OpenCV Shape Detection

6/21/2016
OpenCVshapedetectionPyImageSearch
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OpenCVshapedetection
byAdrianRosebrockonFebruary8,2016inImageProcessing,OpenCV3,Tutorials
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Thistutorialisthesecondpostinourthreepartseriesonshapedetectionandanalysis.
LastweekwelearnedhowtocomputethecenterofacontourusingOpenCV.
Today,wearegoingtoleveragecontourpropertiestoactuallylabelandidentifyshapesinanimage,just
likeinthefigureatthetopofthispost.
http://www.pyimagesearch.com/2016/02/08/opencvshapedetection/
1/17
6/21/2016
Lookingforthesourcecodetothispost?
Jumprighttothedownloadssection.
OpenCVshapedetection
Beforewegetstartedwiththistutorial,letsquicklyreviewourprojectstructure:
OpenCV shape detection
1 |--- pyimagesearch
2 ||--- __init__.py
3 ||--- shapedetector.py
4 |--- detect_shapes.py
5 |--- shapes_and_colors.png
Shell
Asyoucansee,wehavedefineda pyimagesearch module.Insidethismodulewehave

shapedetector.py whichwillstoreourimplementationofthe ShapeDetector class.
Finally,wehavethe detect_shapes.py driverscriptthatwellusetoloadanimagefromdisk,analyzeit
forshapes,andthenperformshapedetectionandidentificationviathe ShapeDetector class.
Beforewegetstarted,makesureyouhavetheimutilspackageinstalledonyoursystem,aseriesof
OpenCVconveniencefunctionsthatwellbeusinglaterinthistutorial:
1 $ pip install imutils
Shell
Definingourshapedetector
Thefirststepinbuildingourshapedetectoristowritesomecodetoencapsulatetheshapeidentification
logic.
Letsgoaheadanddefineour
followingcode:
ShapeDetector
.Openupthe
shapedetector.py
fileandinsertthe
shapedetector.py
1 # import the necessary packages
2 import cv2
3
4 class ShapeDetector:
5
def __init__(self):
6
pass
7
8
def detect(self, c):
9
# initialize the shape name and approximate the contour
10
shape = "unidentified"
11
peri = cv2.arcLength(c, True)
12
approx = cv2.approxPolyDP(c, 0.04 * peri, True)
Line4startsthedefinitionofour
nothingneedstobeinitialized.
ShapeDetector
class.Wellskipthe
__init__
Python
constructorheresince
2/17
6/21/2016
Wethenhaveour detect methodonLine8whichrequiresonlyasingleargument,

outline)oftheshapewearetryingtoidentify.
,thecontour(i.e.,
Inordertoperformshapedetection,wellbeusingcontourapproximation.
Asthenamesuggests,contourapproximationisanalgorithmforreducingthenumberofpointsinacurve
withareducedsetofpointsthusthetermapproximation.
ThisalgorithmiscommonlyknownastheRamerDouglasPeuckeralgorithm,orsimplythesplitand
mergealgorithm.
Contourapproximationispredicatedontheassumptionthatacurvecanbeapproximatedbyaseriesof
shortlinesegments.Thisleadstoaresultingapproximatedcurvethatconsistsofasubsetofpointsthat
weredefinedbytheoriginalcruve.
ContourapproximationisactuallyalreadyimplementedinOpenCVviathe
cv2.approxPolyDP
method.
Inordertoperformcontourapproximation,wefirstcomputetheperimeterofthecontour(Line11),followed
byconstructingtheactualcontourapproximation(Line12).
Commonvaluesforthesecondparameterto
originalcontourperimeter.
cv2.approxPolyDP
arenormallyintherangeof15%ofthe
Note:Interestedinamoreindepthlookatcontourapproximation?Besuretocheckoutthe
PyImageSearchGuruscoursewhereIdiscusscomputervisionandimageprocessingfundamentalssuch
ascontoursandconnectedcomponentanalysisindetail.
Givenourapproximatedcontour,wecanmoveontoperformingshapedetection:
14
# if the shape is a triangle, it will have 3 vertices
15
if len(approx) == 3:
16
shape = "triangle"
17
18
# if the shape has 4 vertices, it is either a square or
19
# a rectangle
20
elif len(approx) == 4:
21
# compute the bounding box of the contour and use the
22
# bounding box to compute the aspect ratio
23
(x, y, w, h) = cv2.boundingRect(approx)
24
ar = w / float(h)
25
26
# a square will have an aspect ratio that is approximately
27
# equal to one, otherwise, the shape is a rectangle
28
shape = "square" if ar >= 0.95 and ar <= 1.05 else "rectangle"
29
30
# if the shape is a pentagon, it will have 5 vertices
31
elif len(approx) == 5:
32
shape = "pentagon"
33
34
# otherwise, we assume the shape is a circle
35
else:
36
shape = "circle"
37
Python
3/17
6/21/2016
38
39
# return the name of the shape

return shape
Itsimportanttounderstandthatacontourconsistsofalistofvertices.Wecancheckthenumberof
entriesinthislisttodeterminetheshapeofanobject.
Forexample,iftheapproximatedcontourhasthreevertices,thenitmustbeatriangle(Lines15and16).
Ifacontourhasfourvertices,thenitmustbeeitherasquareorarectangle(Line20).Todeterminewhich,
wecomputetheaspectratiooftheshape,whichissimplythewidthofthecontourboundingboxdividedby
theheight(Lines23and24).Iftheaspectratiois~1.0,thenweareexaminingasquare(sinceallsides
haveapproximatelyequallength).Otherwise,theshapeisarectangle.
Ifacontourhasfivevertices,wecanlabelitasapentagon(Line31and32).
Otherwise,byprocessofelimination(incontextofthisexample,ofcourse),wecanmaketheassumption
thattheshapeweareexaminingisacircle(Lines35and36).
Finally,wereturntheidentifiedshapetothecallingmethod.
ShapedetectionwithOpenCV
Nowthatour
ShapeDetector
classhasbeendefined,letscreatethe
detect_shapes.py
driverscript:

1 # import the necessary packages
Free21daycrashcourseoncomputer
2 from pyimagesearch.shapedetector import ShapeDetector
vision&imagesearchengines
3 import argparse
4 import imutils
5 import cv2
6
7 # construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
8 ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
9 ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
10
help="path to the input image")
11 args = vars(ap.parse_args())
Free21daycrashcourse
oncomputervision&
imagesearchengines
Python
Interestedincomputervisionandimagesearch
WestartoffonLines25byimportingourrequiredpackages.Noticehowwereimportingour
engines,butdon'tknowwheretostart?Letme
implementationofthe ShapeDetector classfromthe shapedetector
submoduleof pyimagesearch .
help.I'vecreatedafree,21daycrashcoursethat
ishandtailoredtogiveyouthebestpossible
Lines811handleparsingourcommandlinearguments.Weonlyneedasingleswitchhere,
--image ,
introductiontocomputervision.Soundgood?Enter
whichisthepathtowheretheimagewewanttoprocessresidesondisk.
youremailbelowtostartyourjourneytobecoming
Nextup,letspreprocessourimage:
acomputervisionmaster.
EmailAddress

13 # load the image and resize it to a smaller factor so that
14 # the shapes can be approximated better
LET'SDOIT!
15 image = cv2.imread(args["image"])
16 resized = imutils.resize(image, width=300)
17 ratio = image.shape[0] / float(resized.shape[0])
18
19 # convert the resized image to grayscale, blur it slightly,
20 # and threshold it
Python
4/17
6/21/2016
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
gray = cv2.cvtColor(resized, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray, (5, 5), 0)
thresh = cv2.threshold(blurred, 60, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)[1]
# find contours in the thresholded image and initialize the

# shape detector
cnts = cv2.findContours(thresh.copy(), cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,
cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
cnts = cnts[0] if imutils.is_cv2() else cnts[1]
sd = ShapeDetector()
First,weloadourimagefromdiskonLine15andresizeitonLine16.Wethenkeeptrackofthe ratio
oftheoldheighttothenewresizedheightonLine17wellfindoutexactlywhywedothislaterinthe
tutorial.
Fromthere,Lines2123handleconvertingtheresizedimagetograyscale,smoothingittoreducehigh
frequencynoise,andfinallythresholdingittorevealtheshapesintheimage.
Afterthresholding,ourimageshouldlooklikethis:
Free21daycrashcourseoncomputer
vision&imagesearchengines
Free21daycrashcourse
oncomputervision&
imagesearchengines
Interestedincomputervisionandimagesearch
engines,butdon'tknowwheretostart?Letme
help.I'vecreatedafree,21daycrashcoursethat
ishandtailoredtogiveyouthebestpossible
introductiontocomputervision.Soundgood?Enter
Figure1:Thresholdingrevealstheshapesinourimage.
youremailbelowtostartyourjourneytobecoming
acomputervisionmaster.
Noticehowourimagehasbeenbinarizedtheshapesappearasawhiteforegroundagainstablack
background.
EmailAddress
Lastly,wefindcontoursinourbinaryimage,handlegrabbingthecorrecttuplevaluefrom
LET'SDOIT!
cv2.findContours basedonourOpenCVversion,andfinallyinitializeour ShapeDetector (Lines2730).
Thelaststepistoidentifyeachofthecontours:
5/17
6/21/2016

32 # loop over the contours
33 for c in cnts:
34
# compute the center of the contour, then detect the name of the
35
# shape using only the contour
36
M = cv2.moments(c)
37
cX = int((M["m10"] / M["m00"]) * ratio)
38
cY = int((M["m01"] / M["m00"]) * ratio)
39
shape = sd.detect(c)
40
41
# multiply the contour (x, y)-coordinates by the resize ratio,
42
# then draw the contours and the name of the shape on the image
43
c = c.astype("float")
44
c *= ratio
45
c = c.astype("int")
46
cv2.drawContours(image, [c], -1, (0, 255, 0), 2)
47
cv2.putText(image, shape, (cX, cY), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,
48
0.5, (255, 255, 255), 2)
49
50
# show the output image
51
cv2.imshow("Image", image)
52
cv2.waitKey(0)
Python
OnLine33westartloopingovereachoftheindividualcontours.Foreachofthem,wecomputethecenter
ofthecontour,followedbyperformingshapedetectionandlabeling.
Sinceweareprocessingthecontoursextractedfromtheresizedimage(ratherthantheoriginalimage),we
needtomultiplythecontoursandcenter(x,y)coordinatesbyourresize ratio (Lines4345).Thiswill
giveusthecorrect(x,y)coordinatesforboththecontoursandcentroidoftheoriginalimage.
Lastly,wedrawthecontoursandthelabeledshapeonourimage(Lines4448),followedbydisplayingour
results(Lines51and52).
Toseeourshapedetectorinaction,justexecutethefollowingcommand:
1 $ python detect_shapes.py --image shapes_and_colors.png
Shell
6/17
6/21/2016
Figure2:PerformingshapedetectionwithOpenCV.
Asyoucanseefromtheanimationabove,ourscriptloopsovereachoftheshapesindividually,performs
shapedetectiononeachone,andthendrawsthenameoftheshapeontheobject.
Summary
Intodayspostblog,welearnedhowtoperformshapedetectionwithOpenCVandPython.
Toaccomplishthis,weleveragedcontourapproximation,theprocessofreducingthenumberofpointsona
curvetoamoresimpleapproximatedversion.
Then,basedonthiscontourapproximation,weexaminedthenumberofverticeseachshapehas.Given
thevertexcount,wewereabletoaccuratelylabeleachoftheshapes.
Thislessonispartofathreepartseriesonshapedetectionandanalysis.Lastweekwecoveredhowto
computethecenterofacontour.TodaywecoveredshapedetectionwithOpenCV.Andnextweekwell
discusshowtolabeltheactualcolorofashapeusingcolorchannelstatistics.
Besuretoenteryouremailaddressintheformbelowtobenotifiedwhenthenextpostgoesliveyou
wontwanttomissit!
7/17
6/21/2016
Downloads:
Ifyouwouldliketodownloadthecodeandimagesusedinthispost,pleaseenteryour
emailaddressintheformbelow.Notonlywillyougeta.zipofthecode,Illalsosend
youaFREE11pageResourceGuideonComputerVisionandImageSearch
Engines,includingexclusivetechniquesthatIdontpostonthisblog!Soundgood?If
so,enteryouremailaddressandIllsendyouthecodeimmediately!
Emailaddress:
Youremailaddress
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approximatecontours,contourproperties,contours,findcontours,shapes
OpenCVcenterofcontour
DeterminingobjectcolorwithOpenCV
27ResponsestoOpenCVshapedetection
leenaFebruary9,2016at5:59am#
REPLY
Whyitisscanningandlabelingfrombottomtotop?
Howtotoscanandlabeltoptobottom?
8/17
6/21/2016
AdrianRosebrockFebruary9,2016at3:54pm#
REPLY
Thatishowthecv2.findContoursmethodisimplemented.Ifyouwouldliketosort
contours,seethispost.
REPLY
ThanksAdrian.ItworkedandIamabletoscanfromtoptobottom.
Pleasehelpmeinidentifyinglinesconnectedwithtwoshapeslikeinaflowchart,2boxesare
connectedwithline/arrow
withregards.
REPLY
Ihavedonethesamewith
shapefactor=area/(peri*peri)
ifshapefactor>=0.06andshapefactor=0.0484andshapefactor=0.050andshapefactor=0.032and
shapefactor=0.95andar<=1.05else"rectangle"
REPLY
Isthereaparticularreasonyouaretakingtheratiooftheareatotheperimetersquared?
Itseemstomaketherulemorecomplicated.
leenaFebruary10,2016at11:11pm#
REPLY
ActuallyIdonotknowthereason,justitgotsolvedmyproblem,soItookit.Youor
somebodycanhelpmeunderstandingthisandthebettersolution.
Thanks
VincentFebruary18,2016at3:41pm#
REPLY
HiAdrian,
Firstandforemost,thankyouforthisexcellenttutorial.Veryusefulandinformative.
9/17
6/21/2016
Ihaveusedthelogicheretodetectredtrianglesinawebcamfeed.Ihavealsotweakedthe
shapedetectorclasstoidentifyonlytriangles.Iamabletosuccessfullyidentifyaredtriangle.
http://imgur.com/6Z9CnBA
Ivenoticedthatsometimesaverymessycontourwillbeclassifiedincorrectlyasatriangle.
http://imgur.com/4a06psM
Whatwouldbeagoodwaytotweakthis?
http://pastie.org/10727912
http://pastie.org/10727915
REPLY
Keepinmindthatthecodeisonlyasgoodastheimagesthatyouputintoit.Thecode
detailedinthispostassumessimpleshapesthatcanberecognizedutilizingcontourproperties.For
moreadvancedshapes,orshapesthathavesubstantialvariancesinhowtheyappear(suchas
noisycontours),youmightneedtotrainyourowncustomobjectdetector.
Anyway,thereasonsometimesevenmessycontoursgetclassifieddifferentlyisduetothecontour
approximation.Playaroundwiththepercentageusedincv2.approxPolyDPandyoullbeableto
seethedifferences.
PengMarch4,2016at7:49pm#
REPLY
HiAdrian,
Thankyouformakingthis.Alittlefeedbackontheimagefile.
Inoticethatifusinga.jpgfileasthesource,themoment(cnt)willnotgetacorrectvalue.
Itreportanerror:
cntX=int(M[m10]/M[m00])
ZeroDivisionError:floatdivisionbyzero
Anyideasonthis?
Thanks
AdrianRosebrockMarch6,2016at9:20am#
REPLY
VersionversionofOpenCVandPythonareyouusing?
Ineithercase,youcanresolvetheissuebydoing:
1 if M["m00"] > 0:
10/17
6/21/2016
2 # ... continue to process the contour
Thisifstatementwilltakecareofthedividebyzeroerror.
Alternatively,youcanaddatinyvaluetothemomenttoensurethereisnodividebyzeroproblem:
cX=(M["c10"]/(M["m00"]+1e7))
EuanMarch10,2016at10:00pm#
REPLY
HiAdrian,
Firstlythanksforagreattutorialandsite.ImamechanicalengineerandnoobtoopenCV,pythonand
linuxandhavemanagedtogetopenCV3.0andpython2.7setupthankstoyourtutorialhere.
http://www.pyimagesearch.com/2015/06/22/installopencv30andpython27onubuntu/
Inordertogetthiscoderunningonmysetup,Ineededtomodifyfloatonline17tointasitwas
causingcastproblemsonline43c*=ratio.Ibelievethisisprobablyduetoanupdateofhowpython
worksfromhowitworkedwhenyouwrotethistutorial.Isthisthecase?
REPLY
Interesting,Brandonmentionedthisissueinacommentabove.WhichversionofOpenCV
andNumPyareyouusing?
brandonMarch11,2016at4:20pm#
REPLY
Adrian,greatstuff.Ivelearnedalotfromyourblog,andplanonpurchasingthebooksoon.I
wasworkingthroughthispostfornow,andImgettingthefollowingtracebackerror:
1 File "detect_shapes.py", line 46, in

2 c *= ratio
3 TypeError: Cannot cast ufunc multiply output from dtype('float64') to dtype('int32') with
REPLY
Ipersonallyhaventseenthiserrormessagebefore.CanyouletmeknowwhichOpenCV
andNumPyversionsyouareusing?
BrandonMarch14,2016at12:28pm#
REPLY
11/17
6/21/2016
numpyis1.10.4,andithappenswithbothOpenCV2.4.12and3.1.0(inavirtualenv,
thankstoanotherofyourtutorials)underPython2.7onOSX10.11.3
Theworkaroundwassimplytoadjustdatatypespreandpostmultiplication:
c=c.astype(np.float_)
c*=ratio
c=c.astype(np.int32)
Itworksnow.
AdrianRosebrockMarch14,2016at3:15pm#
REPLY
ThanksforthetipBrandon!Illbesuretodiveintothismore.ImusingNumPy
1.9.3,soperhapsthisisanissuewithNumPy1.10.X.
AhmedAbdeldaimMarch24,2016at10:30am#
REPLY
GreatworkMr.Adrian
butisthereawaytomaketheselectionmoresofter,forexamplebyreducepointsize??
orthisisthebestresult??
AdrianRosebrockMarch24,2016at5:10pm#
REPLY
Absolutely,youjustneedtoapplycontourapproximationfirst.Idetailcontour
approximationinafewblogposts,butIwouldstartwiththisone.
AhmedAbdeldaimMarch26,2016at4:05pm#
REPLY
Thanksforyourhelp.
darshanMarch26,2016at2:09am#
REPLY
howtoinstallimutilsmodule
IusedpipinstallimutilsImgettingerror
REPLY
12/17
6/21/2016
PleaseseetheOpenCVshapedetectionsectionofthisblogpost.Youjustneedtouse
pip
$pipinstallimutils
firozkhanApril23,2016at10:42am#
REPLY
hiadrianitisonlydetctingonepentagonandnothingelse
AdrianRosebrockApril25,2016at2:09pm#
REPLY
Makesureyouclickonthewindowandpressanykeyonyourkeyboardthiswill
advancethescript.Rightnowakeypressisrequiredaftereachdetection.
DiegoFernandoBarriosApril29,2016at5:08pm#
REPLY
Goodafthernoon!
Thanksverymuchforthistutotrial,youredoingagreatandutilwork.
Friend,Ihaveaproblemwithcontourdetection,whenIchangetheimage,theprojectdontwork(Im
usingablackbackground,ItaketheimagefromUSBcamera).Inothaveproblemwiththeimagepath.
Thepythonscriptsshouldrecognize(9ninerectangles)butjustoneisrecognized
Sorryforthewriting,myenglishisnotsogood.
Iwouldlikethatyoucanhelpme.Imworkinginmyworkgrade.
Thanksverymuch!
AdrianRosebrockApril30,2016at3:55pm#
REPLY
Dependingonyourimage,thiscouldbeanissuewithsegmentationand/orthecontours.
Makesurethatafterthresholdingyour9rectangleshavebeenclearlysegmented.Fromthere,
moveontothecontourapproximationandseehowmanypointsarereturnedbythe
approximation.Youmightneedtotweakthecv2.approxPolyDPparameters.
itaiMay8,2016at4:24am#
REPLY
HeyAdrian,
13/17
6/21/2016
IwaswonderingwhydidyouusetheRamerDouglasPeuckeralgorithmtoreducethesetofpoints,
insteadofusingtheconvexhull?
Thanks
AdrianRosebrockMay8,2016at8:12am#
REPLY
ThecontourapproximationalgorithmandConvexHullalgorithmareusedfortwoseparate
purposes.Asthenameimplies,contourapproximationisusedtoreducethenumberofpoints
alongacontourbysimplifyingthecontourbasedonapercentageoftheperimeter.Yourresulting
contourapproximationisthisasimplificationoftheshapebyutilizingpointsthatarealreadypartof
theshape.
Theconvexhullontheotherhandisthesmallestconvexsetthatcontainsallpointsalongthe
contouritis,bydefinition,notasimplificationofthecontourshapeandtheresultingconvexhull
actuallycontainspointsthatarenotpartoftheoriginalshape.
Inthiscase,IusedcontourapproximationbecauseIwantedtoreducethenumberof(x,y)
coordinatesthatcomprisethecontour,whileensuringthatallpointsintheresultingapproximation
werealsopartoftheoriginalshape.
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6/21/2016

Asyoucansee,wehavedefineda pyimagesearch module.Insidethismodulewehave

Wethenhaveour detect methodonLine8whichrequiresonlyasingleargument,

# return the name of the shape

OpenCV shape detection

gray = cv2.cvtColor(resized, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# find contours in the thresholded image and initialize the

OpenCV shape detection

2 # ... continue to process the contour

1 File "detect_shapes.py", line 46, in

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