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MANUAL/OBSERVATION BOOK
Department of ECE
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INDEX
The following experiments have to be conducted and verified.
S.NO.
EXP.NO.
Transistor CE Characteristics
Study of CRO
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EXPERIMENT NO: 1
2.
3.
4.
Device
Semiconductor diode trainer Board
Containing
DC Power Supply.
Diode (Silicon)
Diode (Germanium)
Carbon Film Resistor
DC Voltmeter
DC Voltmeter
a) DC Ammeter
b) DC Ammeter
Connecting wires
Range
/Rating
Quantity
(in No.s)
(0-15) V
1N 4007
OA79
1 K, 1/2 W
(0-1) V
(0-20) V
(0-200) A
(0-20) mA
5A
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
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Reverse Bias:
Es (volts)
Es (volts)
Ef (volts)
If (mA)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
TABULAR COLUMNS (Germanium):
0.3
0.3
Forward Bias:
0.4
0.4
Reverse Bias:
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
Es (volts)
Ef (volts)
If (mA)
0.7
0.7
Es (volts)
Ef (volts)
If (mA)
0.1
0.8
0.8
CIRCUIT
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.3
1
1
0.3
0.4
2
2
0.4
0.5
4
4
0.5
0.6
6
6
0.6
0.7
8
8
0.7
0.8
10
10
0.8
0.9
12
12
0.9
1
14
14
12
DIAGRAMS:
24
46
68
Forward Bias:
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
Er (volts)
Ir (A)
Figure(1)
Reverse Bias:
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Figure(2)
EXPECTED GRAPHS:
PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensure that the polarities of the power supply and the meters as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Keep the input voltage knob of the regulated power supply in minimum
position both when switching ON or switching OFF the power supply.
3. No loose contacts at the junctions.
4. Ensure that the ratings of the meters are as per the circuit design for precision.
CALCULATIONS:
Forward Bias:
Static Resistance at 8mA= Ef / If
Static resistance at 2mA= Ef / If
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DEVICES
QUANTIT
Y
(in No.s)
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RANGE
/RATING
2.
3.
4.
Containing
a) DC Power Supply.
b) Zener Diode
c) Zener Diode
d) Carbon Film Resistor
DC Voltmeter
DC Voltmeter
a) DC Ammeter
b) DC Ammeter
Connecting wires
(0-15) V
4.7 V
6.2 V
1 K, 1/2 W
(0-1) V
(0-20) V
(0-200) A
(0-20) mA
5A
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
Reverse Bias:
Es
Er
Ir (A)
(volts)
(volts)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2
4
6
EDC
8 LAB MANUAL for AERONAUTICAL
10
12
14
PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensure that the polarities of the power supply and the meters as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Keep the input voltage knob of the regulated power supply in minimum
position both when switching ON or switching OFF the power supply.
3. No loose contacts at the junctions.
4. Ensure that the ratings of the meters are as per the circuit design for precision.
CALCULATIONS:
Forward Static resistance at 6 mA= Ef/ If
Forward Dynamic resistance at 6mA= Ef / If
Reverse Static resistance at 6 mA= Ef/ If
Reverse Dynamic resistance at 6mA= Ef / If
RESULT: 1. V-I characteristics of Zener diode are plotted and verified in both forward and
reverse directions.
2. Zener breakdown voltage for 4.7V zener diode = 4.7V.
3. Zener breakdown voltage for 6.2V zener diode = 6.2V.
4. (i) Forward Bias:
a) Static resistance at 6 mA =
b) Dynamic resistance at 6 mA=
(ii) Reverse Bias:
Static resistance at 6 mA=
Dynamic resistance at 6 mA=
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Forward Bias:
Reverse Bias:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
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EXPERIMENT NO: 3
TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: 1. Plot the input and output characteristics of a transistor connected in Common
Emitter configuration.
2. Calculate the input resistance Ri at IB= 20 A, output resistance Ro at VCE=10V
and current gain at VCE =10V.
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: S.No:
Device
1.
2.
3.
a) DC Voltmeter
b)DC Voltmeter
DC Ammeter
4.
Connecting wires
Range
/Rating
Quantity
(in No.s)
(0-12) V
BC 107
470, 1/2 W
100K, 1/2 W
(0-1) V
(0-20) V
(0-50) mA
(0-200) A
5A
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
PROCEDURE:
Input Characteristics:
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VCB = 2V
VBE
IB
(Volts)
(A)
0
0.2
IB = 20A
0.4
VCE
IC
0.6
(Volts)
(mA)
0.8
0
1
0.5
2
1
4
2
6
3
4 CIRCUIT8
10
5
20
6
30
7
40
EXPECTED
8
60
9
Input
80
10
11
12
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VCB = 6V
VBE
IB
(Volts)
(A)
0
IB = 40A0.2
VCE
IC
0.4
(Volts)
(mA)
0.6
0
0.8
0.5
1
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
8
5
10
6
20
7
30
8
40
9
60
10
80
11
12
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
DIAGRAM:
GRAPHS:
Characteristics:
Output characteristics:
CALCULATIONS:
Input Resistance ( IB=20A) = VBE/ IB =
At VCE = 2V
Input Resistance ( IB =20A) = VBE/ IB =
At VCE= 6V
Output resistance (VCE=10V) = VCE/ IC =
At IB=20A
Output resistance (VCE=10V) = VCE/ IC =
At IB=20A
Current Amplification Factor = IC/ IB =
RESULT: 1. Input and Output curves are plotted.
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EXPERIMENT NO: 4
Device
Rectifier and Filter trainer
Board Containing
a) AC Supply.
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Range
/Rating
Quantity
(in No.s)
(12-0-12) V
b) Silicon Diodes
c) Capacitor
1N 4007
100F
7
1
3.
a) DC Voltmeter
b) AC Voltmeter
DC Ammeter
(0-20) V
(0-20) V
(0-200) mA
1
1
1
4.
5.
6.
(0-20) MHz
10-100K
5A
1
1
12
2.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
Half Wave Rectifier without Filter:
S.No
Load
Resistance
(RL)
1.
2.
3.
500
1K
10K
Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)
Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)
Average
dc current
(Idc)
Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)
RMS
Voltage
(Vac)
Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc
Average
dc current
(Idc)
Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)
RMS
Voltage
(Vac)
Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc
S.No
Load
Resistance
(RL)
1.
2.
1K
2K
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Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)
Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)
3.
10K
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Figure(a)
Half Wave Rectifier without Filter
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Figure(b)
Half Wave Rectifier with Filter
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
2.
Device
Range
/Rating
Quantity
(In Nos)
(12-0-12) V
1N 4007
100F
1
7
1
a) DC Voltmeter
(0-20) V
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3.
b) AC Voltmeter
DC Ammeter
(0-20) V
(0-200) mA
1
1
4.
5.
6.
(0-20) MHz
10-100K
5A
1
1
12
S.No
Load
Resistance
(RL)
1
2
3
500
1K
10K
Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)
Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)
Average
dc current
(Idc)
Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)
RMS
Voltage
(Vac)
Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc
Average
Dc
voltage
(Vdc)
RMS
Voltage
(Vac)
Ripple
Factor
Vac
= Vdc
S.No
Load
Resistance
(RL)
1
2
3
1
2K
10K
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Input
Voltage
Peak (Vm)
Output
Voltage
Peak (Vo)
Average
dc current
(Idc)
EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Figure(a)
Full Wave Rectifier (Center-tap) Without Filter
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Figure(b)
Full Wave Rectifier (center-tap) With Filter
Calculate ripple factor with a filter capacitor of 100F and the load of 1K, 2K
and 10K respectively.
EXPERIMENT NO- 6
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER (Transformer coupled)
AIM:
1. To study and plot the frequency response of a Class A Power Amplifier.
2. To calculate efficiency of Class A Power Amplifier.
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S.No
Apparatus
1.
d) Capacitor.
e) Inductor.
2.
Range/
Rating
Quantity
(in No.s)
12 V
BC 107
560
100K
470
1
1
1
1
1
22 F.
50mH
0-100mA
1
1
(0-20)MHz
1
1
3.
Function Generator.
4.
0.1 Hz-10
MHz
BNC Connector
Connecting Wires
5.
6.
5A
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Adjust input signal amplitude in the function generator and observe an amplified
voltage at the output without distortion.
3. By keeping input signal voltage, say at 150 mV, vary the input signal frequency
from 0-1 MHz as shown in tabular column and note the corresponding output
voltage.
4. Measure and note down the zero signal dc current by disconnecting the function
generator from the circuit.
5. Calculate the efficiency according to the expressions given.
6. Plot the graph between the o/p gain and frequency and calculate the bandwidth.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. No loose contacts at the junctions.
2. Check the connections before giving the power supply
3. Observations should be taken carefully.
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RESULT:
1. Frequency Response of CLASS-A Power amplifier is plotted.
2. Efficiency of CLASS A Power amplifier is found to be___________
3. Bandwidth fH fL = ____________
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