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ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL LOADS ON BURIED PIPE

(Based on ALA - Guidlines for the design of Buried steel pipe)

Project

: 13404

Pipeline : 6" Jet fuel pipeline

FLOODED

1.) EARTH LOAD


Total dry unit weight,

r =

NON-FLOODED

120

LB/FT^3

3
18.86 kN/m

Height of backfill above pipe, C =

59.06

INCH

1.50 m

unit weight of water ,

62.4

LB/FT^3

3
9.81 kN/m

59.06

INCH

1.50 m

rw =

height of water above pipe,


Water buoyancy factor,

hw =
Rw =

0.67

=
Earth Load,Pv

(1-0.33(hw/C)
rw.hw+Rw.r.C

4.88

PSI

2.) LIVE LOAD


Concentrated load at the surface
above pipe,
Ps =
offset distance from pipe to line of
application of surface load
d =
Impact factor,

F' =

Pressure Transmitted to pipe,

Pp =
=

18000

lb

inch

1.15
F'*3Ps/(2**C2[1+(d/C)2]2.5)
2.83
PSI

3.) OVALITY
Pipe Outside Diameter,

D=

6.625 INCH

Bedding constant,

K (~0.1) =

0.1

thickness of pipe,
thicknes of liner,

t =
tL =

0.280 INCH

thicknes of coating ,

tc =

0.1063 INCH

0 INCH

Pressure on pipe due to load, P =

dy/D =

1.5

E` =

500 PSI

Youngs modulus of pipe,


modulus of elasticity of liner,

E=
EL =

29000000 PSI

modulus of elasticity of coating, Ec=

113000 PSI

0 PSI

7.71 PSI

Equi. pipe wall stiffness, (EI)eq =


Ovality ,

Deflection lag factor, D1(~1.0 -1.5) =


Modulus of sol reaction,

53016.52
(D1.K.P)/((EI)eq/R^3 + 0.061 E')
0.001 INCH
0.15%

Ovality percentage =

Check Ovality <3%

OK

Generally in steel pipelines, buckling typically occurs when the ovality reached 20%, however as per API RP-1102 recommends to limit cross section ovality to 3%

4.) RING BUCKLING PRESSURE


FS= factor of safety
Factor of safety, FS
Empirical coeff of elastic support, B'=

2.5
1/(1+4e^(-0.065C/D))
0.309

Critical Ring buckling Pressure Qrb=

(1/FS)*sqrt(32.Rw.B'.E'.(ET)eq/D^3))
310.64 PSI

Notes:1.) The surface loads are assumed to be acting as a point load


2.) The analysis is carried out for empty condition of pipe

2.5 for C/D=>2


3 for (C/D)<2

Track Crossing Calculation-Uncased (as per API 1102)


PROJECT: 13404
PIPELINE: 6" Jet Fuel Pipeline
Initial Design information
Pipe and operational characteristics:
Outside Diameter, D (inches)
Design/Oper. Pressure, p (bar g)
Line Pipe Steel Grade
Specified min. yield strength, SMYS (psi)
Design Factor, F
Allowable Design Factor, Fa
Longitudinal joint Factor, E
Temperature derating Factor T
Design Wall Thickness, t (mm)
Corrossion Allownace, c (mm)
Corroded Wall Thickness, tw (mm)
Installation Temp Deg C
Maximum operating Temp Deg C
Installation and Site Characteristics
Depth H (Meters)
Bored diameter, Bd
Soil Type
Modulus of soil reaction, E' (ksi)
Resilient modulus, Er (ksi)
Unit Weight of soil, Lamda , lbs/in
Type of Longitudinal Weld
Design Wheel Load from axle, Ps/t (kips)
Pavement type (Flexible / No Pavement / Rigid)
Ap (Area of Tire Contact)sq.m =
Critical Axle Configuration
Other Steel Properties
Young's modulus, Es
Poisson's ratio, Vs
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion mm/mm/deg C

6
19.6
API 5L Gr. B
35000
0.72
0.72
1
1
7.11
0
7.11
13
65

=
Barg =
psi

168.3 mm
284.3

1.960 Mpa
240 MPa

mm
mm
mm
C
C

1.5 m
168.3 mm
Loose Sand & Gravel
0.5 ksi
=
5 ksi
=
0.070 lbs/in =
SMLS
17.8125
=
Rigid
0.053 m
Single

30000000 psi
0.3
0.0000117

4.92 feet

3.4 MPa
34 MPa
1926 Kg/m
79.23 KN

206842.772 MPa

Check Allowable Barlow Stress


Equation 8a, (Shi=p.D/2.tw) less than or equal to FxExTxSMYS
p=
1.96 MPa
D=
168.3 mm
tw=
7.11 mm
F=
0.72
E=
1
SMYS=
240 MPa
T=
1
Shi (Barlow)
Barlow Criteria fulfilled (Shi less than F.E.T.SMYS)
Circumferential Stress Due to Earth Load
tw/D
E'
From Figure 3 of API RP1102, KHe
Dia of earth surrounding the pipeline Bd
H/Bd
From Figure 4 of API RP1102, Factor Be =
Bd /D =
From Figure 5 of API RP1102 Factor Ee =
Unit Weight of Soil Lamda
SHe from Equation 1 of API RP1102, (SHe=KHe.Be.Ee.Lamda .D)

23.197
OK

< or =

0.0422
3.4
800
168.3 mm
8.91
1.300
1.00
0.820
1926 kg/m
2.71 MPa

172.80 MPa

2711 KPa

Page 2/6

Impact Factor Fi and Applied Design Surface Pressure, w


Fi from Figure 7 & Sect 4.7.2.2.2
Ap (Area of Tire Contact)sq.m =

1.50
0.05295796 m
1496.09 KPa

w = Pt/Ap lbs/in2
Cyclic Circumferential Delta SHh
From Fig 14 of API RP1102, for tw/D and Er values KHh =
From Fig 15 of API RP1102, GHh =
From Table 2 of API RP1102, R =
From Table 2 of API RP1102, L =
From Equation 5 of API RP1102, Delta SHh = KHh.GHh.R.L.Fi.w

8.00
1.30
1.10
1.00
25.67 MPa

25673 KPa

Cyclic Longitudinal Delta SLh


From Fig 16 of API RP1102, for tw/D and Er values KLh =
From Fig 17 of API RP1102, GLh =
From Eqn 6 of API RP1102, Delta SLh =KLh.GLh.R.L.Fi.w

9.00
1.550
34.44 MPa

34436 KPa

Circumferential Stress Due to Internal Pressure


From Eqn 7 of API RP1102, SHi =p(D-tw)/2.tw

22.22 MPa

22217 KPa

Principle Stresses S1, S2, & S3


From Eqn 9 of API RP1102, Circumferential S1 =SHe+Delta SHh+Shi
From Eqn 10 of API RP1102, Longitudinal S2 =
From Eqn 11 of API RP1102, Radial S3 = -p = -MAOP
From Equation 12, Page 2, Seff =

50.60
-83.93
-1.96
117.43

Check Allowable Effective Stress


Total effective stress in pipeline, Seff not to exceed SMYSxFa
SMYS x Fa

172.80 MPa

IF Seff is Equal or Less Than (SMYS x F) then Crossing is

MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

S1-S2
S2-S3
S3-S1

OK

134.53 MPa
-81.97 MPa
-52.56 MPa

67.96%

Check Fatigue
F =
0.72
SFG

From Table 3 of API RP 1102


Delta SLh =
SFG x F =

12000 psi

82.74 MPa

34.44 MPa
59.57 MPa
Girth Welds Delta SLh < = SFG x F

Girth Welds OK for Fatigue

Longitudinal welds
F =
0.72
SFL
=
From Table 3 of API RP 1102
21000 psi
=
144.79 MPa
Delta SHh shall be less than or equal to SFL x F
Delta SHh =
25.67 MPa
SFL x F =
104.25 MPa
Longitudinal welds Delta SHh < = SFL X F Longitudinal Welds OK for Fatigue

Page 3/6

ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL LOADS ON BURIED PIPE


(Based on ALA - Guidlines for the design of Buried steel pipe)

Project

: 13404

Pipeline : 3" Jet fuel pipeline

FLOODED

1.) EARTH LOAD


Total dry unit weight,

r =

NON-FLOODED

120

LB/FT^3

3
18.86 kN/m

Height of backfill above pipe, C =

59.06

INCH

1.50 m

unit weight of water ,

62.4

LB/FT^3

3
9.81 kN/m

59.06

INCH

1.50 m

rw =

height of water above pipe,


Water buoyancy factor,

hw =
Rw =

0.67

=
Earth Load,Pv

(1-0.33(hw/C)
rw.hw+Rw.r.C

4.88

PSI

2.) LIVE LOAD


Concentrated load at the surface
above pipe,
Ps =
offset distance from pipe to line of
application of surface load
d =
Impact factor,

F' =

Pressure Transmitted to pipe,

Pp =
=

18000

lb

inch

1.15
F'*3Ps/(2**C2[1+(d/C)2]2.5)
2.83
PSI

3.) OVALITY
Pipe Outside Diameter,

D=

3.5 INCH

Deflection lag factor, D1(~1.0 -1.5) =

1.5

0.1

Modulus of sol reaction,

E` =

500 PSI

Youngs modulus of pipe,


modulus of elasticity of liner,

E=
EL =

29000000 PSI

modulus of elasticity of coating, Ec=

113000 PSI

Bedding constant,

K (~0.1) =

thickness of pipe,
thicknes of liner,

t =
tL =

0.216 INCH

thicknes of coating ,

tc =

0.984 INCH

0 INCH

Pressure on pipe due to load, P =

7.71 PSI

Equi. pipe wall stiffness, (EI)eq =


Ovality ,

dy/D =

0 PSI

33380.52
(D1.K.P)/((EI)eq/R^3 + 0.061 E')
0.001 INCH
0.12%

Ovality percentage =

Check Ovality <3%

OK

Generally in steel pipelines, buckling typically occurs when the ovality reached 20%, however as per API RP-1102 recommends to limit cross section ovality to 3%

4.) RING BUCKLING PRESSURE


FS= factor of safety
Factor of safety, FS
Empirical coeff of elastic support, B'=

2.5
1/(1+4e^(-0.065C/D))
0.428

Critical Ring buckling Pressure Qrb=

(1/FS)*sqrt(32.Rw.B'.E'.(ET)eq/D^3))
756.12 PSI

Notes:1.) The surface loads are assumed to be acting as a point load


2.) The analysis is carried out for empty condition of pipe

2.5 for C/D=>2


3 for (C/D)<2

Track Crossing Calculation-Uncased (as per API 1102)


PROJECT: 13404
PIPELINE: 3" Jet Fuel Pipeline
Initial Design information
Pipe and operational characteristics:
Outside Diameter, D (inches)
Design/Oper. Pressure, p (bar g)
Line Pipe Steel Grade
Specified min. yield strength, SMYS (psi)
Design Factor, F
Allowable Design Factor, Fa
Longitudinal joint Factor, E
Temperature derating Factor T
Design Wall Thickness, t (mm)
Corrossion Allownace, c (mm)
Corroded Wall Thickness, tw (mm)
Installation Temp Deg C
Maximum operating Temp Deg C
Installation and Site Characteristics
Depth H (Meters)
Bored diameter, Bd
Soil Type
Modulus of soil reaction, E' (ksi)
Resilient modulus, Er (ksi)
Unit Weight of soil, Lamda , lbs/in
Type of Longitudinal Weld
Design Wheel Load from axle, Ps/t (kips)
Pavement type (Flexible / No Pavement / Rigid)
Ap (Area of Tire Contact)sq.m =
Critical Axle Configuration
Other Steel Properties
Young's modulus, Es
Poisson's ratio, Vs
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion mm/mm/deg C

3
19.6
API 5L Gr. B
35000
0.72
0.72
1
1
5.49
0
5.49
13
65

=
Barg = 284.3

88.9 mm

psi

240 MPa

1.960 Mpa

mm
mm
mm
C
C

1.5 m
88.9 mm
Loose Sand & Gravel
0.5 ksi
=
5 ksi
=
0.070 lbs/in =
SMLS
17.8125
=
Rigid
0.053 m
Single

30000000 psi
0.3
0.0000117

4.92 feet

3.4 MPa
34 MPa
1926 Kg/m
79.23 KN

206843 MPa

Check Allowable Barlow Stress


Equation 8a, (Shi=p.D/2.tw) less than or equal to FxExTxSMYS
p=
1.96 MPa
D=
88.9 mm
tw=
5.49 mm
F=
0.72
E=
1
SMYS=
240 MPa
T=
1
Shi (Barlow)
Barlow Criteria fulfilled (Shi less than F.E.T.SMYS)
Circumferential Stress Due to Earth Load
tw/D
E'
From Figure 3 of API RP1102, KHe
Dia of earth surrounding the pipeline Bd
H/Bd
From Figure 4 of API RP1102, Factor Be =
Bd /D =
From Figure 5 of API RP1102 Factor Ee =
Unit Weight of Soil Lamda
SHe from Equation 1 of API RP1102, (SHe=KHe.Be.Ee.Lamda .D)

15.869
OK

< or =

0.0618
3.4
400
88.9 mm
16.87
1.350
1.00
0.820
1926 kg/m
0.74 MPa

172.80 MPa

744 KPa

Page 5/6

Impact Factor Fi and Applied Design Surface Pressure, w


Fi from Figure 7 & Sect 4.7.2.2.2
Ap (Area of Tire Contact)sq.m =

1.50
0.05295796 m
1496.09 KPa

w = Pt/Ap lbs/in2
Cyclic Circumferential Delta SHh
From Fig 14 of API RP1102, for tw/D and Er values KHh =
From Fig 15 of API RP1102, GHh =
From Table 2 of API RP1102, R =
From Table 2 of API RP1102, L =
From Equation 5 of API RP1102, Delta SHh = KHh.GHh.R.L.Fi.w

4.25
1.45
1.10
1.00
15.21 MPa

15212 KPa

Cyclic Longitudinal Delta SLh


From Fig 16 of API RP1102, for tw/D and Er values KLh =
From Fig 17 of API RP1102, GLh =
From Eqn 6 of API RP1102, Delta SLh =KLh.GLh.R.L.Fi.w

7.50
2.100
38.88 MPa

38880 KPa

Circumferential Stress Due to Internal Pressure


From Eqn 7 of API RP1102, SHi =p(D-tw)/2.tw

14.89 MPa

14889 KPa

Principle Stresses S1, S2, & S3


From Eqn 9 of API RP1102, Circumferential S1 =SHe+Delta SHh+Shi
From Eqn 10 of API RP1102, Longitudinal S2 =
From Eqn 11 of API RP1102, Radial S3 = -p = -MAOP
From Equation 12, Page 2, Seff =

30.85
-82.27
-1.96
100.80

Check Allowable Effective Stress


Total effective stress in pipeline, Seff not to exceed SMYSxFa
SMYS x Fa

172.80 MPa

IF Seff is Equal or Less Than (SMYS x F) then Crossing is

MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

S1-S2
S2-S3
S3-S1

OK

113.12 MPa
-80.31 MPa
-32.81 MPa

58.33%

Check Fatigue
F =
0.72
SFG

From Table 3 of API RP 1102


Delta SLh =
SFG x F =

12000 psi

82.74 MPa

38.88 MPa
59.57 MPa
Girth Welds Delta SLh < = SFG x F

Girth Welds OK for Fatigue

Longitudinal welds
F =
0.72
SFL
=
From Table 3 of API RP 1102
21000 psi
=
144.79 MPa
Delta SHh shall be less than or equal to SFL x F
Delta SHh =
15.21 MPa
SFL x F =
104.25 MPa
Longitudinal welds Delta SHh < = SFL X F Longitudinal Welds OK for Fatigue

Page 6/6

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