Uniforms of La Grande Arme

A General of Division, followed by an Aide-de-camp.

Napoleon I. When he became First Consul and later Emperor,

Napoleon eschewed his generals uniform and habitually wore
the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the
Chasseur Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often
served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel
of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings
and red cus). This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those
around him.

National Guard and the white uniforms of seasoned veterans from the old Royal army. The blue dress was named
the National Uniform and was worn by all line infantry
by 1796. While headgear and details in cut changed, the
uniform remained almost completely the same from the
beginning of the French Revolution.
The uniform was made of a blue coat, red piped white
collar and cus, white piped red lapels, blue piped red
cu aps and shoulder straps, white turnbacks piped red,
and brass buttons. Only the brass buttons had the units
identication numbers stamped on them. The lapels were
fastened at the upper chest but sloped away below. The
hat, a black felt bicorne, was the standard infantry headdress at some of Napoleons greatest battles. In 1807,
the hat was replaced by the shako, which was made of
black felt, chevron on the side and visor, a brass diamond
shaped plate stamped with the Imperial eagle over the
units regimental number, white cords, and brass chin
scales. Napoleon experimented with a few units by reintroducing white coats with facings of dierent colours
specic to each unit (reminiscent of the old Royal armys
coats), but these proved unpopular.[1]

The uniforms of La Grande Arme, the army of

Napoleon I, are described in this article.

1
1.1

Troops of the Line

Infantry of the Line and light infantry

Main articles: Fusilier, Grenadier, Voltigeur, Chasseur,

and Carabinier
From 1793, the uniforms of the demi-brigades of the
line infantry wore the blue National Uniform that was
to be worn by all soldiers. However, for a long time, line Some units added pompons to the shako as well as
infantry were a mix of the new blue coats worn by the plumes. Many units had pompoms with a houpette and
1

1 TROOPS OF THE LINE

Voltigeur and carabinier of the light infantry.

cross. The epaulettes broadened their shoulders and the

tall bearskins made them look even taller. Moustaches
were also mandatory. There were several variations that
Grenadier (left) and voltigeur (right) of the line infantry.
included a blue and red quartered back, white cords and
a peak. This variations headdress was a bicorne with a
the center generally colored white with the company red pompom.
number printed in black or red. The diamond shaped Voltigeurs wore a yellow-bu collar, green epaulettes
plate with the regimental was most common, but some with a yellow crescent, and yellow-bu bugle horns on
units had the shape of an eagle or the rising sun.
the turnbacks. From 1804, they wore shakos, but some
In 1812, the cut of the coat was changed into a coatee
that included short tails, a blue crowned N on the turnbacks, and the lapels fastened down to the waist and cut
square. The waistcoat was made higher and was therefore not visible. The black gaiters came up to below the
knees. The plate on the shako was now a crowned eagle
over a semicircle with the regimental number inscribed
on it.

had bicorne hats with green pompoms and a yellow brush.

By 1807, all Voltigeurs had a shako which could be plain
black, and have a yellow top or bottom band, or have yellow chevrons, green cords, and an all-green plume or a
green plume with a yellow tip.

The Grenadiers uniform was almost exactly the same as

that of the fusiliers, except for red epaulettes and grenades
worn on the turnbacks. They wore a bearskin cap with a
brass plate stamped with a aming grenade on the front,
red cords and plume, and a red back patch with a white

of other ranks but in gold, while the battalion sta had

grenades. Instead of gaiters, they wore black boots. Ofcers bicornes had gold cockade loops and sometimes
gold tassels at the end. Bearskin caps had gold cords,
and a plate and cross on the back patch. Shakos had

Every regiment had a squad of Sappers who were generally dressed as grenadiers with red epaulettes and a cross
axes badge on the upper sleeves, a bearskin cap with red
Infantrymen carried the 1777 charleville musket that had cords and feather but no plate. They were equipped with a
a bayonet with a 406 mm blade. The black leather M. long leather apron, white gauntlet gloves, and an axe with
1801 cartridge box held 35 rounds of ammunition and a brass mounted handle. It was customary for sappers to
was carried by a white bu shoulder belt; that for fusiliers grow beards.
had a frog for the bayonet. The cartridge box ap gener- Ocers wore the same uniform as their men but it was
ally had a white linen cover and the forage cap was rolled of better quality. Their brass buttons were gilt, they had
under the box with red tassel hanging out. The M. 1801 epaulettes according to their rank, and, on duty, they had
knapsack was made of cow hide with two straps (later a gilt gorget with a silver badge, generally a crowned eathree straps) to hold the rolled greatcoat on the top.
gle. Their turnback ornaments were identical to those

1.2

Heavy Cavalry

gilt plates and chin scales, gold bands and sometimes

chevrons. Plumes and pompons were colored in the companys color or white if on regimental sta. Drummers
had basically the same uniform as their company with
tricolor, yellow, or orange lace edgings, red wings edged
with lace, and a bass drum with medium blue hoops and
white belts.

1.2
1.2.1

Heavy Cavalry
Carabiniers

Main article: Carabiniers--Cheval

The corps of Carabiniers was a group of heavy cavalry

Horse carabinier as of 1809

Trumpeters wore reversed colors, a red coat with a red

collar, silver cus edged blue, lapels and turnbacks, silver and blue epaulettes, as well as other items described
above.
In 1809, their uniforms were completely modied and
saw the introduction of helmets and cuirasses. They
wore an all-white uniform with light blue facings and red
paulettes. They wore a brass cuirass and a brass helmet with a red woolen crest named chenille (caterpillar,
in French), a sealskin turban, black leather visor and brass
chin scales.
1.2.2 Cuirassiers

Horse carabiniers uniform before 1809

Main article: Cuirassier

The Cuirassier's uniform consisted of a blue coat with
long tails until 1804, when all Cuirassier regiments began to wear cuirasses and helmets. The helmet was made
of polished steel with brass comb, a black mane, a black
cow-hide turban, black visor edged with brass, a red
plume in a small brass socket on the left side, and brass
chin scales. Senior ocers had white plumes and gilded
brass. The cuirass had front and back plates made of polished steel and had leather straps with brass scales, brass
studs and ttings and the cuirass lining was edged with
white in all regiments. Cuirassiers were armed with a
straight-bladed cavalry sword, carbine and a pistol from
1806.

originally created by Louis XIV. From 1791 to 1809,

their uniforms consisted of a blue coat with a blue piped
red collar, red cus, lapels and turnbacks with white
grenades, red epaulattes with edged white straps, red cu
aps for the 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the 2nd;
pewter buttons, a white waistcoast, bu breeches, high
boots, a black bearskin cap, white cords, a red patch
with a white cross, a red plume, metal white chin scales
from 1809, yellow-bu edged white belts, white gauntlet
gloves, blue cloaks, and white sheepskin edged red. They
wore white long gaiters for service on foot and blue overalls for undress. Carabiniers were armed with a dragoon The uniform of the trumpeters from 1804 consisted of a
musket with a bayonet and sword. The regiments rode helmet with a red or white mane, a blue single-breasted
black horses while trumpeters rode greys.
coatee with cus and a collar edged with silver or white

1 TROOPS OF THE LINE

A Dragoon and a sapper of the dragoon of the line

French Cuirassier

helmet with a brass crest, a black helmet mane, a sealskin

turban, black leather visor, the plume varied (see below),
brass chin scales, a bearskin cap with a red plume, red
and white cords, a red back panel with a white cross, red
epaulettes for elite companies, a green surtout and green
stable jacket, a green forage cap piped the facing color,
white lace and grenade, white duck trousers, grey overalls
with buttons on the side, white gauntlet gloves, an owhite cloak, and green housing edged white with white
number. Sappers wore bearskin caps with red cords,
plumes, and a back panel with a white cross, red epaulattes, red crossed axes on the upper sleeves, and a white or
bu apron.

lace, and white lace at buttonholes on the front. Before

1810, the trumpeters of the 1st and 4th trumpeters had a
white helmet mane, a red plume, a red coatee, red collar
and cus edged silver, white turnbacks with red grenades,
seven laces on the chests, and red epaulettes. The 6th regiment in circa 1810-1812 wore a white helmet mane and
red plume, a blue coatee with orange edged silver cus
and collar, red epaulattes with a white crescent, and orange laces on the chest. The 7th regiment wore a yellow
coatee and the 8th regiment wore an orange one. The
13th regiment, in 1812, wore a white helmet mane, a
From February 1812, the coatee remained the same
wine red coatee with ve white laces in front. They did
colour while plumes were no longer issued for helmets.
not wear the cuirass and were mounted on white and gray
Instead, pompoms coloured red, sky blue, orange, and vihorses.
olet were issued for the rst company of each squadron.
These same colors were used for the white centre of the
second companies. They were armed with a Dragoon
1.3 Line cavalry
musket with a bayonet and a sword.
Ocers wore silver buttons and lace, gilded brass on their
helmets, a turban of leopard fur (usually an imitation) that
often went over the visor, and white plumes for the senior
Main article: Dragoon
The uniform of the Dragoon consisted of a green coat ocers.
with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, Trumpeters wore reversed colors, facing sometimes
and the collar, cus, cu aps, and piping edging the fac- edged with white lace, a coat often single-breasted with
ings either of the facings color or green depending on white buttonholes in front, no cu aps, white epaulettes,
the regiment, green shoulder straps piped with the fac- and a white of red mane on the helmet. The same dress
ing color, yet many regiments wore white epaulattes in- was used for the Foot Dragoons but with brass drums with
stead, turnbacks with green grenades, pewter buttons, a blue hoops instead of trumpets. They rode white and grey
white waistcoat and breeches, black long boots, a brass horses.
1.3.1

Dragoons

1.5
1.3.2

Line artillery

Chevau-legers lanciers

Main article: Chevau-lger

The uniform of the light cavalry (or chevau-legers) of the

Hussar of the 4th regiment

2nd Chevau-lger of the line

from wearing due to the extensive riding in the saddle.

On the outside of such breeches, running up the outside
was a row of buttons, and sometimes a stripe in a different colour. A shako or fur busby was worn as headwear. The colours of dolman, pelisse and breeches varied greatly by regiment, even within the same army. The
French hussar of the Napoleonic period was armed with
a brass hilted sabre and sometimes with a brace of pistols
although these were often unavailable.

line consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels

of the regimental facing color, which could be crimson,
red, blue, pink or yellow. The collar and cus were of the
facings color, the green shoulder straps and the breeches
were piped with the facing color. the uniform comprised pewter buttons, black boots, a brass helmet with
a brass crest supporting a woolen crest named chenille
(caterpillar, in French), a sealskin turban, black leather
visor, brass chin scales and red epaulettes for elite companies.
1.4.2 Horse Chasseurs

1.4
1.4.1

Light cavalry

Horse chasseurs colour scheme:

Hussars

The uniform of the Napoleonic hussars included the

pelisse: a short fur edged jacket which was often worn
slung over one shoulder in the style of a cape, and was fastened with a cord. This garment was extensively adorned
with braiding (often gold or silver for ocers) and several rows of multiple buttons. Under it was worn the dolman or tunic which was also decorated in braid. On active service the hussar normally wore reinforced breeches
which had leather on the inside of the leg to prevent them

1.5 Line artillery

1.5.1 Foot artillery
The uniform of the Foot artillerists of the line was made
of a blue coat, red cus, red lapels, blue piped red cu
aps, red paulettes and brass buttons. Their breeches
were blue with black (winter) or white (summer) gaiters.
They wore a shako with a red plume.

2 TROOPS OF THE IMPERIAL GUARD

cords and plume. The Horse artillerists could wear a simplied version that was very similar to that of the Foot
artillerists.

1.6 Line Train

The uniform of the soldiers of the train was made of a
light blue-grey coat and bu breeches. The facings were
dark blue for the artillery train or brown for the baggage
train. Soldiers of the train wore a shako with a light bluegrey or red plume (or pompons). Their buttons and other
metallic elements were silver.

2 Troops of the Imperial Guard

Chasseur cheval

Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard (private and ocer)

2.1 Infantry of the Imperial Guard

Soldier of the train and foot artillerist of the line

1.5.2

Horse artillery

The uniform of the Horse artillerists of the line was made

of a hussar-style blue coat with red braids, red cus and
brass buttons. They wore blue piped red hussar-style
breeches, black hussar boots and a black shako with red

2.1.1 Grenadiers of the Old Guard

The uniform of the Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard was
very similar to that of the Grenadier of the line : Both
were made of a blue coat, red piped white cus, white
piped red lapels, blue piped red cu aps, red paulettes
and brass buttons. The most notable dierence was the
headgear : Grenadiers of the Guard wore a tall bearskin
cap with a brass plate stamped with the Imperial eagle,

2.1

Infantry of the Imperial Guard

with white cords and red plume, and a red patch with a
golden grenade on the top of the bearskin. Other differences include the blue collar of the Guard Grenadiers
(instead of red pipped white collar for Line grenadiers)
and longer red turnbacks with gold grenades (instead of
white turnbacks piped red with red grenades).
2.1.2

Chasseurs pied of the Old Guard

Voltigeur (left) and Tirailleur (right) of the Young Guard

A NCO in walking out dress and a private in full parade dress of

the Chasseurs of the Old guard

2.1.3

Fusiliers-Grenadiers of the Middle Guard

2.1.4

Fusiliers-Chasseurs of the Middle Guard

2.1.5

Voltigeurs and Tirailleurs of the Young

Guard

2.1.6

Marines

Raised from sailors of the French navy who had distinguished themselves, the battalion of Marins wore a distinctive, elaborate uniform resembling that of the hussars.
Their ocers bore titles of rank derived from their
seagoing compatriots, and the overall commander of the Marine of the Guard
marines bore the rank of Capitaine de Vaisseau. Their
duties including manning boats and other watercaft used

2 TROOPS OF THE IMPERIAL GUARD

by the Emperor. The Marines of the Imperial Guard

wore blue vest and trousers piped aurore (orange-gold).
They had aurore hussar-style braids on their tunic, gold
epaulettes and red cus. Their shako was black piped aurore with a red plume.

2.2
2.2.1

Cavalry of the Imperial Guard

Horse grenadiers

Main article: Grenadiers Cheval de la Garde Impriale

Empress Dragoon

2.2.3 Chasseurs Cheval de la Garde Impriale

Further information: Chasseurs Cheval de la Garde Impriale
The uniform of the Horse chasseurs of the Guards was
very similar to the hussar uniform, comprising pelisse
and Busby, but the unvariating color of the dolman and
breeches was green with a collar piped of gold. Their
pelisses and cus were red pipped with gold. The plume
of their busby was red-over-green.
Horse grenadier

2.2.2

It was the Chasseurs that usually provided personal escort

to Napoleon, and he often wore the non-Hussar uniform
of a colonel of their regiment in recognition of this service.

Empress dragoons

Main article: Dragons de la Garde Impriale

The Dragoon Guards wore green coats with white lapels
and red turnbacks. They also wore aurore (light orange)
aiguilettes and epaulettes. They wore brass helmets with
a long black mane, a simulated leopard fur turban and a
red plume. They rode chestnut horses.
The trumpeters wore a light blue tunic with white lappels
and crimson turnbacks and collar. The mane on their helmets was white and the plume was light blue. They wore
grey horses. They also had a white uniform for parade,
consisting of a white coat with light blue lappels and collar lined with gold.

2.2.4 Lancers (or chevaux-lgers)

2.2.5 Mamelukes
The Mamelukes wore the following uniform:
Before 1804: The only uniform part was the green
cahouk (hat), white turban, and red saroual (baggy
trousers),[2] all to be worn with a loose shirt and a vest.[3]
Boots were of yellow, red, or tan soft leather. Weapons
consisted of an Oriental scimitar, a brace of pistols in
a holder decorated with a brass crescent and star, and a
dagger.

2.3

Artillery of the Imperial Guard

9
After 1804: The cahouk became red with a brass crescent
and star, and the shirt was closed and had a collar. The
main change was the addition of a regulation chasseurstyle saddle cloth and roll, imperial green in color, piped
red, with a red and white fringe. The saddle and harness
remained Arabic in style. The undress uniform was as for
the Chasseurs--Cheval of the Guard, but of a dark blue
cloth.
2.2.6 Elite Gendarmes
Further information: Gendarmes d'lite de la Garde
Impriale
The Gendarmes d'lite wore a blue coat with red lappels, cus and turnbacks. The collar and cu aps were
red piped blue. They wore bu breeches, waistcoat and
gloves. They had white aiguillettes and clover-shaped
epaulettes. They wore a tall bearskin cap with a visor,
topped by a red round cloth patch nicknamed cul-de-singe
(monkey bottom) with a white grenade embroidered on
it. They rode black horses.

Chasseur cheval of the Guard

The trumpeter wore the same uniform bu with reversed

colours. They rode grey horses.
In 1815, crested helmets with black manes (red for trumpeters) were introduced but not completed, so the Gendarmes d'lite fought their last campaign with mixed
headgears.

2.3 Artillery of the Imperial Guard

2.3.1 Foot artillery
2.3.2 Horse artillery

3 Others
3.1 Engineers
3.2 Medical service

4 Insignia
4.1 Ranks

Polish lancer of the Imperial Guard

Hussar insignia was represented with elaborate

curved embroidered chevrons in gold lace on the
lower sleeve of the wearers coat and pelisse extending from the cu to the elbow of the wearer. Ocers chevrons had the point facing up. Warrant ofcers and NCOs were the same, but less elaborate.

10

4.1.1

4 INSIGNIA
The Hussar system later became the insignia
of French ocers from the rank of Colonel to
below.

Caporal-fourrier (infantry) or brigadierfourrier (cavalry): two yellow stripes (or

chevrons) + one gold (or siler) stripe on the
upper left sleeve

Ocers

Caporal (infantry) or brigadier (cavalry): two

yellow stripes (or chevrons)

High-ranking ocers wore customized uniforms with

various embellishments in embroideries.

Soldat (infantry) or brigadier (cavalry): No insignia

The eld ocers generally wore a gorget and epaulettes

which could be in silver or gold, depending on the corps
but according to the buttons. They also wore a plume or 4.2
a pompon of dierent colours on their headgear.

Galons d'anciennet

Colonel: two epaulettes with thick fringes +

white plume
Major: two epaulettes with thick fringes and
silver shoulder straps (or in gold if the buttons
were silver) + red and white plume
Chef de Bataillon (infantry) or Chef de Brigade
(cavalry) : the left epaulette with thick fringes
and the right epaulette without fringes + red
plume
Capitaine-adjudant-major: the right epaulette
with thin fringes and the left epaulette without
fringes + white pompon
Capitaine: the left epaulette with thin fringes
and the right epaulette without fringes + pompon of the company colour
Lieutenant: the left epaulette with thin fringes
and the right epaulette without fringes + one
red stripe along each stap + pompon of the
company colour
Sous-lieutenant: the left epaulette with thin
fringes and the right epaulette without fringes
+ two red stripes along each strap + pompon of
the company colour
4.1.2

Sous-ociers (non-commissioned ocers)

The NCO wore coloured stripes on both lower sleeves if

the cus were horizontal, or chevrons if the cus were
pointy. Except for the adjudant, the NCO did not wear
epaulettes, except if they were part of an lite rgiment.
Adjudant: the left epaulette with thin fringes
and the right epaulette without fringes + red
shoulder straps with two gold (or silver) stripes
along each strap
Sergent-major (infantry) or Marchal des logis (cavalry): two gold (or silver) stripes (or
chevrons)
Sergent (infantry) or Marchal des logis (cavalry): one gold (or silver) stripe (or chevron)

Grenadier of the Old Guard wearing on his left shoulders two

veteran chevrons representing 15 to 20 years of service

The Galons d'anciennet (Veterans Braid) were long

service awards in the form of cloth braid chevrons (nicknamed Brisques, or Breaks) worn on the upper left
sleeve to indicate seniority. Veteran troops that had
earned them were nicknamed Briscards (One Who Has
Breaks).

11
1 Chevron = 10-15 Years service.
2 Chevrons = 15-20 Years service.
3 Chevrons = 20-25 Years of service.
Some soldiers in the Guard were awarded a fourth
chevron (more than 30 years of service), but they were
very few.

4.3

Speciality insignia

Etat-major et Service de Sante; Vol. 8. Gardes

d'Honneur et Troupes Etrangeres; Vol. 9. La Maison de l'Empereur; Vol. 10. Fanfares et Musiques
des troupes a Cheval 1640-1940. (Color Illustrations of uniforms by Benigni, Boisselier, Feirst, Giffard, Hilpert, Huen, Job, Lapeyre, Laroux, Rene
Louis, Rousseltot, Toussaint.)
Haythornthwaite, Philip & Cassin-Scott. Uniforms
of the Napoleonic Wars in Colour 1796 - 1814.
Blandford, 1973.

Some soldiers wore speciality insignia such as horseshoes

for farriers or two crossed axes for sappers

Haythornthwaite, Philip & Chappell, Michael. Uniforms of 1812: Napoleons Retreat from Moscow.
Blandford, 1982.

4.4

Haythornthwaite, Philip. Uniforms of Waterloo in

Color, 1618 June 1815. Blandford, 1974.

Musicians

In Ancien Rgime France, drummers and trumpeters

wore the royal livery which consisted of a blue coat with
red and white stripes. When France became a republic, musicians wore various type of uniforms to distinguish them from other soldiers depending on the colonels
imagination. The most common way to distinguish them
was to reverse the colours of the uniform (if the standard
uniform consisted of a green coat and yellow facings, the
musician uniform would be a yellow coat and green facings). From 1812 onwards, Napoleon introduced the Imperial livery which consisted of a green coat with yellow
stripes bearing alternatively the letter N (for Napoleon)
and the Imperial eagle.
Example of a musician with reverse colours
Musicians of the Imperial Guard
A pre-1812 drummer and Drum major
Light infantry in Imperial livery

Elting, John. Knotel, Herbert (illus). Napoleonic

Uniforms. Volumes I, II, III & IV. Macmillan, 1993
& Emperors Press, 2000.
Bourgeot, Vincent & Pigeard, Alain. Encyclopedie
des Uniformes Napoleoniens 1800-1815. Quatuor,
2003.
Charmy. Splendeur Des Uniformes De Napoleon:
La Garde Imperiale a Cheval. Charles Herissey,
2003.
Charmy. Splendeur Des Uniformes De Napoleon:
Infanterie Regiments Etrangers. Charles Herissey,
2004.
Boisselier, Henry & Martin, Yves. La Garde Imperiale et ses Uniformes. Le Livre chez vous, 2008.
(623p. Color uniform plates by Boisselier. Based
on the Anne S.K. Brown uniform print collection at
Brown University. Very Oversize.)

Cuirassier trumpeters in Imperial livery

Bibliography
Napoleonic Wars: Napoleons Army Ren Chartrand, Copyright 1996, 2000 Brasseys
French, Prussian and Anglo-allies uniforms during
the Battle of Waterloo : Mont-Saint-Jean (FR)

6 References
[1] The White Uniforms of the French Army, 1806-1807.
greatest-battles.webs.com. Retrieved 2 Jul 2013.
[2] Strachan, Edward (2009) Russian Orientalism & Constantinople, p. 150. Sphinx Fine Art At Google Books.
Retrieved 23 August 2013.

Rousselot, Lucien. Napoleons Army 1790-1815.

Casemate, 2010.

[3] Pawly, Ronald (2012) Napoleons Mamelukes, p. 46. Osprey Publishing At Google Books. Retrieved 23 August
2013.

Bucquoy, Cdt. E. L. Les Uniformes de Premier Empire. (Complete 10 Volume set). Paris: Grancher,
1977-1985. Vol. 1. La Garde Imperiale, Troupes
a Pied. (Tome I); Vol. 2. La Garde Imperiale, Troupes a Cheval. (Tome II); Vol. 3. Les
Cuirassiers; Vol. 4. L'Infanterie; Vol. 5. La Cavalerie Legere; Vol. 6. Dragons et Guides; Vol. 7.

[4] Mont Saint Jean, Alexis (February 5, 2015). Les

uniforms pendant le campaign de Cent Jours -- Belgique 1815. Les uniforms pendant le campaign de
Cent Jours -- Belgique 1815. Retrieved February 5,
2015.
sources http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/
bibliographie.php and http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.
com/internet.php

12

[5] Mont Saint Jean, Alexis (February 5, 2015). Les

uniforms pendant le campaign de Cent Jours -- Belgique 1815. Les uniforms pendant le campaign de
Cent Jours -- Belgique 1815. Retrieved February 5,
2015.
sources http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/
bibliographie.php and http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.
com/internet.php
[6] The second rank was used by mounted organizations of
the Army: cavalry, horse artillery, gendarmerie and trains

REFERENCES

13

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

Uniforms of La Grande Arme Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e?oldid=725013606

Contributors: Altenmann, Mboverload, Klemen Kocjancic, Rich Farmbrough, Kross, Kelly Martin, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Mark83, HLGallon,
Meegs, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, OrphanBot, Hotspur23, Nobunaga24, Neddyseagoon, ST47, Oreo Priest, DuncanHill, Deathmf,
Mrg3105, Technopat, ImageRemovalBot, Unbuttered Parsnip, Buonaparte69, Auntof6, Yobot, Militarysmarts, Mcoupal, DITWIN GRIM,
I dream of horses, GoingBatty, UltimaRatio, JMvanDijk, BattyBot, Hmainsbot1, Blaue Max and Anonymous: 8

7.2

Images

File:0MarechalFR-ImpFrArmy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/0MarechalFR-ImpFrArmy.jpg

License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Louis14
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File:Bellange-Grenadiers-Garde.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Bellange-Grenadiers-Garde.jpg
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File:Capitaine.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Capitaine.png License: Public domain Contributors:
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File:Epaulette_adjudant_sous-officier_armee_Napoleonienne.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/
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Louis14
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File:Epaulette_general_corps_armee_armee_Napolonienne.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/
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Louis14
File:Epaulettes_major.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Epaulettes_major.svg License: CC BY-SA
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File:Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png
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File:Napoleon_Artillery_train_and_Foot_artillerist_by_Bellange.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/
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File:Napoleon_Carabiner_of_1812_by_Bellange.jpg Source:
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File:Napoleon_Carabinier_of_1810_by_Bellange.jpg Source:
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File:Napoleon_Chasseur-a-Cheval_by_Bellange.jpg Source:
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File:Napoleon_Chasseur_from_Guard_by_Bellange.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Napoleon_
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File:Napoleon_Cuirassier_in_1809_by_Bellange.jpg Source:
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File:Napoleon_Dragoon_and_Sapper_by_Bellange.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Napoleon_
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File:Napoleon_Guard_Horse_Grenadier_by_Bellange.jpg
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