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r
CDvert
CDpar
CD
CL
D
D par
Dr
Fprop
Fstab
G
Ir
L
Lr
rbl
rr
Sr
tbl
ur
Nomenclature
r
rbl
rbl
V
Vrbl
wDW
wr
wr , eff
Xr
Duda, Pruter
X rbl
Zr
Z rbl
1 Introduction
A gyroplane is an aircraft that gets lift from a
freely turning rotary wing and which derives its
thrust from an engine-driven propeller [1].
Historically, this type of aircraft has been
known as autogiro or gyrocopter. It was
developed by Juan de la Cierva and in 1923; it
was the first rotary wing aircraft flying. Early
gyroplanes were powered by engines in a tractor
(pulling) configuration, like the Cierva C.30
from 1932 which was produced 180 times by
1945.
Gyroplanes became largely neglected after
significant improvements in helicopters. In the
fifties there was some revival of interest in the
gyroplane by Igor Bensens home-built
gyroplane kits with an open airframe and the
Fairey Company in Britain. During early sixties,
single- and two-seater gyroplanes were
developed for the private aviation market; one
of it gaining a starring role in a 1967 James
Bond film the little Nellie, a Ken Wallis WA116.
Today in Europe several manufacturers sell
single- and two-seater gyroplanes for the private
aviation market, such as Spanish ELA Aviation,
Italian Magni Gyro, German ROTORTEC
GmbH or AutoGyro GmbH; the latter produced
and sold more than thousand gyroplanes since
2004. This boom can be explained by the
fascinating flying characteristics in combination
with the robustness and cost efficiency of this
kind of flight vehicle.
Fig. 1 shows AutoGyros MTOsport
gyroplane from 2008. The ability of gyroplanes
to fly very slowly, such as minimum airspeed of
20 kts, makes it very versatile and leads to
extremely short takeoff and landing distances.
The possibility to (almost) stop in the air and to
descend vertically is a very nice feature for
observations or sightseeing flights. Compared to
Duda, Pruter
Dr X r cos r Z r sin r
(1)
Lr X r sin r Z r cos r
(2)
D Dr D par
(3)
D par
V 2 S par CDpar
(4)
Zr
/ 2 CDvert S r
(5)
is
Duda, Pruter
4.1 Rotor
MTOsport Model
[10] Re=1,8 106
C [1]
1
Ir
( X
i 1...10
rbl , i
0.5
0.002
0.004
0.006
C [1]
0.008
0.01
0.012
(6)
(8)
CDvert 2.0 .
5.2 Forward Flight
(10)
tbl
rr
DW
4.5
4
4
rbl
[N]
500
270
360
-0.1
4
-0.2
rbl
180
rbl
[deg]
100
0
0
90
4
X [kN]
[kts]
200
0
0
4
[N]
X
rbl
0
0
300
Z r 4420 N
X r 112 N
r 338 rpm
wDW 0.7 m / s
-2
0
2
r
bl
[m]
90
180
rbl
270
[deg]
360
Duda, Pruter
Drag Breakdown
3
Force [kN]
D
D
r
par
D
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Glide Ratio
20
(L/D)
(L/D) [1]
15
(L/D)
10
5
0
20
40
60
V [kts]
80
100
( L / D) 4.0 .
The maximum glide ratio of the rotor
blades alone at an airspeed of 80 kts (MTOsport
top speed) is
( L / D) r 16.8 .
5.4 Discussion
MTOW [kg]
Engine Power [hp]
Max. Airspeed [kts]
Rotor Diameter [m]
Rotor Disk Area [m]
Disk Load [kg/m]
Blade Airfoil
No. of Blades
Blade Chord [m]
Solidity
Av. Rotor Speed [rpm]
Av. Tip Speed [kts]
Parachutal Drag Coeff.
Max (L/D) Rotor Blades
Max (L/D) Total Aircraft
Base Parasitic Area [m]
Parasitic Drag Coeff.
MTOsport
450
100
80
8.4
55.4
8.1
NACA 8-H-12
2
0.20
0.030
340
290
2.0
16.8
4.0
1.0
1.4
PCA-2
1360
300
100
13.7
147.4
9.2
G429
4
0.52
0.097
140
200
1.2
11.5
4.8
1.8
1.0
CDpar 1.4 .
1.5
Force [kN]
CDpar 0.8 .
1
0.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
prop
8
(L/D) [1]
120
MTOsport
Calidus
Airplane
F
6
4
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
V [kts]
Duda, Pruter
Copyright Statement
The authors confirm that they, and/or their company or
organization, hold copyright on all of the original material
included in this paper. The authors also confirm that they
have obtained permission, from the copyright holder of
any third party material included in this paper, to publish
it as part of their paper. The authors confirm that they
give permission, or have obtained permission from the
copyright holder of this paper, for the publication and
distribution of this paper as part of the ICAS2012
proceedings or as individual off-prints from the
proceedings.
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