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1.

0 OBJECTIVES
This open-ended laboratory activities aim to demonstrate some of the analog applications of
an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) through designing summing/scaling/averaging amplifier
circuits and a bandpass filter circuit, which involves two stages of design and simulation, and
hardware construction of prototype board.
2.0 LIST OF REQUIREMENT
2.1 Components/Instrumentation
Desktop PC
Matlab 5.3 with Signal Processing Toolbox
LM 741 op-amp IC (2)
Resistors range of 1 k to 500 k (all 5%, W)
Variable resistor 10 k
Breadboard (2)
A dual 15-V regulated variable power supply
A 5-V fixed DC source
Function generator
Digital multimeter
Dual-trace oscilloscope

3.0 THEORY AND BACKGROUND


3.1 Introduction to Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
The OP AMP is a Linear Amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. Its main
purpose is to amplify (increase) a weak signal - a little like a Darlington Pair. The OP-AMP
has two inputs, INVERTING (-) and NON-INVERTING (+), and one output at pin 6. The
chip can be used in a circuit in two ways. If the voltage goes into pin two then it is known as
an INVERTING AMPLIFIER. If the voltage goes into pin three then the circuit becomes a
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER.
3.1.1 Type of Op-Amp
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THE 741 IS USED IN TWO WAYS


1. An inverting amplifier. Leg two is the input and the output is always reversed.
In an inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg two and comes out of the
741 chip at leg six. If the polarity is positive going into the chip, it negative by the time it
comes out through leg six. The polarity has been inverted.

2. A non-inverting amplifier. Leg three is the input and the output is not reversed.
In a non-inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and leaves the
741 chip through leg six. This time if it is positive going into the 741 then it is still positive
coming out. Polarity remains the same.

3.1.2 LM 741 op-amp IC


The LM741 series are general-purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved
performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements
for the 709C, LM201, MC1439, and 748 in most applications.

The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload
protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common-mode range is exceeded, as
well as freedom from oscillations.

The LM741C is identical to the LM741 and LM741A except that the LM741C has their
performance ensured over a 0C to +70C temperature range, instead of 55C to +125C.

3.2 Analog applications of an operational amplifier (Op-Amp)


3.2.1 Summing Amplifier
The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the standard Inverting
Operational Amplifier configuration. In the Inverting Amplifier if we add another input
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resistor equal in value to the original input resistor, Rin we end up with another operational
amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, "Summing Inverter" or even a "Voltage Adder"
circuit.

The output voltage, (Vout) becomes proportional to the sum of the input voltages, V1, V 2, V
3, etc. So, the original equation for the inverting amplifier can be modified to take account of
these new inputs.

3.2.2 Averaging Amplifier

This circuit is commonly known as a passive averager, because it generates an average


voltage with non-amplifying components. Passive simply means that it is an unamplified
circuit. The large equation to the right of the averager circuit comes from Millmans
Theorem, which describes the voltage produced by multiple voltage sources connected
together through individual resistances. Since the three resistors in the averager circuit are
equal to each other, we can simplify Millmans formula by writing R1, R2, and R3 simply as
R (one, equal resistance instead of three individual resistances).

If we take a passive averager and use it to connect three input voltages into an op-amp
amplifier circuit with a gain of 3, we can turn this averaging function into an addition
function. The result is called a noninverting summer circuit.

3.2.3 Scaling Amplifier


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This circuit multiplies each input by a factor (the factor is determined by circuit design) and
then adds these values together. The factor that is used to multiply each input is determined
by the ratio of the feedback resistor to the input resistor. For example, you could design a
circuit that would produce the following output from three inputs (E1, E2, and E3):

Using input resistors R1 for input number one (E1), R2 for input number two (E2), R3 for
input number three (E3), and R4 for the feedback resistor, you could calculate the values for
the resistors:

3.3 Bandpass Filter


Bandpass is an adjective that describes a type of filter or filtering process; it is to be
distinguished from passband, which refers to the actual portion of affected spectrum. Hence,
one might say "A dual bandpass filter has two passbands." A bandpass signal is a signal
containing a band of frequencies not adjacent to zero frequency, such as a signal that comes
out of a bandpass filter.

An ideal bandpass filter would have a completely flat passband (e.g. with no gain/attenuation
throughout) and would completely attenuate all frequencies outside the passband.
Additionally, the transition out of the passband would have brick wall characteristics.

In practice, no bandpass filter is ideal. The filter does not attenuate all frequencies outside the
desired frequency range completely; in particular, there is a region just outside the intended
passband where frequencies are attenuated, but not rejected. This is known as the filter rolloff, and it is usually expressed in dB of attenuation per octave or decade of frequency.
Generally, the design of a filter seeks to make the roll-off as narrow as possible, thus allowing
the filter to perform as close as possible to its intended design. Often, this is achieved at the
expense of pass-band or stop-band ripple.
The bandwidth of the filter is simply the difference between the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies. The shape factor is the ratio of bandwidths measured using two different
attenuation values to determine the cutoff frequency, e.g., a shape factor of 2:1 at 30/3 dB
means the bandwidth measured between frequencies at 30 dB attenuation is twice that
measured between frequencies at 3 dB attenuation.

3.0 PROCEDURE
***simulation diagram for both part
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4.1 Part 1: Summing Amplifier

1) The values of resistance for R1, R2 and R3 by using on the equation in the theory for
2)
3)
4)
5)

summing, scaling and averaging amplifier were calculated.


The circuit based on the values for pre-lab calculation is designated.
The values of RF and RL equal to 10k is set.
The dc supply to 0.5Vdc for Vin3 and 15V for the op-amp supply is set.
The function generator at Vin1 equal to 200m Vpeak and 1 kHz and at the Vin 2 equal

to 300m Vpeak and 1 kHz were set.


6) The Vin1, Vin2, Vin3 and the Vout were measured.
7) The results for the simulation and the hardware in the table at the results were
compared.

4.2 Part 2: Bandpass Filter

1) The values of resistance for R 1 and R2 by using on the equation in the theory depend
on the values of capacitor were calculated.

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

The circuit based on the values in theorical calculation is designed.


The value of RL equal to 10k is set.
The dc supply to 15V for the op-amp supply is set.
The function generator at Vin equal to 1 Vpeak and 2 kHz were set.
The circuit by using multism software to make sure the values of the center frequency,

bandwidth and the voltage gain are same as given is simulated.


7) The Vin, Vout and phase to plot the frequency spectrum were measured.
8) The results for the simulation and the hardware in the table at the results were
compared.

5.0 RESULT
***pictorial result
***on board hardware diagram

Part 1: Summing Amplifier


Type of

Output voltage

Output voltage

Output voltage

amplifier
Summing
Averaging
Scaling

(pre-lab)

(Simulation)

(Experimental)

Output DC (V)

Part 2: Bandpass Filter


Frequency (Hz)
100
500
700
800
900
1k
1.1k
1.2k
1.5k
2k

Vin p-p (V)

Vout p-p (V)

6.0 DISCUSSION
*** discussion on part 1 and part 2
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Av=Vout/Vin

Application for industries


The use of op-amps as circuit blocks is much easier and clearer than specifying all
their individual circuit elements (transistors, resistors, etc.), whether the amplifiers used are
integrated or discrete circuits. In the first approximation op-amps can be used as if they were
ideal differential gain blocks; at a later stage limits can be placed on the acceptable range of
parameters for each op-amp. A prototype is then built and tested; changes to meet or improve
the specification, alter functionality, or reduce the cost, may be made.
That is, the op-amp is being used as a voltage comparator. Note that a device designed
primarily as a comparator may be better if, for instance, speed is important or a wide range of
input voltages may be found, since such devices can quickly recover from full on or full off
("saturated") states.
A zero voltage level detector (Ei = 0) can convert, for example, the output of a sinewave from a function generator into a variable-frequency square wave. If Ei is a sine wave,
triangular wave, or wave of any other shape that is symmetrical around zero, the zerocrossing detector's output will be square. Zero-crossing detection may also be useful in
triggering TRIACs at the best time to reduce mains interference and current spikes.

7.0 CONCLUSION

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In conclusion, the objective of this experiment has been achieved. Students are able to
demonstrate some of the analog applications of an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) through
designing summing/scaling/averaging amplifier circuits and a bandpass filter circuit, which
involves two stages of design and simulation, and hardware construction of prototype board.
However, it is possible while practically doing the experiment, the results opted is slightly
different with the calculation and simulation. This is due to electrical error that might be
included of human error and measurement error.

8.0 REFERENCES
[1] Wayne Storr. (2015,

May 17).

The Summing Amplifier. [Online]. Available :

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html
[2] Ian Poole. Op Amp Active BandPass Filter. [Online]. Available : http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/circuits/opamp_band_pass_filter/op_amp_bandpassfilt
er.php
[3] eCircuit Center. (2002). Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter. [Online]. Available :
http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/MFB_bandpass/MFB_bandpass.htm
[4] Ramakant A. Gayakwad, General Linear Applications, in Op-Amps and Linear
Integrated Circuits, 4th ed. Delhi, India: PHI, 2014, ch. 6, sec. 6-5, pp. 200-202.
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[5] Wayne Storr. (2015,

May 17).

The Summing Amplifier. [Online]. Available :

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html

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