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CHAPTER 2: ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS

2.1. Structural components of atoms
2.2. Molecules

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

2.3 Naming Chemical Compounds

Msc: Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy

Department of Natural Science, Faculty of International Training,
Thai Nguyen University of Technology
Email: Thuynguyenktmt@tnut.edu.vn
Office room: 109 A2 building

Thai Nguyen - 2016

2.1. Structural components of atoms

2.1. Structural components of atoms

Most of the mass of the atom is in the nucleus (protons and

The mass of the atom is

neutrons)

primarily in the nucleus

Electrons are found outside of the nucleus (the electron cloud)

The charge of the proton is

opposite in sign but equal to
that of the electron

Most of the volume of the atom is empty space

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2.1. Structural components of atoms

2.1. Structural components of atoms

Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in an atoms

nucleus. Equivalent to the number of electrons around the
atoms nucleus.

Mass Number (A): The sum of the number of protons and

the number of neutrons in an atoms nucleus.

Isotope: Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different

mass numbers.

2.1. Structural components of atoms

ISOTOPE

2.1. Structural components of atoms

Atomic Mass:

The mass of 1 atom of carbon-12 is defined to be 12 amu (atomic

mass unit)

Atomic Mass: The weighted average of the isotopic masses of the

elements naturally occurring isotopes.

The periodic table shows the relative masses of the elements in

amu

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2.1. Structural components of atoms

2.1. Structural components of atoms

Atomic Mass:

Molecular mass and formula mass:

Why is the atomic mass of the element carbon 12.01 amu?

Molecular Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a

molecule.

Carbon-12: 98.89 % natural abundance 12 amu

Carbon-13: 1.11 % natural abundance 13.0034 amu

Mass of carbon = (12 amu)(0.9889) + (13.0034 amu)(0.0111)

= 11.87 amu + 0.144 amu

Formula Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a formula

unit of any compound, molecular or ionic.
HCl: 1.0 amu + 35.5 amu = 36.5 amu
C2H4: 2(12.0 amu) + 4(1.0 amu) = 28.0 amu

= 12.01 amu

2.2. Molecules
Molecule = two or more atoms joined, acting as one unit

2.2. Molecules - Bonding

Covalent bond: results when two atoms share several
(usually two) electrons. Typically a nonmetal bonded to a
nonmetal.

Molecules can be represented by chemical formula

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2.2. Molecules - - Bonding

2.2. Molecules Bonding - Cation

Ionic bond: One or more electrons are transferred from one atom to
another electrostatic attraction between charged particles.
Typically a metal bonded to a nonmetal.
Ion: A charged particle.
Cation: A positively charged particle. Metals tend to form cations.
Anion: A negatively charged particle. Nonmetals tend to form
anions.

2.2. Molecules Bonding - Anion

2.2. Molecules Bonding - Ionic Compounds

In the formation of sodium chloride, one electron is

transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom.
11 protons 17 protons
11 electrons 17 electrons

Na

Cl

Na1+ +

Cl1-

17 protons
11 protons
10 electrons 18 electrons

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Formation of sodium chloride

Sodium metal

Chlorine gas

Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges

Solid sodium chloride

Predicting Ionic Charges

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Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges

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Predicting Ionic Charges

Predicting Ionic Charges

2.3. Naming Chemical Compounds

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion,
including CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts.
Use parentheses if you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion.

Binary Ionic Compounds

(Type I)
Cation first, then anion
Monatomic cation = name of element
Ca2+ = calcium ion
Monatomic Anion = root ide
Cl- = chloride
CaCl2 = Calcium chloride

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Binary Ionic Compounds

(Type I)
Cation

Name

Anion

Name

H+

Hydrogen

H-

Hydride

Li+

Lithium

F-

Fluoride

Na+

Sodium

Cl-

Chloride

K+

Potassium

Br-

Bromide

Cs+

Iodide

Cesium

I-

Be2+

Beryllium

O2-

Oxide

Mg2+

Magnesium

S2-

Sulfide

Ca2+

Calcium

N3-

Nitride

Ba2+

Barium

P3-

Phosphide

AL3+

Aluminum

Ag+

Silver

Binary ionic compounds

(Type II)
Metals with multiple oxidation states

some metal forms more than one cation

use Roman numeral in name

Eg.
PbCl2: lead (II) chloride

Binary Ionic Compounds

(Type I)
Compound

Ions Present

Name

NaCl

Na+

Cl-

Sodium Chloride

KI

K+

I-

Potassium Iodide

CaS

Ca2+

Li3N

Li+ N3-

Lithium nitride

CsBr

Cs+ Br-

Cesium bromide

MgO

Mg2+ O2-

Magnesium oxide

S2-

Calcium sulfide

Common type II cations

Ion
Fe3+
Fe2+
Cu2+
Cu+
Co3+
Co2+

Systematic name
Iron (III)
Iron (II)
Copper (II)
Copper (I)
Cobalt (III)
Cobalt (II)

Ion
Sn4+
Sn2+
Pb4+
Pb2+
Hg2+
Hg+

Systematic name
Tin (IV)
Tin (II)
Lead (IV)
Lead (II)
Mercury (II)
Mercury(I)

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Binary Ionic Compounds

(Type II)
Compound

Ions Present

Name

CuCl

Cu+

Copper (I) chloride

HgO

Hg2+

Fe2O3

Fe3+

MnO2

Mn4+ O2-

Manganese (IV) oxide

PbCl2

Pb2+ Cl-

Lead (II) chloride

SnBr2

Sn2+ Br-

Tin (II) bromide

ClO2O2-

Common Cations and Anions

Mercury (II) Oxide

Iron (III) Oxide

Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Special names must be memorized

NH4NO3
NH4+ Ammonium
NO3- Nitrate

NH4NO3 Ammonium Nitrate

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Polyatomic Ionic Compounds

Binary Covalent Compounds

(Type III)
Compounds between two nonmetals

Sodium Hydroxide

Na+

OH-

NaOH

First element in the formula is named first.

Magnesium carbonate

Mg2+

CO3

MgCO3

Keeps its element name

Sodium carbonate

Na+

CO32-

Na2CO3

Iron (II) hydroxide

Fe2+

OH-

Fe(OH)2

2-

Gets a prefix if there is a subscript on it

Second element is named second
Use the root of the element name plus the -ide
suffix
Always use a prefix on the second element

Naming Binary Compounds

Whenever the prefix

ends in a or o and
the element name
begins with a vowel,
drop the a or o in
the prefix.

P2O5: diphosphorus pentoxide

CO2: Carbon dioxide
CO: Carbon monoxide
N2O: Dinitrogen monoxide

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Naming Acids
Usually, an acid consists of one or more H- ions attached to

Acids with No Oxygen

Acid

Name

HF

Hydrofluoric acid

If anion does not contain oxygen use prefix hydro- and

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

suffix ic

HBr

Hydrobromic acid

an anion

If anion contains oxygen:

With ate ending replace ate with ic

With ite ending replace ite with -ous

HI

Hydroiodic acid

HCN

Hydrocyanic acid

H2 S

Hydrosulfuric acid

Oxygen-Containing Acids

ous ite
ic ate

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