9
121416
118196
1252&1
63.68
53.95
63.24
36.5
38.6
42.1
40.5
3.6
3.0
5.0
2.8
1318~3
124959
143638
115136
61.43
65.51
78.46
55.23
S E
4.21
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India KanpuC'l966

Number of millable canes per hectare-
Millable cane formation was not at all affected

by application of any of the weedicides. Like
tillering unweedcd , control, suffered 10 the
millable cane formation. Only 115136 millable canes per hectare, were formed against
143638 in the normal culti vation plots, where
.weeds were totally eliminated by hoeings.
Only slight variation existed in the number of

millable canes per hectare between weedicide
treatments and normal cultivation plots
(Table I).
Juice Quality - No adverse effect was
observed on the juice quality of the cane crop
by application of Simazine and 2,4-D,
(Table II) .
Table II
Sucrose percent and purity coefficient.
Sucross
Treatments
A -
B -
c D E -
G -
H 1-
& juice
and
purity coefficient
DATES
24.11.64
21.12.64
14.1.65
Sucrose
13.53
17.78
16.16
Purity
82.19
87.31
89.08
Sucrose
14.lO
15.45
16.13
Purity
84.68
87.15
89.18
Sucrose
14.49
14.69
16.46
Purity
86.15
85.41
89.95
Sucrose
14.02
14.84
16.13
Purity
85.03
85.82
88.95
Sucrose
14.63
14.70
16.47
Purity
85.70
85.50
89.90
Sucrose
13.53
J5.49
16.47
Purity
82.76
87.44
89.37
Sucrose
15.29
15.36
16.58
Purity
87.14
86.38
89.16
Sucrose
15.48
15.83
16.41
Purity
87.16
87.57
90.l2
Sucrose
14.09
14.b6
16.15
Purity
84.82
84.29
89.26
34th Proceedings of the Suaar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966
..,
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Total weight of all weeds 209,25
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Tote! wight of all weeds 105,05
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Total weight of all weeds 258.90
'"
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(JQt/.)
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Total weight ofe all weeds 186,35
00
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Observation of weed
population was recorded by throwing 30.5 ems.
square quadrat at random five times in each
plot. Weeds within the quadrat were removed
with Khurpi. The weed species were sorted
out species. wise and fresh weight of each
species was recorded. In July all the species
were weighed together.
Weed occurrence -
From the weed population table III it is

revealed that the higher dose of Simazine
proved more effective against the weeds than
its lower dose. Application of Simazine +
2,4-D twice as pre and post emergence spray
was more effective than when applied only
once.
doses 1.1 Kg. and 2.2 Kg. per hectare. Only

one dose of 2,4-D of 2.2 Kg. per hectare was
used. Two hoeings were given to all the treatments. These hoeings were done before
spraying of weedicides, as such spraying!? were
done one the clean hoed soil and when the soil
was moist. Trash cover 6 to 10 cms. thick
was spread in between the rows when germination was over.
(I) 2.2 Kg. per hectare apblication of
Simazine proved more effec!ive against weeds
than 1.1 Kg. per hectare, probably due to higher
rate of the weedicide. Consequently higher
yield was obta'ined from higher dose treatments.
(2) Application twice as pre + post emergence spray proved more effective' against
weeds than the single one as pre emergence at
the same dose. Better weed control resulted
in higher yi eld of cane from the former treatments than the latter ones.
In those plots, where Simazine . and 2,4-0

were sprayed at 2.2 Kg. per hectare each as
pre emergence alone, the weed population
observed in the month of June and July were
110.6 gms. and 178.4 gms. respectively as
against 51.2 gms and 69.6 gms. in those plots
where the same dose was repeated as post
emergence spray also. !hus tbe superiority of
spraying twice was proved over the pre emergence application only.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Panicum S1)., Andropogan annulatus, and Portulaca oleracea Cyperus
rotundus was suppressed by 2,4 O.
Simazine controlled weeds like Dactylocle-
(4) Trash mulching kept almost all the

weeds suppressed.
nium aegyptium, Panicum species Andropogan

annulatus and Portulaca oieracea, 2.4-D was
effective against Cyperus rotundus. Simazine
(5) Unchecked growth of weeds reduced

the cane yield by 34 percent.
alone as reported earlier (Loc. cit) proved ineffective against this weed.
SUIDlDary
This paper deals with the application of

Simazine in combination with 2,4-0 at two
(3)
Simazine
proved
effective , againjit
(6) The cost of Simazine at present is

Rs. 33.80 per Kg. Though being costly at
at present, yet the results discussed in this
paper will be useful, if its price comes down
considerably and is available to cane growers
at cheaper rates.
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of'India Kanpur 1966

Acknowledgement
Authots thank Sri R. K. Yadav, Junior Botanical Assistant and Sri R.R. Srivastava,...
Laboratory Assistant for the help rendered by them during taking observations of the trial.
RefereDces
(I ) Mathur P. S.
(1960)
(II) . Mathur P.S. & Singh R.P. (1962)
On the untility of Trash mulch in Sugarcane-fields. Ind. Jour. or Sug. Res. and Dev..
p. 192-201.
On the use of 'Simazine as weedicides in _
Sugarcane fields' 30th Proc. Part I of Sug ....
Tech. Ass(. of India. p. 11-19.
(III)
Mathur P.S. & Singh R.P. (1965)
Further observation on the use of 5imazine-

as weedicides in Sugarcane fields. Ind. Sug.
JOllr. p. 143-146.
' ~IV)
Mathur P. S.
& Saxena M.M.
Submitted
for PublicatIon.
Further observations on the utility of trash...

mulch in Sugarcane fields. Proc. Sug . .
Tech. Asso. India.
Received 1-1-66
Main Sugar cane Research Station..

Shahjahilnpur
Role of Different Factors in Cane Cultivatio'n '

By
Kirti Kar and Anang Nath
Substantial quantities of sugar to the tune

-of Rs 1096 Jacs were imported in the coun,try
'before the introduction of Tarriff Act in 1932.
As was expected large number of manufacturing unIts' were establjshed ' all over the
.c~untry. Within a year 112 units werc estat)lisbed follo wed by a gradual rise attaining a
nUI~ber of 145 factories in the year 1943-44
.and 186 by 1962-63. As a result, the import
rapidly went down till self. sufficiency was
.almost achie ved by the Second World War
broke out in 1939. The success of thi s industry
.and the agricultural . economy of the cane
grower depends not on ly upon the efficiency of
the machinery but also on the cultivation
methods and the availa bility of the right type
of cane su iting the interests of both growers

and the millers. Wrong selection of varieties,
inadequacy of soil nutrients, insecurity against
pest and diseases and poor cultivation methhds
'c an all adversely affect the . economic structure
of the cane growers.
The climate of sub-tropical belt in which
Uttar Pradesh lies is not ideally suited for cane
cultiva tion on account of extremes of temperature and va riations in rainfall. Still the State
took up leading position by containing large
number of .sugar factories and having almost
half of the cane acreage a nd sugar production
of the country (Table 1).
Table I
Cane acreage and sugar production.
Year
1954-55
1955-56
1956-57
1957-58
1958-59
1959-60
1960-61
1961-62
1962-63
1963-64
Cane acreage in
lac acres.
U. P.
india
39.94
45.64
50.57
50.80
48 .36
52.20
57.89
59.88
56.35
54.77
22.92
27.20
30.66
30.31
27.47
29.44
32.84
33.67
31.18
30.36
Sugar Production (Lac M. T.)

, Crystal sugar~~Raw sugar
U. P .
.India
U. P.
India
58.32
60.80
68.59
69.77
72.73
77.87
106.27
99.84
93.93
lO5.96
28.73
29.87
35.53
31.19
31.25
32.75
54.71
50.45
42.52
47.55
16.05
18.91
20.58
19.88
19.47
24.54
30.28
27'.30
31.35
25.62
9.17
10.06
10.98
9.57
9.02
]2.40
14.27
12.03
8.47
11.05
Sugarcane experiments on varities and

other aspects are, therefore, being conducted
at four research stations and 150 zonal centres
located all over the State (Vide map attached).
The important results based on Sugarcane
Research in the State are given below :Varietal:
The introduction of Coimbatore varieties
had a very important role in the rapid strides
made by the industry in early thirties.

Improved varieties of no other single crop
have spread more rapidly and widely. Theearliest Coimbatore canes which came into.
cultivation on large scale were Co.205, Co.213 ..
Co.290, Co.312, Co 313, Co.356, Co.370 ..
Co.385, Co.393, Co.395 and Co.421. Thevarieties released subsequently from 1942 onwards are given in table II.
Table
II
Release of sugarcane varieties in U. P. during 1942 to 1966.
Year
Western
Range
1942
1947
1948
1949
1951
Co. 453
Co.S.245
Co.S. 321
1953
1955
1956
1957
1960
Co. 527
Co.S. 186
Co.S.245
Co. 453
Co.S. 515
Co. 527
453
Eastern
Range
Mid-Eastern
Range
Co.S.109
Co. 453
Co.S.109
Co. 453
Co.
Co.
513
513
Co.K. 30
Co.S.443
Co.S.443
Co.S.416
Co.S.416
Co. 617
Co.
Co.
Co. 951
Co.S.510
Co.
Co.
Co.
B.D.
B.D.
975
17
1007
1148
859
Co.
Co.
Co.
1964
Co.S.574
Co.S.561
Co. 1081
Co. 1186
Co. 1111
Co. 6611
1966
Co.
Co.S.510
Co.S.514
1961
1962
1963
1965
Central
Range
Co.S. 510
1958
1959
Rohilkhand
Range
393
859
846
B. 0.10
Co.S.321
Co.S.443
Co.S.416
Co. 859
Co. 846
B.D. 17
17
Co.S.541
Co.S.568
Co. 1158
Co.S. 541
Co.S.568
B.O.
Co.
1158
Co.
1148
32
Co.S.562
B.D. 32
617
Co.S.51O
3
10
17
Co.S.524
Co.S.524
Co.
Co.
859
B.O.
32
B.D.
B.D.
B.D.
B.O.
859
32
Co.S.51O
3
IO
B.D.
B.D.
B.D.
17
Co.S.575
Co.S.575
Co. 1007
Co. 846
Co. 1223
Co. 1118
Co.S.583
34th Proceedings of the Suga:r Technologists' Association of India KanP1:lr 1966

Uttar Pradesh has to depend on Sugarcane
B~~ed'ing Institute, Coimbatore located in the
tropics for viable sugarcane seed (fluff) which
forms th~ foundation of new varieties.
Stoppage of supply of fluff from Coimbatore
for a decade (1953-62), proved a severe setback to varietal work. With the revival of
supply of fluff from Coimbatore it has been
possible to raise large number of promising
seedlings. It is now expected that new
varieties for different regions will be available
soon.
Seed cane:
The foundation of a good cane crop is seed

selection which is of utmost importance on
account of vegetative method of propagation.
In sugarcane the generation is carried over
through the vegetative:; portion and set:-back
through neglect of propagating material, which
is the cane sett, will not be made-up fully by
subsequent care. Seed plots should be heavily
manured and carefully kept free from mixture~
pests and diseases.
Comparatively thicker
seed cane selected from the same crop give
definitely better results (table III).
Table
nl
, Effect of thickness of seed cane on germination, millable canes and yield (1951 to 1954).
Germination
percent
MiIlable canes
Cane yield per

acre in mds.
Percentage increase
in cane yield pver
thin seed cane
36.2
29.2
. .421600 .
351000
S18.1
392.3
32.1
Thick canes
Thin canes
37.4
31.8
466100
419800
590.6
523.2
12.9
Average for
Thick canes
43.2
443900
554.4
Average for
Thin canes
33.7
385400
457.8
Treatment
N l -120 Ib N jacre.
1. Thick c~nes
2. Thin canes
N 2-200 Ib N jacre .
3.
4.
N . B. (i)
(ii)
.'.i
"
Thick canes above 1.6 cm. in diameter

Thin canes below 1.6 cm. in diameter
N1-Normal fertility 120 lb N/acre
Nz-High_fertility 200 lb N/acre,
10
Low germination is one of the most important problems of cane cultivation.
Under
average conditions it is as low as 25 to 30

percent resulting in large quantities of cane
being required for seed.
Water shoots which

Table
are of poor juice quality and therefore, unsuitable for crush are very good for planting
purposes. The top portion being immature
gives better germination and reduces the
quantity of seed material required. Comparative results are given in table IV.
IV
Effect of planting setts from top and lower portion of cane.
Treatments.
Germination
percent.
Cane yield per

acre in mds.
October Planting.
(i) Top setts.
(ii) Lower setts .
58.7
33.4
1016.1
852.6
17.00
16.89
February Planting.
(i.l TQP setts.
(ii) Lower setts.
38.1
27.5
720.0
688.3
16.96
16.02
Average
(i) Top setts.
(ii) Lower setts.
48.4
30.4
868.1
770.4
16.98
16.45
A.
B.
Sucrose percent
in juice.
Seed Treatments
Dipping of setts in organo-mercurial compounds like aretan and agallol has been found
useful in improving germination (table V) and should universally be praticed to improve germination.
Table V
Effect of seed treatment on germination and
cane yield (VariefY B. O. 17)
Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aretan
Avinol6%
Agallol
Tafasan 6 W.
Control
Germination Cane yield

per cent per hac(M .T.)
32.38
3238
26.32
29.76
21.78
70.95
67.13
57.03
67.13
54.71
Time of planting cane.
Timely planting is necessary to obtain a

good stand.
The optimum period for spring
planted crop is from middle of January to

middle of March.
Slightly earlier start
is
useful in eastern parts where winters are mild.

April plantings have been found to reduce yield
as well as juice quality markedlY (table VI).
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpar 1966

)'able
11
VI
Effect of timely spring planting on cane yield and juice quality.
~~~,,_1~9_
58_-~
59~ __~~__=-__~~1~95~9_-6-c0 _______
Month of planting
Cane yield per

acre mds.
February (Timely Planting)

March (Late Planting)
April (Very late Planting)
750.6
611.8
361.2
Sucrose
juice
15.3
571.6
15.2
447.0
438.1
13.4
In some parts of the State cane planting is

done as late as by the end of April or beginning of May after the harvest of rabi crops
like wheat, barley, gram or pea from the same
field. This practice is popular with the
growers with smaller holdings, since they cannot forego a short duration food crop before
planting a long duration crop like sugarcane,
Cane yield per

acre mds.
Sucrose
juice
17.1
16.3
14.7
which keeps the land occupied for a year.

Such growers can solve their problem by intercropping autumn planted cane ~ith gram, pea,
lahi or potato.
This will insure a good yield
of cane besides a rabi crop.
The results
obtained by inter cropping potato and berseem

are given in table VII.
Table VII
Ec0110mics of the mixed cro/JPing trial (J 961-62 to 1963-64) Sugarcane Research Station, Gorakhpur.
Treatments
Cost of cultivation/heet.
Yield /haet. in M.T.
Gross inNet
Caney ieW Yield of come per - Sugarcane Inter crops
profit
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
inM.T. inter crop. hact. (Rs.)
75 .39
Autumn sugarcane
2. Autumn sugarcane +
66.82
Berseem for fodder
3. Autumn sugarcane
75.13
+ Potato
4. Spring Sugarcane after
64.17
berseem for fodder
5. Spring sugarcane after
58 .15
potato
6. Spring sugarcane after
55.93
peas control
-1688
3800
2112
34.04
4389
2050
275
2064
7.60
5307
2050
620
2637
38.18
4379
2082
275
2022
10.12
4955
2082
720
2153
1.57
3681
2100
257
1324
1.
N. B.-Cost of the crops has been based at the rates prevailing in 1965.
1. Berseem-Rs. 3/- per quintal 2. Potato-Rs. 20/- per quintal
per quintal.
3. Peas- Rs. 55/-
12
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of IndJa Kanpur 1966
Other crops which have been successfully

inter-cropped are pea, gram -and onion which
can be recommended for adoption. Legumi.
DOUS intercrops do not require additional dose
of manuring and heavier irrigation.
Autumn planted crop gives better yield and
juice quality over spring planted crop by 1520
percent and 0.5 to 0 .7 units in juice respectively. Optimum time of planting during
autumn season is from middle of September to
midJle of October.
Crop Rotation:
The cultivation of cane cannot be isolated

from other crops. It is an exhausting crop
and to obtain good yields suitable rotations
incillding legumes should be followed ego
Interculture
Interculture of the crop receives adequateattention from only minority of growers result
ing in poor stands. First hoeing should be
done within a week followed' by second in the
third week after planting cane. One or two
hoeings should be given after each irrigation
during summer months. The hoeings result
in production of larger number of tillers,
eradication of weeds and preservation of soil
moisture. Spreading of cane trash 7 to 10 cm.
thick between cane rows soon after completion
of germination has been found useful in sup
pressing weeds and maintaining moisture status
of the soil.
Table
Vlll
Effect of Interculture and spreading of cane trash
Year
Kharif
Rabi
on cane y ield.
Western U. p.
1st year Green manure

2nd year Cotton or Maize
3rd year
4th year
Sugarcane
Ratoon
Wheat
Pea for fodder,
Sugarcane.
Sugarcane
Ratoon
Central U.P.
1st year
Sanai or Dhaincha
G. M. Lobia or
falloow.
2nd year Sugarcane
3rd year Ratoon
4th year Moong, Sanai or
Dhaincha G. M.
Sugarcane
Sugarcane
Ratoon
Wheat
Eastern U. P.
lst year Lobia for seed

2nd year Sugarcane
3rd year Early Paddy
Treatmets
Soil moisture Upto

the depth
of 15 cm.
percentage Cane yield

Upto the
per acre
depth of
(Mds.)
15.30 cm.
1. Use of cane
trash as
mulch.
6.4
7.7
773.5
2. Normal
boeings.
3.2
6.1
6622
3. No hoeing
and no cane
trash
(Control).
2.8
5.2
571.7
Irrigation
Sugarcane
Sugarcane
Pea or gram
For obtaining optimum crop condItions

physiological balance of the two important
factors 'water and manure' have always to be
- ,
34th Proceedings of the Sugar TechnologIsts' Associatlon of India Kanpur '1966

ltept in mind. Th-us fn areas having meagre
irrigational facilities, heavy manuring will be
'Wieconomic and vice-versa. It is, therefore,
_necessary to provide adequate irrigational
-facilities if the cultivator can obtain adequate
,qnantities of manure~. The results obtained
-with different levels of manuring and irrigation
.are given in table IX.
Table
IX
Cane yield/ acre (mds .) (Average of 3 years)
SI.
No. Nitrogen
1.
NI
2.
N2
3.
Na
WI '
469
594
589
Irrigation
W2
507
637
646
Wa
577
726
778
N.B.-i) N 1 0 lb. Njacre as Amm. Sulphate

N 2- 100 lb. N/acre as Amm. Sulphate
N a- 200 lb. N/acre as Amm. Sulphate
3 Pre-monsoon irrigations
4 Pre-m?nsoon irrigations and
one post monsoon irrigation.
6 Pre-monsoon and 3 Post.
monsoon irrigation.
In canal fed areas cultivators over
irrigate their fields which leads to erosion,
-percolation and poor development of the root
sy-stem. In such areas water should be used
judiciously keeping in view both quantity
and intervals between successive irrigation.
Light irrigation given at intervals of 15-20
(Jays during pre-monsoon period
would
improve crop yields. However, the effectiveness of hot weather irrigations is proportional
to the amount of dryness during pre-monsoon
period' and the number of pre-monsoon
13
irrigations has to be--increased If the monsoons

are delayed. Thus with a normal dose of 120
lb. N/acre and five -irrigations at Gorakhpur,
six at Shahjahanpur and eight at Muzaffarnagar have given best results. For better
yields time of irrigation is as important as
the quantity or intervals. Thus in formation phase one irrigation in 'April and one in
May is absolutdy essential (or good growth.
Mid-October to November is also , a critical
period of water requirement and insufficient
irrigation during this period affects sugar
formation in canes. The soil moisture at
the time of planting is another factor which
merits consideration. In heavy soils and in
areas where planting is delayed, arid irrigation
immediately after planting is absolutely
essential.
Irrigation of ratoon is as important as of
plant cane and four to five pre-monsoon
ITngations would assure good growth if
manuring is adequate. The number of irrigations in an autumn sown crop has to be
more than that for the spring sown ' crop.
One or two additional irrigations give
economic return in sugar per acre. With the
introduction of improved cane varieties, the
demand for irrigation water has considerably increased and will have to be met by
canals, tube-wells and other minor irrigation
projects.
MANURING
A-Bulky Organic ManuresFarmyard manure When'. applied alone on
equal nitrogen basis was found inferior to
sulphate of ammonia. Addition of bulky organic
manures generally increased the humus content
of the soil and lowered the C: N ratio
without affecting soil pH, F. Y. M. was aiso
found to leave a residual affect on the ,soil
besides improving its-texture
14
Sulphitation Press MudIt is a rich source of nitrogen, potash,
phospheric acid and lime. An increase of

one to two mds. of cane per acre was
obtained with every lb of N applied through
this manure.
By applying paddy husk at 6.3 M.T. per"

acre to Sanai green manuring crop, 40.8 Kg ..
N jacre was added to the soil as compare<t
to the usual 27.2 Kg. N jacre available from.
Sanai green manuring alone.
Water hyacinth proved to be as effectiveas F. Y. M. in increasing the cane yield.
Catt.e Urine Earth

Oil Caks
This manure has proved more effective

than farm yard manure in increasing the cane
yields per acre.
Sugarcane Trash
Cane trash (2.8 M. T. per acre) when

buried in the field in July with ammonium
sulphate (37.3 Kg. per acre) alone or in
combination with superphosphate (45.4 Kg.
per acre) and magne~ium sulphate (4.5 . Kg.
per acre) affected some improvement in the
yield of the crop.
Green Manuring
A number of crops have been tried as

green manure. Out of these Sanai, Dhaincha
and Lobia have been found to give good
results.
Besides, enriching the soil they
suppress weed growth also. Sanai has been
recomended for upland and well drained
soils and Dhaincha for low lying areas. An
additional cane yield of 5.6 to 9.3 M.T. per
acre is obtained by green manuring the
field with Sanai or Dhaincha. In the areas
where green manuring cannot be done during
the Kbarif sea.son rabi legumes like pea,
Sanji, Metha and berseem should be taken
before planting sugarcane in spring. Applica,
tion of 45.4 Kg. P 20 S per acre to green
manure crop either at the time of their sowing or turning in has been found to increase
the yield of the succeeding cane crop by
about five to ten percent.
Oil cakes like, castor cake, ground nut

cake, linseed cake, mustard cake, Neem cake-
and till cake when applied on equal nitrogen,.
basis proved to be almost equal in value:with regard to cane yield.
B. Inorganic Fertilizers
In a series of general manurial trials com-prising of organic and inorganic manures.
Ammonium Sulphate ina variably gave good
response . Different inorganic nitrogenous. .
fertilizers when applied an equal nitrogen .
basis gave almost equal response.
This
should, however, be applied at the proper '
time according to recommendations.
Phosphate
Recently response to direct application of '

Phosphate hilS been obtained in type II
soils of Gorakhpur district and in some
soils of Gola and Baheri Zones. In another '
set of experiments conducted with phosphatic fertilizers at 50 to 100Ib P 2 0 S per acre in
cultivator's fields sugarcane crop has been
found to give fairly good response at
Tamkohi, Gauribazar, Balrampur and Bahraich
in Eastern tract; Seohara, Belari and Kichha .
in Central tract and Doiwala and Shamli
in Western tract.
Organic Manures
In the recent trials on organic manures, .

Ralimeal and Guarmeal proved superior to
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India -Kanpur 1666
15
::sterameal. Bloodmeal and Flshmeal appeared

.-equally effective although the former gave
-slightly better juice quality. The cost of
nitrogen in these manures should be the
.<}eciding factor in using them.
Late application of nitrogen at break of

raim; or still later has been found to delay
the maturity of cans. Early application of
nitrogen to ratoon crops results in increased
tiller production.
Dose and time of Application of

.Manures
Application of oil cake or fertilizers near

the seUs in furrows at planting gives better
results provided there is adequate moisture
in the soil otherwise germination gets adversely affected.
120-150 lb N /ha. is sufficient to raise a

of 50-60 M.T.fha. Bulky organic like
F. Y. M. should be applied about eight
"Weeks before planting. Oil cakes may , be
applied about four weeks before planting
' while inorganic fertilizers should be given
.at planting time or at tillering phase.
~crop
The cost of Nitrogen per lb should be a

vital factor in choice of manures for ensuring
suitable returns to the growers. The price of
nitrogen in different manures is given below.
Table X
Cost
of nitrogen
available through different sources.
Name of manure
SI. No.
Nitrogen percent
Cost per lb, nitrogen (Rs.)
-----------------------------------------------------_.-----------------------1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate

Urea
Ammonium ~ulphate Nitrate
Ammonium Sulphate
Ammonium Chloride
Stera meal Planting Mixture
The growers should adopt green manuring

and composting practices. Direct application
of phosphate at doses varying from 40 to 60
Ibs. per acre is useful where its deficiency is
known and application through legumes will
'-be universally beneficial.
Soil survey has been completed in 38
'factory zones of Uttar Pradesh and soils have
been classified in different catagorif's. Board
recommendations on the basis of this classification have been worked out and necessary
For
:t'ccommendations have been issued.
20.5
45.0
26.0
20.6
25.0
7.0
detailed and specific recommendations there is

a free soil testing scheme which has been in
operation since 1964.
Diseases and Pests:
The introduction of improved cane varieties

and rapid expansion of area h as led to the
appearance of new pests and diseases.
Coimbatore canes often do not possess the
same degree of resistance as the indigenous
ones, as an instance it may be mentioned that
the indigenous canes were almost immune to
~ UIII,\fEflS'TY OF AGFlIClJ LTL' A L SCJf~CeE,
~::'~:~~'2"~. l! ~:'i,:~Y
0.80
0.67
0.84
0.85
0.97
3.70
~- 6936
1.-6
34~h Proce~di1:lgs . of
the Sugar
Te~hnologists'
Association. of India Kanpur .1966
red . rot which has been responsible for the plant protection measures is essential. Use or
dt;:terioratidn of important cotnmercial varieties healthy seed and elimination of inoculum or
like Co. 453, Co. 617 and Co.S. 321. Besides .diseases, on soil through proper rotations can
ted tot the other important diseases are Smut, go a long way in producing a disease freeWilt and Albino. For control of diseases, environment which will increase the usefu}
use of resistant varieties has been the most span of varieties and give the breeder a much.
. popular method, so far, .since it calls for least wider scope. Absence of proper handling..
effort po, part of growers as well as develop- thus results in premature deterioration of . usement workers. The limitations that this outlook ful varieties which require about six to seven.
places on _use of agronomically promising years to evolve. The possibilities of effectivevarieties which do not possess high degree of plant protection measures can be easily judged.
resistance is not fully appreciated. On account by the long span of Co. 527 and Co. 419 -in
of su'sceptibility to red rot, sugar industry in the South.
Sugarcane pests are taking heavy toll aU
North India is not able to make use of high
over
the state and are responsible for consisugared varieties like Co. 997. Some high
yielders like Co. 951 have succumbed to wilt. derable losses in yield and recovery. InsectiFor making full use of the production poten- cides found effective and economic in control
tial of improved varieties proper attention to of important pests are given below :-
Ip.secticidel'
1. Gama BHC 20% B.C.
2. Bndrin 2Q% B.C.
3. Aldrin 30% B.C.
4. Telodrin 15% B.C.
5. BHC 5% dust
Pest
Dosage per hec. and application
1. Shoot borers & Termites (1) Dipping the cane setts in 0.5%
emulsion.
(2) Sprinkling on cane setts @ 6.25
litres in 1900 litres of water.
0.9 litre in 625 litres of water.
2. Black bug.
0.62 litres in 1250 Htres in postI. Pyrilla
monsoon season.
0.9 litre in 625 litres of water.
2. Black bug.
1.25 htres in 250 litres of water.
3. Army worm
3.12 Iitres in 1250 Htres of water.
4. Whitefly
3.75 Htres in 1900 litres of water
1. Termites
on setts in furr6ws.
0.75 litres in 22.5 litres of water
2. Grass hoppers
by aircraft.
1. Shoot borers & Termites (1) 8.2 Htres in 1900 litres of water
on setts in furrows.
(2) Dipping the setts in 0.59%
emulsion.
Dipping the setts in 0.25%
2. Termites
emulsion.
Dusting on setts in furrows @
1. Termites
25 Kg. in case of light infestation
and 75 Kg. in case of severeinfestation.
34th PrQceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association ' of India' Kanpur 1966
4.
1.
3.
2. Pyrilla
6. BHe 10% dust

7. .A,ldrin 5% dust
.\ .
Grass hoppers
1. Termites
2.
'17
Grass hoppers
30 to 38 K,. during hot weather

in autumn planted and ratoom
crops.
25 to SO Kg. during July to
September.
. Dusting on setts in furrow @
12.5 Kg. in case of light infestation and 25 Kg. in case of severe
infestation.
25 to SO Kg. during July to
September.
It may be added that cultural methods will have to be adopted for other pests like
Gurdaspur border, which can be controlJed by removal of tops of affected canes. Shoot
border incidence has been kept in check by trash mulching.
For getting full advantage of the investments use of properly tested insecticides and
fungicides by the Indian Standards Institution bearing I. S. I. mark is essential. The proportionate importance of different factors in improving cane yield is indicated in the marginally
given figure.
'.
Received on 7th 'May, 1966
.,."
Slig;~ca~'~ Research Station{ Shah.i*hanpur.

1/"""" "
i'"
;.,._l" " '\

f '"
';\:.J v-i 1' -" ., ;
. 34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of ' IndiaKatipur 1966
SUGARCANE RESEARCH .ACTIVITIES

"".,),~' .
IN
UTTAR PRAIJESH
~
~
!'fAIN SWAIICA.N RESEARCH STATION

SU6A!?CANE RESEARCH SUB-STArloN
~ W.sTERN
TRACT
-~'- ' -CENTERAl
TRACT
.~'ASTRN
TRACT
GUR AND KHANDSARI AREAS

-
ZONAL CENTRES
TEN ACRE 8LOCKS
On the Problem of Low Standard of manuring

in Northern India
By
G. N. Misra
The average yields of sugarcane are

proverbially low in the northern parts of the
country. In U. P. the average yield of
sugarcane ranges between 400-450 rods. per
acre although maximum yields obtained by
progressive growers have touched the level of
2600 mds. per acre. This vast difference
between the yield potentials and the average
yields realized by the growers in general, is
due to ~he inadequate application of various
factors of production per unit of land. The
major positive factors are manuring and
irrigation which in the absence of any serious
incidence of nagative factors play more or less
a decisive role in deciding the standard of yield
one is likely to secure in these parts. The
average application of fertilizers even in the
factory zones where cane development work
has been going on for the last 30 years is only
about 16 lb. N per acre which is roughly about
] / 10th of the optimum requirement of
sugarcane for this essential fertilizer element.
Similarly a vast area of sugarcane is grown
without any irrigation or with one or two
irrigations during the hot and dry summer
period from April-June which constitutes
the critical period in the life of sugarcane
plant in these parts. Such state of affairs in
use of these major facton of production is not
entirely due to inadequate availability of the
fertilizers and irrigation facility. Reluctance
on the part of the cane growers in utilizing the

available resources of manuring and irrigation
has also been responsible for the low standards
to a great extent.
I n the South on the other hand the rayot is
inclined to use larger quantities of fertilizers
and irrigation per unit area of the crop than
even the levels recommended by the Agriculture
Departments. For instance, in Maharashtra
the growers generally apply 4CO lb. or more
of Nand 40 irrigations per acre of sugarcane
against a recommended dose of 300 lb. Nand
30 irrigations per acre. An attempt has been
made in this note to analyse the cause of the
difference in the attitude of the cane growers
in the two parts of the country leading to the
low standard of manuring in the northern
parts.
It is a well known fact that the standard of
cultivation in northern states is in general very
low. In fact the various factors of production
are being employed at the lowest ebb. The
low costs in general incurred on the use of
various factors of production induce the
farmers to apply even essential items like
manure and irrigation at low levels. This
aspect has been illucidatcd below on the
basis of actual results of an experiment
conducted for 3 years vide table J.
20
TABLE I.
Average response of sugarcane to different lerels of manuring (Nitrogm) at MuzoJfamagar.
Dose of Nitrogen
per acre ( lb. )
o
50
100
150
Yield of cane
per acre lMds)
Increase in yield of cane

over control (No manure
treatment) (Mds.)
333
480
600
660
Increase in yield of cane

per lb. of nitrogen
(added Mds.)
147
267
327
From the data in table 1 it may be observed

that with every increment in the quantity of
manure in units of 50 lb. N. per acre average
increase in yield of cane per lb. N. added
went down from 2.94 mds. at the level of 50
lb. N /acre to 2.67 lb. at 100 lb. Njacre and
2.18 mds. at 150 lb. N/acre. Thus the response
per lb. N. added goes down with the increase
in the level of manuring. Apparently the
cost of production per md. of cane should go
up wIth the increasing level of manuring but
this does not happen at all the levels of costs
incurred on other items of production. The
2.94
2.67
2.18
level of manuring at which the cost per md.

of cane would be lowest depends upon several
factors including the cost incurred on other
[actors of production other than manure, cost
of manurmg itself and standard of response to
different levels of manuring. The manner.
in which cost of production per md. of .cane
would be influenced in the above experiment
in relation to the cost other than on manuring
(which may be termed as initial costs) has
been shown in table II. The cost of manuring
has been taken at Rs. 1.50 per lb. of
nitrogen.
TABLE II.
Gost of Production ter md. of cane on the basis
of
the y ields obtained at Mazqffarnagar.
Vide Table I.
Dose of Nitrogen
per acre (lb.)
Different levels of cost of cultivation

manuring (Initial costs) assumed.
Rs. 100
per acre
0
50
100
150
Rs.0.30*
0 ..36
0.42
0.49
excluding the cost of
Rs. 200
per acre
Rs. 300
per acre
Rs. 600
per acre.
0.60
0.57*
0.58
0.64
0.90
0.78
0.75*
080
1.79
1.41
1.25
1.21 *
*Lowest cost of production under given initial cost.
''j4th Proceedhrgs of the Sugar Te~hnologists" Association of 'India Kanptir

. . 'From Table II it 'nuty be ' observed that
"With the lowest initial cost of cultivation
..assumed (Rs. 100/-) the cost of production
per md. of cane goes up even with 50 lb. N.
per acre but with higher initial cost of
-cu'Jtivation viz, Rs. 200/-per acre the cost
permd. goes down up to the dose of Rs. 50 lb;
"N. per acre while with higher initial cost viz.,
lts. 300 it goes down to the level of 100 lb. N.
-per acre and with still higher initial costs
{Rs. 600/-) the lowest cost per md. cane is
secured through the highest dose of N . tried
viz., 150 lb. N. per acae. Thus it is clear tliat
TABLE
i966
21
th'e dose of manuring which would lead t~ the

lowest cost of production per md. of cane '. 'is
comparatively higher with higher initial costs
i. e. higher the initial cost higher the dose
of manure which would lead to production of
cheapest cane.
In Table III cost per md. of cane produced
in the .exp'riment under reference has been
worked out in relation to different costs per
lb. N. applied viz., Rs. 1/-, Rs. 1,50 and
Rs. 2.00 per lb. N. under two different initial
costs viz, Rs . 200/- and Rs. 500/- per acre.
III
Cost of production per md. of cane ig relation to different costs of manuring under two
level s of
Dose of Nitrogen
per acre (lb.)
0
50
100
ISO
initial costs.
Initial cost Rs. 200/per ac re.

Rs. 1/ per lb. N.
Rs. 1.50
per lb. N.
0.60
0.52
0.50
0.53
0.60
0.57*
0.58
0.64
In it ial cost R s. 500/per acre.

Rs.2.00
per lb. N.
0.60*
0.63
0.67
0.75
Rs. I /per lb. N.
Rs. 1.50
per lb. N.
1.50
1.15
1.00
0.98*
1.50
1.20
l.Ois*
1.10
Rs. 2.00
per lb. N.
1.50
1.25
1.17*
1.30
*Lowest cost of production under given initial cost and cost per lb. of Nitrogen.
Figures in table III clearly show that under
lower initial cost (Rs. 200/- per acre) 100 lb.
N. treatment produced cheapest cane when
the cost was Rs. 1/ - per lb. N. With higher
ost of fertilizer (Rs. 1.50 per lb. N.) the
dose of nitrogen which gave cheapest cane
rNas 50 lb. per acre while with still higher price
of fertilizer i. e. Rs. 2/- per lb. no manure
matment produced cheapest cane. Under
higher initial costs of cane cultivation i. e.

Rs. 500/- .per. acre cheapest cane at the level
of Rs. 1-, Rs. 1.50 P. and Rs. 2/ - per lb.
N. was abtained with 150, 100 and 100 lb. N.
treatment respectively. Thus it may be concluded that higher the initial costs and lower the
price of fertilizer hi gher the level of fertilizer
application at which cane would be produed
at comparatively cheap'e t rates.
22
This means the GOst of fertilizer should be

reduced particularly when the initial costs are
low in order to induce the cane grower to
apply larger quantities of fertiliter. In the
South where the initial costs are very high, the
attempt on the part of the cane growers to
~9pb" j,-larger . quantities of fertilizers even at
t~ese ~igh costs is quite understandable. This
ai'gument finds corroboration in the case of
crops in which initial costs are high in our
State itself. For instance potato growers having
spent Rs. 300-400/-per acre on seed potato
alone, consider it necessary to apply adequate
quantities of fertilizers also and thus ensure
good yields of potato at cheaper rates. On the
other hand the cane grower does not apply
fertilizer equally well to sugarcane crop as his
initial costs are not so high as on potato illL

this State.
One may argue that so long as the cost or
fertilizers cannot be reduced significantly the:
initial costs may be increased in the northern
State. This, if done through increasing the-'
cost of other factors of production, would.
lead to the reduction in the use of those factorsthereby reducing the efficiency of fertilizers..
also so far as the response in the form of cane'
yield is concerned. This would ultimatelydivest the cane growers further from using.
fertilizers instead of inducing him to use larger
amounts of fertilizers since standard of'
response to a given factor, say manuring,.
affects the cost of production per md. of caneas shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV
COS! of production per md. oj cane as a.ffected by varying standards oj response oj sugarcane
to manuring
Dose of N. per
acre ( lb. )
Initial cost Rs. 200/per acre
Initial cost =Rs. SOO/per acre.
Cost per md. of cane when the

response was.
Cost per md. of cane when the

response was.
50% of the
normal
0
50
100
ISO
0.60
0.68
0.75
0.86
150% of the
Normal
normal
( actual
vide table J.
0.60
0.57
0.58
0.64
0.60
0.52
O.4fs*
0.52
50% of the Normal

150% of the
normal
( actual
normal
vide table I.
1.50
1.42
1.39*
1.46
Lowest cost of production under given standard of response.
1.50
1.20
1.08*
1.10
1.50
1.08
0.89
0.88
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966 J

In table IV cost of fertilizer has been
-taken at Rs. 1.50 per lb. of nitrogen. From
-tho figures of cost per md. of cane calculated
on the basis of 3 different standards of responses assumed (a: 50 percent of the normal
-b : normal and c : 150 percent of the normal)
it is obvious that higher the standard of
-response to manuring higher the dose of
nitrogen which would produce cane at cheapest
.ntes. Under higher initial costs higher doses
of nitrogen would be required to produce
-cheaper cane than the amount required under
-comparatively lower initial costs for any given
.-standard of response. In other words if the
standard of response to manuring is allowed
-to go down through lesser use of other factors
of production, the use of fertilizers would go
-ilown automaticaliy. Therefore, initial costs
-canoot be increased through other factors of
production. What can be done is to increase
-the costs of such items as do not come in the
picture of affecting yield of cane per acre.
Rent of land is one such item but this might
.affect other crops also indiscriminately.
~
::
Ceceived on : 27th June 1966.
23
Another and perhaps more rational source

of increasing the initial costs can be licencing
cane cultivation and in order to avoid rise in
the total cost of production per aere a suitable
concession in the price of fertilizer may be
given so that the one who applies fertilizers in
full doses gets back his money paid as licence,
in the form of fertilizers. Those who do not
apply fertilizers or apply them in inadequate
quantities would suffer directly through having
paid the penalty in the form of licence.
From the foregoing discusssion it may be
concluded that the solution to the problem of
low standard of manuring lies in enhancing
the initial costs of production of cane through
say, licencing sugarcane crop, lowering the
price of frtilizers and improving the standard
of response of sugarcane to manurial doses.
The latter can, of course, be improved through
judicious use of the fertilizers and the
application of other limiting factors in adequate
quantities at appropriate time and manner as
also through the adoption of plant protection
measures.
UAS LIBRARY GKVK

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111
G-6936
Elongation of Cane in Relation to Soil MOisture

during Formative Phase
By
Sudama Singh and Lallan Singh
..trocluction
Soil moisture is related to pJant growth
in many ways, directly and indirectly. Direct
effects pertain to the adeq uacy of the moisture
supply on the readiness \\lith which the moisture in the vicinity of the root can enter the
plant through the roots surface. Indirectly,
soil moisture influences plant growth through
its effc::ct on properties of soil, which in turn
condition plant growth.
The sugar-cane plants have to grow under
very adverse conditions caused by high
temperatures, low humidity and reduced soil
moisture from the very beginning of its life
cycle. During this period of unfavourable
growth conditions germination is completed
and a very high perce?tage of successful tillers
are formed and thus two vital growth phases
which have got a profound effect on the
ultimate cane yield are affected adversely.
During this dry period soil moisture becomes
a limiting factor for growth.
The importance of soil moisture in relation
to cane growth has long been known in
other cane growing countries whereas in India
very limited work has been done on this line
and much has remained to be done yet. Therefore, in order to know the relation of soil
moisture to the rate of elongation of cane
under Shahjahanpur condition, this study was

undertaken.
Heck (1934) reported that rate of growth
of the cane plants is definitely retarded if the
soil moisture tension at the l2-inch depth
exceeds 0.25 to 0 .37 atmosphere. Wadsworth
(1934) found decrease in growth rate when
average soil moisture content drops below the
permanent wilting pelcentage in the surfCl ce
30-inches of soil. Clements and Kubota
0942-43) reported that for maximum production of sugarcane, soil mOIs ture reg ime should
be so adjusted - that the moisture content of
the leaf ~heath do: s not drop below 85%
d!!ring first 12 months of growlh. C leme nts
(1948) stated that in order to maintalO this
water conknt in the plant ti, sues, the soil
moisture should be prevented from approaching permanent wilting pe rcentage. He reporled
that the soil moisture stress range for the most
rapid growth of sugarcane may be wei) below
1 atmosphere. Clements (1952) found a
sharp decline in rate of elongation of cane
when two thirds of a\'ailable moisture had
been utilized. In Hawaii (1962) it was reported that growth was not limited when the cane
was irrigated before the soil moisture tension
rose above 2 atmospheres. In (1960) it was
found that block readings above 5,000 ohms
reduced growth rate. In (1959) in certain cane
varieties growth rate of 2.5inches per week
26
was found when moisture tension at the

12-inch depth was allowed to reach .7 to .9
atmospheres or when a tension at the 6-inches
depth was allowed to reach 2 to 4 atmosphere.
Growth rates declined to Zero as soils dried
to tensions 10 to 15 atmospheres. When soil
at the 12-inches depth was kept wetter than 0.7
to 0.9 atlDospheres, growth rates were greater
thati. 2.5-inches per week. A. K. Mallik and
S. Venkataraman (1957) reported that elongation of cane was limited before the moisture
percentage fell to permanent wilting percentage.
Materials and Methods :
Two promising cane varieties Co 1158 and

Co. 1266 grown under deficient (two) and
normal (six) irrigations applied before onset
of rains at an interval of 35 and 15 days resp
ectively were taken under studies .20 mother
shoots of each variety under each treatment
distributed at randum in each of the plot
were tagged and their weekly elongation
growth from the surface of the ground to the
top most exposed leaf joint was measured.
Weekly soil moisture determinations by
gravimetric method were also made at the
depth of 9 inches and I8-inches, because the
roots during this period of growth are mainly
spread within these depths.
According to
Evans (1937), the vast majority of fibrous of
roots of sugarcane (which are most actively
engaged in absorption) is present in the upper
most foot of soil. The field capacity of the
soil (Sandyloam) ranged from 22.24 percent.
Its wilting point as determined by the sunflower test was between 6-7 percent.
Experbnental findings.
Data of average soil moisture and elongation growth recorded in deficient (two)
irrigation are graphically represented in Fig I.
Soil moisture records indicated that at lowermoisture levels differences

between soil
moisture at 9 inches and 18 inches depth were
marked, but the differences were minimised
at higher moisture levels. Soil moisture was.
depleted a number of times nearly to thepermanent wilting percentage in the surfaceof 9 inches but did not reach this value in
18 inches depth except on one occasion during.
the course of studies.
The elongation of cane was retarded when.
soil moisture reached the levels of 8 and 10
percent in the surface of 9 and 18 inches oI
soil respectively Growth was nearly checked
when average soil moisture content dropped
below permanent wilting percentage at 9inches depth.
The differences between the average height
of shoots of Co 1266 and Co. 1158 were not
marked upto 17th May, but later 011 marked
differences were observe-d in favour of Co.
1266.
Fig. 2. shows the average elongation.
growth and soil moisture percentage recorded
under normal (six) irrigation treatments. It
is also seen that urto 10th April, the
differences between soil moisture at 9-inches.
and 18 inches were marked but later on the
differences were minimised. On 7th June
moisture percentage at 9-inches depth was
recorded to be higher than that observed at
18 inches depth. The soil moisture at the
depths of 9 and 18 inches remained most or
the time above 9% but on 14th and 21st June
approached to permanent wilting percentage.
It is apparent that the differences in e1ong~ .
ation growth between Co. 1158 and Co. 1266upto 26th April were not marked, but lateron the differences in favour of Co 1256 werequite obvious. Growth was retarded when
:soil moisture got depleted to the level of 9 and

11 percent at 9 and 18 inches depths respectively and it was nearly checked when soil
moisture went below permanent wilting
percentage at 9 inches depth.
Table I gives the weekly elongation rate of
Co. 1266 and Co. 1158 grown under normal
.and deficient irrigation conditions, from which
it is evident that the rate of elongation of Co.
1158 was greater than that of Co. 1266 during
early stage of growth upto 17th May and

26th April under deficient and normal irrigation conditions respectively, but later on the
position was reversed and ultimately Co. 1266
attained a greater elongation rate than Co.
1158. Under normal irrigation t~eatme!1ts,
elongation rates of the varieties were, in
general, greater as compared to deficient
irrigation
treatments except during 3rd
week of June when rates of elongation were
much reduced in the former than the later.
T"ble No.
Weekry rate of elongation
Variety
27
of cane
( ems ).
o19(4-() 26(4-03/5-0 10(5-0 17(5-024/5-031/5-()7/6-() 14/6-21/6

26/4
3/5
Deficient (two) Co 1266 0.22 0.43

1158 0.31 0.69
irrigation Co
Normal (six) Co 1266 1.36 1.39
Co 1158 1.80 1.03
lrrigation
10/5
17/5
24/5
31/5
7/6
14/6
21/6
2.17
2.39
4.23
3.02
3.25
3.29
3.60
2.28
4.68
2.35
6.87
4.39
1. 72
1.25
0.85
3.45
1.67
4.67
3.45
7.32
6.59
6.83
9.35
5.35
6.45
2.03 17.90
1.51 13.85
Discussion and Results: Elongation rate of

Co. 1158 was greater than Co 1266 upto 17th.
May and 26th. April ' under deficient and
normal irrigation conditions respectively, but
later on the position was reversed. This might
probably be due to the initial advantage of
sett itself or better developed root system
which could draw its moisture supply from
-deeper soil layers especially in the case of
-deficient irrigation conditions. Growth was
retarded by decreasing soil moisture to about
'8 and 10 per cent in the surface of 9 and 18
inches respectively under deficient irrigation
treatments whereas in the case of normal
irrigation treatments, growth of cane was
retarded at higher values of 9 and II percent
at the above depths. Under both the irrigation
.treatments, growth was nearly checked when
1.12
3.35
2.41
28/9
soil moisture dropped below permanent

wilting percentage in the surface of 9 inches
although it remained above permanent wilting
percentage at 18 inches, which indicated the
importance of determining soil moisture in
the top foot of the soil during formative phase
of the crop. It appeared, therefore, that the
soil moisture under both the treatments,
though greater than the permanent Wilting
percentage proved to be limiting for the
elongation of the crop which supports the
findings of a host of workers (Heck 1934,
Clem ants 1948, Clements and etal 1952, A. K.
Mallik and S. V. Venkataraman 1957) but
contradicts the findings of Sweyzey and . Wadsworth (1940) and Wordsworth (1934) who
observed that so long as moisture was above
the permanent wilting percentage elongation
28
was not affected whe ther the, soil, is more or

less moi,t. It would appear, therefore, that,
strictly speaking, the conclusion arrived at
by Swezey and Wordsworth did not hold good
under the climatic conditions during summer
months, the soil moisture evoporating power
()f the atmosphere at Shahjahanpur being
extremely high. The fact that rate of elongation dropped markedly during the third week
()f June under normal moisture conditions was
()bviously due to fall in soil moisture even
below the wilting percentage. This soil
moisture remaintd much above the wilting
percentage during this period due to irrigation
given on 12th. June under deficient irrigation
treatments. Naturally therefore, the rate of
elongation was higher under this treatment
than under normal irrigation treatment. The
decrease in growth at higher moisture level
()bserved under normal irrigation _as compared
to deficient irrigation may also be due to the
fact that larger numl:-er of irrigations develops
poor and shallow root system which may not
be uniform UplO lower depth.
Soil moisture depleted a number of times
down to permanent wilting percentage under
deficient irrigation conditions which resulted
reductions in elongation rate of the cane.
This ultimately would cause serious loss in
yielding as according to Shaw (1937) there
is evidence that the growth of canes which
suffered from an earlier drought is acclerated
when soil moisture becomes available so that
unrecoverable loss in tonnage is associated
with each period when soil moisture falls
below in wilting percentage. Under normal
conditions, the elongation rate was normal,
as the soil moisture almost always remained
well above permanent wilting percentage
except during the 3rd week of June.
In general rate of elongation of CO. 1266

was greater as compared to CO.1158 under
both the conditions
The marked differences between soil moisture at 9 and 18 inches depths at lower
moisture level may be mainly due to the
greater connection of absorbing roots in the
upper part of the root zone (Stybrat 1963
and Evane; 1937) as also greater evoporation
of water from the upper part of the soil.
SUMMARr Preliminary studies on the
relation of soil moisture to cane growth
rendered the following results:-
(i) The average height of shoot of Co.

1266 was greater than that of Co. 1158
under both the irrigatio'n treatments.
(ii) The rate of elongation of Co. 1158
was greater than that of Co. 1266 upto 26th
April and 17th May under normal and deficient irrigation conditions, but later on the
position was reversed.
~iii) Under deficient IrrJgation conditions
growth of cane was retarded by decreasing
soil moisture to 8 and 10 percent at 9 and 18
inch;:s depths. Respectively whereas under
normal irrigation conditions rate of elongation retarded at higher moisture values of 9
and 11 percentage at the above depths.
(iv) The rates of elongation of Co. 1266

and Co. 1158 were nearly checked when soil
moisture dropped below permanent Wilting
percentage under both the irrigation treatments.
(v) The differences between soil moisture
at 9 and 18 inches depths at lower moisture
values were marked, but the differences, were
minimised at highe~' moisture values indicating greater soil mosture depletion in the upper
layer of soil during periods

:stress.
(vi)
of moisture
The handicap in the rate of elonga-
29
tion of shoots which occured during the

formative phase due to ..deficient irrigation
conditions could not be made up even when
the soil moisture became adequate later on.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
The authors are indebted to Dr. Kirtikar, Director, Sugarcane Research for his
valuable suggestions during the progress of the work.
REFERENCES
(I)
Celements, H. F. 1948
Managing the production of Sugarcane. Repts.

Hawaiian Sugar Technological 6th meeting.
{2}
Celements, H. F. 1952
Factors affecting the growth of sugarcane.

Uuiv. of Hawaiian Agr-Expt. Stn. Tech. Bull 18
(3)
Clements H. F. & Kubota T. 1942
International moisture relations of sugarcane.

The selections of a moisture index. Hawaiian
Planter's record 46: 17-35.
The primary index its meaning and application

to crop management with special reference to
Sugarcane Hawaiian Planter's record 47: 257297.
Evans, H. 1937
Sugarcane research stn. Mauritius Bu~1 12: 33.
Hawaiian Sug. Planter's Asson.
Ann Rep 1959, 1960 and 1962.
A soil Hygrometer for irrigated cane lands of
Heck A. F. 1934
Hawaii. J. Ann. Soc. Agron 26 : 274-278.
Malik A. K. & Venkataraman, S 1957
Elongation of cane in relation to soil moisture.
Indi. Jour. of Sug. cane Res. & Dev. Vol. II
Pt. I Oct. Dec.
Rov Satyabrate; 1963
Moisture extraction capacity of sugarcane
roots under optimum condition. Ph. D. Thesis,
LA.R.I. 1963.
Shaw, 1937
Hawaii, Plant. Rec. 41 : 199-279.
Sweyzey J. A. & Wordsworth H.A. 1940 Hawaii plant. Rec. 44 : 49-68.
Wordsworth, H. A. 1934
Soil moisture and the Sugarcane Plant Hawaiian
planter's Rec. 38 : 111-119.
(4) Clements, H. F. & Kubota T. 1943
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Received on 27th May, '
ELONGATION OF CANE IN eNS
'
.
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1\
\
\
'
,
\
,.
,:
I
..
,,..
\
"
..~
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I
I'
..
\,
I,
- - -.
.
.'
"
.I
I
I
311n..LSIOH -71OS
"II''
ELONGATION OF CANE IN eMS.
\a
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<:)
co
t-.:
....~
....~
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,"
I:
I:I ,
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:19VJ.N3JIIJd
.3JJn.1SIOH-710S
Response of Sugarcane to Different Levels of

Manuring & Irrigation under the two Methods
of Planting Cane
By
G. N. Misra
J.
D. Singh and V. N. Singh
Studies on the comparative merits of tbe

two methods of planting cane (trench and
flat methods) on modern statistical lines in
Uttar Pradesh date back to the beginning of
the third decade of this century when the
section of the Economic Botanist (Sugarcane)
'was established at Shahjahanpur. Sethi et al
(1936) summarised the results of their research
work carried out in the State during the period
of 5 years (1'J32-36) in the form of a bulletin
in which they described in detail the two
methods of planting cane viz., trench and
flat. Misra and Kar (1965) summarised the
work done on this aspect in U. P. and concluded . that germination in trench planting was
normally better than that obtained under flat
planting. In tiller production arid final yield
of cane, flat planting proved superior to trench
planting under normal standard of cultivation
in the ,drier climatic conditions of central and
western parts of the State but trench planting
was to be preferred under interisi'ye cultivation.
Under more humid conditions as at Gorakhpur trench planting proved bette even under
normal standards of cultivation. Experimen'ts
furtheF revealed that , trenc,h ., {'lanted cane
needed more freque'n t irrigatiol1~ though less
'waitt per irrigation than flat planted cane.
These results' Were based on , the ;work done in
tbe sugar belt lying in the northern part of the
"
State. No such work had been done in the

non-factory gurcane growing tract lying south
to the sugarbelt. It was under the Scheme for
Intensification of Sugarcane Research inaugurated in 1956-57 that experiments to study
the comparative response of sugarcane to
varying levels of nitrogen and waterings under
two methods of planting cane were conducted
at the Regional Research Station, Varanasi.
The results so obtained with regard to yield
of cane and gur and its quality are presented
and discussed below.
ExperiDlental
The experiment was cOllducted for 4 seasons

from 1959-60 to 1962-63 with tne following
treatments.
I-
Methods of planting cane
T: Trench planting
F: Flat planting
II - 'NuDlber of premonsoon irrigations
W3 : three irrigations
W6: six irrigations, "
III - Doses of nitrogen
N I : 112 Kg. nitrogen per hectare

N2 : 224 Kg. nitrogen per hectare
34
Layout design was split plot with main

plots to methods of planting cane and subplots
to combinations of irrigation and nitrogen
treatments. Number of replicatio.ns was 4
each season. Planting was done in the month
of March, one three budded sett per ft. of
row. Spacing between cane rows was 3 ft.
Soil or plant analysis for moisture status could
not be undertaken. As such in order to utilize
the irrigations given to the best advantage
possible, the interval between successive irrigations was gradually reduced as the hot season
advanced from April to June by 3 or 4 days
each time.
Gur was manufactured in the month of

January each season. For this a composite
sample of 1 quintal of cane per treatment
obtained from different replications was
crushed. Small subsamples of gur weighing
about i Kg. per treatment were kept for their
chemical analysis which was subsequently done
for pol, purity, invert sugar, ash and nett
rendement.
Findings
Yield attributes - The results of diffe-
rent yield attributes of cane and gur studied

are presented in Table I.
Table (I)
rield attributes
Treatments
of cane
WI
and gur as affected by different treatments (Average of 4 years)-Varanasi
Flat Planting
Wz
Means
Trench
WI
Wz
Means Means
W--;---N- -
Planting
Means
WI
1. Germination percentage.
Nt
Nz
Means
2.
Humber
Nt
Nz
Means
31.0
33.0
32.0
30.3
30.6
30.5
of shoots
per plant.
3.03
3.16
3.10
3.30
3.64
3.47
,
30.7
31.8
31.2
38.6
38.9
38.8
39.3
40.1
39.7
39.0
39.5
39.2
3.17
3.40
3.28
2.45
2.50
2.48
2.49
2.64
2.S7
81.5
90.2
34.8
36.0
35.4
34.8
35.4
35.1
34.8
35.7
35.2
2.47
2.57
2.52
2.74
2.83
2.79
2.90
3.14
3.02
2.S2
2.99
2.90
79.2
88.S
83.8
77.2
84.6
80.9
81.0
88.S
84.7
79.1
86.S
82.8
3. Numb" of millable canes (thousands) per hectare.
Nl
Nz
Means
77.6
82.8
80.1
SO.5
86.7
83.6
79.1
84.6
81.8
76.8
86.7
81.8
85.9
4.
35
Yield of canes (M.T.) per hectare.
Nl
N2
43.91
48 .94
46.43
Means
5.
48.89
54.68
51.79
43.98
51.27
47.63
49.14
58.06
53.60
46.56
54.67
50.61
43.95
50.11
47.03
49.02
56.37
52.69
46.48
53.24
49.86
57.4
58 .6
58.0
55.0
57.9
56.5
55.9
58.4
57.2
55.5
58.2
56.8
56.3
58.4
57.3
56.6
58.4
57.5
56.4
584
57.4
19.01
18.84
18.92
18.43
18.80
18.62
19.04
19.21
19.13
18.74
19.01
18.87
18.37
18.78
18.57
19.38
19.06
19.22
18.87
18.92
18.90
10.89
]0.90
10.89
10.11
10.88
10.50
10.64
1] .23
10.94
10.38
11.06
10.72
10.30
10.90
10.60
10.97
11.05
11.01
10.63
10.98
10.80
4.45
5.76
5.11
5.29
6.68
5.99
4.87
6.22
5.55
4.52
5.57
5.04
5.44
6.33
5.88
4.98
5.95
5.46
46.40
51.81
49.11
Juice extraction perrenlage jrom cane .
57.5
58.8
58.2
Nl
N2
Means
6.
57.2
58.4
57.8
Recovery oj gur percent juice.
Nt
N2
18.30
18.76
18.53
Means
19.71
18.91
19.31
Recovery oj gUT percent cane.
7.
10.49
10.92
10.71
Nl
N2
Means
8.
Yieldj
Nl
N2
Means
gUT
11.29
10.87
11.08
(M. T.) per hectare.
4.59
5.37
4.98
5.58
5.98
5.78
5.09
5.68
5.38
On an average trench planting gave better

germination than flat planting by about 26
percent (8 per cent units) the treatments
under the other two factors (irrigation and
nitrogen) did not show any marked difference
in germination.
The number of shoots per plant was
consistently higber under flat planting than
under trench planting, the over all average
number being 3.28 and 2.52 respectively thus
the increase in the number of tillers per
plant in favour of flat over trench planting
worked out to 30 per cent which more than

compensated for the poor germination obsered under the former treatment. In milJable
canes as also in yield of cane per hectare
the two methods of planting cane did not
differ significantly except in 1959-60 whtm
trench planting proved significantly better
than flat planting in both these attributes.
Increased level of irrigations or nitrogen had
beneficial effect on the number of tillers,
millable canes and final yield of cane per
hectare consistently.
36
The results further revealed that sugarcane responded to higher level of irrigations
and fc:rtilization better under trench method
of planting the overall improvement in yield
of cane due to W2 over WI and N2 over N 1
treatment under trench planting being 6.00
and 8.11 M. T. per hectare respecliv~ly while
under flat planting the respective increases
were 5.36 and 5.41 M. T. per hectare only.
bring about any appreciable change in this

respect. Recovery of gur per cent cane was
favourably influenced by higher level of irrigation as well as by higher dose of nitrogen,
the former due to favourable effects on gur
percent juice and the latter due to higher
As a result
percentage of juice in cane.
yield of gur per hectare was favourably
influenced by both nitrogen and irrigation
the average increase being 0.97 and 0.84 M.T.
per hectare due to N2 over N 1 and W2 over
W I treatment respectively.
The respective
increast!s under trench method of planting
C::1ne were 1.35 M. T. and 0.88 M. T. and
under flat method 0.59 and 0.80 M. T. of
gur per hectare.
The two methods of planting cane did

not show any marked difference in the
recovery of gur percent juice or cane. As
such the trends in the yield of gur per
hectare due to the two methods of planting
cane were similar to those observed with the
yield of cane per hectare. Higher level of
nitrogen (N2) gave consistently higher extrac. Q.ualiry attributes The data pertaining to
tion percent(l ge than N I treatment as
expected while increasing the level of pre- different quality attributes .of gur studied are
monsoon irrigations from 3 to 6 did not presented in Table n.
Table II
Q.ualiry attributors of gUT as affected by different treatments (Averaee of 4 years) Varanasi
Treatments
Flat Planting
Wz
W1
Pol percm Gur.

7'J.8
79.6
Nl
80.9
78.3
N2
Means
80.4
790
Purity
coifficient
2.
83.0
lS3.3
Nl
84.8
83 I
Nil
83.9
Means
83.2
3. Invert Sugar percent gur
4.62
4.37
Nl
4 .63
4.32
N2
4.47
4.50
Means
4. Ash percent gur
2.866
2.993
Nt
2.92l
2.869
Na
2.894
2.931
Means
5. Nett Rendement
65.2
64.7
Nt
66.4
63.6
Na
Means
65.8
64.2
Means
Trench Planting
W1
W2
Means
Means
WI
W2
N- -
Means
1.
79.7
79.6
79.7
80.3
79.9
80.1
77.9
80.5
79.2
79.1
80.2
79'7
80.0
79.1
79.5
78 .9
80.7
79.8
79.4
799
79:7
83.2
84.0
83.6
84 .3
84.4
84.4
82.2
84 .5
83.4
83.3
84.5
83.9
83.8
83 .8
83.8
82.6
84.7
83.6
83.2
84.2
83.7
5.11
4.50
4.48
4.49
4.68
4.33
4.51
5.59
4.21
4.90
5.14
4.27
4.70
4.53
4.48
4.50
4.17
4.69
4.82
4.37
4.59
2.930
2.895
2.912
2.893
2.787
2.840
2.667
2.818
2.743
2.780
2.803
2.791
2.943
2.828
2.886
2.767
2.870
2.818
2.855
2.849
2.852
65.0
65.0
65.0
65.5
65.8
65.7
63.0
68.1
65.6
64.3
67 .0
65.6
65.1
64.7
64 .9
64.2 64.6
66.3 65.5
65.2 65.0
37
The two methods of planting cane did not 26 percent under the latter treatment while the
'$how any marked differential effect on the increase in the number of tillers per plant was
quality of gur. Increasing the level of nitrogen higher under the fiat planting than trench
from Nl to N2 brought about on the whole planting by 30 per cent. Thus it is obvious
..adverse effects on the quality of gur when the that the increase in the production of tillers is
level of irrigation was low (3 irrigations) but . more than compensated for the poor germinaimproved it when applied under higher level of tion under flat planting. This might be due
-irrigation (6 irrigations). Best quality gur was to unfavourable soil moisture conditions in
-<>btained under 6 irrigations and 224 Kg. trenches during dry and hot summer months
nitrogen per hectare (W2 N2 treatment).
from April to June, the soil surface exposed to
sun being more and therefore quicker drying
Discussion :
up of soil in trenches after each irrigation.
Soil-air-moisture and temperature I relation-ship varies greatly with the depth of planting
cane. However, depth of soil cover over the
setts planted largely determines the amount of
resistance which a developing shoot has to
-encounter before coming up above ground.
Trench planted cane (Planting done about 2"
-deep), therefore, gave better germination than
flat planted cane (Planting done relatively deep
i.e. 5" to 6" below ground level). This is in
agreement with the earlier findings of Misra
.and Kar (1965) and Misra (1957) in U. P. and
Borden (1943) in Hawaii. DelJiwijn (1952)
recommended sh~lIow planting for securing
better germination under good soil moisture
-conditions. In Java as also in many other
-countries including southern parts of India
where planting is generally done in trenches
and adequate moisture is provided, care is taken
to plant setts very shallow so much so that
their upper side remains more or less visible.
Space available plays an important role in
the production of tillers per plant, larger
spacing giving comparatively larger number of
tillers per plant although compensation due to
increase in spacing i~ normally less than 100
percent.
Space available per plant was
-comparatively larger under fiat planting than
trench planting due to better germination by
Trench planting gave significantly better

yield than flat planting during 1959-60 when
the environmental conditions were favourable
for cane production as is indicated by comparatively higher standards of yields obtained
viz. 64 M. T. per hectare while during the
other 3 seasons when the trench planting
proved only as good as flat planting the
average yields obtained were less than 45 M.T.
per hectare. This corroborates the finding
that there was better response to higher levels
of nitrogen and waterings under trench planting. This is also brone out by the field
practice in this State in that trench planting is
adopted by some growers under more favourable environments (Misra and Kar 1965).
Nitrogen induces better uptake of calcium
which may at least partly be contributing to
greater hydration of the plant tissues and
therefore better expression (Juice % cane) since
this element has the property of swelling
cellulose which is associated with absorption
of moisture. Improvement in juice per cent
cane due to nitrogen observed in this experiment finds agreement in the results reported
by Das (1936) and Das & Cornelison (1936)
and several other workers.
Adverse effects of nitrogen on the quality

of gur as judged by Pol, purity, invert sugar
38
and nett rendement may be explained on the

basis tha t nitrogen if applied in large quantities
induces consumption of carbohydrates in
!Danufacturing body building materials even
late in the growing season which leaves less
amount of food manufactured by the cane
plant for accumulation of sugars and therefore, delayed maturity of cane due to higher
dose of nitorgen application under normal
Ifflgations. Beneficial effect of higher level of
irrigation in improving the quality of gur
instead of adversely affecting it under heavier
dose of nitrogen in comparison with the
lower dose of nitrogen, finds agreement in
the results reported by Srivastava and Prasad
(1954) and Prasad and Srivastava (1954).
SUlDary and conclusion.
An experiment with different levels of

nitrogen and irrigation under the two methods
of planting cane was conducted at the Regional Research Station, Varanasi for 4 seasons.
The results showed better germination under
trench than flat planting. but reverse was the
case in the production of tillers per plant.
There was no marked difference between the
two methods of planting cane in the matter
of number of millable cane or yield of cane
per hectare.
There was better response of sugarcane to
higher levels of nitrogen and waterings under
trench planting indicating thereby utility OI

this method for intensive cultivation. Nitrogen increased expression (Juice % cane) and
thereby recovery of gur per cent cane. Higherlevel of irrigation improved gur per cent
juice as also gur per cent cane.
Quality of gur was adversely affected dueto heavier dose of nitrogen application under
lower level of irrigation (3 irrigations) but was .
improved under higher level of irrigation
(6 irrigations).
Thus fullest advantage through nitrogenous manuring can be availed by providing
adequate moisture to the crop during hot and
dry premonsoon period as this helps in improving both yield and quality of gur.
AcknowledgelDent
Authors wish to thank the I. C . S. C. and!

State Government for jointly financing the
scheme under which the work was done. Sincere thanks are also due to Sri D. N. Garg, .
Officer-In-Charge, Regional Research Station,
Varanasi for his valuable cooperation and
providing necessary facilities in conducting
experiment. Last but not the least grateful
thanks are due to Dr. Kirti Kar, Director,.
Sugarcane Research, Shabjahanpur for his_
keen interest in the problem.
References
1.
Borden, R. J.
( 1943 )
Depth of planting cane affects germination ..

Haw. Plant. Rec. XLIV (2), 75-79. .
2.
Das, U. K.
( 1936 )
Nitrogennutrition of Sugarcane Plant Phys,

11,251-317.
( 1936 )
The effects of nitrogen on cane yield and_

juice quality, Haw. Plant. Rec. 40,35-36.
( 1952 )
Botany of Sugarcane.
3. Das U. K. &
Cornelison, A. H.
-t
Dillewijn, C. V.
4th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India KanpuJ1966

Misra, G. N .
39
( 1957 )
Irrigation investigations in Sugarcane-I

effects of moisture status in relation to depth
of planting of various cane varieties. Proc. III
Bien. Conf. Sugarcane Research
& Dev.
Workers Pusa, India Part II.
Misra, G. N. & Kar, Kirti
(1965)
Comparative response of Sugarcane to different

methods of planting cane under Uttar
Pradesh conditions. Indian Sugar Cane
Journal, Jan-March, 1965.
Sethi, R. L. et al
( 1936 )
Improved methods of cone cultivation in

U. P. Bulletin No. 72.
Srivastava, D. P. &
Prasad, Kamta.
( 1954 )
Effect of Manurial and cultural treatment on

the claribility of sugarcane juice in the open
pan boiling process. Proc III Bien. Conf. Sug.
Res. and Dev. Workers India, Jullundur.
Prasad, Kamta &

Srivastava D. P.
( 1954 )
Effect of manurial and cultural treatments on

the claribility of Sugarcane Juice in the open
ran boiling process. Proc III Bien. Conf.
Workers, India,
Sugar. Res. & Dev.
Jullundur.
Received on 27th April 196
Sugarcane Research Station, Shahjahanpur
Approximation Formulae for Evaporation

Plant Calculations
By
H.
J.
Spoerstra
In all those cases where calculations have

to be made in connection with the set-up
and/or comparison of evaporating and heating
systems it may be useful to dispose of formulae
with which the quantities of incoming and
outgoing steam /vapour for the respective
vessels can easily and quickly be evaluated,
The formulae are developed by setting u'p

the heat balance for each vessel and by the
method of elimination.
S1> WI' S2. W 2,
etc. can be expressed as a function of
W ( = total amount of evaporated water)
and A, B, C and D, being the vapour
quantities bled from the respective vessels.
Evidently such formulae should be as

simple as' possible, but on the other hand they
'should at the same time attain a reasonable
degree of accuracy.
As to be seen from the schemes all

calculations are based on 100 incomimg
juice; hence all the variables W, A, B, C and
D have to be expressed per 100 incoming
juice as well. All temperatures are indicated in
degrees centigrade whilst the enthalpy (i) of
the vapours and juices are expressed in
kcal/kg. The incoming juice is presumed to
have the same temperature as prevailing
in the I st vessel. In case of deviation
the valve of has S1 has tobe corrected
accordingly.
In our opinion a suitable compromise has

been reached by the formulae proposed
hereafter, which are based on the presumed
average working conditions (prevailing in
cane sugar factories) indicated in the schemes
1 and 2, respectively for a IV -effect and a
V-effect eva pora tion,
The fomulae are given for evaporations :
'(a) With full condensate flashing as indicated
in the schemes.
(b) Without any condensate flashing. for

whi,ch we have not given separate
schj;:mes.
In such case is
d 1 d z d a d, = O 'whilst Kl = S1; K z z: S.;
K:t = Sa; K, = S, and K,. = S5'
It is ,to be observed that deviations

(within reasonable limits) from the presumed
working conditions only slightly affect the
outcomes of the given formulae and therefore
they will be applicable under practically all
circumstances.
The formulae, developed in the manner

indicated above are summarized in tables
1 and 2.
42
In these formulae the terms between (

)
can be considered as the "standard values"
for straight evaporation, which are corrected
for vapour bleeding according to the respective
.
values A, B, C and D.
7 X 0.26 = 1.82 t /hr.

which is also the reduction
in condenser losses.
(2) Suppose we have a factory, grinding

2500 t. c./day; juice 100 t/hr. The
evaporating plant consists of a IV-effect
with full condensate flashing and for
which W = 75 and A = 7. We now
want to increase the granding rate to
about 3500 t. c jday (increase of 40:10 )
and therefore it is contemplated to
transfurm the IV-effect into a V- effect
by the addition of a new big vessel as
first vessel, at the same time extending the
vapour bleeding to all the heater:; and the
pan station. Suppose that then for the
V-effect the situation is characterized
by A = 20 and B = 7.
For the sake of convenience we have given

in table 3 these "standard valu es" of
SI' W l' S2' W., etc. as a function of W in
case no vapour bleeding takes place.
Application examples.
(1) Suppose a straight IV-effect evaporation

without condensate flashing. Incoming
juice is 100 t/hr. which WIll be concentrated from 15 to 62 brix, hence W = 76.
What is the reduction in condenser losses
when vapour from the 1st vessel will be
bled to the heaters in an amount of
7 t/ hl. (A = 7 ).
As we have to consider and to compare

the heat loads of the respective heating
surfaces it is better to work with the
S-values.
From table 3 : standard value

W, = 20.92 t/hr.
For the original situation we have for 100 t/hr.
juice:
I
S (standard value-table 3 )
Bleeding correction for
II
16.10
A = 7 + 5.46
s=
16.43
1 61
III
18.09
1.68
IV
20.31
1.89
----
----
----
21.56
14.82
16.41
18.42
For the V-effect we would get for 100 t/hr. of juice:
S ( standard value )
Bleeding corr. for
"
"
"
For 40% increase
s=
s=
II
111
IV
(new)
(I )
( II )
( III )
(IV)
+ 16.80
+ 4 .48
11.79
12.01
3.60
4.41
13.78
3.80
2.fsO
15.43
.-- 4.20
- 2.80
17.40
4.40
2.80
33.07
46.30
12.82
17.95
7.18
10.05
+
---- ---- ----
---- ---8.43
11.80
10.20
14:.28

The comparable specific heatloads of
the respective heating surfaces can be
characterized by the quotient S when dT =the
dr
temperature difference between heating vapour
and vapour space.
In the original situation of the IV -effect
we get according to Scheme I :
S
dT=
S
I
21.56
8
II
14.82
II
16.41
15
IV
18.42
25
2.70
1.44
1.09
0.74
JJ[
dT
For the V -effect we
corresponding vessels and
Scheme 2 :
S
dT
S
--=
get for the

according to
II
17.95
9
HI
10.05
11
IV
11.80
14
V
14.28
19
1.99
0.91
0.84
0.75
dT
For vessel IV the specific heat load is
practically the same in both cases, but for
the other preceding vessels the new specific
load will be considerably lower, which means
that in hose vessels a relative smaller
temperature difference can be expected to the
benefit of the dT of vessel IV.
This could lead to an even higher capacity
increase than 40 la. We estimate that here
50 ,~ capacity increase can be attained by
transforming the IV-effect, into a V-effect,
provided that the first juice vapours can be
bled to a sufficient great extent.
In conclusion we want to make a comparisou between some figures, given by A. L.
43
Webre and the corresponding values calculated

with the proposed formulae.
In "Sugar y Azucar" of May 1963 we
find on page 34 and 35 two s,hemes.
respectively of Cycle XI and Cycle XII
concerning a IV -effect with vapour bleeding
but without condensate flashing.
For cycle XI :
W = 74.95; A = 1. 56; B = 2.57; C= 5.47
For cycle XII :
W = 74.95; A = 4.16; B = 0
; C=8.90
Comparing f. i. the vapour quantilies.

leaving the respective vessels with those
culculated with our formulae we get the
following:
WI
W2
Wa
W4
Cycle XI
\\lebre Formulae
20.75
20.66
20.50
20.35
1903
- 1895
14.76
14.90
Cycle XII
Webre Formulae
2230
22.20
19.30
1946
20.40
2051
1293
12.78
In " Sugar y Azucar" of July 1963 we

find on page 39 a scheme of Cycle XIII
concerning a V -effect without condensate
flashing and with vapour bleeding from the
1st vessel. Here W = 74.96 and A=3189.
In the same way
comparable figures:
WI
Webre
38.70
Formulae 38.60
we find the following
W."
7.65
7.62
Wa
8.95
8.89
W,
9.41
9.57
W6
10.75
10.27
It is to be seen -that the respective figures

correspond very closely. in which we may
see a confirmation of the conclusion that the
referrred formulae are applicable as general
standard formulae.
44
TABLE I
Approximation formulae for IV--e.f!ect with full condensate flashing (Scheme 1).
d l = 0.011 SI
Kl = 0.989 SI .
K2 = 0.985 S,
d 2 = 0.015 S2
d a = 0.027 S2
+ 0.020 Sa
Ks = 0.958 S2
K,
WI = (0.278 W -
4.60)
W 2 = (0.267 W -
2.20) -
W 3 = (0.245 W
W, = (0.210 W
+ 1.05) + 5.75) -
(0.285 W -
S2 =
(0.283 W -
SI
S3
.' (0.271 W -
S, = (0.259 W
IV
0.958 S2
+ 0.52 B + 0.27
0.24 A + 0.50 B + 0.25
0.25 A - 0.51 B + 0.24
0.76 A
0.27 A -
0.51 B -
+ 0.78 A + 0.53 B + 0.28

4.80) - 0.23 A + 0.53 B + 0.27
2.24) - 0.24 A - 0.50 B + 0.27
0.27 A - 0.51 B -
0.980 Sa
+ 0.980 S3 + S,
C
C
C
0.76 C
5.28)
+ 0.88) -
C
C
C
0.76 C
Effect without condensate flashing
+ 0.76 A + 0.53 B + 0.27

W 2 = (0.272 W - 2.20) - 0.25 A + 0.50 B + 0.26
W3 = (O.245 -W + 1.05) - 0.25 A ._ 0.51 B + 0.24
W, = (0.197 W + 5.95) - 0.26 A - 0.52 B _ 0.77
+ 0.78 A + 0.54 B + 0.28
WI = (0.286 W -
4.80)
SI = (0.293 W _ 5.49)
C
C
C
. S, = ' WI -A
S8 = W,,-B
S,=W8 -C
. . .i
;_ . ..... .
4th
Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur
1966
. .
.
.
.
T~LE
Approximation formulae for V -effect with full 'condensate flashing (Scheme
dl =
d2 =
da =
d, =
0.011 8 1
0.013 S2
0.020 S2 + 0.015 S3
0.024 S2 + 0.025 Sa + 0.020 S4
2).
KI = 0.989 SI
K2 = 0.987 S'2
Ka = 0.967 S2 + 0.985 Sa
K, = 0.943 S2 + 0.960 Sa + 0.980 S,
Ks = 0.943 S2 + 0.960 S3 + 0.980 S, + Si
WI = (0.227 W - 5.i9) + 0.82 A + 0.<12 B + 0.42 C + 0.22 D

W 2 = (0.218 W - 2.80) - 0.19 A + 0.60 B + 0.41
C+
0.21 D
W,
=
=
Ws
= (0.165 W + 5.80) - 0.22 A - 0040 B, - 0.60 C - 0.80 D
Ws
(0.204 W - 0.27) - 0.20 A -
0.41 B + 0.38 C + 0.19 D
(0.186 W + 2.46) - 0.21 A -
0.41 B - 0.61 C + 0.18 D
SI = (0.233 W S2
5.69) + 0.84 A + 0.64 B + 0.43 C + 0.23 D :
(0.230 W -
5.24),- 0.18 A
+ 0.63 B +
0.43 C + 0.22 D
= (0.222 W - 2.87) - 0.19 A - 0.40 B + 0.41 C + 0.21 D

S, = (0.211 W - 0.40) - 0.21 A - 0.40 B - 0.60 C + 0.20.0,
S3
Ss
(0.202 W + 2.25) - 0.22 A - 0.40 B ~ 0.60 C -_ 0.80 D
effect without condensate flashing.
WI = (0.238 W ~ 5.39) + 0.82 A + 0.64 B

W2
0.44 C
+ 0.23 D
' ,'
(0.226 W - 2.94) - 0.20 A + 0.60 B + 0.42 C + 0.22 D
W 3 = (0.208 W -
0.32) -
0.20 A -
0.42 B + ,0.38 C + O.~O D
W, = (0.183 W + 2.55) - ,0.21 A - 0.41 B - 0.62 C + 0.17 D

,Ws = (0.145 W + 6.10) -
, SI
0.21 A - 0.41B - 0.62 C - 0.82 D
(0.244 W - 5.90) ,+ 0.84 A + 0.66 B + 0.45 C + 0.24 D
SI = WI - A
' Sa '= ' W2-B
8,
Wa - C
I
8 6 = W, - D
45
-,
46
TABLE III
tStandard Values' for straight evaporation without vapour bleeding (all figures per 100 incoming juice)
IV
W
74.0
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
effect with full condensate flashing.
WI
15.97
16.25
16.53
16.81
17.08
Wz
17.56
17.83
1"8.09
18.36
18.63
Wa
WI.
19.18
19.43
19.67
19.92
20.16
21.29
21.50
21.71
21.92
22.13
SI
15.81
16.10
16.38
16.67
16.95
Sz
16.14
16.43
16.71
16.99
17.28
Sa
S,
17.81
1809
18.36
18.63
18.90
20.05
20.31
20.56
20.82
21.08
IV effect with full condensate flashing.
W
74.0
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
WI
W2
Wa
W,
SI
S2
Sa
S,
16.36
16.65
16.94
17.22
17.51
17.()3
18.20
18.47
18 .74
19.02
19.18
19.43
19.67
19.92
20.16
20.53
20.73
20.92
21.12
21.32
1619
16.49
16.78
17.07
17.36
16.36
16.65
16.94
17.22
17.51
17.93
18.20
18.47
18.74
19.02
19.18
19.43
19.67
19.92
20.16
WI
74.0
75 .0
76.0
77.0
78.0
11.61
lUl4
1206
12.29
12.52
WI
W.
13.33 14.83
13.55 1503
13.77 1523
13 .99 1544
14.20 15.64
W,
WI>
16.22 18.01
16.4t HU8
1660 18.34
16.78 18.51
16.97 18.67
S2
SI
Sa
S,
S5
11.55 11.78 13.56 15.21 17.20

11.79 12.01 13.78 15.43 17.40
12.02 12.24 14.00 15.64 1760
12.25 12.47 14.22 15. R5 17.80
12.48 12.70 14.45 16.06 Ig.0t
WI
740
75.0
76.0
770
78.0
12.22
1246
12.70
12.94
13.17
WI
Wa
13.78 1507
14.01 15.28
14.2~
15.49
14.46 15.70
1469 15.90
Received on 4th April 1966
W4 '
WI>
SI
16.09
16.28
I n 46
1664
1682
16.83
16.98
17.12
17.27
17.41
12.16
12.40
12.64
12.89
13.13
. Sa
St
12.22 13.78
12.46 14.01
12.70 14.24
12.94 14.46
13.17 14.69
S,
15.07
15.28
15.49
15.70
15.90
S5
1609
16.28
16.46
16.64
16.82
Stork-Werkspoor S,u gar .N. V.

Henge'o, The Netherlands
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Vl
.,
A Note on the Problem of Production of

White Sugar without Sulphu.r
By
D. P. Kulkarni
Our technique of white sugar production

depends on the use of sulphur dioxide in the
clarification of juice and bleaching of J~up.
With the present knowledge of sugar technology, it is perhaps imposible to eliminate the
use of sulphur, and yet maintain high standard,
of sugar quality under conditions available
in our country. The acute shortage of sulphur
since last year, has however brought about a
situation in which we may have to abandon
the use of sulphur in sugar production.
To meet this situation Gupta. et al of
of the National Sugar Institute evolved a
process known as D. M. C. Process which
envisages the melting of sugar obtained from
defecation juices and boiling special massecuites
in this melt for production of marketable
sugar. The economics worked out by tbe
authors point to a reduction in cost of
production and it is claimed that 29-30
colour sugar could be obtained with this
process.
I n this process the clarification is brought
about by simple defecation and the colouring
matter in juice, which in normal course would
accompany the sugar crystal is sought to be
eliminated by increasing one stage of hoiling
and crystalliation. Increase in the number of
massecuite boilings calls for higher pan capacity
by 20-25% and will result in higher steam
onsumption to the extent of 6-8% than in
the normal process of sugar manufacture by

double sulphitation. We have to take into
account the following factors in respect of
D. M. C. process as recommended by N. S. I.
authorities:
(I) Cost of manufacture is reduced at
clarification stage, but the cost of extra fuel
on account of increased boiling . will increase
the overall cost of production.
(2) Scaling in evaporator will be reduced

and clarification will be easier for control th~n
with sulphitation.
(3) Factory crushing 1000-1250 tonnes/day
will have to install one pan of 35 tonnes with
condenser, etc. alongwith one crystalliser of
the same capacity and one or two high speed
centrifugals. Besides, mixer, melter and pumps
will have to be installed. The total cost of this
equipment would come to about 3.5-4 lakh
rupees.
(4) Some of the important components of
the extra equipment required are made of
copper, brass, stainless steel etc., which we are
required to import.
(5) Where boiler capacities are just sufficient to copeup with the crushing rate, either
additional boilers . will have to be installed
or else crushing rate wiil be reduced.
50
We find from the above description that

entrained liquor should have, more or less, the
same purity as that of the liquor from which
the fine dr0r.lets ha~~ been .cata,pultf'd: The
dilution of a part of the o riginal . liquor with
water should not matefiafl y affect the pilrify of
this liquor.
The analytical figures of the entraIned
liquor as we had found reveal that it is not so.
The figures are given below:
Brix
. Purity.
11.37
10.73
9.40
8.90
7.32
6.72
6.51
5.11
7.76
3.15
3.55
2.92
44.60
42.87
45.11
29.33
13.11
10.56
15.66
9.94
29.38
42.70
29.00
28.06
The sample of the entrained liquor was

drawn when the liquor was still hot from the
entrainment catcher common to evaporator
and - the c-massecuite pans. There was no
indication of fermentation in the sample,
though of course no bid-chemical analysis
was undertaken. Many times the entrainment
catcher, which had a small water holding
capacity, was completely emptied out ~y
breaking the vacuum,
still the analytical
figures had the same trend.
Later on tbe evaporator was segregated
from the combined effect on the entraiment
catcher and then the entrained liquor gave the
following analytical figures:
Purity
Brix
22.30
292
3.08
21.75
..
2.84:
27.11'
2.84
19.01
i ;88
12.50
Reduc. Sugars%
0.97
pH
6.50
The above figures indicate that the puri ty

of the entrained liquior is quite different from
the purity of the original liquor from which
it has come out.
In the combined entrainment catcher the
lowest purity liquor which could impart its
effect was the source of B-heavy mollasses,
the purity of which was never less than 55.
The above observation leads us to belie ve
that entrainment is not a simple phenomenon
of throwing away small droplets of -liquor
but something more tban that.
We have to examine carefully as to wh"t
is going on inside the quad bodies during the
course of evaporation. Whether it is a simple
separation of components of a two component system where one component to be
separated is water, or involves more complicated multi component system.
The process of evoporation as it goes
on in the evaporator is in fact continuous
equilibrium
vaporisation, where feed is
pumped at constant rate and definite percentage of charge is vaporised and pass off as
condensate, residue liquor remaining at a
pJ:edetermined level.
Since thorough miXIng of the contents
of the different bodies by the boiling process
is there the composition of the liquid may be
taken as that of the liquid effluent. Therefore,
the vapours from the body are of composition
corresponding to the equilibrium with the
liquid in this body. So continuous equilibrium
3.4th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists; Association of India Kanpur 19t6

-vaporisation is a distillation process in which
a feed stock is partly vaporised under such
conditions that equilibrium exists between all
the vapour formed and all the remaining
li quid.
The above nature of the process of boiling
or evaporation indicates that a sort of steam
distillation is also going 00 where volatility of
different constituents of the liquor have
important bearing on the composition of the
condensate collected over which, in this case
will mix up with the entrained liquor thereby
giving us a different purity as compared to the
body of the liquor from which it has been
projected.
Clear juice is a mixture of va-rious
components, therefore we can safely assume
that there will be substances which will boil
at different vapour pressure.
This is made more complicated by a sort
of rectification which is possibly going on at
the same time. This rectification is possible
because as the liquor boils under vacuum in
the tubes having different temperatures at
different levels due to defective steam distribution, lagging, or hydrostatic head, a sort of
rectification will result of the outgoing
vapours. This rectification can be more
Received on 5th March 1966
51
effective at the redued pressure even when the

mixture consists of components exhibiting
small differences in volatility at ordinary
temperatures.
Conclusion:
From the above discussion we find

that it is not possible to locate the source
of entraining body simply from the analyses.
of the entrained liquor; for this we shall have
to apply individual tapping devices for
catching the entrained liquor. Central or
common entrainment catchers are of no help
in this regard.
Simple cane juice evaporation as it appears
is not so simple but involves steam distillation
rectification and separation of undesired
components in a multicomponent system.
Probably all the above phenomenon are
going on simultaneously.
Acknowledgements:
The author takes this opportunity of

expressing his thanks to Shree Alba].. Amir
Hasan, Managing Director, The Sasa ~I!sa
Sugar Works Private Ltd., for giving him the
opportunity for taking up this problem which
he had to face during the course of campaign
1964-65.
Kisan Coop. Sugar Factory, Sarsawa,

(Distt. Saharanpur.)
'52
APPENDIX I
'Reference
1. Gupta et al Indian sugar Jan., 1966, also

note circulated by Nationa,l federation
of Co. op. Sugar factories.
2. Principels of sugar Teachnology Vol

VIII Ed. Honig. p. 206
J . Colour problem in sugar manufacture

by Zerban p.22 also Yamane S. T. A.
proc.
1954 Part II p. 203
Received on 20th March' 66
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
Cl Juice
A massecuite
A Heavy
A light molasses
B massecuite
B Heavy
C massecuite
C Light molasses
Melt massecuites
Heavy molasses from melt
massecuite
Light molasses from Melt
Py
85.3
87.3
69.0
90.00
74.0
49.2
6.1.10
55.0
96.0 .
90.0
96.0
Y. S. Sakkal' Karkha.na Ltd. Akluj, (Distt. Saharan pur.)
Entrainment and the Entrained Liquor

By
Ajit Singh
Entrainment is a big problem with the

industry. Almost in every sugar factory we
-come across this phenomenon though of
-course in varying degree of intensity.
The nature of entrainment has not been
so thoroughly understood and proper treatment meted out, which it deserves. Various
ways and means have been worked out to
affect its prevention.
Many manufacturers have made tall claims
for stopping entrainments up to 99% by
introducing demistifiers which are being used
in the petroleum industry. Inspite of the
introduction of entrainment catchers still
"Some of the juice is lost to us unless we
make a positive change in the design of the
equipment where entrainment is going on.
Up till now we have no easy method of

determining the losses due to this phenomenon,
. at best we can make 1st approximation.
Entrainment has been defined by various
authorities as mechanical carriage of fine
droplets of liquor with the outgoing vapours.
these droplets of liquid will oe increased.

These droplets of liquid vary ' greatly iIi size.
Some of them drop back quickly into the
liquid from which they came; . some settle
more slowly; and some will not settle
at all
.
at any vapour velocity that is practical to
maintain.
~
Som ~imes
the two words foam and

entrainment are used together but they are
quite different. Foam implies some special
property of the liquid that causes the formation of a mass of stable bubbles. 'Entrainment
is probably connected with the surface tension
of the liquid also.
If a drop is ejected from the surface of
the liquid into a body of vapour, it will
rise to certain height and then begins to fall.
As it falls it will finally ' reach a ~onstant
rate of fall given by Stokes .Law. If the
velocity of its ejection is so great that it
does not begin to fall then it wi1l be carried
over. If the drop is so small that ' its terminal velocity of fall is Jess than the upward
velocity of vapour it wi1l be carried off with
the vapour. Hence increasing th~ vapour
space above a boiling liquid decreases entrainment of the larger drops but has no effect
on very small drops.
When a bubble of vapour rises to the

surface of a body of liquid and bursts, the
liquid film that forms the top of the bubble
It is usually considered that from 20 to 40
is usually projected, as it bursts as very fine
drops with the stream of vapours. If at the . lbs. evaporation per hour per square foot
same time the liquid has a high velocity in superficial liquid surface is as Jhuch as should
allowed if excessive entrainment is to be
the same direction as the vapour coming . t ,be
:from the bursting bubble the velocity of avoided.
54
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists Association of India Kanpur 1966
(6) New steam saving methods such as

vapour bleeding for pans, use of thermocompessors or installation of accumulator will
have to be thought of to reduce the steam
and fuel consumption.
(7) The present 30 Sugar Standard has to
be a bolished if we are going to stop use of
sulphur. We cannot expect sugat above 29
colour ',standard from D. M. C. process.
Any proposal to ' reduce the load on pan
boiling by using clear juice instead of water
for melting of sugar would not be technically
sound since addition of clear juice will increase
concentration of colouring matter in melt and
sugar crystals grown in such medium will
adsorb this colouring matter to a greater
extent than sugar crystals grown ' in pure
melL -
molasses from melt massecuite. (iv) Washed

sugar from A massecuite was made intc>'
magma ,and boiled on melt from Band C'
curing.
II r. Curing-C massecuit was double purged . C after worker sugar washed, made into.
magma \\ as used as seed for A & B boiling. Theexcess sugar was melted. (ii) B niassecuitewas single cured and sugar washed and
melted. (iii) A massecuite was single cured.
and sugar washed, made into magama and
sent to pan floor for reboiling. (iv) Melt
massecuite was single cured and sugar bagged.
Facto ry is equipped with modern semiautomatic high speed (1470 rpm .) centrifugals.
wherein super heated washwater is used for
washing. Water was used in making magma
and for melting.
ExperiInent at 'Yeshwant'
Factory
.
Purities of the various sugar house products.

in the above process are given in Appendix I. '
At Yeswant Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana

Ltd., Akluj, experiment was conducted in the
factory on production of white sugar employing defecation method of clarification. The
process adopted was as follows :
Nearly 800 bags of sugar were produc~d_

by the above method. It was observed
that
(1) Clarification: To raw juice phosphate

was :added to make up the deficiency of
p 2 0 5 in juice and some lime was added to
raise pH. This juice after heating to 70c was
limed to 7.3-7.4 pH and reheated to 100 0 C.
Rapidor and Oliver filter were used for settling
and mud filtration respectively in this
factory.
II. Boiling- (i) Grain \yas made in A
heavy molasses and C massecuite developed
on . thIs grain, B heavy and C light. (ii) C
double cured ' sugar was used as seed for B
'strikes; 'w hich were boiled on ' A heavy.
' (iii) A massecuite was boiled on C double
cured sugar as seed, syrup, A Jight and heavy
(1) Sugar from A inassecuites after washing conformed to 28 colour standards grain
size being C. & D. In appearance it was
brown coloured
(2) Sugar from melt massecuites was of '
29 colour with C & D grain size and crystals
showed brown tinge.
Discussion
In this trial, one more . boiling was

introduced wherein washed A sugar was
boiled in sugar melt. Whereas in the D.M.C.
process worked by the National Sugar
Institute all A massecuite sugar is melted, in
the above method followed by us, sugar frdm
B & C boilings was inelted and A s'u gar 'w'a s

ashed and reboiled in his melt. Thus the
<Juantity of sugar to be melted was reduced
to nearly half that melted in D.M.O. process.
he evaporation load on pans would be less
by nearly 3% cane because of reduction in
"melting. The extra equipment required on
ccount of additional boiling will he more or
ess the same as in D. M. C. process.
It has been our experience that slightly off
55
matter, which is again absorbed on crystals

grown in this medium.
The brown tinge of
sugar crystals persists even when we boil well

washed sugar in pure melt when defecation
method is followed.
This has
bee~
obs'erved
by us when we switch over from Raw Sugar

production to our usaul white sugar manufacture.
The
brown
tinge
in
white sugar
I-c oloured sugar if boiled in pure sugar melt,
persists as long we use seed and melt from
improves in colour and the results of the above
massecuites boiled in raw sugar process when
-trail are in conformity with this observation.
defecation was practised.
'The sugar colour of washed A sugar improved
obvious that we cannot expect white suga r
'from 28 to 29 colour standared for the same
frec from brown tinge from melt massecuites
~rain
by following defecation process of clarifica-
size after the sugar was boiled on pure
.meIt
tion.
In our existing
process of white sugar
-manufacture by sulphitation process, sulphites

.~nd
It would thus be
sulphur dioxide suppress the formation
{)f caramal and melanoid ins in the clarification
..and evaporation stages. Similarly the sulphites

reduce the adsorption of colouring matter on
the sugar crystals during the pan boiling 3
Tn
the case of clarification by defecation method,

melanoid ins are formed to a greater extent
than with sulphitation juices, in clarification
as well in subsequent evaporation.
Thus even the melt of pure sugar from
However in case we are forced to stop

the use of sulphur, in the immediate future
we shall have to adopt defacation and bo il
special massecuites in pure melt.
also comider at the same ' time the problems

of extra in stallations, additional cost of fuel
as well as the limitation in respect of quality
of final product.
Thanks
are
due
Yeshwant Sahakari
defe~
-cation juice, is not free from he above colouring
We must
to
Management
of
Sakhar Karkhana Ltd.,
Akluj, Maharastra for permission to publish

this note.
Recovery Of Sulphur Dioxide From Stack '

Gases Of Sulphiter
By
Birja B. Paul &: Arnab K. Mitra
10 all cane sugar factories following either

Carbonation or Sulphitation process, sulphitation of juice or syrup is one of the important
process operations. Here the juice (and /or
syrup) i~ treated with sulphur dioxide gas
with a l)urpose to decolourise the juice as
,well as to precipitate out calcium salts
(as calcium sulphites). Sulphur dioxide
is produced at the site by burning imported
sulphur. It bas been found that the slack
gases coming out of the sulphiters often
contain un-reacted sulphur dioxide to the
tune of 4-5% by weight. It may be more
from the less efficient sulphiters. The object
of this paper is to show how the sulphur
dioxide from the stack gases can be recovered
by applying the chemical engineering principles
of absorption and consequently reduce the
sulphur consumption.
Gas absorption is an unit operation. Here,
a soluble vapour is absorbed by means of
liquid in which the solute gas is more or less
soluble, from its mixture with an inert gas.
The stack gas of sulphiter containing air,
moisture and sulphur dioxic:ie can be stripped
off of sulphur dioxide by means of clear
JUIce before it is fed to the sulphiter.
Sulphur dioxide thus will be washed off from
th~
gases and the partially sulphited juice
then will be fed to the SuJphiter for further
SOj treatment.
Equipment for gas absorption is not

standardised and often is decided and designed
by users. However, general practice is to use
either packed tower or plate column. Packed
towers are not suitable for unclear, scale
forming liquids. For this reason and also for
getting low tower weight and more uniform
flow a plate type tower has been chosen for
handling the cane juice.
In a single stage absorption process at the
most 60% of the solute gas can be obsorbed.
On that basis it has been found that the
sulphiter's stack gas contains by, weight
4.6 % S02' 19.5% H 20 and 75 85% Air. In
the absorption tower it is desired to strip the
S02 by the incoming clear juice at 65 C
temperature . The gas leaving the tower
should Dot contain more than 1.21 % by weight
S03 gas. lhe design calculation for the
absorption tower to obtain the specified
condition is presented below,
I J
. i 11 do
Basjc Data:Crushing rate
= 30CO Tonnes/24 hrs.
C. J. 95% cane.
Sulphur consumption
2.62 x 10' lbs./hr.
= 68.7 Ibs/hr.
Pseudo molecular wt of =
.'
stack gas
= 26.S
Pseudo Mol. wt. of C.J.
:b
J.J J ~.
IT
_,11 ~'J11Huq
2f .. ' 1/ , I)
1(,) Up'
S8
Calculation of Stack Gas
68.1 Ibs/hr. of sulphur produces 131.4

Ibs/hr. of SO; gas 60% of. this gas IS absorbed
in the Sulphiter.
Hence S02 in the
vapour = 137.4 - 82.44 = S4 .96 IbsJhr'.
S4.96
.'. Quan~ity of stack gas = - - - x 100
4.6
= 119S Ibs/hr.
and on S02 free basis
= 1140.04 lbs/hr.
The equatton for the operating line is ;
(Y
o .OOS)
x
1920-- = 7.SS - - - - - I-x
l-y
099S
Neglecting x in tenns of I-x, this equation
~an be solved for x.
x
y
0.00394-
0.000198 ...... (2)
l-y
Number of stages:
Now to obtain the number of stages, first

the equilibrium line has to be plotted. Since
there is no data about the solubmty . of
sulphurd ioxide in clear juice, the partial
Material balance equation can be written pressures of sulphur dioxide and water of
over the entire column as :
aqueous S02 solution at 1 atm. and 65C is
accepted. In Fig. 1, the mole fraction of
1 (Xb
xa)
1 (Yb
Ya)
G
- - - - _ =G my '- - - - ... (1) S02 in gas phase has been plotted against the
mole fraction of S02 in liquid phase to . get
mx I-xh l-xa
l-Yb l-Ya
the equilibrium curve. By assigning v~lues
.From the condition of the design:
to Y between O.OOS and 0.019,1 in Equation
Yb = 0.0191, Xa = 0, Ya = O.OOS
(2) and calculating the corresponding values
of x, points on the operating line are obtained
If' Xb attains equilibrium with Yb, then
and plotted in Fig. 1. The Mc Cabe _. Thil.e
at Yb = 0.0191
cQnstruction is made in the enlarge,d portion
to determine the number of stages. Number ,
*
xb=O.OOOII
(From the equilibrium curve) of ideal stage comes to 2.8; Taking plate
efficiency as 20%;
1
200
2.8
G my = - - = 7.SS mols/hr. ftz
Actual No. of stages = - = 14 '
16.S
0.2
The assumption that the operating line
Plugging the values in Equation (1), the
minimum clear juice rate comes to 960 and the equilibrium line are straight makes
a positive error of 2 plates. Hence 12 plates
mols. /hr. ft 2
will be sufficient.
Let actual rate be twice the minimum flow
Dia of the tower :
rate of juice.
, As a design criterion the gas flow rate has
been taken as 200 Ibsj hr. ft2 of the tower
cross -section.
G mx = 2 x 960 = 1920 mols/hr. ftz

The actual value of Xb ,can be calculated
by putting the value of 1920 for G mx in
Equation (1), which is Xb = O.OOOOSS
S02 free gas flow rate = 1140. 01 Ibs/hr.

Allowable flow
= 200 IbsJhr ft2
.'. Dia
= 11140/200
-rr/ 4
= 2.7 ft.
59
Due to this absorption tower, some sulphur

w1l1 be recovered and consequently less
sulphur will be required to burn. As a result
of this, stack gas quantity will be less. Tower
diameter of 2'-6* is thought to be sufficient.
The total entering gas is

= 200 + 9.4
= 209.4 Ib/hr. ft.1
The S02 leaving with the outgoing as;
0.005 )
- x 7.55 x 64 = 2.43 lb/hr. ft.1
( 0.995
The diameter of the tower can be found

. out from the following equation also.
--; 0.34
S02 absorbed by clear juice is

9.4 - 2.43 = 6.97 Ib/ft 2 hr.
Clear juice fed to the top of the tower i$
1920 x 21 = 40320 lb./ft. hr.
and the strong liquor is
(40320+6.97) = 40326.97 lb./hr. ft.t
Say 40327 lb. /hr. ft.2
22.S (
~-)
Where, V is the optimum superficial vapour

velocity for a Turbogrid tray (feet per
second ). F is the percentage free cross-section,
P a is the density of the gas, Po is the density
of air at 20C and 1 atm pressure, L is the
. liquid flow and G is the vapour flow rate.
For the turbo-grid tray, shown in Fig. 4.
F = 0.75, Pa =0.064 lb. /cft. , Po=O.OSI Ibs/cft.
L=2.62 x 1Q6Ibs/hr. , G=1l95Ibs / hr.
V Y-O.064
0.75
= 22.S X - - 0.08
0.34
2.62 ~ 06)
1195
22.S x O.75
- - -- - = 1.385 ft./sec.
13.8 x O.89
1195
Total gas flow = - - - - - = 5.14 cft. /sec.

0.64 x 3600
5.14
Cross-sectional
= 3.7 ft.2
:::= - - -area of tower
1.385
Corresponding diameter is 2'-3". So, the
diameter of 2' -6" taken previously is on the
safer side.
Height of the Tower:
The S02 - free air flow is 7.55 mols/ft 2

hr., the S02 entering with the gases is
0.0191)
S
( - - x 7.55 x 7 .55 x 64 = 9.4lbs/ft -hr.
0.9809
The liquor resistance does not change

appreciably from the top to the bottom and
the liquid co efficient is calculated from
the average mass velocity of the liquid which
is 40323 IbJft. 2 hr.
The following mass transfer coefficient , is
available for liquid.
0.82
Kx a = 0.152 (G x )
0.82
= 0.152 ( 40327) = 912 mols/ft 3 hr.
mole fraction
The gas film resistance at the bottom may
be higher than at the top because of the
change in mass velocity of gas. The masstransfer coefficient for gas in a packed tower
is represented by;
Kya
0.7
0.25
= 0.028 G y
Gx
Kya
The quantity - - is calculated for both
ends of the tower and the arithmatic average

can be used as a constant. The average
value calculated is 16.5.
The equilibrium line is nearly straight
between Y = 0.005 to Y = 0.0191. The
a verage slope is m = 9S. The overall ,as
coefficient;
", .60
- - +--
98
--+--
Kya
Kya Kxa
16.5 912
Or, Kyle = 5.95 lbs. moleJft. 2 hr.
faction.
0.168
mole
.tl .l ."
To get the height of the tower, the

fullowing equation has to be solved :
(0.0191
dy
Kyle
ZT
( l-y ) ( y-y* )
I
J 0.005
The overall driving force (y - y* ) is read

from the vertical distances between the
operating line and the equilibrium line in
Fig. 1 for corresponding values of X and the
integration is performed graphically. The
integral is found (0 be 4.21.
Average value of Gmy is 7.64 mole~/hr.
lhus
4.21 x 7.64
5.4 ft. Say. 6 ft.
ZT - - - - - - 5.95
ft.2
The height of the effective transfer zone being

ft., the spacing be~ween two pl a te~ will
be 6".
Equipment design:
The plate is provided with numerous slots.

which run across the tower. Successive plates
are placed with the slats at right angles to
each other. The liquid and the vapour pass
through the same spaces between the slats and
they are also in contact with each oth:r as they
rass from one plate to the next. The plates
provide a tempo'ry liquid hold up for the
liquid S0 the vapour has to bubble through it;
aid interati on between liquid and they also
continually breakup the liquid and "apour.
The plate has no downcomer. These plates
are alsq cheaper in cost and can be easily
cleaned.
Performance and Economics :
The absorption tower was installed during

1963-64 season. The capital expenditure for
this equipment had been Rs. 4713/-. It wa s
previously attached to the juice sulpl.iter only
i. e. stack gases of this vessel was fed to the
tower. In the tower itself the juic<! pH was
brought down from 8.4 to 7.6 even.
The load on the juice sulphiter was thus
considerably reduced resulting a fall in sulphur
consumption. The sulphur consumption for
1962-63 and 1963-64 ~ eason are given
below :
The arrangement of the absorption tower

with sulphiter has been shown in Fig. 2. It
Crush
Year
,% Cane
will be seen from Fig. 3 that instead of
Sulphur
mounting the plates on the tower chamber,
all the twelve plates have been made compact
1962-63
808 ton/hr.
0.027
with four supporting rods so that during
1963-64
76.5 T th.
0 .021
cleaning all of the plates can be taken out of
the tower as a package unit. The' spacing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From the above figure it will hi ev 'dent
between tne plates are maintained by introduthat
there is a clear reduction 0.006/11 on cane
cing i" dia hollow pipe of 6* length.
sulphur consumption due to the recovery of
To improve the efficiency of absorption
S02 from the stack gas.
lower, the gas liquid contact area should be
In the sea.s on 1964 - 65, the stack gas of
maximum. To achieve this, turbogrid type
.of plates have been chosen as transfer plates. the syrup sulphiter had also been ' connectep
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Techno'ogists' Association of India Kanpur 1966

to the said absorption tower. The syrup being
viscous fluid, the absorption efficiency of S02
goes out with the gas. To recover this SOz
gas also the above . connection had been
made.
The juice coming out of the absorption
tower was analysed for SOa and pH, and the
data are given below : pH
SOz content Corresponding reduction
(Mg./litre)
in Sulphur consump ion
( % cane)
7.0
0 .0105
235.0
0.01025
7.8
228.5
0.01025
7.9
228.5
0.00735
8.1
163.20
0.00525 I
8.3
117.50
80
0.00970
216.0
0.00850
8.1
189.3
The above data show a wide fluctuation In
the recovery of S02 gas. The reason may be
attributed partially to the inconsistent composition of the burner gas and greatly to the
irregular juice flows. It was not possible to
anaJyse the outgoing stack gas for checking
the efficiency of the absorption tower. However, the data show a recovery as high as
{) 0105% on cane and actually \ve ha ve got a
day - figure as low as 0.015% 011 cane. This
means a saving of RJi. 9850 in a season of
120 days.
This season our to date figure of sulphur
<:onsumption is constantly being maintained
at 0.018 % on cane and will be saving
Rs. 4.900/ - over 1962 - 63 season based
{m 2000 tonnes daily crush for a season of
120 days. It is strongly felt that the todate
<:onsumption of sulphur can come down to
{).015% on cane.
Acknowledgment:
The authors express their heartiest thanks
to L. Charat Ram.li and Lala Bansidharji for
their warm ~ncouragements for the development work. Sincere thanks are due to
61
Mr. R. Sabai, General Manager and Mr.

Manmohan, Add!. General Manager for their
persistent interest in the matter. Thanks are
given to Mr. B. D. Mathur, Student Chemist
for helping in the analytical work.
Nomenclature:
Molal flow-rate of liquid.
Molal flow-rate of gas.
A verage molal flow - rate of gas.
A verage mas velocity of liquid
Ib/hr. ft.2
A verage mass volocity of solid
lb /hr. ft 2
Liquid mass transfer coeff.
Jb/molesjft3. hr. mole fraction.
gas mass transfer coeff. lb.
moles/ft 3 hr mole fraction.
Gy
B
Kya
Overall gas ' transfer coeff. lb.

moles/fl 3 hr. mole fraction.
Xa
mole fraction of solute in inlet

juice.
mole fraction of solute in outlet
juice
mole fraction of solute in
outgoing gas.
mole fraction of solute in incoming juice.
of
equilibrium concentration
solute in juice with respect
to yb
effective height of the transfer
zone ft.
Ya
ZT
References:
I.
MaCabe & Smith- Unit Operations of

Chemical Engineering P. 629-660.
2.
Walsh Thomas J.- High temperature

Distillation, P. 248 l iE. C. Vol. 5~,
No.3, March, 1961.
Received on January 1,1966.
Daurala Sugar Works, Daurala (Meerut)
Some Measures for Reducing the Consumption

During the manufacture of White Sugar . . .'
~
By
Introduction
As India faces foreign exchange di'fflculties,

.attempts are being made to minimise the
-consumption of materials imported and if
-possible eliminating their use altogether. },2
In sugar industry sulphur which is an imported
material, is used for manufacturing plantation
white sugar and average consumption of
-sulphur in sulphilation and carbonation plants
is 0.06 and 0.02 percent on cane, respectively.
With some modifications in their juice and
-syrup sulphitation stations, the author could
bring down the consumption of sulphur in the
-carbonation factory at Laksar. to 0.009 percent
on cane. The present paper gives the details
)f these modifications.
"'2 .
Modifications
(i) A continous sulphur melter 3 was

'installed on batch type sulphur furnance so
as too feed the molten sulphur regularly
without intermittent opening of the furnace
.and thus avoiding loss.
(ii) Sulphur dioxide gas absorption tower
. was installed on the syrup sulphuring tank.
The syrup sulphitation tank was provided with
-3dequate number of perforated plates so as to
have maximum absorption of S02 gas. The
' syrup falls in sulphuring tank through tower
:-in the form of shower and S02 gas connection
.'
:.' 1
Harbhajan Singh.
-:..
t ..._
0; :
is given at the bottom of the tank. S02 gas I

is applied in syr~p' sulphita~ion t~n~ . .and no
or very little S02 :valve is opened for thin
juice sulphitation. A connection was made to
lead the unabsorbed gas from the absorption
tower (T) on syrup tank as shown in Fig. 1.
Examination of the gases flowing out of the
exit pipe (P) of the chimney of the thin juice
sulphitation tank showed no presence of
sulphur dioxide gas.
(iii) The speed of the compre~sor was so
adjusted as to supply air at the rate of
125-150 cft. per mt. per lb of sulphur
burnt.
(iv) The syrup level was always ma_intained at a height of nearly 7ft from lowest
chamber in diagram represented by 'C' but
syrup extracted from 2ft height represented
by'E'.
(v) The pH of syrup was in the range of
5.0 - 5.5.
Conclusion .
The above modifications enabled to

reduce the sulphur consumption considerably.
This required, however, a regular check up
on minimum quantity of lime used in lst and
2nd carbonated juices during clarification by
titrating with soap sollJtion ~ Further during
our investiga~C & 0 double cured suga.r
64
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpllr 1966
is melted and A & B lights both are sent to

pan statioo and ,mixed with syrup.
Proceedings of Seminar on "Economy
Refereoces.
]nstitue 'in Sept. 1965.
1.
2.
. i;
S. C. G~pt,a, N. ;A. Ramaiah and

Mangal
Si,ngh, Indian Sugar, July
1965.
S. '(;' GuPta, "White Sugar without
~~lphur
by O. M. C . Process"
Received ori"iSth A.pril 196f.

"
of Sulphur held
3.
Note
on
at
National Sugar
Possibilities
of reducing.
sulphur consumption in Sugar Industry'

in India.
by
Shri
Suresh Chander
Gurta, Director, N.'S.r., Kanpur.
R. B. Narain Sugar Mills Ltd.

Laksar, (Saharanpur.)
:::..-_-=-_ -_-_-_-_ -;,. =_-_ ---:-_.
, '
.,
,, :,
,
'"
, :.
I
I
SYRUP 1~ LEi
UIJABSORBED
I'
,,
I'
.
So.z.
A
B
,, ,
,, ''
,,
I
, I
,
SYRUP [/<,TRACTfO;'"
SA MPLIA/G
COCK
SYRUP LEVEL MAIMTAlkJllJG COCK
SULPHURIAJG
SYRUP [XTACTION (PRVIO"'lYU~D)
JUte. IN LET
PIP.
Theoretical possible recovery of Raw Sugar in a

White Sugar Factory when sWitched over to
Raw Sugar Manufacturing
By
B. B. Paul
India had no experience of ' manufacturing
raw sugar and selling the same in competitive
international market till 1961-62 ~eason.
Since then it has been a contraversy "What
should be the possible recovery if raw sugar
is manufactured instead of white sugar?"
Varied openion ranges 0.3 - 0.5 extra
recovery but in reality it has been found that
0.7 - 0.8 higher recovery has been obtained.
Till now no theoretical explanation was
available. In this article it has been tried to
elCpose the inside mechanism of pol balance in
raw sugar when manufactured from different
massecuites . Emperical formulae have been
developed predicting the costing of raw sugar
at different factories with different pUQties of
massecuites and molasses.
Normally raw sugar is manufactured by
following simple defecation process and three
massecuites system. Sugar is bagged from
1st and 2nd massecuites and double cured third
masscuitee and used as seed for 1st and 2nd
massecuites . Three massecuite system has been
taken into account in the present discussion.
The increase in recovery achievable from

theoretical considerations when a White Sugar
Factory is converted to a Raw Sugar Factory
is due to following three factors:(i)
Due to the contribution towards the

pol of the raw sugar by the adhering
film of molasses.
(ii)
Due to the lower final molasses

cane.
(iii)
Lower Filter-Cake % Cane and

consequently lower pol in cake %
cane.
In the manufacture of raw sugar, the

crystals are covered with a thin film of
molasses. This molasses film, besides carrying
along non-sugars with it also contributes to
the pol of the raw sugar. The pol present
in the molasses film will infiltrate to the pol of
the raw sugar as a whole, and this will be
directly proportional to the Py. of the
molasses. On the basis of this assumption,
the extra recovery is calculated as follows.
Extra recovery due to presence of molasses film.
Pol WS
1-------------------- (lOO-M-Pol RS)

Pol
Py AH
1
RS
IOO-P.yAH
1I
I
68
Where
Recovery
RWS
Pol
Pol
Pole
WS
Pol
RS
PY
% White
% Raw
Moisture
% White
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
% Raw
Sugar
Purity A - Heavy Molasses
AH
% A - Massecuites.
% B - Massecuites.
Similarly extra recovery from B- Massecuites due to presence of molasses film .
rI - - - - - - - - ------ - - - - - - PolWS
Pol RS -
(IOO - M - Pol RS )
Sampl~
I
I
PY
BH
l
Where PY
Bm
- -- -- -
Am
Bm
100-PY BH
Purity B - Heavy Molasses
BH
calculations:Extra recovery due to raw sugar from A - massecuites

10.0
( assumed )
99.8
96.5
0. 75
Moisture
PY
68.0
AH
Am
Therefore
0.64
+ Bm
substituting
99.8
10.0
------------__.. ~--..-~
[ 96.5 -
( 100 - .75 -- 96.5)
68
100 - 6S
1.02 x. .64
0653
,64
34th Proceedinss of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kaopur 1966

Let XI =
69
Extra recovery due to raw sugar (rom 8-massecuites.
PY BH
SO.OO
0.36
.,
XI~
[96.5_ (100 _~~85-=--96.5)1 --
10.0
063 x ,36
.653
I]
0.36
0.227
0.88
.227
0.88 o'ri on cane .
Hence extra recovery due to presence of molasses film

htra recovery due to low m.olasses perceut : -
In the non-sugar balance it will be found that a fraction of non-sugar is escaping along
with raw sugar whereas when white sugar is manufactured the entire non-sugar is expected to
leave the boiling house in the form of final molasses. This infiltration of non-sugar in Raw
Sugar results reduction in the production of Final Molasses. Consequently less loss in final
molasses . Extra recovery due to less production of final molasses when raw sugar is produced
can be calculated as follows :Extra Recovery due to less molasses
( (lOO-- m) - P RS
l
100
I.
I
I
( (lOO- m) - P RS )
I -- l
-._ I
x R. S. Recovery
x R. S. x
L ._
(100 -
% x molasses
Where :M
Moisture % raw sugar
PRS
Pol Raw Sugar
R Re
M
R. Sugar Recovery percent cane

Final Molasses Purity actual
Sample Calculations
Raw Sugar Pol
Moisture O
i , Raw Sugar
Molasses Purity
Raw Sugar Recovery
96.5
0.7
36.
10.96
)
)
factor .
70
' . 34th Proc~edings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966
Extra Recovery =
II
r '(100 -
~~ - 96.5
r 99 .3 -
96.5 I
= I
"
'1 .
x 10.96 x
36
100 - 36
x 10.96 x 0.56
100
J
2.8 x 0.1096 x .56
0.178
Extra recovery due to less production of Press Mud when Raw Sugar is manufactured :- In
manufacturing raw sugar in comparison to white sugar process approximately 1/3rd to 1/5th
quantity of lime is used. This results less press mud production and consequently less loss
in press cake.
Less loss in press cake or in other words extra recovery due to less production
of press m\!d can be calculated with certain assumptions, e.g. (i) Solid content of milk of
lime remains same, (2) Clarification factor remains same, (3) production of press mud is
proportioned to lime dose only, (4) effect of non-sugar input in boiling house does not vary
the production. of press mud.
Extra recovery due to less press mud loss :-
E.R p .C.
P.M
10 Cane 1/31
100
Pol. % Press Cake
Sample Calculation ;Press mud % cane in White sugar

'Production
3. 5
Pol. Press Cake
3.0
\
E.R p . C .
3.5 x 0.33
x 3
~~100- -~-
0.0348
0.035
Thus, theoretically possible extra recovery when White Sugar Factory is converted to
raw sugar factory comprises the following:-
as per sample calculations and the assumptions
made in the sample calculations

Higher recovery due to .Infiltration of molasses
- 0.88
0.178
(2) Less molasses production (3) Less Press Mud Production =- '0.035
1.093(1)
Tatal
1.093
71
Acknowledgment :-
The Author expresses his heart felt thanks to Mr. B. M . Thapar, Director Incharge of
Thapar Group of Sugar & Distillery Industries & Mr. O. P. Verma, Head Admn. for their
kind interest and encouragement. Thanks are also due to Mr. D. K. Roychowdhury,
Chemical Engineer, Sugar Deptt. for testing the emperical formula, developed for calculating
theoretical yield of Raw Sugar when .manufactured in white sugar factory.
Rece!ved on 18th June, 66. '
Thapar Group of Industries

Sugar & Alcohol Division
35, Brabourne Road,
Calcutta-I (INDIA).
HORMONES AND SUGARCANE
III. Respiratory Response Of Sugarcane Setts to

Indole - 3 - Acetic Acid Treatments
By
U. S. Singh
INTRODUCTION
Soon after the discovery of profound effects
of hormone on plant growth, Bonner (1933)
studied the respiratory response of plant
tissues to hormone treatments and showed that
increase in growth was associated with increase
in the rate of respiration. Commoner and
Thimann (19H) confirmed the findings of
Bonner (1933) but claimed that stimulation of
growth ~ight be associated with hormone
stimulated respiration if the supply of organic
acids was made available. Since then several
workers have reported that hormones stimulate
respiration in the concentration range in
which they stimulate growth. Brown (1946)
observed that 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
at 1000 ppm concentration caused 18 to. 80%
respiratory stimulation in bean seedlings, one
to four days after treatment. Taylor (1947)
however, observed an inhibitory action of
2,4-0 on respiration of wheat and mustard
seedlings between the concentration range of
0.25 to 100 ppm. Kelly and A very (1949)
claimed that 2,4-0 at a concentration of 1 gm/
litre, inhibited respiration of pea stems and oat
coleoptiles by 40% but at levels between 1 to
100 mg/litre, it caused consistent increase in
respiration of oat coleoptiles. In sugarcane
setts treated with indole-3-acetic acid and

ortho-chloro-phenoxy acetic acid Khan and
Hall (1954) observed marked stimulation of
respiration. A mixture of the two hormones
also caused similar effects on this process. As
respiration plays an important role in germination, it was considered desirable
to
investigate the respiratory responses of
sugarcane setts to various I A A treatments
employed in different studies (Singh et aI.,
1964, Singh, 1966) so that the mode of
hormonal action on germination of setts may
be further elucidated.
MATERIAL AND METHOD

The investigations were made on Sugarcane,
var. Co. 527. Three healthy and mature canes
of approximately equal height and thickness
grown under identical conditions of soil
fertility, irrigattion and crop management
were taken out at each of the four sampling
dates of different durations of soaking. From
the middle portions of each of these canes, six
setts of approximately uniform length and
equal weight were cut out and by method of
r~ndom selection in each cane, these were
seperated in six lots. All the three setts of
different lots were then soaked in 100 cc IAA
The paper forms a part of thesis approved for the

University, Allahabad.
o. Phil.
degree of Allahabad
74
solutions of 0,10,20,40,80 or /100 ppm concentration for three, six, twelve or twentyfour
hours. After the expiry of soaking periods,
!letts were taken out from the solutions and
were washed with tap water. These were then
kept in the laboratory for about 24 hours
uuder moist condition to enable them to attain
normal conditions.
.The respiration rate of the individual sett
was then determined by the gas stream collection method at a constant temperature of 30C.
The CO 2 liberated by the setts in one hour was
conected in O . 1N ~aryta solution which was
titrated against the Hcl solution of the same
strenght. The quantity of CO 2 evolved per
hour by the individual setts was thus estimated

The setts were finally dried in the oven at a
temperature of I05C till a constant weight
and the CO 2 liberated per Kgm dry weight of
the cane tissue per hour in mgm was calculated.
The results for each duration of soaking were
statistically analysed and the treatment
differences were evaluated at 5% probability
level .
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
Respiration was markedly influenced by
different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid.
In all the four durations of soaking viz. 3,6,12
or 24 hours, the concentrations effect were
very highly significant. (Table J)
TABLE
Analysis of variance for respiration rate.
M.
Variation due to
D. F.
S.
S.
12
24
Hours
Hours
Hours
Hours
:) **
***
***
***
Concentrations
44864 .0
24451.0
16303.1
12057.7
Replications
2650.5
848.6
490.4
18.1
10
2045.7
1659.9
Error
***
1967.25
514.2
Significant at 0.1 %
In case of 3 hours soaking, all the concentrations of I A A except 10 ppm increased the
rate of respiration significantly over control (0 ppm). The maximum respiration was observed
in setts soaked in 80 ppm concentration but it was at par with that observed in 40 and
10Q ppm concentrations respectively.
Likewise, there was no difference in the respiration
rates of setts soaked in 20, 40 and 100 ppm concentrations (Table II ..
7S
TABLE II
Effect of different concentrations of I A A on respiration.
(Mgm of CO 2 evolved/Kg dry weight of cane)
per hour
Concentrations
Durations of soaking in hours .

6
12
24
298.0
373.3
403 .0
421.1
10 ppm
371.0
415.3
501.3
559.0
20 ppm
512.0
565.0
570.3
592.0
40 ppm
553.0
579.3
612.0
558.3
80 ppm
605.0
582.3
545 .0
535.3
100 ppm
569.0
521.7
481.0
475.0
S. E.
26.1
23.5
25.6
13.1
82.2
74.0
80.6
41.2
Control (0 ppm)
C. ID. at
570
In 6 hours steeping also, all the concentrations of I A A caused significant increase in

respiration except 10 ppm. The maximum
respiration was observed in 80 ppm but it was
at par with 20, 40 and 100 ppm concentrations
respectively (Table II).
Under 12 hours soaking period, significantly
higher rate of respiration was observed in all
concentration treatments besides 100 ppm.
The maximum was, however, seen in setts
treated with 40 ppm which was not superior to
20 and 80 ppm concentrations respectively.
There was also no variation in 10, 20 and 80
ppm concentrations on the one hand and 10,
80 and 100 ppm on the other (Table II).
In 24 hours soaking period, all the concentrations caused signific!\t increase in the
respiration rate but there was no difference
between 10, 20 and 40 ppm as well as between

to, 40 and 80 ppm concentrations respectively.
A critical examination of the results revealed
that under all durations of soaking, respiratiO'.i
increased upto a certain limit with increase in
concentration after which a reduction followed.
While in 3 hours soaking period. gradual
increase was observed upto 80 ppm, in 6, 12
and 24 hours it was observed upto 80, 40 and
20 ppm concentrations respectively (Fig. 1).
It therefore appeared that a close relationship
existed between the concentrations of I A A
and durations of soaking. Higher periods of
soaking required lower concentrations of IAA
for maximum re ' ponse and vice-versa.
It was also observed that increase in respiration over control under different periods of
soaking was of different order in various
concentrations (Table In).
76
TABLE III
% increase in CO 2 output over control.

Concentrations of
I A A
Durations of soaking in hours.

6
12
24
Control (Oppm)
10 ppm
24.5
11.3
244
32.8
20 ppm
71.8
51.4
41.5
40 ..6
40 ppm
856
552
51.9
326
80 ppm
103.0
56.0
35.2
27.1
100 ppm
90.9
398
19.4
128
In all the concentrations of [ A A except

10 ppm, magnitude of increase in respiration
rate gradually declined with increase in the
period of soaking from 3 to 24 hours. As the
extent of maximum rate under different
durations was almost similar (Table II), it gave
an indication that soaking of setts in \\ater for
higher durations itself caused considerable
enhancement and therefore reduced the likely
response of I A A.
level under various durations of soaking.

While in three and six hours soaking periods,
highest values for respiration were observed
at 80 ppm concentration, in case of twelve
and twenty four hours soaking these were
obtained at 40 and 20 ppm levels respectively
(Fig. 1). It was thus indicated that higher
I"ck>.
0------0
~----_-o
_______
" "'"
3 Hou ...S .
bHOUt'.&.
12
24
Hou(~ .
HOtJ(~.
DISCUSSION
Respiration of the sugarcane setts that
provided necessary energy to the dormant
organs for resumption of their activities and
consequent growth was significantly influenced
by indole - 3 - acetic acid . With a few exceptions, all concentrations increased the rate of
respiration under various durations of soaking.
The findings were, therefore, in close confirmity
to those of Commoner et al. (1941), Brown
(1946), and Khan and Hall (1954) who
obtained enhanced respiration in various plant
tissues treated with hormones.
As to the extent of increase in the
respiration rate, it was observed that maximum
enhancement occured at different concentration
j
6 00
?
~
~
~ 500
~
.. 400
~
10
II\A
20
BO
40
C!uncq ., \ ..-c=-o ti.o,,",
F~.l- I,,~u.o<q oj
"\ ::;~()nr
d<Jjooonl
s.el",!
CO",
\lftd,,.,,
100
(.
P-t" "'" )
l'-"'"~
aflAA on
-r.r""~
uon.o~ "f"t"'~O"1r o\, .oclolli':' "l.
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpor 1966

durations of soaking required compratively
lower concentrations of I A A for bringing
about the maximum response and vice versa.
The trend of gradual reduction in respiration
rate after a certain concentration level in
each duration of soaking demonstrated the
importance of optimum physiological level as
was observed earlier in case of germination,
wateruptake and enzymatic studies (Singh, et al.
1964, Singh, 1966). The results also showed
that the maximum values for respiration in all
the duration treatments 'Were almost of the same
magnitude(Fig I ), but the percentage of increase
over control gradually declined with in~rease in
the duration of soaking (Fig 3j . This is led
to beleive that some limitation was imposed
on the maximum rate of respiration and the
considerable increase in respiration due to
disclosed that respiration continued to

increase with increase in concentration upto
40 ppm and decline afterwards but it consistently increased with increase in duration of
soaking. It led to conclude that optimum
durations of soaking was yet to be achieved.
Since I A A was also observed to cause
beneficial 'effect on germinatkm efficiency
(Singh, et .a1. 19641 under i imilar treatments
at which it incresed the rate Of respiration, it
was deduced that both of these process may
._._. \ ...-_.
..--.
--""- .
.
................ 1
._
r
10
000
"'''
(;)E>
0 00
""
0 00
""
<PG)
00
006
1\."
0 0
"""
0(,1
00
00 0 " ' ' ' 0

1\ "
008
0 00
"' 1'1
00
.....
00 0
Co""",,,t...,,t lO"S of IAA(pof''''')
F'S.2-T.e.1IG
Q~ 51"1\;.<>'1
,, :'1 ()
6
12 34
Dur<Il""",,o.f SO<Jk,"S ( I:,s )
,,1\<Ie., .... rlous t~ ...."ts.
soaking of setts in water therefore, for longer

durations minimised the influence of I A A
concentrations over control which was exhibibited in the Table HI.
The over-all effect of concentrations or
durations of soaking as shown in Fig. 2
77
"
..
~
.
...
80
"; AI> c.,,,,,.n\.ro.\"",,,,
100
C p p.'1T> )
>';g. 3- 1"c~ '" ' ....... pi."timl

~\)~~
~~
u.~ O'Ol!r
ro'"
or
(.om.'f"Ql ..
have a direct relationship, and the improvement in germination may be the consequence
of enhanced respiration observed in the
present studies.
Summary and Conclusions
Investions were made to determining the

respiratory response of sugarcane setts to
various I A A treatments that were employed
in germination studies, so that the mode of
normal influence may be further elucidated,
Six concentrations of I A A viz. 0,10,20,40,80
78
and 100 ppm were used for soaking of the

setts to different durations of three, six,
twelve and twentyfour hours. Three replications were maintained for each treatment. The
respiration rate of each sett was determined
by the gas stream collection method at a
constant temperature of 30C.
The results showed that I A A increased
the rate of respiration with all its concentrations except 10 ppm during three and six
hours and 100 ppm during twelve hours
soaking. Its most effective level, however,
varied with duration of soaking. While 80
ppm concentration proved optimum for three
and six hours, 40 and 20 ppm proved best
for twelve and twentyfour hours respectively.
The need for proper adjustment of concentration according to the duration of soaking for
obtaining the best response was emphasised.
Acknowledgement.
The author is grateful to Prof. S. Ranjan,

Former Vice-Chancellor Allahabad University
under whose guidance, the research was
carried out in the Botany Department of
Allahabad University. Thanks are also due
to Dr. Amar Singh, Reader in Botany for
his valueable suggestions and criticisms.
REFERENCES
Bonner, J. The action of plant growth
hormone. Jour. Gen. Physio., 17: 63-76,
1933.
Brown, 1. W. Effect of 2,4-0 on the water

relations, accumulation and distribution of
solid matter and the respiration of bean
plants. Bot. Gaz., 107: 332-43, 1946.
Commoner, B. and Thimann. K. V. On the
relation between growth and respiration in
the Avena coleoptile. Jour. Gen. Physiol.,
24 : 279-97, 1941.
Khan, M. A. and Hall, W. C. Response of
sugarcane cuttings to auxin treatments as
modified by other applied compounds Bot.
Gaz., 116: 172-73, 1954.
Kelly, S. and Avery, G. S. The effect of 2,4dichloropbenoxy acetic acid and other
physiologicaUy active substances on respiration. Amer. Jour. Bot., 36: 421-26, 1949.
Singh, A. and Singh U. S. Hormones and
Sugarcane. I. Effect of various concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid on germination
and water uptake of sugarcane setts. Ind.
Sug. Jour., IX (I) : 1-5, 1964.
Singb, U. S. Hormones and Sugarcane. IV.
Effect of Indole-3acetic acid on catalase
activity of sugarcane. Accepted for publication in the Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Ind.
1966.
Taylor, D. L. Effect of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy
acetic acid on gas exchange of wbeat and
mustard seedlings. Bot. Gaz., 109: 162-76,
1947.
HARM ONES AND SUGARCANE

VI. Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on the rate of
moisture loss from the setts after soaking
By
u. S. Singh
Introduction.
Moisture of the cane seUs is one of the

impprtant factors affecting germination as it
sustains the embryonic organs un till the roots
are sufficiently developed to tap the moisture
resources of the soil. Specially under dry
conditions of the soil, it proves of immense
value for meeting out the needs of the setts
and for various metabolic activities of the
tissues. Khanna (1933) observed that higher
moisture of the setts influenced germination
favourably, the critical level of moisture being
50.3% below which very poor germination
resulted.
As the moisture content of the setts during
germination depends upon the initial level and
the rate of loss from the setts, both of these
were determined in response to indole-3-acetic
acid treatments. In this paper, however, the
effect of IAA observed on the rate of moisture
loss has been reported so that the mode of its
action on germination may be further
elucidated.
1964) after final weighment were replaced in

the incubator maintained at 30C and were
allowed to loose their moisture for forty eight
hours. After the expiry of this period, setts
were taken out and their weight was accurately
determined. The loss of moisture from the
setts treated with different concentrations of
IAA viz. 0, 10,20, 40, 80 and 100 ppm for
different durations of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours
was estimated by substracting the weight
obtained after loosing moisture from the initial
weight recorded after soaking. Ultimately the
moisture loss was worked out per 100 gm
initial weight of the cane tissue. The loss in
weight caused by the breakedown of food
material stored in the setts due to respiration
was not seperately worked out and is,
therefore, included in it. As four replications
were maintained for each treatment invariably,
the results were subjected to analysis of
variance and the treatment differences were
evaluated at 5% probability level.
Esperimental result.:
Material and Methods
Sugarcane pieces (Var. Co. 527) used for

determining the water uptake (Singh, et a.l..
The analysis of variance for the results for

different durations of soaking are presented
in table I.
80

Table I
Analyses of variance for JDoisture loss
d. f.
Variation
due to
Concentrations.
Replications
Error
5
3
15
3
m.s.s. 'F'
Durations of soaking in hours

6
12
24
m.s.s. 'F' m.s.s. 'F' m.s s.
19.3 1l.4
3.4
1.7
29.6 29.6
1.8
1.0
From the above table it is seen that IAA

caused very highly significant effect on moisture
loss from the setts. Jn case of three hours
soaking, all the concentrations of IAA reduced
the loss significantly th an control (0 ppm) . The
differences between various concentrations
were, however, not significant. Tn six hours
soaking, even the differmt concentrations of
IAA exhibited significant variations between
themselves. IA A at 100 ppm level caused
significant reduction in the loss of moisture
from the setts in comparison to all other
treatments .80 ppm concentration was found
to be at par with 40 ppm and this was at par
with 10 and 20 ppm concentrations respectively.
In twelve hours soaking also, all concentrations
reduced the water loss significantly than
control, but there was no variation between
19.9
0.7
1.1
18.7
31 .8
0.9
0.9
'F'
expected at
'F' Slo
1%
353
2.9
100, 80 and 40 ppm concentrations on the one

hand and 80, 40 and 20 ppm concentrations on
the other. All these concentrations were
however, superior to 10 ppm as well. In
twenty four hours soaking, 100 ppm concentration proved significant over all concentrations
but there Was no variation between 80, 40 and
20 ppm. These were, however, significantly
superior to 10 ppm (Table JI).
It was thus observed that the effectiveness
of IAA in minimising the loss of moisture
from the setts increased with increase in its
concentration. The influence of increasing
durations of soaking was, however, contrary to
it. Under higher durations of soaking, there
was greater loss in moisture as compared to
shorter durations (Table III).
Table II
Loss in JDoisture of cane setts under different treatJDents
(Loss in gm/ l00 gm cane in 48 hours)

Concentrations
of IAA
o ppm
10 ppm
2.0 ppm
40 ppm
80 ppm
100 ppm
s. E.
C.D. at 5%
3
33.53
29.79
28 .89
27.93
27.87
27.92
0.65
1.96

6
12
34.30
42.30
40.80
32.20
38.27
31.85
37.86
31.01
29.98
37.46
26.20
37.43
0.49
1.44
4.6
0.51
1 55
24
45.34
. 43.51
41.32
41.14
40.02
37.35
0.47
1.43
81
Table III
Loss of lDoisture/hour froID cane setts.
(gmjl00 gm initial weight)

Durations "of soaking in hours
6
12
Concentrations of
IAA
o ppm
0.6985
0.7145
0.88]4
0.9445 '
10 ppm
0.6206
0.6708
0.8502
0.9064
20 ppm
.
40 ppm
0.6.QI8
0.6635
0.7973
0.5818
0 ..6460
0.7&87
0.8363
80 ppm
0.5806
0.6245
0~7804
0.8337 : .
100 ppm
0.5816
0.5458
0.7589
0.7781
24
. 0.8608
,'.
The dynamic action of growth regulators

has, however, opened up new avenues in the
Rapid loss of moisture from the cuttings of
modern age and it has now became possible
s~gar cane after planting is' one of the likely
to' exercise due control over various processes
factor responsible for poor germination of this
of the ' cells at will. The results reported in
crop, which is sown in a relatively dry seasC>,n
this paper have evidently shown that I A A
when the soil and atmospheric temperature
caused significant beneficial infiuence on the
remain high. The maintenance of high level
water retentive capacity of the cane tissues
of moisture in the field during the early period .
with. the results loss in m.oisture from the
of germination so as to maintain a suitable
setts .was markedly reduced. ' As the concondition in which the moisture loss might be
centrations increased, the influence of I A A
reduced to minimum is therefore, considered a
was also enhanced. The phenomenal reduction
.nec~ssary prelude for successful .germination.
in the rate of loss of moisture from the
PossibJy the high' level of moisture in the soil
setts as a result of I A A action indirectly
round abou.-the setts helps in the minimisation pointed out that its beneficial effect on
of moisture loss and enables the sett roots to germination as observed earlier (Singh et aI.,
absorb it
the soil for maintaining the
1964) may have been atleast partly due to it,
turgidity of the tissues. The loss of moisture
as higher moisture ievei has been shown to
fr'om the setts being the function of living cells
cause favourable effect on this process
is 'greatly governed by the internal conditions
(Khanna, 1933, DiIlewijn, 1952).
besides the external environment, which is not
The results also gave an indication that
beyond the means, atleast to be partially
controlled. The internal changes in the soaking of setts in IAA solutions might prove,
physiological behaviour of the cells are a useful tool for minimising the moisture loss
however, more difficult to be introduced for from the setts and thereby causing improvement in germination, specially under late
desired ends
Discussion
frotfi
82
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of fndia Kanpur 1966
plantings, when it constitutes a serious

problem bacause of high temperatures of
soil and environment and low humidity of
the atmosphere.
SUIDIDary and Conclusions
Investigations were under taken to determining the influence of I A A on the rate

of water loss from the setts, so that the
mode of its action in influencing germination
may be further elucidated. Sugarcane setts,
var. Co. 527 were soaked in various concentrations of I A A viz. 0, 10, 20,40, 80 and
100 ppm for 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours and the
rate of water loss was determined by taking
the weights of the setts after soaking, as well
as, after the lapse of 48 hours and deducting
the latter weight from the former.
The results showed that I A A caused
beneficial effect on the water retentive capacity
of the tissues and thereby reduced the rate
of moisture loss from the setts significantly.
It therefore helped in the maintenance of

higher moisture level, which possibly influenced
the germination of the setts favourably as was
observed earlier. The minimisation of the
rate of moisture loss from the setts by I A A
was atleast partly responsible for its beneficial influence on germination.
The results also indicated that I A A
treatments may prove a useful tools for
improving the germination of sugarcane setts
specially under late plantings when rapid
moisture loss from the setts presents a
serious problem before the cultivators.
AcknowledgelDents
The author is graetful to Prof. S. Ranjan,

Vice-Chancellor of Agra University under
whose guidance, the work was carried out
. for the D.Phil. degree of Allahabad University.
Thanks are also due to Amar Singh, Reader
in Botany for his valuable suggestions and
criticisms.
References
Dillewijn, C . Van
1952 Botany of Sugarcane. The Chronica Botanica

Co., Waltham, Mass., U. S. A.
Khanna K. L.
1933
Dept. of Agric., Bihar and Orissa, Bull No.5.
1964
Hormones and Sugarcane. I. Effect of various

concentrations of indole-3- acetic acid on germination and water uptake of sugarcane sells.
Ind. Sug. Jour. IX (1).
Singh, A and Singh U.
s.
HARMONES AND SUGARCANE

VII.
The response of matabolic water uptake and germination

efficiency of seed setts to indole-3-acetic acid treatment and
the mutual relationship of the two process.
By
U. S. Singh
Introduction
Eversince the investigations of Khan and

Hall (1953-54), favourable effects of ho"rmone
on germination of sugarcane setts have been
known. Vijayasaradhyet al. (1954), Prasad
(1956), and Singh et al. (1964) corroborated
the findings of Khan and Hall (1953-54) and
claimed that soaking of setts in various
concentrations of several hormones resulted in
improved germination. The beneficial effect
of hormones on germination of cane cuttings
has although been established but the actual
cause for such a response is not known. With
a view to determining it therefore, investigations were made in the Botany Department of
Allahabad University, on various physiological
processes, as well as, on the germination
behavior of setts under similar conditions of
indole-3-acetic acid treatments. In this paper,
the response of metabolic water uptake and
germination efficiency of the seed setts to IAA
treatments has been discussed, the relationship
of the two factors has been statistically assessed
and the role of IAA induced water uptake in
influencing germination has been evaluated.
Meterial and Method
Sugarcane, var. Co. 527 was employed in

the investigations related to metabolic water
uptake and germination efficiency. The slices

or the setts were taken for the two studies
from the middle portions of the mature canes
and these were soaked in 0, 10, 20,40, 80 or
100 ppm concentration of indole-3-acetic acid
for different durations of three, six, twelve or
twenty four hours. In all the 24 treatments
thus obtained, 4 and 20 replications were
maintained for water uptake and germination
studies respectively. The hormone induced
water uptake was estimated as gm of water
absorbed per 100 gm fresh weight of the cane
tissue, while germination efficiency was
determined in terms of index value as advocated by Singh (1966). The detail procedure
for these studies was essentially the same as
reported earlier (Singh, et aJ. 1964).
The two setts of data were subjected to
various statistical tests. While the differences
of the treatment effects in respect to water\
uptake were judged by analysis of variance, the
relationship between uptake and germination
efficiency was assessed by analysis of correlation
and regression. Assuming germination efficiency as a dependent factor on water uptake,
Linear and polynomial regression equations
were derived and the extent of increase in
germination efficiency per unit increase in the
A part of the Thesis approved for the award of D. Phil. degree to the author.
84
water uptake in both the cases was estimated.

The regression line and polynomial curve were
then drawn and the actual values for efficiency
index were plotted against the corresponding
values of water uptake, to exhibit their dispersion around the two lines.
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
The
resul~s
obtained in respect to metabolic
water uptake and germination efficiency are

presented in table I and II respectively.
Table I
<a>
Influence of IAA on the uptake of water by cane tissue
( gm of water absorbed/I 00 gm cane wt. )

Concentrations of
IAA
12
24
(ppm) -
..
! ,
2.045
2.410
2.483
3.779
10 ,
2.196
2.491
2.599
4.618
20
2.294
2.622
2.705
5.852
40 ,-,
2.367
3.110
3.217
5.633
80
2A68
3.732
3.924
5.438
100
-2.676
3.253
3.867
5.396
0.274
0.217
0.654
0.143
0.431
0.155
0.467
S.Em
L.S.D. at 5%
(b)
Not sig.
Influence of different concentrations of IAA on water

uptake irrespective of the soaking period.
Concentrations of
IAA (ppm) :
80
Gm of water
absorbed /l00 gm fresh 3.890
cane weight
100
.40
20
10
3.798
3.582
3.368
2.972
2.680
S.Em
0.190
L.S.D. at 5% - . 0.572
85
(c) Influence of different durations of soaking on water uptake

irrespective of the concentrations of IAA.
Durations (Hours)
Gm. of water absorbed/IOO gm
24
12
5.198
3.130
2.945
2.336
fresh cane weight.
0.084
L.S.D. at
(1) Water uptake in response to IAA. Table I (a)
reveals that IAA caused favourable effect on

water uptake, which was generally enhanced
by its various concentrations. This enhancement was, however, statistically significant only
under higher durations of six, twelve and
twenty four hours soaking. In all durations,
consistent increase in water uptake with
increase in concentration only upto a certain
limit was observed, except in three hours,
where it increased upto the highest concentration of 100 ppm, but the treatment differences
were not significant. There was observed a
tendency of diminution in water uptake above
the optimum level of IAA in aU the higher
durations of six, twelve and twenty four hours.
The differences between the optimum level and
the levels higher to it were, however, not
significant.
The overall effect of concentrations irrespective of the duration of soaking also proved
significant and the tendency of increased uptake with 'increase in concentration upto certain
limited extent was also exhibited. Except 10
ppm concentration of fAA, all other concentrations increased the uptake significantly over
control (0 ppm). The relative performance of
different concentrations has been shown in
table I (b).
The influence of different durations of soaking irrespective of the concentrations was also
5%- 0.267
well marked. As the duration of soaking

increased, there was observed an increase in
the uptake of water, the maximum being at
24 hours soaking. The variations between 6
and 12 hours were, however, not significant.
[ Table I (c) ].
(ii) Germination efficiency in response to IAA.

Table II sh~ws that the. germination efficiency
of the sugarcane setts was also markedly
improved by different concentrations of JAA
as compared to control (0 ppm). In this case
also, gradual increase in efficiency, with
increase in concentration upto a certain limit
in each duration of soaking was recorded.
Further increase above the optimum level did
not cause additional beneficial influence,
instead, it showed some adverse effect . on
efficiency index. The influence of soaking
period was also well marked on germinations
of setts. As the duration of soaktng increased
from 3 to 24 hours, there w~s an increase in
the efficiency of germination . under the lower
concentrations of 0, to and 20 ppm of IAA.
But at higher levels of 40, 80 and 100 ppm,
somewhat different trend of response was
noted. While in the case of 40 ppm concentration, increase in the efficiency was registered
upto 6 hours soaking in the latter two cases
there was a diminution in efficiency at all
durations of 6, 12 and 24 hours as compared
to 3 hours soaking period (Table II).
86
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of lndia Kanpur 1966

Table - II
Influence of IAA on the germination efficiency of setts.

( I ndex of efficiency )
Durations of soaking
Concentrations of
in
hour~
fAA (ppm)
o
10
20
40
80
100
12
24
0.425
0.533
0.715
0.783
0.873
0'790
0.468
0.578
0.790
0.8 80
0.814
0.780
0.518
0.700
0.803
0.837
0 .760
0.729
0526
0746
0.848
0,814
0.777
0.770
(iii) Relation between water uptake and

germination efficiency.
A positive relationship between water uptake and germination efficiency was observed
- in the present investigation. This relationship
was also found to be significant. The coefficient of correlation was 0.4116 and the value
of "t" for the observed correlation was 2.118
as compared to the value of 2.074 expected
at 5% probability level. Assuming germination
efficiency to be a dependent factor on watet
uptake, regression analysis was perfomed, and
equation for linear regression was observed to
be: Y = 0.5628 + 00462 x. It indicated
that an unit change in the independent
variate water uptake (X) resulted in a corresponding change of 0 0462 in the dependent
variate germination effiCiency (y). The original
data, however, did not show such a simple
relationship at different levels of treatment.
It was oberved that increase in efficiency was
in several instances limited to a certain extent
of concentration range after which it declined.
The polynomial regression equation was therefore derived as: Y = 0.1536 + 0.2799X 0.0298 Xli. It indicated that per unit increase
in the water uptake upto an optimum level
caused aD increase of 0.2799 in the efficiency

index. Further increase in water uptake above
this optimum level resulted in the diminution
of efficiency index at the rate of 0.0298,
per unit of increase in the water uptake of
cane tissue. The regression line and the
polynomial curve drawn on the basis of these
results are presented in fig I. It is evident
from this figure that optimum level of water
i..,irlf!c/,
y=
J(::I~ 'a>1 .('~""";c .,
0 56.18" 0 046::2,x
P';!>'-"'C ""elL 1(':JTt~ il'" .f'Sl-uvt",n

y;: [J :'-')6, O,;J7 IN.r - o a(9S ..t,-l
~ t 4:
= N ',Jt"
"'I;ai~
v =- tj~'n,,,n~!/ :&7'
-.,.
f.J/;,Ui"'7 In,!(,.
...
~ ~~-----T------'_------r-----~--1M
roO
,t:- J:.Jtf)(l}r
VDt#," (i"'/IIJQ d'" ('<1~ (":;1''' -)
J!ij- t- YJ,lPIi41r />.01.....,. """",,
"I'W~ "'"t/ 8""N"'JI.~" ~""'7
87
uptake for causing maximum enhancement in

germination efficiency was between 4.5 to
5.0 gm 100 gm cane tissue. As this level of
water uptake was obtained with 24 hours
soaking, it was deduced to be the best treatment for soaking and thereby improving
germination of cane setts.
the same nature. I A A caused favourable

effect on this process as well and increased
the efficiency markedly by its various concentrations. The magnitude of increase was
dependent both on the concentrations of I A A
and the duration of soaking as was observed
in case of water uptake. There were, however, certain differences in the trend of both
Discussions:
the results. While optimum level for water
The striking changes caused by hormones uptake was observed to be 100 ppm, 80 ppm
are considered as visible manifestations of and 20 ppm in case of 3 hours, 6 and 12
their diverse effects on various physiological and 24 hours respectively. it was 80 ppm,
processes of plant tissue. The cause for 40 ppm and 20 ppm respectively for germienhanced germination due to I A A treat- nation efficiency, for the same durations of
ments was therefore traced in these functions soaking. It gave an indication that water
that were expected to be closely linked with uptake had a high requirement of I A A for
germination. The intake of water which had maximum response as compared to germinabeen claimed by Dillewijn (1952) as a tion efficiency. As to the relationship of
necessary prelimaniry for germination was the two factors, it was shown that both had
analysed in relation to various IAA treatments. a positive correlation. An increase in water
The results showed that uptake of water uptake was, therefore, associated with enhancewas generally increased by I A A. This ment in germination efficiency upto the
increase was observed to be satistically optimum level of uptake which was observed
significant under all durations of soakjng to be between 4.5 to 5.0 gm per loogm
except 3 hours. The divergent result obtained fresh weight of the cane tissue. (Fig. 1).
in this duration was due to lower uptake in As this level of water . uptake was obtained
all the treatments on account of the shorter under 24 hours soaking, this period bas been
span of time available for the tissues to regarded as the optimum for treatment of
absorb moisture from the
surrounding setts with I A A. For soaking in water, howmedium. Maximum uptake of water under ever. longer duration than it may be necessary
various durations of soaking was obtained for obtaining best response of germination
with different concentrations of IAA. While as this duration did not raise the level of
in three hours soaking. 100 ppm appeared water uptake to its optimum (Table II). This
best, 80 ppm proved most effective under findings indirectly supports the views of
six and twelve hours and 20 ppm under 24 Moir (1922) who advocated that cuttings
hours soaking. It suggested that there was should be soaked in water for 4872 hours
an inverse relationship between concentration for obtaining the best germination response.
and duration of soaking. Therefore a proper
Observations and deductions connected
adjustment of both is essential for obtaining
with water uptake and germination efficiency
maximum response.
made so far suggest that benefecial effect of
The results obtained in respect to
nation efficiency of the setts were als
1 A A on germination of sugarcane setts

may partly be assi&ned to increased uptake
. -88
'_. 34th Proceedings of the Sugar Te'c hnologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966
. of water caused by it. Possibly the higher Acknowledgements

hydration status of the cells by providing
The author wishes to express his sincere
optimum conditions for various physiological gratitude to Prof. S. Ranjan, Vice-Chancellor
functfons- concerned with germination lead to of Agra University for his able guidance and
an improvement in
its efficiency. Of these . expert advice in the pursuance of these
particular mention may be made of the investigations. His thanks are also due to
. higher rate of conversion of carbohydrates 10 Dr. Amar Singh, Reader in Botany, AHahabad
redueing sugars under high moisture content University for his valuable suggestions and
as observed by Dillewijn (1952) because a critisms in writing up of the results.
positive relationship between the rate of
References
germination and reducing sugars content of
the cuttings was obtained by Evans (1935) Anon. Fifth Annual
Report, Sugarcane
Research Station, Mauritius. 1935.
and Singh et al . (1935).
DiIlewijn, C. Van Botany of Sugarcane .
. Summary and Conclusions
Chron. Bot. Co., Waltham, Mass, U. S. A.
1952.
Investigations were made to determinining Khan M A. and Hall, W. C. Effect of growth
.' the response of metabolic water uptake and
regulators on germination (axillary bud
growth and root development of sugargermination efficiency of sugarcane setts to
cane
stem cuttings. Bot. Gaz., 115 : 261indole-3- acetic acid treatments so that the
71, 1953-44.
role of water uptake in influencing germinaMoir, W W. G. Preliminarary investigations
tion may be evaluated. Six concentrations
in seed germination. Haw. Plant. Rec., 26 :
of fAA viz. 0, 10,20,40, 80 and 100 ppm
219-22, 1922.
were employed for soaking of setts to
Prasad,' R. M .Sc. Thesis of Allahabad Univerdifferent durations of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours.
sity, Allahabad. ]954.
There were thus 24 treatment combinations
Singh, A. and Singh, U . S. Harmones and
each having 4 and 20 replications in the two
Sugarcane. I. Effect on various concentrations of indole-3- acetic
acid . on
studies of water uptake and germination
germination and wateruptake of sugarcane
efficiency respectively.
setts. Ind. Sug. Jour., IX (1): 1-6. 1964.
The results showed that I A A caused
Singh, B. N., Chakarvarti, C. S. and Rao,
favourable effect on both water uptake and
Y. V. Influence of steeping in solutions
germination efficiency. The optimum level,
of varying hydrogenion
concentrations
on -the germination and early growth of
however, varied in the two cases. In general.
canes. Ind. Jour Agric . ScL,5: 715-28
water uptake required comparativ~ly higher
1935.
concentration for maximum response, as
for
the
Singh, U. S. A
new formula
compared to germination etFciency. Both of
determination of germination efficiency
these factors were found to be significantly
of sugarcane setts and other organs of plant
propagation. Accepted for Proc. Nat.
correlated with each other. The positive
Acad. Sci. Ind . (B), ]966.
nature of correlation furnished ample evidence
to show that increased water uptake due to Vijayasarahdy. M., Narasimhan, R. and
Ramanujam, K.
R. Use of chemical
I A A treatment may athmst partly be held
substances in improving the germination of
responsible for improved germination caused
Co. 442. Sec. Bienn Conf. Sug. Res. and
; by it . .
Oev. Work . Ind.: 616-19, 1954 ..
---
Mill Setting Calculations

By
T. T. Oommen and K. G. Hathi
Choosing of the most favourable~ . feed

'and delivery openings and the height of the
trashplate of the 3 roll mill is essential for
obtaining best feeding and extraction results.
Till recently, mill settings were not generally
'calculated, but adopted by comparison with
some existing milling plant. Tromp (*1)
'collected considerable data covering ,I this
aspect which revealed wide differences. Such
variations are due to lack of , any scientific
basis for the empirical mill settings. Of late,
sugar mill manufacturers and sugar technologists have found out methods of figuring
, mill settings with considerable accuracy, so
much so that nothing is left to chance or the
milling 'art' of the experienced engineer. The
. feeling that the hydraulic rams on the top
' rolls will correct many an imperfect mill
settings has been proved to be a fallacy.
The function of the feed roller is two fold.
namely extraction of as much juice
as well as biting and feeding the cane or
bagasse to the back roller which completes
the extraction . ]f the feed opening is too large,
extraction of the juice at the feed side will be
low and the overall result will be poor. On the
other hand if the feed opening is too small,
the feed rolls cannot bite and feed the required
puantity of cane or bagasse and thus the
milling capacity will be ridiculously low. So
the feed opening must always be larger than
the delivery opening and the delivery opening
must be enough to allow the required quantity

of compressed bagasse to pass through.
In all methods of calculation of mill setting,
it is the operating delivery opening that is
first calculated. The operating feed opening
is then calculated by use of a suitable ratio
of feed ' to delivery opening in operation.
This ratio is arrived at by experiment and
observation of the functioning of each mjIJ
and usually varies progressively from 2,0 with
1st mill to 3.0 in the last mill. The height of
the trash plate also is usually fixed at about
I .1/2 times the operating feed opening.
For figuring the optimum openings, it is
necessary to know what maximum thickness
of the bagasse blanket is permissible with
an existing milling tandem for obtaining
reasonably good extraction. This means
calculation of the maximum crushing capacity
and this is done by using the capacity formula
,
cnLD2.yN
(*2) gIven below:C= - 65 f .
C
c
= capacity of the tandem in t. c, h.

= coefficient for cane preparatory
devices (3)
n = roller speed in r, p. m.
L = length of rollers in ft.
D = diameter of rollers in ft.
N = number of rollers in the tandem.
f = fibre content per unit of cane.
If one calculates openings to pass through
more cane than that indicated by the above
formula, then extraction will suffer.
90
,34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966
Calculation of Roll Openings: E. Hugot (4)

Mill speeds-r. p. m.
4.2
Crusher
] st mill
3.7
points out two different methods of figuring
3.5
2nd mill
the roll openings which are very u,seful. b:ut
,,
3.6
3rd mill
!, i ;
the logarithmic calculations of the 1st , method
3.8
4th mill
and the study of certain other factors given What is assumed to be happening to the cane
in the alternative method 'are rather tedious. under going milling operations, is graphically
The methods of calculations we have followed represented below :
in our factory with good results ar~ given
It is assumed that all the maceration
below for the benefit of those who are
,water
is extracted into the, mixed, juice and
.interested., To illustrate by an example., we
'
the
residual
jUice in the bagasse is undiluted.
proceed to calculate our ' mili settings fox:
Tbis is not true; but the assumption is enough
1965-66 season.
for this ,calculation. The bagasse % cane
' Method I .
~ coming out from the crusher and subsequent
TUng1:>hadr~ Sugar Works (Private)Limited. mills are calculated from assumed residual
juice and fibre % cane. These figures, and
:Roller size - 27" X 54!' - ' 14 rollers.
the assumed average density of the compressed
, Crushing capacity-SO tons cane per hour.
, bagasse from ihe crusher and the various mills
, are tabul~ted below :
,Fibre - l5%
,
"
24 {o oiL. :JUIC .
20t. DIL. JUICE
.::
MOSEQ JUICE .. ~o+ 10+-6+24=
100 ' CANE + 18% WATR = 118

90% M'''Q JUICE + 28% BAGASSE
. -"l
-907"
=
fl8
':... ."
."
\ :'
. ~ r ' ::
r ... '.~.'
;,: . ' . .. ..: ..~. ,.~ ~ .,'\
" I"tl l'
'
',
'
';1'1'
' 34th Proceedings of the'Sugar Technologists' .Associatio"n 'of "India "Kanpur 11966
'!il
-'
Mill No . .
Residual Juice
(Assumed)
.Fibre
carie
35
25
19
15
13
+
+
Cr.
1
2
3
4
' Bagasse
Density of bagasse .
(Assumed)
' % cane
=
=
=
=
15
15
IS
15
15
50
40
34
30
= 28
lbs./C. ft.
-do-do+
+
-do+
79 -doThe above approximations are found to be adequate for the purpose of this calculation.
Now the weight of compressed bagasse per hour from each mill is calculated from the
weight of cane per hour and the bagasse % cane.
50 tons cane/Hr. = SOx 2240 -= 1,12,000 Ibs./Hr.
Wt. of bagasse/Hr.
Crusher - 1,12,000 x .50 = 56,000 lbs.
1st mill - 1,12,000 x .40 = 44,800 ..
2nd mill - 1,12,OOO.x .34 ' 38,080"
3rd mill - 1,12,000 x .30 = 33,600 "
4th mill - 1,12,000 x .28 .=7 31,360 ""
The operating deljvery opening (K) :s now available by equating the volume of
compressed bagasse passing tp,rough th,e opening ,multiplied by: its density. to the weight "of
compressed bagasse, as shown in the following equation: .
K
60 11 x D x n X L x d x 12 = B where "
.D =
L =
n =
d =
K=
B=
"
75
76
77
78
roller diameter (ft.) . .

roll length (ft.)
speed of mill (RPM)
density of the compressed bagasse in lbs./Cu. ft.
roll opening (inches)
weight of the compressed bagasse
B
Hence K
15.7 X L X D X n X d "
Now, the operating delivery opening (K) of the crusher and the various mills in our
example, are given"below :co
h
K
56,000
I 12w
Grus er = 158.96 X 4.2 X 75 = .
15t Mill -
K =
44,800
158.06 X 3.7 X 76
38,080
2nd Mill -K=
158.96 X 3.5 X 77
33,600
3rd Mill -K= 158.96 X 3.6 X 78
31.360
4th Mill - K = 158.96 X 3.8 X 79
1.002"
.889"
::::
.7531/
.657"
92
From the delivery openings, the operating feed opening is calculated, taking ratio
of feed to delivery opening in operation as 2.0 for the 1st three mills and 2.2. for the salt
mill. This ratio may be suitably changed on the basis of experience and observation of the
functioning of each mill. The height of the trash plates is also fixed as 1.5 times the
operating feed opening. All these calculated openings are tabulated below:Mill
No
Ratio
FjD
Delivery
op.
Operating openings
Fedd
op.
Ratio
TpjF
Tp.
op.
1.12
Crusher
2
.889
.753
2.0
2.0
2,0
.657
2.0
1.002
2.004
1.5
1.778
1.5
2.667
1.506
1.5
2.259
1.440
1.5
3.006
.\
2.16
Calculation af empty mill settings : In calculating the 'settings' when the mill 1S empty,
a safety factor (*5) is provided t~ take care of fluctuations in the feed which reduce the
thickness of the bagasse blanket. This safety factor which is the ratio of empty delivery
setting to the operating delivery opening of the crusher and the mills, are given below : .
2 roll crusher
.6
3 roll crusher or 1st mill after 2 roll crusher
.5
1st mill after 3 roll crusher or 2nd mill after 2 roll crusher
intermediate mills
last mill
.4
.3 or
.2
.1
Now the empty delivery settings and maximum roll lifts are given below:
Empty delivery settings
Crusher
1st mill
2nd mill
3rd mill
.4th mill
1.12
1.002
.889
.753
.657
X.6
X .5
X .4
X.3
X .1
=
=
.672
.501
.356
.226
.066
Maximum roll lift
1.12
1.002
.889
.753
.657
.672 =
.501 .356 =
.226 =
.066 =
.448
.501
.533
.527
.591
Empty feed settings are obtained by subtracting the roll lin from the operating feed
opening of each mill. The calculated figures of empty settings of feed, delivery and trash
plate are given below :
Pr~ceedj-ngs'
34th
of the s.ugar Te~hnolegisW .A~socia.tiQn of India Kanpuc1966
Empty roll settings

( inches )
Delivery
Tp
-Feed
Mill
No
93 ..-
Roll settings -adjusted

to m.m.
Feed
Deliyery
_. l'p. _
.-
Crusher
.672
.501
.356
.226
.066
1 502
1.245
.979
.849
3
4
2.473
2.134
1.732
1.569
.-
17
13
9
6
2
38
32
25
22
..
63
54
44
40
Method II.
J/
This method requires the use of two charts published by sugar _. mill designers (* 6)
who: have studied both the theoretical and practical aspects of mill seftings. The first chart
which is a guide for figuring moisture per cent bagasse from ~ach' mill, is given in Fig. 1
below :
MOISTURE.
.,0
..,~
68
66
00
I
UNI15
tl:
PE.RCE.NT
IU
::r
V)
UNI'IS
:;,
C(
LJ
0 -
Ci: --
It)
,';
--
tr ,
:r
III
cr
4-
;,
. -.
U""'T~
00
2
_.
0'1
..
-J
(\j
.,
4VloJfn
3
UN'7~
- .
00
2
o~ .
00
,3
0
0 4-0
0
0 .36
06
00
--
---
0 -- - .-_._ -_.__ .-. _._ ... _________

.. -.- '.' ,- - ------ o~o__ ___'-__
.- 0,0--J:l2-Q
09
ONlr..s
UN''''~
00
2
<46
0';0
00
G
0
0~0 . Q~O
0
030
, -.
48
~o
00
00
5
~
.3
.~
oq
-7. UN ' T~
~2
54
00
00
2
._
MII.I.
56
--
00
I
UNrrs
~8
00
2
,
_ ,
::)
_6_O
...6.2-
o~o
UN"~
.,J
.,J
I.U
_-----
.~
--;_......
0
0 10
6-4'
FROM
BAGASSE.
a
4
00
2_
.~,
o~o
'.
" -.
oq
0
40
ocgo
0
. -04
o,!p .
"
()
FIGURING
--
o,l]
..
,MOISTURE z_ BAGAS;2E: , ..
"
0 .
--
00
:.5
06
4
'0 0 '
~
Eo:
--
., _.
00'
'3'
--
FOR
00
-
, 0
0<;0' ----
00
6
00
- 'o~o
09
FIG. f. CHART
0
O:?P
..
"
--,
-'
94 '
3lth Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966

This chart provides theoretical figures of moisture per cent bagasse leaving each mill.
Af!er a practical moisture per cent bagasse leaving each mill has been determined, the basic
delivery roll opening '0' is obtained for each mill from the second chart given below: (Fig. 2)
MO'STURE.
66
64
. 62
PERCE-NT
60
~8
BAGASSE
56
~4
52
jO
1.0
.,J
..J
T 0
It
>-
6 Q:
IJJ
>
.:;J
L&J
o
.4V
DE-LIVE.RY OPENING =-0-)( FPCTOR
F~TOR
J
TONNN5E.. X F/SRf.
ROLL FJlCE(/r<t4E~)( SPED(FPr'/)X"
.!)
10 USE. FEED/lJf.L.IV.RY RAT/O- 2703 WITH TUIS CHART
.2
~U
...
~--~--------------------------~----------------------------~.,
FlG.2 CHART
'0' -
~OR
FIGURING
ROlt. QPNING
total delivery roll opening per ton of cane per day, per inch of roll face,
per foot per minute of roll speed, for cane with 10 % fibre.
For particular mill conditions the actual operating delivery roll opening ' = '0' X factor
Wh ere r:lac t or
_'
Tons of cane per day X % Fibre

Roll face (mches) X Roll speed (F. P. M. ) X .1
='---;7.---;-~~c.....,-~,7,~~",,-~,--,-
The ratio of feed to delivery openings in operation should increase progressively from
2.0 on the 1st mill to 3.0 on the last mill, when using the above charts.
34th p_roceedings of the Sugar Technologists' AssOCiation of India Kanpur 1966
9S
The trash plate height should be about 1.1/2 times the feed opening.
The example of our mill setting calculation by this method and a suggested form for a
work sheet is given below:
Operating roll openings
...'"
o
z
....
....
o
..c
Cr.
- -
. ...
Cl~
00-:::
1J.o
:>..
"0.
Uo
~o
1.09
Up,.
-p,.
71
4.2
30
.985
1.111
1.09
59
3.7
26
.580
1.282
0.743
2.2
1.634
1.5
2.451
54
3.5
24.7
.450
1.350
0.607
2.4
1.457
1.5
2185
51
3.6
25.4
.375
1.312
0.492
2.6
1.279
1.5
1.919
48
3.8
26.8
.340
1.244
0.423
2.8
1.184
1.5
1.776
For empty settings, subtract J/4" roll float from both feed and delivery openings .
Mill No.
Cr.
1
2
3
4
Mill size -
Roll settings
Roll float 1/4"
Feed
Dely.
Tp.
0.84
1.384
1.207
1.029
0.934
0.84
0.493
0.357
0.242
0.173
27" x 54" -
2.201
1.935
1.669
1.526
14 rolls,
Roll settings
adjusted to m.m.
Feed
Dely.
Tp.
21
35
31
26
24
Tonnage -
21
12
9
6
4
Roll settings measured

at end of season
Dely.
Tp.
Feed
56
49
42
39
1200 tons/day,
Fibre 15%
It will be seen that the results of C'.alculated openings obtained by the 2 methods differ
only very slightly and either of these methods can be profitably used in calculations .
Conclusion : - The calculation of mill settings and the correct adjustment of roll openings form a very important part of the technology of sugar cane milling, because the difference
between good milling and mediocre milling will amount to a few lakbs of rupees in one
crushing season alone of any sugar factory. Of the different methods tried and tested by us
during the course of the last few years, those we consider most easy to figure and useful in
performance have been described and illustrated above.
96 "
3'ttli ~ProcEedings of the Stiga'r, -T'echnologists! Asrocia:!ion
,r
, Acknowledgment:
o~
Ihdia'Kanpur'19.66':
c' We , are , gre~~l,y indebted to Mis. Farrel Co.rporatio Tl . Ansonia, Connecticut, U ,S.A. for
freely supplying us their various charts, bulletins and technical literatur.e. _
We are also thankful to Sri V. C. Bahree, our Chief Engineer, for his interest and
co-operation in OUT milling and mill-setting experiments ,
References:
Machinery '& Equipment of the Cane

Sugar Factory - Page 163.
E. HugQt Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering -do---do- do- do -do--do Farrel Sugar Mills. Bulletin 312 A ~ Page 37.
L.A Tromp.
(*2)
(*3)
(*4)
(*5)
(*6)
' __
Received December it, 1965

,
Page 154.
Page 153.
Page 165 & 168.
Page 166.
.,
Tungabhadra Sugar Works (Pvt.) Ltd.

Shimoga (Mysore State)
Further Reduction of Sulphur Consumption

in Carbonation Sugar Factory
By
Man Mohan and K. K. Sharma
The sulphur consumption in the Carbonation

Sugar Factories manufacturing plantation
white sugar had been to the extent of 0.025 to
0.04% cane before the sulphur crisis took
0\ er
our country. As a result of acute
sulphur shortage brought about by the
restricted imports, it became imperative for
the industry to consider the possible means of
reducing sulphur consumption immediately
and to work on the possibJe ways that could
ultimately lead to its complete elimination.
Keeping the above point in view we had
installed one sulphur dioxide gas recovery
tower in between the exit gases of juice and
syrup sulphuring vessels. This worked very
well and we could reduce the sulphur consumption from 0.025 to 0.018 cane. The
detail of the arrangement are as on page 98.
The second carbonated filtered juice was
allowed to pass through the itack gas
recovery tower at the top and exit gases
from juice and syrup towers e~t~red from
the bottom as shown in (Fig. 1). The

counter current system of gas absorption
thus designed helped to bring down the pH
of the outcoming juice from 8.5-8 .6 to 7.97.7, by means of stack gases alone. The
desired pH was brought about in the actual
juice sulphuring vessel by the help of sulphur
dioxide gas. The reduction in sulphur consumption to the tune of 25% on cane was
thus achieved.
This however, was not sufficient and we
started further examining the possibilities of
reducing sulphur consumption in our sugar
factory.
A close study of the design of juice and
syrup sulphitation towers revealed very
interesting phenomenon. We had the standard
Java design . of the above vessels, i. e. juice
and sulphur.-dioxide gas entered at the bot(om
of the sulphuring vessels and the sulphited
juice escaped from the over flow as shown in
Fig. (2) .'
SlIL.PHlrATION ARRANG~M~NT.
,t.o . CAR80NATO
J'UIC INLET .
JUICt SUl-PHITOR
. SYRU".
; 9:9", '
L~
Fi.f.j,
_
.7_
1 CO
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India KanpUT 1966
It was interesting to note here that on been already achieved by carefully using
account of juice shower falling in the stack sulphur dioxide gas, yet the scope of further
gas recovery tower the incoming gases at the reducing sulphur continued to engage our
bottom had to face resistance from the down attention. As a next step we started examining
coming juice Fig. 1. Since the syrup supply the chemistry of 1st sulphitation in detail. If
in the syrup tower was not continuous from it was revealed that the aim of 1st sulphitation
the last body of evaporator, there were is to bring down the pH of second filtered
periods when the syrup tower did not receive juice from 8.5 to 7.0. The object of reducing pH
any syrup for short durations there by of the juice to neutral is to avoid decomposileaving the syrup over flow pipe empty tion of the reducing sugars at higher temperaduring that period. Such periods were usually tuers in the alkaline medium. In neutral or
of 5 to 10 minutes duration in each hour acidic medium reducing sugars are not attacked
depending upon the evaporator working. It even at higher temperatures as found in the
could not be possible to just tune the juice vapour cell or first body of the evaporator.
valves of the evaporators to get a ste&dy Guided by the theoretical considerations as
flow of material from last body as it is above it was decided to try out neutralisation
greatly governed by the availability of exhaust of the 2nd carbonated juice by the help of
steam, consumption of bled vapours and carbon dioxide gas. A 3'" pipe line connection
consistency of syrup in the last body, besides for carbon dioxide gas was therefore provided
vacuum fluctions and condensate removal in the existing sulphur dioxide gas line to the
difficulties. During the periods when syrup juice sulpbitation tank and the sulphur dioxide
over flow pipe is empty, it provides a path supply was stopped by providing a blind in
of comparatively lesser resistance for the the line.
stack gases to go out, without playing upon
The other arrangements were same as
the juice in the stack gas recovery tower.
shown
in Fig. 1. This worked very well and
The over flow pipe of the juice sulphitation
we
could
bring down the pH of the clear
vessel also offered a yet another opening for
stack gases to escape; at times when the juice to neutral as can be seen from the table
over flow pipe is running partially filled. The given below.
gases thus escaping out are lost to the
Table No. I
atmosphere. In order to chek this loss Ubends were provided (Fig. 2) in the sulphurpH of 2nd
pH of clear juice
S. No.
ing towers which sealed these vents and there
filtered juice.
using carbon
dioxide
was no other course left for the gases except
- - --to pass through the stack gas recovery unit.
8.7
6.7
1.
8.7
2.
6.9
This brought down the sulphur consumption
9.1
3.
6.7
from 0 018 to 0.012.
8.9
4.
6.9
8.7
5.
6.8
Further Reduction in Sulphur
8.9
6.
7.6
ConBulDptioD ;9.0
7.
7.0
8.
8.9
7.5
Although a reduction in sulphur consum8.85
7.01
ption to the tune of 50% on cane had _ Average
_______
_______
_ _ __
101
It will be observed here that pH of clear

juice could be attained as low as 6.7 with
excess of carbon dioxide. The thin juice as so
obtained was concentrated in the evaporators
and the syrup obtained was sUlphited to pH
5.4- 5.5, and sent to pans for crystallisation.
attained by the action of carbon dioxide gas

alone. Th@ clear juice was subjected to
usual processes of concentration and syrup
sulphitation before finally going to pans for
crystallisa tion. We are happy to mention here
that the sugar colour was least affected and
we could get C-30 colur sugar as we had been
It would also be observed here that the getting before.
stack gas recovery tower shown in Fig. 1
This process is expected to bring down
continued to receive the vent gases containing
sulphur dioxide from the syrup sulphitation the sulphur consumption to 0.009. The trial
described above could not be conducted for
vessel.
very long time, as the season ended abruptly.
In order to completely cut off sulphur
In the opinion of the authors the sulphur
dioxide gas va pours for nentralisation of 2nd
consumption
can be further brought down to
carbonated juice one blind was interposed in
the line of syrup tower gases to the recovery 0.008 , if we install a seperate gas recovery
tower at the syrup sulphitation station. As
tower.
already mentioned on account of sudden
With this arrangement trials were again closure of the season the last part of the
conducted and the results are tabulated in experiment could not be conducted. We hope
table No.2.
to continue these trials next year, and the
results will be made available in due course
Table No. 2
of time . We are further considering the
possibilities of complete elimination of sulphur
pH of 2nd
pH of clear
dioxide gas u$ing active carbons at the syrup
S. No.
juice
Carbonated juice
stage but the economic of this have yet to
be worked out.
l.
8.4
7. 1
2.
8.9
6.9
3.
8.4
67
4.
5.
8.4
6.9
8.3
6.7
6.
8.8
7.2
7.
8.6
7.1
8.
8.5
6.9
8.54
6.94
Average
Conclusion: -
The use of sulphur dioxide gas has been

completely eliminated in the clear juice without
affecting the sugar quality in any way.
.S ulphur dioxide gas has been successfully
replaced by carbon dioxide gas for bringing
down the pH of 2nd fi ltered juice to 7.0 in
a carbonation sugar factory. The sulphur
consumption has been brought down to as
low a level as 00080.009% cane.
Acknowledgements : -
It will be seen from the table that pH of

clear juice to the tune of 6.7 could be
The authors are greatly indebted to Lala

Bansi Dhar Ji Director Managing Agents,
..
. 102
,
,. .
"
",I .
'
~th f~oCeedings pf the Sugar T~chnoJogists' Associ;ltion of India Kanpur 1966

"
:,1/. .
,_..
DeUii Ooth : an<l"General Mills Co,. Ltd., far

i
R~ference: -
;,'
, :.
rrr.
'art ' equally thankfu,l '. tol Shri .: R. Sahai . 'Hatloff ~nd Schmidth : Plantation white Sugar
, ,
General , Manager, ,DauraJa ,' S1,1gar .works" , . , Manllfa~ture. I
his kind "encouragement in the n;\atter. , We
' 'Daurala for ' his , pe.rs~nel int.~est and care : Hoin'g. P.: Principles of:' Sugar! IT.ec~l;lo)ogy
which has mado. it 1?ossible , to c~mp]ete the
Vol. 1 ' , , ,
I"
trials in time. We arc also thankful to Shri
K. D. Puri Chief Engineer for necessary help,l S. n G1.lpta, N. A. R. & N :' C. ; lain: , ~ndian
he had been rendering from time to time.
Sugar 1965:VoLXV No. 11.
,
Power in the Sugar Industry

( A Comparison of Mill Drives)
By
F.
J.
Aldridge
The extraction of sugar by crushing cane

Engineers began to look elsewhere and
brought forth the /iitc~s,sity of power. Steam saw the Mill Drive Turbine developing. The
power lends itself very' well in'the sugar mill turbine provided many answers. Even with
in that with the relatively good power/process the necessary reduction gears and flexible
balance, back pressure application, is ideal. coupling involved, a cheaper capital cost was
This allows a high overall thermal efficiency possible. The ' ,5 pace requirements were no
with the full utilisation of pr~s ~teaIil.
greater, t~e torque characteristic was suitable, First Jet us consider the horizontal ,mjIJ its robust nature and ease of control made
."
engine. , Many ' mills througho.Qt the world the Mill Drive Turbine seems to be the ideal
are still driven' in this manI;ler, particularly machine. I t would take much higher steam
'where th~ steam generating condit~ons are low:' condit~ons, thus lending itself to the developThe engi~e slaw speed enabled ' drive wjth- ' ing t~ends. 1 of. hi~her steam generating
"out ced~~tiori ,ge~r ' , boxes ,' and flexible ' 'con<,iit!,ons. :fhe , exhaust ,is, oil , f~ee and this
coupl,ing, 'Its' , torQue charac:;teiistic' beiI;lg 'a is , most' itnpor,t ant point in process steam
st.raight' line,' is ide~l for mili drive. ',Easy ' requirements. : The' inability, Q( the machine
provis!6n of ,re~ersing , gear by' quadrant :' to , ~~~erse coqlq , easily (' be ,', ,' overcome by
oper!l'tion ' of the , "valves, ~reseni a 9s~ful ' utilisipg seperate" ICeversing ge~' r. Since most
facil,ity. ; Th~ ho~i~ontol . mi," engine fulfilled ' Mills ,have 'baggages fired boilers, the necessity
its: duties ad~irably ' fo~ many ' years and,' 6f 'high efficiency i~ I the Mill Drive was
continue 'so to do. "
'
'
, ''bl"
"
' I
th
",
'!.'
not I te~Tl y Important so ' smg e stage ra er
Then, the ' I cOl)cept 'Of higher ' efficiency 'than ,M,ulti;Stage :.r~rbine 'were used. This
overall the Sugar Industry developed, Wit)1- gave l c~e~priess , .and 'robustness and has
' out doubt the st~a~ generation! pressures ~nd ," become ~ ~ractiee all 'o'ver the world. There
temperatures' bad to be increased ,t o take ' are {moves now that with either lower flbre
advant,age of the higher r~ciehcy av~~abie ' content ' of cilOe or profitable bye-product
in the water tube b~~ler. T~e horizpnt~l mill ' usage of baggasse to become eve~ more
engine was unable t6 take advantage of these ,
.
( ,'
d '
rt f th
' .,
' .' , ,
"
conditIons.
Generally speakmg,
one ' w()uld
, effiCJenqy
" conscIous an JO. some pa so be ... e
J
:pos!u'bly ,'accept
,
TurbJDe are now
wg
,p resures. 0' f .' 300 p. S. I,' g, world. ' MultI~Stage
"
.
maximum for this type of engine altho\lg~ tlsed for, MIll 'DrIve.
most man~fa:cturers would s,et the limiting
, being much
'' .
. say
,
To establish the points made I would
factor , as
lower,
22S/~SO .
p. s. 'J.. g.
' , like you to consider the following diagrams :_
"
104
The Sankey Diagram~for Combined Power

and Heating
This is, of course, familiar to all but it

serves to demonstrate the advantage of combined power and process. (Slide)
Fig. 1.
of process pressure. However, as we have

previously mentioned there are advantage in
boiler efficiency to be obtained by raising the
steam generating conditions. (Slide)
Fig. 3. Shows the approximate
trend of
boiler pressure installed for use in the Sugar
Industry. (Slide)
<.!j
500
...;
vi
Q:
4,
Vl
'"
I.(j
~
~
:::!
II:)
I~O
I~
1~60
19"'10
TRE'ND OF'
fie. , .
SANkEr
.t,...", c,,..r
~OII
BOILER PRESSURfS
ClNtfSIN61J "."" " . N#",.".. "l.A""
O....AtL .,,,e,DKr ao " . Clitlr.
FIGURE
Fig. 2.
Shows the comparison of power gains

from raising initial power or decreasing back
presure. This indicates that at least as far as
the prime mover is concerned, the greatest
advantage could be taken from the reducing
2
V/,-XI
EXTRA TORQ AVAIlABl f

WHEN USING. TURBINE DRIYE
tl:'
50
Cl
".....
I;)
.....
1\
00
ntlOREnCAL INC'IlAS IN
It' LowtlltlNG
SACK
....s
po~
PIlESSUli
.~
, " "'" 5&",25 La/c '
.....
5D
35
.2.5
.'<
--
1--2
~,
6.T I!IRse
{;
/
'- t---.I(',
auc. "I!!"~.LI
10
12
I"
25
50
Z FULL
__
&.
2-
CO/IIJPARlscItI or POwlll (iAIN$ IUSUl17NG . rRoitt IlA'S/~ INfTIAt PRESSURE
B~ ~o I~/sj- '~
,o,q OECAeAS! f"_4 BI!O!
f'~~s,!!pg~
l!>'
I(J
75
SPEED
TURBINE' TORQUE
COMPARISON
ENGINE
YO~,U,"" CUBIC. F6n
F,,~.
with
Fig. 5 Shows a comparison between torque

curves of a Turbine or an Engine in Sugar
Mill Drive. (Slide)
~
;:)
IMlnAL PRf"SSu~E FROM 190 To l Oo LS/O "
Fig. 4. Shows the gain of efficiency

increasing boiler conditions. (Slide)
cy
\1>1'O'''O<'L 'NCA'''' 'N PUW" By RA'SlN6
3'.
tWos,. l,if.
FIGURE
5.
100
~ !1')
en
"";t
~
It)
o:r
~
~ ~ :
<'(
..:
,.., itt\I
I;)
III
11'1
61
It'I
t"4
c:o
~ ~
..:
<'(
~
"l
...
~ ~
tt:
\l)
'0
til
In
~
c<i
~
~ 2 ~
::;)
CII d;
~ en
t<I
~ !f!i
!::
(I')
In
cq
.:
~
."
'<I
o:
...Il.
~
~
.... q
.J
r-
t(-
I)
~ ~
~
~ ~ -'
a:
~
,~
~
lQ
In
I('>
- -
"I
I['J
CI(
I('>
CI\
~
0
I<)
\l)
...
II>
<'(
;;
~
If)
>Q
I'<)
In
10
0 '
(r\
C"'I
ClQ
(f\
I<)
It)
q-
'".".
"t
~
'or
I('>
~
(\')
~
."..
Q
'0
"'"
0
i()
11"1
ctl
ctl
III
'0
I(l
(Il
rt
Ii)
<:)
en
\D
':I-
on
It)
I('>
1'\
\Q
('t)
In
C'<
...,~
-0
.'
I<)
in
*
~
<'(
1&.1
&..:' l:
-e
C")
+-
10
C'l
1"'1
6'1 r--
&n
\Q
t"(
....
iii r:::. ":G\
If\
I()
It)
In
Q)
In
.".
C'I'I
!'<l
....<!I
0
jQ
III
.,.co ...
C'I)
I['J
I('>
<'(
10
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III
In
:t)
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"
'0
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8
\Q
f).
or>
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. rnmss3Zfd
In
Q)
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."
I"(
'()
0
C'f
('t)
In
10
M
In
<'(
.".
""t
It)
' 0
~
'()
10
<:I
N
,...
,
. I
:I
:e
III
..r
"t
rt
"'t
....'"
on
'0
C')
'Ot
('0
11"1
\Q
In
I"(
~I
&Cl
!:
~!>nifb
r.C\
C"(
c:'t
.,1011/ct' . 3l1nSS3l1d
0
0
Ii)
UlHl
106
Before proceeding further, I feel that

comment is necessary on the consequences of
using of higher steam conditions. Having
accepted that superheat steam is of considerable advantage in the protection of the
Turbine from erosion, we must then accept
an increase of _superheat in the exhaust. As
an example of this let us take steam conditions of 270 p. s. i. g., 660F supplied to a
Mill Drive Turbine exhausting to a process
load at 10 p. s. i. g. We will find an exhaust
temperature on full load conditions in excess
of 400F. Although the presence of superheat
in the exhaust prevents precondensation it is
generally not u~eable since process loads are
normally heat exchange loads and not power
load. Excessive temperatures and a production
of hot spots could be an unwelcome occurance
in the process system. To protect against
- high temperature in the exhaust, desuperheat
ing equipment has at time to be considered.
Having said that the generally accepted
premis that steam power for Sugar Mills is
the optimum because of the thermal balance,
it would be worthwhile considering alternative
forms of drive. Both the Steam Engine and
the Single Stage Steam Turbine for Mill
Drive have their virtues but they both suffer
from lack of efficiency. If we take an example
of a fairly common steam condition, say
225 p. s. i. g. with IOOF superheat and a
back pressure of 10 p. s. i. g. I have chosen
this condition because it is a reasonable level
above which one would cease to consider the
Steam Engine. From
figures available
to me, a Single Stage Turbine would
be expected to develop 300 B. H. P. per
10,000 lbs. per hour of steam available. An
Engine under the same conditions would
develop 430 B. H . P. Comparisions are not
always fair because on higher steam conditions
and pressures a Turbine would come into its
own. However, you will see that the unit efficiency would be 51 % and 68,% respectively. This
demonstrates that neither the Engine nor the
Turbine are the most efficient unit for Mill
Drive although they have very considerabie
advantages in other directions.
The power generating unit of the Mill, a
back pressure Turbo Alternator could take
advantage of higher steam conditions and
produce a unit effiiciency of 72%. How then
to use this efficiency and implement it for the
advantage of the Mill? Drive by variable speed
electric motors has been tried. My information
is that the high capital costs and high maintenance costs of this type of drive outweighs
the efficiency of operation obtained. It might
be worthwhile considering another form of
Drive, i.e. taking advantage of power generation and driving the Mill 'by constant speed
electric motor through a variable speed
hydrulic coupling. The full torque full speed
efficiency of such a coupling would be approximately 78%. The half torque halfspeed efficiency
would be 74%. You willsee from the foregoing
that with an electric motor running at constant
speed with the speed variation taken by a
coupling. a high efficiency could be expected.
low speed efficiency, i. e. below 1/4 speed at
all torque condition, is very poor.
We have considered generally the known
possibilities for Mill Drive. Let us now
consider a particular case as it applies to the
Sugar Industry in this country-an Industry with
a huge internal market, a considerable potential
for export - indeed a considerable export
market. New Mills must take advantage of
the search for higher efficiency and developments of to-day but there are many existing
Mills where engines are old and their steam
raising conditions low. Without going to the
high cost of re-orientating their plant to
34th Proceedings of .the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966

conditions that we would all wish to have, but
cannot always obtain, there is a possibility of
increasing production. It has been fairly well
established that most 'existing Mills are capable
of being speeded up proviaed that the extra
power be available. Old Mills almost invariably
operate on low steam conditiohs. Why not
increase the steam raising without increasing
the steaming conditions? Then a vertical
high speed engine is worth considering. It has
the advantage of being available. in this
country. Below 450 r.p.m. necessitates reduction only from 428 to 120 r.p.m . thus saving
the high cost of further reduction gear boxes.
Its torque characteristics are ideal. It normally
would not suffer from the damaging effect of
wet steam as would a turbine. When supplied
Received on 22nd Aug . 66.
107
with saturated steam no cylinder lubrication

would be required, thereby obviating the
danger of oil in the process steam. You will
see that the vertical Mill Drive Engine would
lend itself admirably to conditions existing in
many Mil!s in this country to-day and it has
been in succt:ssful operation for years in the
Sugar Industry of other ccuntries.
We have considered the possibilities of Mill
Drives and touched upon the question of overall efficiency of the Sugar Mill. Much remains
to be done. Thinking ahead for the best, not
necessarily the most convenient, but the
optimum should always be in our minds as
Engineers, then eventually we will reach the
best for the time and the place.
Belliss & Morcom (India) Ltd.,

6. Little Russell Rtreet,
Calcutta-I 6
SINGLE STAGE
STEAM TURBINE
NOW BEING MANUFACTURED
IN INDIA
~
BELLISS &
MORCOM
Beiliu & Morcom Single Stage Steam Turbines are built to
suit any combination of steam and exhaust conditions .
AVailable Range: I SO to 1,200 BHP; Speed 1,000 to 6,000
RPM; Maximum steam conditions 600 psig.750F (400C),
exhausting up to 80 pslg. or to vacuum.
After-sales service Is guaranteed
Manufactured by
Belliss & Morcom (India) Ltd.

6, Little Russell Street, Calcutta-16 Telephone: 44.1198, 446196
...
Use of Phosphate in the Clear JUice

By
A. C.
C~atterjee
The Phosphate content in the mixed juice

per litre about 300 mg is normally required for
good clarification. In North Indian factories,
juice generally contains this requisite quantity
I
of phosphate (300 - 400 mgm/litre), but in
South Indian factories it ranges from 100-150
mgmjlitre or even less, than 100 mgmjlitre in
some places. To make up this deficiency, the
usual practice is to add triple-super pho!'phate
in the form of slurry or supernatant clear
saturated solution to mixed juice after weighment Use the same pr9cedure at the b ~ ginn
ing of the trial season of factory at PENNADAM (Madras State) with the India-make
Buckau Wolf Plant. The expected results in
c1arification of juice were obtained no doubt,
but we wanted to reduce the scale formation
in the Evaporators so that more crushing could
be taken before stoppage for general cleaning,
as the season was started very late. Moreover,
due to shortage of centrifugal machines, motors
of two machines being out of order, it was
necessitated to find out some way to reduce
load on overburden 'C' Batteries. To fulfil
these objects, we started adding phosphate to
clear juice also, without stopping addition of
phosphate to mixed juice for a few days till
the next cleanning comes. During the next
shut-down, Evaporator scales found comparatively easy to clean. With this slight promising result, we totally stopped the addition of
phosphate in mixed juice and the supernatant
clear solution was added to clear juice only, as
the "phosphate content of the clarified juice is

. roughly the same whether or not the phosphate
is added to the mixed 'juice".
Experim.ent ':
Triple Super Phosphate was dissolved in a

50 gallon drum, and the saturated supernatant
liquid was transferred to a second similar drum
from which clear solution was taken for use.
A small 20 litre dosing tank, with a cock, was
fitted above the clear juice receiving tank. The
flow of phosphate solution was adjusted to add
phosphate 40-50 mgm/litre of clear juice from
the Rapi-Dorr Clarifier and added through a
funnel with a 1/2 inch tail pipe. First it was
tried for 15 days, and then continued for the
rest of the season.
Observations :
I. After stopping phosphate addition to

mixed juice, Oliver Vacuum Filter had to
stop for some time in every shift to allow the
thin mud to settle. Of-coure, mud level was
never more than normal.
2. pH of Clarified Juice, before and after
the addition of phosphate, showed/little
difference by which. inversion effect could be
apprehended. Differenc~ in purities of clear
juice and syrup remained unaffected, after
changing over to phosphate addition to cleaJ
juice.
;'
) 10
3. Scale Formation: As noticed by Kulkarni

and Patil, in our case alis o, the scales in the
evaporator tubes were comparatively thin and
brittle and easily removable. We used to stop
for general cleaning after ' crushing about
11,000 tonnes of cane. When phosphate was
added to clear juice, it was possible to crush
more without affecting the evaporator efficiency. Even after crushing 21,000 tonnes of
cane, Brix of 'Syrup obtained was about 60
with the normal crushing rate. Here, this
maY 'be mentioned thai during this period,
sulphur consumption was also comparatively
less.
4. Effect on Molafses: Main purpose of
reducing load on 'C' battery was fulfilled, as
it was possible to maintain the crushing rate
even with inferior quality of cane when
molasses per cent cane was more. Purity of
Final Molasses also remained unaffected, even

when water cooling and re-heating arrangement of three crystallisers were out of order.
. 5. Pan Boiling: No appreciable difference
experienced.
6. Sugar Colour: Improvement noticed even
with less sulphur consumption. (Double sulphitation process followed aU-through.) Sugar
colour was above I.S.S: 30 grade.
7. No special analysis could be made to

estimate the influence of phosphate on the
destruction of reduction sugar, but from the
working experience and data available, it left
no doubt that phosphate inhibits the distruction of reducing sugar, which helps exhaustibility of molasses and in improving the sugar
colour.
Table of Averages Data.
Phosphate added
to Mixed Juice.
Rate of
cru~hing/hr.
(quintals).
Average cane crushed/cleaning (M. Tons).

Molasses
% Cane.
Final Molasses Purity.

Recovery
% Cane.
Sugar Grade.
Phosphate. added
to Clear Juice.
366
473
11070
17222
4.50
4.87
33.66
31.52
8.60
9.52
D.30, E.30.
D.29 & E.29
E.30
Clear Juice Purity.
79 40
79.17
U.S. Syrup Purity.
79.61
79.30
PH of Clear Juice.
6.85
6.80
34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists AssociatioD of IndiaKanpur 1966
11 J
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The author extends his heartfelt thanks to :

Shri P. Maruthai Pillai, Managing Director.
Shri A. K. Devarajan, Business Manager.
Shri M. R" K. Sundaram, General Manager
for encouragement arid providing facilities.
of Aruna Sugars .Limited,

Pen n a dam,
South Areot District.
Thanks are also due to Shri V.I. V. ChelJam (Former Chief Chemist of Aruna Sugars
Limited) and Shri K. T. PiUai (Lab.-in-cbarge of Aruna Sugars Limited) for suggestions.
and help.
REFERENCE:
Gupta; Ramaiab, & Kumar -
Proc. Sugar Technologists AssociatioD p

India - 33, 205-215, 1965.
Received : llnd Aug., 66
Aruna Suprs Limited

.
Penn.dam.
Madras - State.
Clarifl cation
Factor
,
"
By
A. C. Chatterjee
While appreciating very much Mittals' suggession, regarding exclusion , of ,non-sugar

removed in the juice of Filter Cake for the determination of the Clarification Factory,
the author likes to express ' his personal views in this present communications with theonly object to help further clarification in the matter.
(I) In the "Year Book and Directory of Indian Sugar Factories", published by the
Sugar Technologists' Association of India in the annual publication, clarification Factors
calculated for each factory is to indicate the effect of clarification process followed, and,
thereby, the state of juice clarification.
:
I '
The simple formula followed for reporting the Clarification Factory gives the p~rce~tagec
of total non-sugar removal.
Non-sucrose in Mixed Jtiice_:Non~sucrose in Clear Juice.
K=
--- ----------~--~ ---------
Non-sucrose in Mixed Juice.

(Pm-Pc) X 100
- - - - - - - - - (Pm-Pc)
Pej
K = 100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x ]00
Bm-Pm
where K = Clarification Factor.
Pm = Wt. of pol in mixed Juice.
Pc = Wf. of Pol in Filter Cake.
Pej = Clear Juice Purity.
Bm = Wt. of Brix in Mixed Juice.
i.e.
"
"
(2) It has been rightly poillted out that "Loss of non-su~rose from Mixed Juice to
Clear Juice takes place through 'Removal' of non-sucrose due' to the process of clarification."
Chemical and heat treatments of Juice only precipitate non-sucrose in the clarifier qr it,m~y be
said, non-sucrose is separated in the clarifier, but actually removed by filtration only: '::
".:
(3)
:1';
Removal of non-sucros,e is the main function of clarification, and so filtration is '

also to be considered as a relat.ed unit in the juice clarification to getdear'j~icc<:fo'r ,proQessing.
It is quite true that "the loss of non-sucrose in the filter cake is dir'ectly cqnnected,-with4he
efficiency of filtr-6tion operation," but which i~ not "independent of Clarification process."
It has been found in the same factory under the identical conditions, with a perfectly working
114
fiiter, the loss of sugar, and hence non-sugar too, in filter cake varies with the variation of thedatification process For example, during the last season in this factory (Aruna Sugars-.
Limited, Pennadam, Madras state to Pol in Filter Cake (Oliver Vacuum Filter) was increased.
when addition of phosphate in mixed juice was stopped on experimental purpose. It is.
needless to mention that everything was running as usual, maintaining similar vacuum,.
washing, temperature, Liming & SuJphitation, etc., etc.
Table showing the effect of clarification on filtration.
Pol in Filter Cake

With Phosphate
1.20
1.40
1.17
1.10
1.13
1.17
(Daily average)
Without Phosphate
1.40
1.50
1.83
1.43
1.50
1.50
It is also known that some of the clarification processes developed by the eminent
which gave marvellous results, so for juice clarification is concerned...
had to be abandoned due to adverse effect on filtration.
su~r T.ec~nologists,
(4) "The values of clarifiication factor increase with the increase in loss of sugar in
: filter cake". As a matter of fact, it should happen, because non-sugar is also removed in
filter cake juice along with sugar.
(5) In the formula
(Pm-Pc) x 100
(Pc x 100 - Pc)
- - - - - - - (Pm-Pc) + ------Pej
(Pej)
K = 100 - - - - - - - - - x 100
(Bm-Pm)
.
Pc
.
the non-sugar removed in the juice in filter cake, i.e . . ( - - x 100 - Pc) has been conSidered
P~
present in clear juice, but this is actua]]y not so.

(6) .If the calculation of clarification factor is considered limited upto clarifier only, it
is necessary to calculate separat~ly for the non-sugar removal in filter cake juice also to arrive
at a figure for a factory.
So, the formula followed by the Sugar Technologists' Association of India, at present.
serves the desired purpose of comparing clarification efficiency of a factory.
Refereace:
1. Mittal, B.L. 1965 33rd Proc. S. T. A. of India pp. 35-37
Received: llnd Aug . 66
ARUNA SUGARS LIMITED..

Pennadam
South Arcot Dist.
Studies on Specific Conductances of Indian Sugar '

By
Suresh Chandra Gupta, N. A. Ramaiah, A. P. Gupta

S. S. Katiyar and I. S. June,a
~.
Introduction
In India number of varieties of sugars are

being manufactured today. The most common
<>f these is direct consumption plantation
white sugar produced 10 more than 200
<arbopation and sulphitation factories distributed all over the country, forming the second
iargest indu~try in the country ranking next to
-textiles. This plantation sugar is cry .talline,
'White lustrous and bas a purity of 99.8
-per cent The size of the crystal of this sugar
varies from 0.3 to 2.5 mm. This sugar is
graded according to the Indian Sugar
Standards: Sugar corresponding to 30 A is
'very white sugar with grain size of about 2.5
mm. while 27E refers to less white sugar with
grain size of about 0.4 mm. The numeral 30,
29 and 27 indicate the decreasing order of the
whiteness of the sugars and the letters A E to
the grade of the grain size. In addition to this
plantation white sugar, refined sugar is
'produced on a very small scale in one or two
of these f~ctories, for specific purpose such as
'for making sugar cubes, etc. The refined sugar
is again white crystalline and lustrous and has
..a purity of 99.910. It has crystal of grain size
of about 0.3 - 0.4 mm. The gradation of this
refined sugarl is according to the Indian
'S tandard Specification No. IS: 1151 - 1958.
Apart from these sugars produced in well
-established commercial factories, the similar
type of which are known in other countries,
another kind of sugar produced perhaps only

in India and nowhere else, is the Khandsari
sugar which is being manufactured in small
scale Indlhlrial units. Though in earlier days.
the clarification of cane juice is carried out in
these factories by indigenously available
vegetable micilli. in recent yeats ' it is carried
out in the same way as in conventioflal sulphitation factories. While in the sulphitation
factories the clarified sugar syrups are boiled
under vacuum, in khandsari units the same is
carried out in the open pans. This sugar used
to be palish yellow in colour. Due to the
advent of the improved clarification techniques .using sulphur the khandsari factories are
now-a-days producing fairly good quality sugar
cOJ11parable with the quality and purity of the
average sulphitation sugars. In fact the
khandsari sugars are so essentially similar to
the plantation white sugars in their whiteness,
lustre etc. that it sometimes brings in as much
considerable difficulty in their differentiation as
in the attempts to distinguish good sulphit.ation
;wh'ite sugar and refined sugars. Nagaranjaras 2 /
and his co-workers studied the conductivity of
plantation white sugars and refined sugars and
found distinctive difference in conductivity of
plantation white sugar and refined sugars .
Conductance measurements appeared to be the
only means to distinguish refined sugars and
plantation white sugars. No data exi~t in the
literature on the comparative conductances of
116
plantation white sugars and khandsari sugars.

The present communication reports conductance
measurements of refined sugars, plantation
white sugar and Khandsari sugars.
conductivity cell with a cell constant of 0.58&

was used.
Double distilled water obtained by distillation in presence of a trace of permanganate was.
used. Its conductivity was determined and
employed in the computation of the specific
conductances of sugar solutions as described
below.
During the last 5 years Indian sugar

industry is also manufacturing raw sugar by
defecation process which involves simple
treatment of juice with lime and heating to
boiling. The raw sugar is brown in colo_ur and
All conductance measurements were made
has ,a purity of about 97.5 - 99.0. This raw at 35+0'l o C with a Townsen Mercer water
, sugar is primarily for export purposes to other thermostat.
:.,countries'where it is employed for manufacture
of refined sugar. Employing this raw sugar 2 . 1 Procedure
'as the basic material, one of us (S,C G.)3
5 gms of sugar were weighed accurately"
developed recently methods of manufacture of
dissolved and the solution made upto .100 ml.
white sugar without the use of sulphur, which
with double distilled water in calibrated
are referred to as Defeco Melt crystallisation
measuring flasks. The solutions were the.n
Process I and II. According to DMCI procesg
thermostated in the water bath till, the
the raw sugar is melted and the melt ,!s used
temperature was 35,OC. The conductivity , of
for production of white sugar by recrystallisa- th e solution was then recorded.
'tion. By th'is process very good quality white
sugar corresponding to ISS grade 30 D and E 3. Results and Discussion '
is produced in number'of fact'ories. In DMC II
Table 1 gives a typical set of results on the
process, the raw sugar is magmised with water
specific conductance (X) of sugars computed
and cured again. , This sugar too is ~hite
from the follo.ving formula:
corresponding to ISS grade 29 D and E, and is
X=k+rs
produced in many factories recently~ In the
Where k is the observed conductance of the
, conductances studies reported in this communisugar' solution and s is the conductance of
"cation, these sugars were also included. '
wat'e~ and r, a correction factor (-0.9). In
Table 1 the conductance of sample 1 under "
2. Esperbnental '
refined ' sugars refers to analar SUcrose ,which
Number ' of samples of different types, of
has the minimum conductance of 0.6 x 106 ,
sugars were obtained from various factories.
mho. Among all types 'of sugar samples
Most of the~e were produced duri~g the. iast
anaiysed, this sample had the least conductseason. ' Only one Indian refined sugar sal:llple
ance, as expected.
could be obtained: In order to have a general
indication of the conductances of r~fi~~d
From the results given in Table 1 the
s~gars, a few ' saniples of ' refined sug~~~ of fo'll~ny:~ng limits of specific ' condu~ta'nces' are:
o~tain~ble for differeQt suga,rs ::.
" ,J
'
other countries'were also"analysed.
"
",
- , _
.1
. ,.
,Conductance measurements were made on

Surfass conductivity bridge. A dip , type
Refined sugars
D M C [sugars
2- 15 x 10' mho:
30- 60 "
'U
34th Proceediogs of the ~1Jsar Te-~hnQlosists~ Association of ladia.Kanpln ,~6

Plantation white
sugars
30- 100
D M C II Sugars 30- 100
Khandsari sugars 100- 300
300- 100
Raw sugan
"
,;
"
"
"
"
"
"
These limits are but tentative and serve to be

the basis for working out specifications for
different sugars.
As pointed out above while polarization
and colour determination can not give distinction among refined sugar, plantation white
sugar and khandsari "SUgar, the data in Table 1
show characteristic differences in the conductRaw sugar
ances of the various sugars.
exhibits maximum conductivity.
It may be noted that on average, D M C I

sugars had less conductance than ' plantation
white sugars, which is to be expected from the
fact that D M C I process involves recrystallisation which eliminates impurities. A few
samples of D M C I sugars had conductance
. 111
values similar to those of best plantation white

sugars, due presumably to performance in the
factories in which .these DMCI lupn were
produced.
D Mel sugars and Plauafa&le~ . white
sugars had roughly the same speCi& conductances, whitt raw sugars had maximum
This
conductance (300 - 700 x 10-1 mho).
observation that D M C II suprs which are.
produced by mere magmising with wale( and
curing the raw sugars, have very low CDDductances,. of the order of 30 - 86 x 10'" mho.
comparable witb the plantation whila- IOprs
produced by effective clarification or c:Bejuiee,
etc.~ is very interesting and sugests that the
impurities contributing to the excessive
conductivity of raw sugars are. to. a ftI)' large
extent; oriented only on the pc;rphcdar ~
of sugar crystals and apparently . . Ieescly
held so ' that they could be washed away with
ease. The distribution of the impure molasses
layers in the sugar crystals haa been studied in
detail and will be discussed else.here.
~ l' t'ii:' ,$.~4th Proceectiogs of; the :Siigat TechnologistS"
Association of India KaIipur 1966
, TABLE No.
..
..; _'"
..:
_., ~
sugars
47.6
61.7 '
', . -,2.7,
;;, '1,5,.4,:
40.5
I,
44.6
, : .. I..' ; Or9 . .. ;
" , 4.8' , . .
, ,-;8.9' ',,'
, ..' 2.~
, t 12:4
:: '
,0
",
58.7
57.0
I
,!
, 4~,4
47.9
, 60.6
55.3
I,
. , ' : 0'
White plantation sugars

52.6
66.6
92.0
45.3
106.0
48.2
5,1.0
30.0
49.5
33.50
56.0
53.5 ,
145.60
DMCII
Sugars ,
..
". '
47~2
139'.9
184.0
. ' 366..3.
", 1~0.5
247.9,
46.4
45:9
44.4
86.4
55.3
, 123.5
36().3 ,
', .:: '.. 130.6
, . '
113.0
~4.Q
~n6 .
51.7
34.1
, 47.6
Raw
Sugars
511.1
630.4
622.3
612.1
408.1
383.4
334.4
'-
148 ~8
32~ .9"
,," "
: 1~0~~,
"
Khandsari
sugars
68.1
68.1
"
,Specific conductances of Indian Sugars

Specific conductivity , x 108 . (mhos)
."
. , : '3.1 ;
.- " :....
I
.,
95.7
404 ~8
' 29 8.8 ,
282:4 .
.. ; ;
,,~,;~4;7.6
_; ':,-,; 3.~~.4 J:
..
..415.0
302.8
, i .:: ..
64.9
A '.
~.
'
REFERENCES
1. Indian standard specification for Refined Sugar. IS-1151-1958.
2.
Proceedings of Eighth Annual Convention of Sugar Technologist's Association of India.

1939-40. P.233-239,
3. Indian Sugar. Vol. XV. Jan. 1966-P-653. of NSI News. 1966. 1 (3),5.
4.
Proceedings of International Commission of Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis. 1966.
Received : 5th Sept. 66.
National Sugar Institute,

Kanpur (U.P.)
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", .
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Stai Papers 1965-66

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. PART I.

SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTS' ASSOCIATION OF INDIA.

THE SUGAll INDUSTlY

ISHWAR INDUSTRIES .- LIMITEQ

ISHWARNAGAI, NEW DR.H.

Two of the machines installed in Saraswati

SEMI-AUTOMATIC HIGH SPEED

Low Starting Torque

The Indian Sugar Ii Deneral Bngineering Corporation

THE SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTS'

This Association was started in 1925. It is an organisation of scienti(tc

The Office of th e Association is situated on pr emises kindly made ovailable

The Association endeavours to serve the Sugar Industry .

Cl . NO . ........ ........ ........... .

The Use Of Simazine Along With 2, 4-D As Weedicides In Sugarcane Fields,

Role Of Different Factors In Cane Cultivation,

On The Problem Of Low Standard Of Manuring Sugarcane In Northern India,

Elongation Of Cane In Relation To Soil Moisture During Formative Phase,

Response OF Sugarcane To Different Levels Of Manuring And Irrigation

Approximation Formulae For Evaporation Plant Calculations,

A Note On The Problem Of Production Of White Sugar Without Sulphur.

Entrainment & The Entrained Liquor,

Recovery Of Sulphur Dioxide From Stack Gases of Sulphiter,

Some Measures For Reducing The Consumption Of Sulphur During The

Theoretical Possible Recovery Of Raw Sugar In A White Sugar Factory

Harmones and Sugarcane III Respiratory Response of Sugarcane Setts to

) 3. Harmones and Sugarcane . . VI Effect of Indole -3 -acetic acid on the rate of

Mill Setling Calculations

16. Further Reduction of Sulphur consumption in Carbonation

Use Of Phosphate In The Clear Juice,

19. Clarification Factor,

ELECTED OFFICE BEARERS

' .-96S00" '"

Members of the Council

19-42- I 9-44 Lalchand Hlrachand

1936-1938 (late) K. S. Majithia

19-44-19-46 (late) R. C. Srivastava

1938 19-41 (late) Desraj Narang

19-46- I963 (late) Desral Naran&

Seth Banarsj Dass"ji

Shri Govindji Raojl

Dr. K. Douwes Dekker

The Use of Simazine along with 2,4-D as

Kirti Kar. V. S. Negi & R. p. Singh

Mathur and Singh (1962) reported that

Methods and Material

The trial was laid out with sugarcane variety

Pre emergence spray of 2,4~0 @ 2.2 Kg.

+ Simazine @ 1.1 Kg.

Pre emergence spray of 2.4-0 @ 2.2 Kg.

Pre + Post emergence application of

D- Pre emergence application of 2,4-D and

F- Pre + Post emergence spray of 2,4-D

34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966

H Normal cultivation (with usual number

Weedicides dissolved in 1125 Litres of

ments. Later on regular hoeings were done In

A-Pre 2,.4 -0 2.2. Kg. + Sim. 1.1 Kg.

Average No. Millable

34th Proceedings of the Sugar Technologists' Association of India KanpuC'l966

Millable cane formation was not at all affected

Only slight variation existed in the number of

34th Proceedings of the Suaar Technologists' Association of India Kanpur 1966

Total weight of all weeds 209,25