F2

Boring
Boring operations involving rotating tools are applied to
machine holes that have been made through methods
such as pre-machining, casting, forging, extrusion,
flame-cutting etc.

Theory

F4

Selection procedure

F9

System overview

F 14

How to apply

F 21

Troubleshooting

F 25

F3

Turning

Parting and
grooving

Boring theory
The boring process
Typically, boring operations are performed in machining centres and
horizontal boring machines.
The rotating tool is feed axially through
the hole.
Most holes are through-holes, often in
prismatic components such as housings
and casings.

Threading

Theory

Three different basic boring methods

Boring with a
stationary tool

Milling

Boring with a
rotating tool

Milling, helical
interpolation

Drilling

Boring

Tool holding

For unsymmetrical components machined in a

machining centre.

Profiling can be carried

out with standard boring
bars.

Flexible tool solutions

with adjustable diameters.

Very flexible tool solutions with interchangeable cutting heads.

Very productive in roughing operations.

Good solution when chip

breaking is a problem.

High quality hole tolerance and surface (for

finishing).

High quality demands of

the machine (for finishing).

H
Machinability
Other information

Very flexible solution

where one milling cutter
can be used for different
diameters.

To be used only for symmetrical components in a

turning lathe.

F4

Saves space in the tool

magazine.

Theory

Turning

Definitions of terms
Definitions of cutting data terms

n = spindle speed (rpm)

ap = radial depth of cut (mm)

Parting and
grooving

vc = cutting speed (m/min)

fn = feed per revolution (mm/r)
Dc = boring diameter (mm)

vf = penetration rate (mm/min)

fz = feed per tooth (mm/rev)

Threading

zc = effective number of teeth that

machine the final surface

Cutting speed
Dc n
1000

(m/min)
Milling

vc =

Boring

vf = fn n (mm/min)

fn = zc fz (mm/r)

Penetration rate

Cutting depth

The penetration rate (vf) is the speed of

the axial movement and is strongly related
to productivity.

The cutting depth (ap) is the difference

between the uncut and the cut hole radius.

F5

Tool holding

The axial tool movement is called feed rate

(fn) and is measured in mm/revolution.
The feed rate is obtained by multiplying
the feed per tooth (mm/rev) by the number
of effective teeth (zc). The feed rate is the
key value in determining the quality of the
surface being machined and for ensuring
that the chip formation is within the scope
of the insert geometry.

Drilling

Feed

H
Machinability
Other information

The boring tool rotates at a certain number

of revolutions (n) per minute generating a
certain diameter (Dc). This gives a specific
cutting speed (vc) measured in m/min at
the cutting edge.

Theory

Turning

Calculating power consumption and torque

B
Parting and
grooving

n = spindle speed (rpm)

vc = cutting speed (m/min)

Pc (Nm)

fn = feed per revolution (mm/r)

Dc = boring diameter (mm)
kc = specific cutting force (N/mm2)

C
Threading

Pc = power consumption (kW)

Mc (Nm)

Mc = torque (Nm)

Milling

Drilling

Torque
The torque (Mc) is the torque value produced by the boring tool during cutting
action, which the machine must be able to
provide.

Pc =

ap fn kc vc

( )

Pc 30 103

ap

Dc

(kW)

(Nm)

Boring

Mc =

60

103

Tool holding

Machinability
Other information

Net power

Specific cutting force

The net power (Pc) is the power the

machine must be able to provide to the
cutting edges in order to drive the cutting
action. The mechanical and electrical
efficiency of the machine must be taken
into consideration when selecting cutting
data.

Cutting force/area for a given chip thickness in tangential direction.

The kc value indicates the machinability
of a certain material and is expressed
in N/mm2.

F6

Theory

Turning

Tools for roughing and finishing

Rough boring operations are performed to open up the

existing hole to prepare for fine boring.

B
Parting and
grooving

Rough boring tool with multiple edges

Single-edge fine boring tool

Fine boring operations are performed to make the hole
within final hole tolerance, position and surface finish
limits.

Milling

The diameter of a fine boring tool can be adjusted

within microns.

Threading

Drilling

Hole tolerance of boring and reaming tools

Single-edge fine
boring tool

Multi-edge
reamer for high
feed finishing

Boring

Rough boring
tool with multiple edges

G
Tool holding

IT6
IT7
IT8
IT9

F7

Machinability
Other information

Theory

Turning

Hole making methods

Single-edge boring
Usually applied for finishing operations and for roughing
in materials where chip control is demanding, or when
machine tool power is limited.

Parting and
grooving

Threading

C
Multi-edge boring
Involves two or three cutting edges and is employed for
roughing operations where metal removal rate is the first
priority.

Milling

Step boring
Performed in roughing by a boring tool having the inserts
set at different axial heights and diameters. Employed
where large stock removal is required or to get improved
chip control. Good choice for off-centre holes.

Drilling

Boring

Reaming
A light finishing operation performed with a multi-edge
reamer at high feeds.

Tool holding

Machinability
Other information

F8

Tool selection

Turning

Tool selection procedure

Production planning process

Parting and
grooving

Hole dimension
and quality

C
Component

Workpiece
material, shape
and quantity

Threading

Machine

Machine
parameters

Milling

Choice of tool

Drilling

Type of tool

How to apply

Cutting data,
coolant, etc.

Boring

Troubleshooting

Remedies and
solutions

F9

Machinability
Other information

Tool holding

Tool selection

Turning

1. Component and the workpiece material

Parameters to be considered

Component

Parting and
grooving

Identify the type of operation and note

characteristics regarding the hole to
be machined, limitations, material and
machine.
C
 lamping, clamping forces and cutting
forces. Is the component sensitive to
vibrations?

C
Threading

S
 elect the tool that covers the boring
diameter range and depth for the
operation, surface finish and tolerance.

Milling

Material

Drilling

 achinability
M
Chip breaking
Hardness
Alloy elements

 pindle interface
S
Machine stability
The spindle speed
Coolant supply
Clamping of the workpiece
Horizontal or vertical spindle
Power and torque
Tool magazine

2. Machine parameters

Boring

Condition of the machine

Tool holding

Machinability
Other information

F 10

Tool selection

Turning

3. Choice of tools
Finishing

Roughing

Parting and
grooving

C
Single-edge
boring

Single-edge
boring

Reaming
Threading

Step boring

Multi-edge boring

Step-boring

Single-edge boring

High metal removal rate.

F or rough boring with

large stock removal.

For general fine boring.

Productive boring.

Improved chip control.

Single-edge boring

Tolerance capability IT6.

Reaming

Improved chip control.

V
 ery good surface finish
at high penetration rates.

L ess machine-power
demanding.

Milling

Multi-edge
boring

Drilling

S
 uitable for mass
production.

Boring

Special boring operations

Engineered tools

Tool holding

Many operations in one tool.

T he operations can be completed during one
feed motion.

F 11

Machinability
Other information

Tool selection

Turning

4. How to apply
Important application considerations
Tool holding

B
Parting and
grooving

A
 lways use the strongest coupling and
aim for the shortest tool overhang.
F or best stability and hole quality use
Coromant Capto, dampened tools and
tapered shanks.

C
Threading

Tool considerations
C
 onsider entering angle, insert geometry
and grade.

Chip evacuation and cutting fluid

Milling

C
 hip formation and evacuation are important factors in boring and affect hole
quality and hole tolerance.
Cutting data
Cutting speed,
vc mm

C
 orrect cutting speed and feed rate is
essential for high productivity, tool life
and hole quality.

Drilling

Boring

Feed, mm/r

Tool holding

Machinability
Other information

F 12

Tool selection

Turning

5. Troubleshooting
Important application considerations
Insert wear and tool life

C
 heck the chip breaking and cutting fluid
supply.
Hole quality and tolerances
C
 heck clamping of boring tool/workpiece, feed rate, machine conditions and
chip evacuation.

C
Threading

Chip evacuation

Parting and
grooving

 C
 orrect geometry, grade and cutting data
is essential in boring operations.

Drilling

C
 orrect cutting speed, feed rate and
cutting depth is essential for high productivity, tool life and to avoid vibrations.

Milling

Cutting data

Boring

Tool holding

F 13

Machinability
Other information

Turning

Parting and
grooving

System overview

System overview
Rough boring tools
Rough boring operations are performed to open up an
existing hole to prepare for finishing.
Heavy duty tool with two
inserts

Tool with two inserts

Tool with one insert

Threading

Tool with three inserts

Milling

Tool with dampened adaptor

Fine boring tools

Drilling

Fine boring operations are performed to finalize hole within

tolerance and surface finish limits.

Single-edge tool with

dampened adaptor

Single-edge tool with

modular adaptor
Single-edge tools

Boring

Multi-edge reamer

G
Tool holding

Fine boring head for

fine boring bars

Machinability
Other information

F 14

Turning

System overview

Rough boring tool with three inserts

Diameter range 35 - 306 mm

Parting and
grooving

Rough boring tool with two inserts

Diameter range 25 - 270 mm

C
Heavy duty rough boring tool with two inserts
Threading

Diameter range 150 - 550 mm

D
150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550
Milling

0
50
100
Diameter, mm

Multi-edge reamer
Diameter range 10 - 31.75 mm

Drilling

Fine boring head

Diameter range 3 - 42 mm

F
Single-edge boring tool with integrated adaptor
Boring

Diameter range 23 - 176.6 mm

G
Tool holding

Single-edge boring tool with modular adaptor

Diameter range 150 - 981.6 mm

150

200

250

300

500

550

600

900 1000

F 15

Machinability
Other information

H
0
25
50
Diameter, mm

Turning

Choice of tool

Choice of tools
Roughing
Multi-edge boring

B
Parting and
grooving

H
 igh metal removal rate.
Productive boring.
Single-edge boring
Improved chip control.
Less machine-power demanding.

C
Threading

Step-boring
F or rough boring with large stock
removal.
Improved chip control.

Milling

Finishing
Single-edge boring

F or general fine boring.

Tolerance capability IT6.

Drilling

Reaming
V
 ery good surface finish at high penetration rates.
Suitable for mass production.

Boring

Special boring operations

Tool holding

Engineered tools
M
 any operations in one tool.
The operations can be completed during
one feed motion.

Machinability
Other information

F 16

Choice of tool

Rough boring tool with three inserts

B
Parting and
grooving

First choice recommendation for medium and high power

machines is a rough boring tool with three cutting edges
for optimized productivity.

Turning

Rough boring tools

Rough boring tool with two inserts

A rough boring tool with two cutting edges is first choice
for low to medium power machines, unstable operations
or large diameters.

Threading

Milling

Dampened rough boring tool for long overhangs

Choose dampened rough boring tools for overhangs
longer than 4 times the coupling diameter.

Drilling

Boring tool set-up

Single-edge boring

Multi-edge boring

Boring

All rough boring tools can be set-up in three different

ways.
Step boring

Tool holding

F 17

Machinability
Other information

All rough boring tools can be ordered and assembled, adapted to

the chosen type of rough boring method.

Choice of tool

Turning

Slides for rough boring tools

Slides with negative inserts
F or stable conditions, choose negative
shape inserts for better insert economy.

B
Parting and
grooving

U
 se negative inserts in tough applications that require strong inserts and
improved process security.

Slides with positive inserts

In rough boring, it is an advantage to use
positive basic-shape inserts as they give
lower cutting forces compared to negative inserts.

Threading

Milling

Drilling

Entering angle and insert shape

The entering angle of boring tools affects the direction
and magnitude of axial and radial forces. A large entering
angle produces a large axial force, while a small entering
angle results in a large radial cutting force.
Positive inserts

Tool holding

H
Machinability
Other information

Negative inserts
75/84 - F or interrupted cuts, sand
inclusions, stack boring etc.
Through holes only.

Boring

A
 small nose angle and small nose
radius also contribute to keeping the
cutting forces down.

F 18

90

- F irst choice for general

operations, step boring and for
shoulder operations.

95

- F or high feeds or improved

surface finish with Wiper
inserts in stable conditions.

Choice of tool

Turning

Fine boring tools

Single-edge fine boring tool

B
Parting and
grooving

A single-edge fine boring tool is the first choice for fine

boring operations.

For small diameters a fine boring head with fine boring

bars is required.

Threading

Fine boring head with fine boring bars

Milling

Silent tools for long overhangs

Drilling

Silent tools (dampened) are the first choice for overhangs

longer than 4 times the coupling diameter.

G
Tool holding

Multi-edge reamers are suitable for high feeds in mass

production.

Boring

Multi-edge reamer

F 19

Machinability
Other information

Choice of tool

Turning

Cartridges for fine boring tools

General recommendations
In fine boring, positive basic-shape inserts are used, as they give lower cutting
forces compared to negative inserts.

Parting and
grooving

Positive inserts
7 clearance angle

P
 ositive basic-shape inserts with 7
clearance angle are the first choice
L ight-cutting insert geometries, thin
coatings and a small nose radius
(max. 0.4 mm) also contribute to keep
the cutting forces down.

Threading

Positive inserts
11 clearance angle

Milling

Adaptors
Choose the shortest possible adaptor length.

Choose the largest possible diameter/size of adaptor.

If possible, use a tapered adaptor to increase the static

stiffness and to reduce the deflection.

F or long overhangs, ensure rigid clamping with flange

contact to spindle if possible.

Boring

Drilling

F or long overhangs (larger than 4 x coupling diameter)

use dampened adaptors.

Tool holding

Machinability
Other information

F 20

How to apply

Adjustable fine boring mechanism

B
Single-edge fine boring tools have adjustment possibilities to accurately pre-set the
cutting edge within microns.

Parting and
grooving

Fine boring tools

Turning

How to apply

Threading

B
 oring tools for finishing, with one cutting edge, will experience some degree
of radial deflection during machining due
to the cutting forces.

T he depth of cut and length of overhang

influence the radial deflection of the
boring tool.

Milling

Tool deflection

A
 measuring cut is normally needed,
followed by a final adjustment of the tool.

Drilling

T he deflection might cause undersized

holes or vibrations.

Boring

Tool holding

F 21

Machinability
Other information

How to apply

Turning

Boring tools general

Chip evacuation, cooling and lubrication between the
tool and the workpiece material are primary functions
of cutting fluid.

Parting and
grooving

Cutting fluid supply

A
 pply cutting fluid for optimized chip
evacuation, cooling and lubrication.
Affects hole quality and tool life.

C
Threading

Internal cutting fluid is recomended in

order to direct the fluid to the cutting
zone.

Milling

Chip control and chip evacuation

Drilling

Chip formation and chip evacuation is a critical issue in

boring operations, especially in blind holes.
Ideally, chips should be in the form of defined commas
or spirals.

Cutting depth,
ap mm

Factors that have an influence on chip

breaking are:
- the insert micro and macro geometry
- nose radius
- entering angle
- cutting depth
- feed
- cutting speed
- material.

Boring

G
Tool holding

Feed, mm/r

Machinability
Other information

F 22

How to apply

Turning

Cutting data recommendations

The cutting data for the insert geometry and grade
chosen can generally be followed with the following
exceptions:

B
Parting and
grooving

-R
 ough boring
Max start value vc = 200 m/min.
-F
 ine boring with fine boring adaptors:
Max start value vc = 240 m/min.
- Fine boring with fine boring bars:
Max start value vc = 90 120 m/min.
- Fine boring:
Max ap = 0.5 mm.
If the cutting depth is too small, the insert will tend to
ride on the pre-machined surface, only scratching and
rubbing it, leading to poor results.

Milling

Cutting speed is mainly limited by:

- vibration tendencies
- chip evacuation
- long overhangs.

Threading

Power and torque consumption

When rough boring, make sure the machine can provide
sufficient power and torque.

Boring

Important parameters are:

- feed
- number of inserts
- diameter
- depth of cut.

Tool holding

F 23

Machinability
Other information

M
Mcc (Nm)

Drilling

How to apply

Turning

Tool maintenance and use of torque wrench

A
 lways use a torque wrench and apply the recomended
torque on screws for insert and tool assembly.

Check inserts and insert seats regularly.

Parting and
grooving

Replace worn or exhausted screws and washers.

Clean all assembly items before assembly.
L ubricate all assembly items with oil at least
once a year.

C
Threading

L ubricate the fine adjustment mechanism for fine boring

regularly.

Milling

How to apply reaming tools

T he reamer should not be expected to correct any
positional or straightness errors in the pre-machined
hole.

Drilling

T he straightness of the pre-machined hole should be

less than 0.05 mm.

A
 small run-out is very important for reaming operations.
Boring

Maximum recommended run-out is 5 microns.

M
 ake sure the reamer is concentric with the pre
machined hole.

G
Tool holding

Choose the shortest possible tool holder and shank.

E
 mulsion as cutting fluid generates better tool life
than oil.
Use recommended cutting data.

Machinability
Other information

F 24

Troubleshooting

Turning

Troubleshooting

Factors that affect vibration tendencies

Vibration tendencies grow towards the right.

Parting and
grooving

Threading

Milling

Drilling

Apply step boring.

Choose a 2-edge rough boring tool.
C
 hoose a light-cutting geometry and
grade.
Use a smaller nose radius.

C
 heck that all units in the tool assembly
are assembled correctly with the correct
torque.

Reduce feed or increase feed.

Use the largest tool diameter possible.
Use the shortest tool overhang possible.

Boring

Decrease cutting speed.

G
Tool holding

Check workpiece clamping.

 heck machine spindle, wear, clamping
C
etc.
Increase depth of cut (finishing).

Use dampened tools if long overhang.

F 25

Machinability
Other information

Decrease depth of cut (roughing).

Troubleshooting

Turning

Insert wear
Insert wear patterns and remedies in boring are generally
very similar to turning.

Parting and
grooving

Chip breaking

Cause

Solution

Too short, hard

Increase cutting speed

Decrease feed

Threading

Change geometry to a more

open chip breaker

Too long

Increase feed
Decrease cutting speed

Milling

Change geometry to a more

closed chip breaker

Surface
Drilling

Tool vibration

Boring

Too high feed

Decrease feed

Too high speed

Decrease speed

Too large cutting depth

Apply step boring

Too high cutting forces

Decrease depth of cut

Use positive inserts
Use smaller nose radius

Tool holding

G
Feed marks

Choose knife edge wiper

insert

Use larger nose radius

Machinability
Other information

Too high feed

Decrease feed

F 26

Troubleshooting

Turning

Solution

Wrong cutting data

Change cutting edge and

investigate reason for wear
pattern cutting data, insert
geometry and insert grade.

Chips scratching surface

Bad chip breaking

B
Parting and
grooving

Insert wear

Change cutting data

Change insert geometry

Threading

Cause

Increase speed
Use coolant

Drilling

Use a cermet grade

Machine power limitation

Decrease cutting data

Boring

Apply step boring

G
Tool holding

Limited machine power

F 27

Machinability
Other information

Bad surface finish

Milling

Surface finish