ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS LAB

MANUAL/OBSERVATION BOOK

AERO - II YEAR II SEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

DUNDIGAL (V), RANGA REDDY (DIST), A.P.

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EDC LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL

INDEX
The following experiments have to be conducted and verified.

S.NO.

EXP.NO.

PN Junction Diode Characteristics

Zener Diode Characteristics

Transistor CE Characteristics

Half Wave Rectifiers Without & With Filters

Full Wave Rectifiers Without & With Filters

Study of CRO

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Name of the Experiment

EDC LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

PN JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To Plot the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode in both forward and
reverse directions.
Find cut-in voltage (knee voltage), static and dynamic resistance in forward
direction at forward current of 2mA & 8mA respectively
Find static and dynamic resistance at 10V in reverse bias condition.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No
1.

2.
3.
4.

Device
Semiconductor diode trainer Board
Containing
DC Power Supply.
Diode (Silicon)
Diode (Germanium)
Carbon Film Resistor
DC Voltmeter
DC Voltmeter
a) DC Ammeter
b) DC Ammeter
Connecting wires

Range
/Rating

Quantity
(in No.s)

(0-15) V
1N 4007
OA79
1 K, 1/2 W
(0-1) V
(0-20) V
(0-200) A
(0-20) mA
5A

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

PROCEDURE: Forward Bias:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (1)
2. Vary the supply voltage Es in steps and note down the corresponding values of
Ef and If as shown in the tabular column.
Reverse Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2).
2. Repeat the procedure as in forward bias and note down the corresponding
values of Er and Ir as shown in the tabular column.

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TABULAR COLUMNS (Silicon):

Forward Bias:

Reverse Bias:

Es (volts)
Es (volts)
Ef (volts)
If (mA)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
TABULAR COLUMNS (Germanium):
0.3
0.3
Forward Bias:
0.4
0.4
Reverse Bias:
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
Es (volts)
Ef (volts)
If (mA)
0.7
0.7
Es (volts)
Ef (volts)
If (mA)
0.1
0.8
0.8
CIRCUIT
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.3
1
1
0.3
0.4
2
2
0.4
0.5
4
4
0.5
0.6
6
6
0.6
0.7
8
8
0.7
0.8
10
10
0.8
0.9
12
12
0.9
1
14
14
12
DIAGRAMS:
24
46
68
Forward Bias:
8
10
10
12
12
14
14

Er (volts)

Ir (A)

Figure(1)
Reverse Bias:

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Figure(2)
EXPECTED GRAPHS:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensure that the polarities of the power supply and the meters as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Keep the input voltage knob of the regulated power supply in minimum
position both when switching ON or switching OFF the power supply.
3. No loose contacts at the junctions.
4. Ensure that the ratings of the meters are as per the circuit design for precision.

CALCULATIONS:
Forward Bias:
Static Resistance at 8mA= Ef / If
Static resistance at 2mA= Ef / If
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Dynamic resistance at 8mA= Ef / If

Dynamic resistance at 8mA= Ef / If
Reverse Bias:
Static Resistance at (10V)= Er/ Ir
Dynamic resistance at (10V)= Er / Ir
RESULT: V-I characteristics of PN junction are plotted and verified in both forward and
reverse directions.
1. Forward direction
(i) Cut-in-voltage=0.7V
(ii) a) Dynamic Resistance (at 8 mA) =
b) Dynamic Resistance (at 2mA) =
(iii) a) Static Resistance(at 8mA) =
b) Static Resistance (at 2mA) =
2. Reverse Direction =
(i) Static Resistance (at 10V) =
(ii) Dynamic Resistance (at 10 V) =
EXPERIMENT NO: 2

ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To Plot the V-I characteristics of a Zener diode.
Find zener breakdown voltage in reverse bias condition.
Find static and dynamic resistance in both forward and reverse bias conditions at
zener current of 6 mA.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.NO
1.

DEVICES

QUANTIT
Y
(in No.s)

Zener diode trainer Board

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RANGE
/RATING

EDC LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL

2.
3.
4.

Containing
a) DC Power Supply.
b) Zener Diode
c) Zener Diode
d) Carbon Film Resistor
DC Voltmeter
DC Voltmeter
a) DC Ammeter
b) DC Ammeter
Connecting wires

(0-15) V
4.7 V
6.2 V
1 K, 1/2 W
(0-1) V
(0-20) V
(0-200) A
(0-20) mA
5A

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

PROCEDURE: Forward Bias:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figures (1)
2. Vary the supply voltage Es in steps and note down the corresponding values of
Ef and If as shown in the tabular column.
Reverse Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2).
2. Repeat the procedure as in forward bias and note down the corresponding
values of Er and Ir as shown in the tabular column.

TABULAR COLUMN ( 4.7V / 6.2V):

Forward Bias:
Es
Ef
If (mA)
(volts)
(volts)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2
4
6
8 Department of ECE
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10
12
14

Reverse Bias:
Es
Er
Ir (A)
(volts)
(volts)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2
4
6
EDC
8 LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL
10
12
14

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensure that the polarities of the power supply and the meters as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Keep the input voltage knob of the regulated power supply in minimum
position both when switching ON or switching OFF the power supply.
3. No loose contacts at the junctions.
4. Ensure that the ratings of the meters are as per the circuit design for precision.
CALCULATIONS:
Forward Static resistance at 6 mA= Ef/ If
Forward Dynamic resistance at 6mA= Ef / If
Reverse Static resistance at 6 mA= Ef/ If
Reverse Dynamic resistance at 6mA= Ef / If
RESULT: 1. V-I characteristics of Zener diode are plotted and verified in both forward and
reverse directions.
2. Zener breakdown voltage for 4.7V zener diode = 4.7V.
3. Zener breakdown voltage for 6.2V zener diode = 6.2V.
4. (i) Forward Bias:
a) Static resistance at 6 mA =
b) Dynamic resistance at 6 mA=
(ii) Reverse Bias:
Static resistance at 6 mA=
Dynamic resistance at 6 mA=
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Forward Bias:

Reverse Bias:

EXPECTED GRAPH:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 3

TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: 1. Plot the input and output characteristics of a transistor connected in Common
Emitter configuration.
2. Calculate the input resistance Ri at IB= 20 A, output resistance Ro at VCE=10V
and current gain at VCE =10V.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No:

Device

1.

Transistor CE trainer Board

Containing
a) DC Power Supply.
b) NPN Transistor
c) Carbon Film Resistor

2.
3.

a) DC Voltmeter
b)DC Voltmeter
DC Ammeter

4.

Connecting wires

Range
/Rating

Quantity
(in No.s)

(0-12) V
BC 107
470, 1/2 W
100K, 1/2 W
(0-1) V
(0-20) V
(0-50) mA
(0-200) A
5A

2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12

PROCEDURE:
Input Characteristics:
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1. Connect the transistor as shown in figure.

2. Keep the VCE constant at 2V and 6V.
3. Vary the IB in steps and note down the corresponding VEB values as per tabular
column.
Output Characteristics:
1. Keep the IB constant at 20 A and 40 A.
2. Vary the VCE in steps and note corresponding IC values.
3. Readings are tabulated as shown in tabular column.
PRECAUTIONS: 1. Keep the knobs of supply voltages VBE & VCE at minimum positions when
switching ON or switching OFF the power supply.
2. No loose contacts at the junctions.
3. Do not overload the meters above its rated ranges.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

VCB = 2V
VBE
IB
(Volts)
(A)
0
0.2
IB = 20A
0.4
VCE
IC
0.6
(Volts)
(mA)
0.8
0
1
0.5
2
1
4
2
6
3
4 CIRCUIT8
10
5
20
6
30
7
40
EXPECTED
8
60
9
Input
80
10
11
12

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VCB = 6V
VBE
IB
(Volts)
(A)
0
IB = 40A0.2
VCE
IC
0.4
(Volts)
(mA)
0.6
0
0.8
0.5
1
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
5
10
6
20
7
30
8
40
9
60
10
80
11
12

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

DIAGRAM:

GRAPHS:
Characteristics:

EDC LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL

Output characteristics:

CALCULATIONS:
Input Resistance ( IB=20A) = VBE/ IB =
At VCE = 2V
Input Resistance ( IB =20A) = VBE/ IB =
At VCE= 6V
Output resistance (VCE=10V) = VCE/ IC =
At IB=20A
Output resistance (VCE=10V) = VCE/ IC =
At IB=20A
Current Amplification Factor = IC/ IB =
RESULT: 1. Input and Output curves are plotted.
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2. Ri, Input Resistance:

a. VCE = 2V and IB =20 A, Ri =
b. VCE = 6V and IB =20 A, Ri =
3. Ro, Output Resistance:
a. VCE= 10V and IB = 20A, Ro =
b. VCE = 10V and IB = 40A, Ro =
4. Current Amplification factor
=
(at VCE =10V)

EXPERIMENT NO: 4

HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS WITHOUT/WITH FILTERS

AIM: 1. Examine the input and output waveforms of a half wave rectifier without and
with filters.
2. Calculate the ripple factor with load resistance of 500, 1 K and 10 K
respectively.
3. Calculate ripple factor with a filter capacitor of 100F and the load of 1K,
2K and 10K respectively.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No
1.

Device
Rectifier and Filter trainer
Board Containing
a) AC Supply.

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Range
/Rating

Quantity
(in No.s)

(12-0-12) V

EDC LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL

b) Silicon Diodes
c) Capacitor

1N 4007
100F

7
1

3.

a) DC Voltmeter
b) AC Voltmeter
DC Ammeter

(0-20) V
(0-20) V
(0-200) mA

1
1
1

4.
5.
6.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Decade Resistance Box
Connecting wires

(0-20) MHz
10-100K
5A

1
1
12

2.

PROCEDURE: Half Wave Rectifier without Filter:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a).
2. Adjust the load resistance, RL to 500, and note down the readings of input
and output voltages through oscilloscope.
3. Note the readings of dc current, dc voltage and ac voltage.
4. Now, change the resistance the load resistance, RL to 1 K and repeat the
procedure as above. Also repeat for 10 K.
5. Readings are tabulated as per the tabular column.

TABULAR COLUMNS:
Half Wave Rectifier without Filter:

S.No

Load
Resistance
(RL)

1.
2.
3.

500
1K
10K

Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)

Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)

Average
dc current
(Idc)

Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)

RMS
Voltage
(Vac)

Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc

Average
dc current
(Idc)

Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)

RMS
Voltage
(Vac)

Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc

Half Wave Rectifier with Filter: C=100F

S.No

Load
Resistance
(RL)

1.
2.

1K
2K

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Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)

Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)

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3.

10K

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Figure(a)
Half Wave Rectifier without Filter

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Figure(b)
Half Wave Rectifier with Filter

Half-Wave Rectifier With Filters:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure (b).
2. Adjust the load resistance RL to 1Kand connect a capacitor of 100F value in
Parallel with the load and note the readings of input and output voltages through
Oscilloscope.
3. Note the readings of DC current, DC voltage and AC voltage.
4. Now change the load resistance RL to 2K and repeat the procedure as the
above. Also repeat for 10K, 100F values.
5. Readings are tabulate as per the tabular column.
PRECAUTIONS: 1. No loose contacts at the junctions.
2. Meters of correct ranges must be used for precision.
RESULT:
1. Input and Output waveforms of a half-wave rectifier without and with filters
are observed and output waveforms are plotted.
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2. For Half-wave rectifier without filter:, Ripple factor at 500=

1K=
10 K=
3. For Half-wave rectifier with filter:, Ripple factor at 1K, 100F =
2K, 100F =
10 K, 100F =

EXPERIMENT NO: 5

FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS WITHOUT/WITH FILTERS

AIM: 1. Examine the input and output waveforms of a full wave (center tapped) rectifier
without and with filters.
2. Calculate the ripple factor with load resistance of 500, 1 K and 10 K
respectively.
3. Calculate ripple factor with a filter capacitor of 100F and the load of 1K, 2K
and 10K respectively.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No
1.

2.

Device

Range
/Rating

Quantity
(In Nos)

Rectifier and Filter trainer

Board Containing
a) AC Supply.
b) Silicon Diodes
c) Capacitor

(12-0-12) V
1N 4007
100F

1
7
1

a) DC Voltmeter

(0-20) V

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3.

b) AC Voltmeter
DC Ammeter

(0-20) V
(0-200) mA

1
1

4.
5.
6.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Decade Resistance Box
Connecting wires

(0-20) MHz
10-100K
5A

1
1
12

PROCEDURE: Full-Wave Rectifier (Center tapped) without Filter:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a).
2. Adjust the load resistance, RL to 500, and note down the readings of input and
output voltages through oscilloscope.
3. Note the readings of dc current, dc voltage and ac voltage.
4. Now, change the resistance the load resistance, RL to 1 K and repeat the
procedure as above. Also repeat for 10 K.
5. Readings are tabulated as per the tabular column.
Full-Wave Rectifier (Center tapped) with Filter:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure (b).
2. Adjust the load resistance RL to 1Kand connect a capacitor of 100F values in
Parallel with the load and note the readings of input and output voltages through
Oscilloscope.
3. Note the readings of DC current, DC voltage and AC voltage.
4. Now change the load resistance RL to 2K and repeat the procedure as the
above. Also repeat for 10K, 100F values.
5. Readings are tabulate as per the tabular column.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
Full Wave Rectifier (Center-tap) Without Filter:

S.No

Load
Resistance
(RL)

1
2
3

500
1K
10K

Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)

Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)

Average
dc current
(Idc)

Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)

RMS
Voltage
(Vac)

Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc

Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)

RMS
Voltage
(Vac)

Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc

Full Wave Rectifier (center-tap) With Filter: C=100F

S.No

Load
Resistance
(RL)

1
2
3

1
2K
10K

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Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)

Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)

Average
dc current
(Idc)

EDC LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Figure(a)
Full Wave Rectifier (Center-tap) Without Filter

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Figure(b)
Full Wave Rectifier (center-tap) With Filter

PRECAUTIONS: 1. No loose contacts at the junctions.

2. Meters of correct ranges must be used for precision.
RESULT:
1. Input and Output waveforms of a full-wave (center tapped) rectifiers without
and with filters are observed and output waveforms are plotted.
2. For Full-wave (center tapped) rectifier without filter, Ripple factor at
500=
1K=
10K=
3. For Full-wave (center tapped) rectifier with filter, Ripple factor at 1K, 100F =
2K, 100F =
10 K, 100F =
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Calculate ripple factor with a filter capacitor of 100F and the load of 1K, 2K
and 10K respectively.

EXPERIMENT NO- 6
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER (Transformer coupled)
AIM:
1. To study and plot the frequency response of a Class A Power Amplifier.
2. To calculate efficiency of Class A Power Amplifier.

COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

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S.No

Apparatus

1.

Trainer Board containing

a) DC Supply voltage.
b) NPN Transistor.
c) Resistors.

d) Capacitor.
e) Inductor.
2.

D.C milli ammeter

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.

Range/
Rating

Quantity
(in No.s)

12 V
BC 107
560
100K
470

1
1
1
1
1

22 F.
50mH
0-100mA

1
1

(0-20)MHz

1
1

3.
Function Generator.
4.

0.1 Hz-10
MHz

BNC Connector

Connecting Wires

5.
6.

5A

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Adjust input signal amplitude in the function generator and observe an amplified
voltage at the output without distortion.
3. By keeping input signal voltage, say at 150 mV, vary the input signal frequency
from 0-1 MHz as shown in tabular column and note the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Measure and note down the zero signal dc current by disconnecting the function
generator from the circuit.
5. Calculate the efficiency according to the expressions given.
6. Plot the graph between the o/p gain and frequency and calculate the bandwidth.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. No loose contacts at the junctions.
2. Check the connections before giving the power supply
3. Observations should be taken carefully.

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RESULT:
1. Frequency Response of CLASS-A Power amplifier is plotted.
2. Efficiency of CLASS A Power amplifier is found to be___________
3. Bandwidth fH fL = ____________

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