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0 OBJECTIVES
This open-ended laboratory activities aim to demonstrate some of the analog applications of
an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) through designing summing/scaling/averaging amplifier
circuits and a bandpass filter circuit, which involves two stages of design and simulation, and
hardware construction of prototype board.
2.0 LIST OF REQUIREMENT
2.1 Components/Instrumentation
Desktop PC
Matlab 5.3 with Signal Processing Toolbox
LM 741 op-amp IC (2)
Resistors range of 1 k to 500 k (all 5%, W)
Variable resistor 10 k
Breadboard (2)
A dual 15-V regulated variable power supply
A 5-V fixed DC source
Function generator
Digital multimeter
Dual-trace oscilloscope
2. A non-inverting amplifier. Leg three is the input and the output is not reversed.
In a non-inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and leaves the
741 chip through leg six. This time if it is positive going into the 741 then it is still positive
coming out. Polarity remains the same.
The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload
protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common-mode range is exceeded, as
well as freedom from oscillations.
The LM741C is identical to the LM741 and LM741A except that the LM741C has their
performance ensured over a 0C to +70C temperature range, instead of 55C to +125C.
resistor equal in value to the original input resistor, Rin we end up with another operational
amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, "Summing Inverter" or even a "Voltage Adder"
circuit.
The output voltage, (Vout) becomes proportional to the sum of the input voltages, V1, V 2, V
3, etc. So, the original equation for the inverting amplifier can be modified to take account of
these new inputs.
If we take a passive averager and use it to connect three input voltages into an op-amp
amplifier circuit with a gain of 3, we can turn this averaging function into an addition
function. The result is called a noninverting summer circuit.
This circuit multiplies each input by a factor (the factor is determined by circuit design) and
then adds these values together. The factor that is used to multiply each input is determined
by the ratio of the feedback resistor to the input resistor. For example, you could design a
circuit that would produce the following output from three inputs (E1, E2, and E3):
Using input resistors R1 for input number one (E1), R2 for input number two (E2), R3 for
input number three (E3), and R4 for the feedback resistor, you could calculate the values for
the resistors:
An ideal bandpass filter would have a completely flat passband (e.g. with no gain/attenuation
throughout) and would completely attenuate all frequencies outside the passband.
Additionally, the transition out of the passband would have brick wall characteristics.
In practice, no bandpass filter is ideal. The filter does not attenuate all frequencies outside the
desired frequency range completely; in particular, there is a region just outside the intended
passband where frequencies are attenuated, but not rejected. This is known as the filter rolloff, and it is usually expressed in dB of attenuation per octave or decade of frequency.
Generally, the design of a filter seeks to make the roll-off as narrow as possible, thus allowing
the filter to perform as close as possible to its intended design. Often, this is achieved at the
expense of pass-band or stop-band ripple.
The bandwidth of the filter is simply the difference between the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies. The shape factor is the ratio of bandwidths measured using two different
attenuation values to determine the cutoff frequency, e.g., a shape factor of 2:1 at 30/3 dB
means the bandwidth measured between frequencies at 30 dB attenuation is twice that
measured between frequencies at 3 dB attenuation.
3.0 PROCEDURE
***simulation diagram for both part
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1) The values of resistance for R1, R2 and R3 by using on the equation in the theory for
2)
3)
4)
5)
1) The values of resistance for R 1 and R2 by using on the equation in the theory depend
on the values of capacitor were calculated.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
5.0 RESULT
***pictorial result
***on board hardware diagram
Output voltage
Output voltage
Output voltage
amplifier
Summing
Averaging
Scaling
(pre-lab)
(Simulation)
(Experimental)
Output DC (V)
6.0 DISCUSSION
*** discussion on part 1 and part 2
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Av=Vout/Vin
7.0 CONCLUSION
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In conclusion, the objective of this experiment has been achieved. Students are able to
demonstrate some of the analog applications of an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) through
designing summing/scaling/averaging amplifier circuits and a bandpass filter circuit, which
involves two stages of design and simulation, and hardware construction of prototype board.
However, it is possible while practically doing the experiment, the results opted is slightly
different with the calculation and simulation. This is due to electrical error that might be
included of human error and measurement error.
8.0 REFERENCES
[1] Wayne Storr. (2015,
May 17).
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html
[2] Ian Poole. Op Amp Active BandPass Filter. [Online]. Available : http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/circuits/opamp_band_pass_filter/op_amp_bandpassfilt
er.php
[3] eCircuit Center. (2002). Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter. [Online]. Available :
http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/Circuits/MFB_bandpass/MFB_bandpass.htm
[4] Ramakant A. Gayakwad, General Linear Applications, in Op-Amps and Linear
Integrated Circuits, 4th ed. Delhi, India: PHI, 2014, ch. 6, sec. 6-5, pp. 200-202.
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May 17).
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html
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