2014 Chemistry - CSSA Trial With Solutions

Centre Number
CSSA
Student Number
CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS

ASSOCIATION OF NSW
2014
TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION
Chemistry
Morning Session
Friday 1 August 2014
General Instructions
Reading time - 5 minutes

Working time- 3 hours
Write using black or blue pen
Black pen is preferred
Board-approved calculators may
be used
Draw diagrams using pencil
A data sheet and Periodic Table
are provided SEP ARATEL Y
Write your Centre Number and
Student Number on the top of
this page and page 13
Total marks- 100

[ Section I ]
Pages 2-31
75 marks
This section has two parts, Part A and Part B
Part A - 20 marks
Attempt Questions 1-20
Allow about 35 minutes for this section
Part B- 55 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this section
[Section II
Pages 33-40
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 34-38
Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to prepare these 'Trial' Higher School Certificate Examinations in accordance with the NSW Board of Studies documents, Principles for Setting HSC Examinations
in a Standards-Referenced Framework (www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.aui.. Jorincioles-for-setlina-exams.htmll, and Principles for Developing Marking Guidelines Examinations in a Standards
Referenced Framework ('.'Avw.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.aulmanualsforincioles hsc.htmll. No guarantee or warranty is made or implied that the 'Trial' Examination papers mirror in every respect
the actual HSC Examination question paper in any or all courses to be examined. These papers do not constitute 'advice' nor can they be construed as authoritative interpretations of Board of
Studies intentions. The CSSA accepts no liabili1y for any reliance use or purpose related b these 'Trial' question papers. Advice on HSC examination issues is only to be obtained from the
NSWBOS.
3800-1
Section I
75 marks
Part A- 20 marks
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1-20.
Ethanol can be converted to ethylene using which reaction and catalyst below?
(A) Addition with a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst
(B)
Substitution with a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst
(C)
Hydration with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
(D) Dehydration with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
Identify the reaction that shows the catalytic cracking of decane to form ethylene and
hexane.
(A) C10H22(l) --+ CzH4(g) + C6H14(1)
(B)
C10Hzz(l) -> 2CzH4(g) + C6H14(1)
(C)
C10Hzz(l) --+ 2CzH4(g) + C6H1z(l)
(D) C10Hzz(l) --+ CzH4(g) + C6H16(1)
Which set of isotopes contains only stable nuclei?
(A)
1~
(B)
IH
(C)
(D)
39K
19
~i Pb
1~ 0
jH
238 u
1~
i3 Ca
12 c
6
92
~ Tc
1~ 0
The reaction below shows the ionisation of hydrogen fluoride in water.
IdentifY the acid I conjugate base pair.
(A) HzO I H10+
(B) HF IF"
(C) HF IHzO
(D) H10+ IF
An ice core is a cylinder-shaped sample of ice drilled from a glacier. Ice core records
provide the most direct and detailed way to investigate past climate atmospheric conditions
and atmospheric gas concentrations. Air trapped in glacial ice offers a means of
reconstructing variations in the concentrations of atmospheric gases over time scales
ranging from the last 200 years to the last few hundred thousand years. Analysis of ice core
samples is generally undertaken by teams of scientists, many of whom are chemists.
Which ofthe following is the LEAST likely reason for having chemists collaborate on
projects like this?
(A)
Chemists specialise early in their careers and tend to develop expert knowledge and
skills in highly specific areas.
(B)
Bringing varied knowledge and skills together from different chemists will ensure
that the quality of the investigation is enhanced.
(C)
Projects involving a number of chemists with different knowledge and skills tend to
cost less than having one chemist complete the project on their own.
(D)
A team of chemists with different knowledge and skills will complete an

investigation in a shorter timeframe than one chemist working on their own.
Which of the following lists shows the compounds in order of decreasing boiling point?
(A)
ethanol> ethane> ethanoic acid
(B)
ethane > ethanol> ethanoic acid
(C)
ethanoic acid > ethanol > ethane
(D)
ethanoic acid> ethane> ethanol

3
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are often called bacterial plastics because they are made using
genetically modified bacteria. One widely manufactured and used polyhydroxyalkanoate is
PHBV.
PHBV is a condensation polymer with the repeating section of the structure shown below.
CH2CH3
r
H
I
r
H
o-c-c-c-o-c-c-c
f~
I
Which two monomers are used to make PHBV?

(A)
OHH
II
H-e -c -c-c-c -oH
(B)
(C)
H-
II
c- c -c- c-c -OH

I
II
II
H - c - c - c - c -oH
II
OH
OH
OHH
II
H - C - C - C - C - C -OH
I I I II
c -c- c-c -oH
I I I
H
H-C-C-C-C-OH
(D)
HO-C - C -C-C-C-OH
H
H-
OH
II
HO-C-C-C-C -OH
An electrochemical cell was constructed using a magnesium anode and a platinum

cathode. The cell potential was measured to be 3.8 V.
Which of the following would be a suitable electrolyte for the cathode half-cell?
(A) Hydrochloric acid
(B)
Magnesium nitrate
(C)
Platinum iodide
(D)
Potassium nitrate
An experiment was performed to determine the volume of carbon dioxide gas released
during the fermentation of a glucose solution. The reaction took place over several days in
a flask containing yeast that was immersed in a water bath at 28C and stoppered with
cotton wool.
Which of the following factors would most significantly compromise the validity of this
experiment?
(A) The evaporation of water
(B)
The temperature of the water bath
(C)
Measurement error associated with determining the mass lost
(D)
The lack of oxygen due to the presence of the cotton wool plug
10 The equilibrium that exists between carbon dioxide gas at the top of a sealed bottle of soft
drink and the carbon dioxide in aqueous solution is represented by the equation below.
COz(g) ~ COz(aq) L'.H = -19.4 kJ mo1" 1
Which factor will increase the solubility of carbon dioxide in the solution?
(A) Opening the lid
(B)
Increasing the temperature of the system
(C)
Adding a catalyst to speed up the reaction
(D) Pumping more carbon dioxide into the space between the soft drink and the lid
11
Which of the following species is amphiprotic?

(A) NHt
(B) HC03
(C)
H30+
(D) OR
12 Esterification is carried out using a method called refluxing. The main purpose of using
reflux is to
(A) provide a catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction.
(B)
decrease the concentration of water in the mixture.
(C)
heat the reaction vessel without the loss of volatile reactants and products.
(D) increase the pressure of the system to shift the equilibrium toward the products.
13 A student tested a colourless solution that was known to contain a soluble salt of a
polyatomic anion. She added the reagents to fresh samples of the solution in the order
shown in the results table below.
Reagent
Result
Add barium nitrate
White precipitate forms
Add sodium nitrate
No change
Add lead nitrate
White precipitate forms
Any conclusion about the identity of the salt from these results alone would be invalid
because
(A) many precipitates are white in colour.
(B)
the reagents were added in the incotTect order.
(C)
the solubility of salts is dependent on temperature.
(D) she used a fresh sample of solution for each reagent.
14 A CFC was analysed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and was found to have the
composition shown in the table below.
Element
Molar mass (g mot1)
Carbon
24.10
Chlorine
106.25
Fluorine
56.95
Which of the following is an isomer of this CFC?

(A)
1,1,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane
(B)
1,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoropropane
(C)
1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloro-1 ,2-difluoroethane
(D)
1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloro-1 ,2-difluoropropane
15 The following graph represents the average annual concentration of two common gases
over Mmmt Popa in Burma over a 22 year period.
50
45
40
~
..c
c. 35
c.
c 30
r- -
1-- -
- -
"
;;
..."'c
25
20
c
0
15
-- -- --
10 5
- f--
1\
/'
-- r----,,
""
;::--..
1-- ,,
1978 1980 1982
Nb. /
1-
~~.......
f=
--r::::
X
--i-
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
/
/
r--
,r'
1994 1996
/ s ')2
1998 2000
Year
The sudden increase in the sulfur dioxide concentration in 1991 was most likely caused
by
(A) volcanic eruptions.
(B)
an increase in lightning strikes.
(C)
a new power plant being opened in the area.
(D)
ozone layer depletion in the stratosphere over the area.
16 The pH of a nitric acid solution is 5.0 and its concentration is X mol 1'1
If a hydrochloric acid solution had a pH of3.6, what would be its concentration?

(A)
2X mol 1' 1
(B)
5Xmol 1'1
(C)
10Xmol 1'1
1
(D) 25XmolL'
17 In Australia, the purification and sanitation of water supplies generally involves the
following four steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Screening
Flocculation
Filtration
Disinfection
Some other countries use membrane filtration to assist in water treatment. There are three
different types of filtration possible using membrane filters with the properties shown in
the table below.
Filtration Technique
Pore Diameter (nm)
Removes
microfiltration
100-10 000
suspended solids,
protozoans and bacteria
ultrafiltration
10- 100
viruses and
large molecules
nanofiltration
I - 10
some heavy metal ions

and small molecules
Which filtration techniques would be most suitable to replace steps 3 and 4 above in
water treatment?
Step3
Step 4
(A)
microfiltration
micro filtration
(B)
nanofiltration
micro filtration
(C)
ultrafiltration
nanofiltration
(D)
nanofiltration
nanofiltration
18 A student was given 35 g of glucose to perform an anaerobic fermentation reaction in a

flask where the carbon dioxide produced was able to escape. The graph below shows the
change in mass of the reaction vessel over seven days.
382
380
~
OL
...
~
~
37H
= 376
0
"''~"' 374
....'"'
.;;:"
~ 372
370
368
0
Time (days)
The mass of the reaction vessel becomes constant after Day 6 because
(A)
all of the glucose has been used up in the reaction.
(B)
the fermentation reaction has reached equilibrium.
(C)
the ethanol concentration is too high and the yeast have died.
(D) the carbonic acid produced from the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water lowers
the pH and kills the yeast.
10
19
Ammonia is synthesised from gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen according the following
equation.
The graph below shows the relationship between the kinetic energy of the molecules and the
relative number of molecules with those kinetic energies for a sealed container of hydrogen,
nitrogen and ammonia at 298 K.
___:_1I___
,-----.1298
--
--
''
,'
I\-
I -.
.'
-- .
~- --1-I
?~-= ~- 0-:J
:
\\.CJ_______
--.- - -
I
I
~~ll
'
--
------+------
'
I
-----
Kinetic Energy U)
The activation energy (Ea) refers to the minimum kinetic energy needed for molecules to have
a successful collision and a reaction to occur.
Which of the graphs below correctly represents the relationship between kinetic energy and
temperature for this system at a higher rate of reaction than that shown in the graph above?
(A)
.,
(B)
--._298
! .
"
0
>
,\
.......
!l
....
>
.....
.."
::;;
--~
!
'/
'
_298 K
!
---
."
f l\
li
- --
.._29 K
\ ,..
---
- -
--
/i
---
i" \
'\
"I?-'-~
'
' '-....:::::_,..
i'lcreased ieactiOn rate-=::,
:
1"..:: \.:.:
.... ---
-------
.....
E.
Kinetic Energy
OJ
Kinetic Energy U)
11
..
~--
'i
(D)
- --
\
'
v-
Kinetic Energy U)
---
i-- v---- --- .-
E.
.,
"
---
"
"" "'"' rate
Kinetic Energy U)
(C)
V/
.."'
----
''iii
.,.
'
20
Ozone concentrations are measured in Dobson units. Dobson units (DU) are the standard
way to express ozone concentration in the stratosphere. A concentration of one DU means
20
that there would be 2. 7 x I 0 ozone molecules in a layer of air that was one square metre
in area and 0.01 mm thick.
A baseline value of220 DU is chosen as the starting point for an ozone hole in the
stratosphere since total ozone values of less than 220 Dobson units were not found in
historic observations over Antarctica prior to 1979.
Which of the following concentrations, in moles per cubic metre (mol m\ is most nearly
equivalent to 220 Dobson units?
(A)
0.05 mol m 3
(B)
10 mol m3
(C)
5,000 mol m-3
(D)
10,000 mol m-3
12
-!1/
CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NSW

2014 TRIAL HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
CSSA
Centre Number
Chemistry
Student Number
Section I (continued)
Part B- 55 marks
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected
length of response.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.
Question 21 (3 marks)
Bond energy is the energy needed to break the chemical bond between two atoms. The bond
energies for each of the two allotropes of oxygen are shown in the table.
Bond energy (kJ mor 1)
Oxygen (O:J
Ozone (03)
498
364
Account for the difference in bond energy for these two allotropes of oxygen.
13
3800-1
Radioisotopes are used in industry and medicine. Using the table below or otherwise, identifY a
radioisotope used in one of these fields and relate its use to its properties.
Radioisotope
Radiation emitted
Half life
americium-241
alpha, beta
432.6 years
cobalt-60
beta, gamma
5.27 years
caesium-137
beta, gamma
30 years
tritium (Hydrogen-3)
beta
12 years
technetium-99m
gamma
6 hours
iodine-123
beta, gamma
13.2 hours
iodine-131
beta, gamma
8 days
14
Describe the chemical and physical processes involved in the production of ONE of the
following polymers from a natural, raw material, including any relevant chemical equations.
polyethylene
polyvinyl chloride
polystyrene
15
A student used the equipment below to determine the molar heat of combustion of ethanol.
f-.-----water
/I
I
''
l
''
\
I
i\
)1
'
...
...
'
spirit burner
The following data were recorded for the experiment.

Mass of water
250.0 g
Initial temperature of water
17.5C
Final temperature of water
47.5C
Initial mass of spirit burner and ethanol
137.15 g
Final mass of spirit burner and ethanol
135.14 g
Calculate the molar heat of combustion of ethanol from the results of this experiment.
16
The diagram below shows a galvanic cell set-up under standard conditions.
salt bridge
Zn metal
strip
Cu metal
strip
Zn(N0 3)2
solution
Cu(N0 3)2
solution
colourless
blue
(a)
On the diagram, label the anode, cathode and direction of electron flow.
(b)
Write a balanced, net ionic equation for the overall cell reaction.
(c)
Identify and account for any observed changes in the cell as the reaction proceeds.
17
A student wants to determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in household vinegar. To do
this, she makes a primary standard using anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2C03).
(a)
IdentifY TWO properties needed for a compound to be a suitable primary standard.
(b)
The student weighs a 7.52 g sample of anhydrous sodium carbonate and dissolves this
completely in a 250 mL volumetric flask.
Calculate the concentration of the resulting sodium carbonate solution.
(c)
The student titrated 25.0 mL aliquots of the primary standard against the household
vinegar. She found that it took an average of 24.3 mL of vinegar to neutralise the sodium
carbonate.
Determine the concentration of ethanoic acid in the original vinegar sample.
18
The historical development of theories of acids and bases provides an insight into how chemists
are able to build on previous knowledge to improve scientific understanding.
With reference to Lavoisier, Davy, Arrhenius and Bronsted and Lowry, outline each major acidbase theory using specific examples where appropriate.
19
In some developing countries, arsenic(III) ions (As3+) in groundwater present a serious health
risk for many people. When concentrations exceed 10 ppb, arsenic poisoning can result from
drinking contaminated water. The Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic (SORAS) process
irradiates drinking water in plastic bottles with sunlight to reduce arsenic(III) levels.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) can be used to determine the concentration of
arsenic(III) ions in the water. The absorbance values for some standard solutions of arsenic(III)
ions are shown in the table below.
Concentration ofAs(III) ions (ppb)
Absorbance
50
0.12
100
0.23
150
0.35
Samples of groundwater from Bangladesh were tested using AAS and the absorbance values
before and after SORAS treatment were measured and recorded.
Sample
Absorbance
Groundwater sample before treatment
0.28
Groundwater sample after treatment
0.13
Question 28 continues on page 21
20
Question 28 continued
Evaluate the effectiveness of the SORAS treatment in preventing arsenic poisoning from
drinking groundwater.
21
Evaluate the effectiveness of the SORAS treatment in preventing arsenic poisoning from
drinking groundwater.
I
I
I
21
A section of a cellulose molecule is shown below.

H
4
H
OH
OH
OH
Assess the suitability of cellulose as an alternative to petrochemicals and its potential as a raw
material for chemicals used in industry. Include relevant chemical equations in your answer.
Question 30 begins on page 24
22
BLANK PAGE
23
A student made a natural acid-base indicator by placing the flowers of a plant he found in his
garden into boiling water for several minutes. The solution became strongly coloured and he
used it to develop a pH indicator chart. His flower indicator results are compared with those for
phenolphthalein and methyl orange in the chart below.
He then used the flower indicator along with phenolphthalein and methy 1 orange to test two
unknown, colourless solutions, X, Y and z. The results of his experiment and his conclusions
are below.
Results
Phenolphthalein
Methyl Orange
Flower Indicator
colourless
yellow
green
colourless
yellow
purple
pink
yellow
red
Conclusions
Unknown Solution
Inference
strongly acidic
weakly acidic
strongly basic
24
Using the data from the experiment, assess the accuracy of the student's conclusions and the
validity of using the natural indicator to distinguish between acidic and basic solutions.
25
HA and HB are two monoprotic acids with the properties shown below.
(a)
Acid
Concentration
(mol D 1)
pH
HA
0.10
1.0
HB
0.85
1.0
Using these acids as examples, explain qualitatively how two acids of different
concentrations can have the same pH.
26
(b)
In a titration experiment, 0.100 mol L- 1 solutions of both acids, HA and HB, were titrated
with a 0.100 mol L- 1 sodium hydroxide solution. The conical flask contained 25.00 mL
aliquots of the acids as well as a pH probe to measure pH during the titration.
For each acid, sketch a curve on the corresponding grid below showing how the pH
changes with respect to volume of base added. For each acid, indicate on the graph the
volume of base required and the approximate pH at the equivalence point.
AcidHA
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
:r:
c.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
"o
10
15
25
20
30
35
40
45
50
35
40
45
50
Volume of NaOH added (ml)
AcidHB
14
13
12
11
10
9
:r:
c.
5
4
3
2
"o
10
15
25
20
30
Volume of NaOH added (mL)
27
Early in the twentieth century, the German chemist Fritz Haber discovered a process for
synthesising ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen that is still in use today. In 1909, Haber was
able to demonstrate a process that produced ammonia at a rate of about 125 mL per hour. The
process was then purchased by the German chemical company BASF, which assigned Carl
Bosch the task of scaling up Haber's laboratory process to industrial-level production.
Discuss the impact on society of the development ofthe Haber-Bosch process for synthesising
ammonia.
Question 33 begins on page 30

28
BLANK PAGE
29
Question 33 ( 5 marks)
The data in the table below show the results of some tests on an untreated water source for a
municipal water supply over a seven-day period.
..-<
Characteristic
Units
Turbidity
NTU
pH units
"'~
1/)
""""~
\0
t-
2.60
2.21
2.20
2.91
3.56
3.69
3.95
4.01
7.2
7.0
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
6.9
lOOmL
19
25
38
46
Iron
ppm
0.31
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.30
Aluminium
ppm
0.24
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.22
Nitrates
ppm
1.20
1.21
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.22
Phosphates
ppm
0.02
0.02
O.Ql
0.02
0.02
0.02
O.Ql
0.02
pH
Escherichia coli
(E. coli)
organisms/
Assess the quality of the water over the seven-day period, outlining if and how the water quality
may have been compromised and describe any processes used in a water treatment plant that
would make it suitable for drinking.
30
31
BLANK PAGE
32
lilT

2014 TRIAL HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
CSSA
Chemistry
Section II
25 marks
Attempt ONE question from Questions 35-39
Answer parts (a)-( c) of the question in the Section II Answer Booklet I.
Answer part (d) of Question 34 in the Section II Answer Booklet
Answer patis (d)-(e) of Questions 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 in the Section II Answer Booklet 2.
Extra writing booklets are available.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages
Question 34
Industrial Chemistry .......................................................................
34-35
Question 35
Shipwrecks, Conosion and Conservation ......................................
36
Question 36
The Biochemistry of Movement ....................................................
37
Question 37
The Chemistry of Art .....................................................................
38
Question 38
Forensic Chemistry ........................................................................
39-40
33
3800-1
Question 34- Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)-(c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.
(a)
(i)
Sulfuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals. Herman Frasch
developed a process for obtaining sulfur from mineral deposits that bears his name
today.
Describe the properties of sulfur that allow it to be obtained by the Frasch process.
(ii)
When conducting the Frasch process, a number of environmental issues must be

considered.
IdentifY the environmental considerations and evaluate their significance.

(iii)
One step in the process of sulfuric acid production involves the following reaction
Outline the conditions used for the above reaction in the production of S03 and
assess these in relation to equilibrium and rate considerations.
(b)
(c)
(i)
During the course, you performed a first-hand investigation to observe a

saponification reaction and prepare a sample of soap. Describe the procedure you
used, including any safety precautions considered.
(ii)
JustifY the classification of soap as an anionic surfactant.
Three methods of producing sodium hydroxide on an industrial scale are the mercury,
diaphragm and membrane processes. Discuss the chemistry involved in each process and
any technical and environmental issues that must be considered.
34
Answer part (d) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d)
In the 1860s, Ernest Solvay developed the chemical process that bears his name to massproduce sodium carbonate. This process is represented in the flow chart below.
Brine
Soda Ash
\:>
co,
Limestone
Calcium Chloride
Adapted from Wikipedia Commons, Eric A. Schiff, 2006
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solvay_Process.png
Using appropriate chemical equations, describe the chemistry involved in Steps I and 2 in
the above flowchart.
End of Question 34
35
Question 35- Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)-( c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
Using chemical equations, explain why an iron nail will corrode when partially
immersed in water.
(ii)
Identify aod account for a factor that would increase the rate of corrosion of an iron
nail.
(i)
Outline a method you used to show how ONE named factor affected an electrolysis
reaction.
(ii)
Justify the method you used in (b) (i).
Outline the contributions of Galvaoi, Volta, Davy and Faraday to our understanding of
electron traosfer reactions.
Answer parts (d)-(e) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d)
(i)
The iron that is produced in a blast furnace contains about 4% carbon while steel
generally contains about 1.5% carbon.
Compare the suitability of iron and steel for shipbuilding.

(ii)
(e)
Describe a strategy for protecting the iron or steel hull of ships from corrosion.
Prior to the discovery of the wreck of RMS Titanic, it was widely believed that conditions
on the sea floor 3800 m below the surface would preserve the ship virtually intact. When
it was discovered in 1985, pictures showed the appearaoce of needle-like rusticles and
extensive corrosion throughout what remained of the ship.
Evaluate how the discovery of RMS Titanic has changed the direction or nature of
scientific thinking, with respect to slow corrosion at great depth.
End of Question 35
36
Question 36- The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)
Answer parts (a)-(c) in Section II Answer Booklet I.

(a)
(i)
What is the name given to the stage of cellular respiration that is anaerobic?
The process identified in part (i) begins with glucose and produces 74 kJ of energy per
mole of glucose metabolised.
(ii)
Write a balanced chemical equation to represent this process.
(iii)
Calculate the theoretical energy produced from 250 g of glucose.
(b)
Describe a first-hand investigation that shows the effect of temperature on activity for a
named enzyme and describe ways to improve the procedure to make it more valid and
reliable.
(c)
Glycerol is a colourless, highly viscous liquid, soluble in water and with a sweet taste.
(i)
Draw the structure of glycerol and identifY its systematic name.
(ii)
Explain why glycerol has a higher viscosity than ethanol.
Answer parts (d)-(e) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d)
(e)
Carbohydrate loading is a strategy used by endurance athletes to increase the amount of

carbohydrate stored in their muscles. It generally involves eating large amounts of
carbohydrate and reducing exercise several days before an event.
(i)
Outline how carbohydrates are stored in the body.
(ii)
Discuss the effects of carbohydrate loading before an event on the performance of

endurance athletes.
Assess the impact of advances in biochemistry on the performance of sprinters and short
distance runners.
End of Question 36
37
Question 37- The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)
Answer parts (a)-( c) in Section II Answer Booklet 1.

(a)
Account for the position of chromium in the periodic table in terms of its electron
arrangement, ionisation energy and electronegativity.
(b)
You performed a first-hand investigation to observe the colour changes of a transition

metal ion as it undergoes oxidation.
(c)
(i)
Identify the transition metal you used in this investigation.
(ii)
Account for the colour changes you observed and recorded.
Bright colours such as green, blue, red and yellow were used extensively by ancient
Egyptians in art, body painting and makeup.
(i)
Select ONE of the colours above and identify the name or chemical formula of a
mineral used to produce the selected colour.
(ii)
Outline the procedure that the Egyptians would have followed to make paint from
minerals such as the one you identified in (c) (i).
(iii)
Outline a health risk to the ancient Egyptians involved in using minerals in face
paint or makeup.
Answer parts (d)-(e) ofthe question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d)
(e)
(i)
Compare emission and absorption spectra.
(ii)
Explain how the spectra of elements both supported and contradicted the atomic
model proposed by Niels Bohl: in 1922.
Evaluate the impact of spectroscopic techniques on analysing the range of different

pigments used by artists throughout the ages.
End of Question 37
38
Question 38- Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)

Answer parts (a)-( c) in Section II Answer Booklet I.
(a)
(i)
Explain how comparing the amino acid sequences of proteins can be used to
identifY individuals.
(ii)
The diagram below shows DNA evidence used in a case to determine the identity
of the father of a child.
- -- -
mother
child
0130
-- - --
Use this evidence to make an assessment of whether the man is the father of the
child.
(b)
(i)
The chemical structures of two disaccharides are shown below.

CH20H
~ c~tH
OHH
OH
0
H
OH
CH20H
OH H
OH
Disaccharide A
0
OH
Disaccharide B
IdentifY which of these disaccharides is a reducing sugar and account for your
choice.
(ii)
Outline and justifY a chemical test you performed in the school laboratory to
distinguish between these two sugars.
39
(c)
Toluene is an organic compound with molecular formula C7Hs. A mass spectrum for
toluene obtained using mass spectrometry is shown below.
100
~
>R
0
~
80
Q)
u
c
ro
"0
:::J
.0
<(
Q)
60-
Toluene
c,H8
4Q-
:5til
Q)
~
2Q-
0.0
15
,!.I.
I
30
45
'
60
m/z
,, I
75
90
105
Adapted from Wikimedia Commons

http://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toluene_ ei_ms.PNG
(i)
Explain how mass spectra like this are produced.
(ii)
How could this mass spectrum be used to identifY toluene in a mixture of unknown
compounds?
Answer parts (d)-( e) of the question in Section II Answer Booklet 2.

(d)
(e)
(i)
Using an example, account for the use of line emission spectra in forensic analysis.
(ii)
Explain why each element produces a unique emission spectrum with lines at
different wavelengths.
Using a specific example, analyse the development and impact of a sensitive analytical
technique on the outcome of forensic investigations.
End of Pape1
40
BLANK PAGE
41
BLANK PAGE
42
BLANK PAGE
43
EXAMINERS
Jonathan Saurine (Convenor)
Moira De Domeneghi
Lee McFarlane
Andrew Shelley
Kincoppal-Rose Bay School, Rose Bay

Kincoppal-Rose Bay School, Rose Bay
St Joseph's Institution International, Singapore
Canberra Grammar School, Canberra
CSSA Copyright Notice (2011)

CSSA Trial HSC Examination papers in both hard and electronic format are subject to copyright law. Individual papers may contain third Party
Copyright materials. No CSSA papers are to be reproduced (photocopied, scanned) or communicated by schools except in accordance with the
Copyright Act 1968. CSSA papers arc provided for examination purposes only and should not be made available to students for any other purpose than
examination and assessment. CSSA Trial HSC Examination Papers must not be placed on the school intranet, the internet or on any mobile device.
44
-(1)
''
CSSA
2014 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
CHEMISTRY- MARKING GUIDELINES
Section I
Part A
20 marks
Questions 1-20 (1 mark each)
Question
Answer
Outcomes Assessed
Targeted Performance
Band
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
D
B
D
B
H9,H8
H9,H8,HI3
H6,Hl3,HI4
H8
H4,HI4
H8, Hl4
H9,HIO ,HI4
H8,Hl3
Hl4,HII,H8
H4,H7,H8
H6,H8
H7, H8, Hll
H8 Hl2
H9, HIO, Hl4
H4,H6, Hl3
H2,HIO,H!3
H4, HS,H14
HIO, H9,H13
H7, H8, H13
H4, H10, Hl4
2-3
2-3
3-4
3-4
2.-:J.
3-4
4-5
5-6
4-5
3-4
3-4
3-4
4-5
4-5
3-4
4-5
4-5
5-6
5-6
5-6
c
c
c
A
A
D
A
A
A
D
A
c
c
1
DISCLAIMER
1M irlformaoon DJrlltned in~ <lroJmentls ntended lor 1M prl)/esiiiooillmlstance d ~aching slolf. It does 1101 constitl!le acMca lo ~!Udents. Further~ Is nollhe Jnleolion of CSSA 1o
pi'O'Me speQfic ~ 0111comes for all possOle Tria! HSC arwNe~S. Riilh Ole porposels lo ~ !ei!dlefs \IiLII illlll<la!!on so thai IIIey cat~ be11et exp1cm, lllldersland ill1d apply HSC
nm:Jng requ'nments, as es~ by !he NS'Nlloard of SIOO!es.
No guarar.teeorwarmMy Js madi! orlmpJed wflt1 respect ki!OO 2flplicatlorl or use of CSSA Ma!king Glidelines in relafunlil any specilll:: lr1al exam qlle$ll0il or answer. The CSSA aswme-"='=00'----;
~yor~!yfi!l"ll'reactu~acy,~sor~ulressofanyMarkklg GlllrJEI.'oespl!l'MOOklrlhe Trial HSCpapers.
1'-
3800-2
Section I
Part B -55 marks
Outcomes Assessed: H9, H13, H14

.LU~oc;u..o.
Outcomes Assessed: H2, H7

,o. -
....
,,.
-H~- ~-
.. -
Criteria
Mark
Identifies and distinguishes between the type of covalent bonding present

Describes the resonance structure in ozone
Relates the strength of the covalent bonds to the bond energy
Relates the strength of the covalent bond to the bond energy
~--"'
OR
Relates the strength of the covalent bond to the bond energy
Sample answer:
Oxygen (02) has a double covalent bond between the two oxygen atoms. Ozone (OJ) has a double
covalent bond between one pair of oxygen atoms and a coordinate covalent bond between the other
pair of oxygen atoms. These bonds resonate chemically back and forth such that the overall bonding
in the molecule can essentially be viewed as a 1.5 covalent bond. The double covalent bond in
oxygen is a stronger bond than the 1.5 covalent bond in the ozone. More energy is needed to break
the covalent bond in oxygen than either of the covalent bonds in ozone and this explains why oxygen
has a higher bond energy than ozone.
c;f
VIUOf.&n .. o:;; .UUIUUO J'f'
Criteria
Describes a sequenced process for the production of the polymer from a natural raw
material
Identifies the physical processes involved in the production of the polymer
Identifies and describes the chemical processes involved in the production of the
polymer
Includes all relevant chemical ~uations
Describes a sequenced process for the production of the polymer without starting from
a natural raw material
Identifies the physical processes involved in the production of the polymer
IdentifieS: and describes the chemical processes involved in the production of the
polymer
Includes all relevant chemical equations
Describes a sequenced process for the production of the polymer
Identifies and describes the chemical processes involved in the production of the
polymer
Includes some relevant chemical equations
Identifies a physical processes involved in the production of the polymer
Mark
OR
Identifies and describes a chemical processes involved in the production of the
polymer
OR

.& . . .
" . " . . .& . . .
Relate its use to at least one property
Sample answer:
, , . . . . . . . . . . ~ .......... _. . . . . - . .
Criteria
Identifies the radioisotope and field
Relate its use to at least two properties
Relate its use to at least one property
Includes a relevant chemical equation
Mark
3
OR
Polyethylene
Ethylene (CH2=CHz) is usually obtained from several natural sources. Crude oil (petroleum) is firstly
fractionally distilled (physical process) to produce naptha that can be thermally cracked (chemical
process) to produce ethylene.
CtsHJ2--+ 2C2fit + C3H6 + CsHu
The ethylene produced is separated by fractional distillation (physical process) and the ethylene
monomer undergoes addition polymerization (chemical process) to form polyethylene.
(C,H,),-> (CH,-CH,-),
At moderately high temperatures and high pressure, with the use of an initiator such as benzoyl
peroxide LDPE is formed.
Sample answer:
Iodine-131 is used in medicine where it is ingested by a patient to treat thyroid disorder or cancers. It
has a half life of only eight days which is long enough for transportation to where it needs to be used
and short enough to minimise a patient's exposure to radiation. Iodine-131 emits beta and gamma
radiation. The beta radiation allows any abnonnal tissue or cancer cells to be destroyed and the
gamma radiation allows for the external imagining so that the target cells or area can be imaged.
The lr.bml!loo ooillned In !lis 00tum1u1t Is klletlded lor the ~ asslstooee d leact.ll\ll statt. a tiDe!; not cons~llle <liM:e 10 ~ FurVlu n Is not t.e kl\enlion d CSSA to
prOWiespecitlc mG!klr.g ~lor~ pos~ Tn.l HSC atl$W6i'S. Ralher lhe p~.~~pose Is lopiO\ide teochers 'lli1h inlom'lalioo $Glha\ lhay tan bella explore, l.lflderWJid and aW/ HSC
li\Sikltlg reqWemenls, as ~by U1e NSW eooro o1 SWes.
t.u guarantee warantt Is made II( lm00 wilb respect lo llle ~ Gr ure of CSSA r.tarklog Gu!deitles In r~ 10 any spedfJC lrlal exam quesl'cll N answer. The CSSA as:wrr.es no
OISCLJ.lMER
The lnlormalioll coolaifled In 1llis documenlls Wooded lof N prolas.sloal asslslot1C11 of leactillg $lilf.ll does 1101 constMe ildW:& liJ ~~. fur'illef a Is IIOIIhe !t\lam'on o1 CSSA 1o
p!Wide spedicma.11irt;j O!h:;omas lofall posdle Tria HSC answers. Ratt.er lhe purpose Is 1o ptOWJe leacllefs ~ lnloor.aioo so lhall!leycan ~up~oru. undersland
apply HSC
~lequ\'emenls, a.s~by~ NSW !looldofSiucfies.
No gr.raranteearw<l~Mt{ Gmao:Je Of~ with~~ 1o Ill!~ Of us.e d CSSA tJarlclng G.Xdellrie$1n rdal'oo lo anyspeelic ftial exam quesl.\:lo II(~. The CSSA assumes no
liil:&y or re~ly lof lhe acaxacy, ~ N us.l!fli.ooss of illly Milking GuldeJilles PfO'Med ror lhe Trial HSC papm.
OISCI..AIMSR
~yorresponsibW!ylorlllaaco.trllq,~SOlUSeM!l!ssoiOMyMarkflg~pro'lideclforlheTiiaiHSCpoJ~Ers.
am
,'
:
(a) I mark
Outcomes Assessed: HJO, H12, H13

..1
oc
I<'~~U.
..1 o:;1
Criteria
Calculates the number of moles of ethanol burned
Calculates the energy absorbed by the water
Calculates the heat of combustion in kJ mor'
Calculates t"@__heat of combu__tion in kJ mol~
Outcomes Assessed: H7, Hl2

Tar2eted Performance Bands: 2-3
lH , , . .. , .... ,., .LIIUUU.. o .J-'T
Mark
3
Mark
Criteria
Correctlv labels anode. cathode and the direction of election flow
Sample answer:
OR
OR
-~
salt bridge
Cu metal
strip
Zn metal
strip
----
--
---
---
Sample answer:
Anode
<,.;.,
Cathode
Mass of ethanol~ 137.15-135.14 ~ 2,0lg
.6.H = -mcllT
~ -250 X 4.18 X (47.5-17.5)
~-30 9841
,,;::- ..., .
.~:,-:.
CufN.0312
Zn{N0 312
solutton
solution
Molar mass ofC,H50H ~ 46,068

Moles ofC,H5 0H
~ 2.01146.068
~ 0.04363 mol
Therefore molar AJI
.....
30 984/0,04363
~ 710 !54 J mor'
Criteria
Writes a correctly balanced net ionic eouation for the overall cell reaction
~7!0kJmor 1
Mark
Sample answer:
Zn (s) + Cu+2(aq)-> Zn2++ Cu (s)
(c) 2 marks

.... 04 . . . . . . . . . -"
.................................
_,--,-
Criteria
Identifies AND gives correct reason for colour ch311g~
Identifies the correct colour chaiJge
Gives a valid explanation for an unidentified colour change
OR
Mark
2
I
Sample a11swer:
As the reaction proceeds, the Cu2+ ions in solution are re'duced to form Cu (s) on the cathode. As the
concentration of blue Cu2+ ions decreases in the catholyte, it fades to a less intense shade of blue.
The lnb-mallon CGillaioed in tits !Soc1.menl is lnlended for lila professiona ass!slooce of leaching sW!'. Ndoes 1101 coosl:Me art.ice to ~ Fu~ n is notlhfl il!!mtion of CS5A lo
prtriide specii'JC ~ ~ b" at psl!!e Trial HSC a'ISW\lfS. Railer !he I!'JIJ)OSII Is 1o pro.,;oo leacl\ef$ wilt\ irlki!rnifun so lhat ltleyean belief expke, li!'K!efsland ai'ICI awt)'HSC
mM:irlgl'l!qiJin)merlts, aseslablished lty!lleNSWBoarlld~.
h'o~anlee warranty Is mad!! or~ wilh !$peel lo the epp1!ca\iotl or 11111 of CSSA Marking Gl.l!deines in relalion 1o MY spear~: lrlal exam question 01' anroorer. Till! CSSA asrunes 110
DlSClAIMER
The fllformalion contafnro in !lis document Is ~ for 1M ptoressional assls!anca of luelling slafl. n does not consliluttl advice to sludenls. FUrltlet ~ Is nallhe !Mol!on or CSSA !o
pw.ide: spe.c marking O'J!con'!es b iii possible Tt!al HSC anwrers. ~ the putpose Js to ptO'Ide leadleB w\\h ll'llomi3'Jon oo !lui lllay can b!!lter explore, undersland and 2llf HSC
marklrt;J req!Nemmls,ll$ es\aNs11ed by tile NSWI!oord of Sludles.
No~ 01' wooantj !s made 01'11Ted with respect to ~ ~ 01' U.~a of CSSA Marking Gulclrinl!s in reli!llon to any~~ lrial exam ~1:00 01' anroorer. The CSSA assumes no
liatlityllf ri!SpOI\Sibi!lty br!he aw.Jracy, ~or l!Seflh'!ess of any Ma!k!ng ~es jlfiiYided blhe Trial HSC papeB.
OSCIAIMER
iabiyOI'res~&~rV!ellCtlllaty,~OI'useMlessol'any~G~proo.idedb'tileTtla!HSCpap!!fS.
(c) 3 marks
Outcomes Assessed: HI 0, Hl2, HI3
Targeted Performance Bands: 3-4
(a) 1 mark
Outcomes Assessed: Hll
Criteria
Lists TWO correct characteristics of a
standard
Sample answer:
Any TWO of the following:
Mark
Correctly calculates the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar solution
Writes a correctly balanced equation

Correctly calculates the concentration of ethanoic acid in vin~gar solution
Does not lose or absorb water from the environment (efflorescent/deliquescent)
OR
High purity
Dissolves easily and completely in water

Correctly calculates the number or'moles of sodium carbonate
Known composition

Correctly calculates the number of moles of ethanoic acid
Correctly calculates the number of moles of sodium carbonate
Correctly calculates the number of moles of ethanoic acid
OR
OR
Criteria
Mark
OR
Sample answer:
ri(Na,CO,) ~ m/Mr ~ 7.52/(22.99 X 2 + 12.01 + 16.00 x 3)
~ 7.52/105.99
~ 0.070950089 ...
c(Na2CO,)
n/v
Sample answer:
2CH,COOH + Na,CO,-. 2CH,COONa + H20 + C02
n(Na2CO,)
0.070950089 ... /0.25

~ 0.283800 ...
~ 0.284 mol 11 (3 sig fig)
cv
~0.284x0.025
~
n(CH,COOH)
c(CH,COOH)
0.0071 moles
2n(Na2C03)
0.0142 moles
n/v
0.0142/0.0243
0.584362 ...
~ 0.584 mol 11 (3 sig fig)
~
6
DISCLAIMER
The inklmlation cool<lined In tlls documenl. is kllerrded b' ~ ~ ass!sl~ olleK!Iing slalf. II does /iOI mr.sllule arMce 1o sludenls.. Fll'hef MIs not ttalolenlioll of CSSA 1o
JKO\We ~IC maklog ouio';lmo;s fo( all possible Tll3! HSC iii'ISWefS. Raltler ltle puipooe Is lo prWde !Hacbets wilh ~ so that they can be{lef exp'.ore, oodeis!and and apply HSC
nOOklg requiernenls, as eslabl!$1lecj by lhe NSW Board d Stucfies.
No gu;vootoo !XWilf!OO!y Is mOOaor implfecl will resped 1o l1le ~or use of CSSA Ma'Mg Gt!ide&les In teation 1o any specific kl3l exai!IQ!ll!$'00n or answer. The CSSA assumes no
~yorr~fllrlheam~~acy,~orusefu'.tlessofanyMarkltlg~prl!l!dedfllrlheTdaiHSCpi!f!Hs.
7
DISCLAIMER
The irllorrro!ion oonlairled In !his documenl is inle!lded br fie profess!<ol assistance of le.3dif1g sial!. II does nof c:on.stMe il<Mre lo s!ude~~ls. FurVlet il is not llle lt!loo!lon of CSSA 1o
proW:Ie specific~OIIICar!les br all~ Trial HSCWWEts. Ralhef lhe pL!fpose Is lo ~ ~eoc~Mwillllnlormaticln so lila! Iiley can ret!etaplole. understand and apply HSC
marl:.ing emenls, as establls/ied byllle NSW &:lard of Slur.lles.

No gua~anleeorW3oTill!yl$ made or~ willl respoct to lhe ~IM!o or use of CSSII t.lm:lo;j Gu!OOlines In ceallon 10 any speOfic 1rial exam ques&:~n or answer. The CSSA aswmes no
~lily or responsltlily ~ttl!! ac::t\l!iq, ~ 0( useh!lrwS$ of any Making Guidelines prl!l!ded fot lhe Trial HSC pap~n
Outcomes Assessed: H4, HS, HB, HJO, H13, H14
Outcomes Assessed: H2, H13, HJ6
.1. HI
O:::JC::W' A rt;;;IJUI IIIWUl.'C:
.UWTJW~o
.LiiT}!t;n:::u ceT/VIIUUTJLC .UUr<Uo),
,.,-_,
Criteria
Outlines FOUR theories correctly using examples for at least THREE of the theories
Outlines FOUR theories correctly but without any examples
OR
Mark
4
Outlines TWO theories correctly

Outlines ONE theory correctly
2
I
Sample answer:
Lavoisier's oxygen theory: After observing the reactions ofnon~metal oxides in water, he proposed
that acids are substances that contain oxygen. The theory could not explain the basic properties of
metal oxides.
Davy's hydrogeti theory: After observing HCI and HCN, he proposed that acids were substances that
contained hydrogen. The theory could not explain compounds containing hydrogen that were not
acidic or basic (i.e. CRt).
Arrhenius' hydrogen ion theory -After working on electrolytes, he proposed that acids were
substances that released hydrogen ions (It) in solution, e.g. HCI ~ fr +cr. He also proposed that
bases were substances that produced hydroxide (OHJ ions in solution. The theory could not explain
why carbonates and metal oxides behave as bases despite not containing hydroxide ions.
Bronsted-Lowry's proton donor/acceptor theory: They proposed that acid/base reactions are proton
exchange reactions.
Acids: proton donors HN03 + HzO ~ H 30+ t)~IOJ
Bases: proton acceptors NH3 + HzO ~ NH/ + OH"
Mark
Criteria
Outlines THREE theories correctly with examples
-.-~
Deduces the concentrations of ASJ+ ions before and after treatment

Discusses the effectiveness of reducing the concentration of As 3+ ions
Evaluates the effectiveness of the SORAS treatment in terms of preventing arsenic
poisoning
Deduces the concentrations of As 3+ ions before and after treatment
Evaluates the effectiveness of the SORAS treatment in terms of reducing the
concentration of AsJ+ ions
Discusses the effectiveness of reducing the concentration of As3+ ions by referring to
absorbance values
Evaluates the effectiveness of the SORAS treatment in terms of reducing the
concentration of As 3+ ions or nreventintr arsenic noisonintr
Deduces the concentrations of AsJ+ ions before and after treatment
OR
Outlines the effectiveness of reducing the concentration of As 3+ ions by referring to

absorbance values
--
Sample answer:
From the calibration data, an absorbance value of 1.0 corresponds to a concentration of 429 ppb
(150/0.35). Before the treatment, the concentration of arsenic ions was 0.28 x 429 = 120 ppb. After
the SORAS treatment the concentration of arsenic ions was 0.13 x 429 =56 ppb. The SORAS
treatment has been effective in reducing the concentration of arS.i!.iliC ions to just less than half of
their original concentration, however, the concentration after SORAS treatment is still greater than
the minimum acceptable concentration of 10 ppb. Therefore, while the treatment has been effective
at reducing the concentration of arsenic ions and reducing the risk of poisoning, it has not.been
effective to prevent arsenic poisoning. To prevent arsenic poisoning, the concentration after SORAS
treatment would have to be less than 10 ppb.
OISCLAIMER
The lMlnna\ion coni~ In lh!s doo.lmenlls!~ for toe pr!lesslooal ass!sl<n:e of ~aclmJ s!alf. ll does not corullllle adlice lo sludetlls. FU!Iher ~ ~ nollhe inloofun of CSSA lo
pr:k! ~'C mao:'tlgou!oomes for a! poss'ble TrlalHSC ansms. Raft1ef lh& Jlllfll0$els lo prO'i.de !eacl\eo'swllh ~ !0 lhallheycan be1W explore, unclet!;Wwf aod applyHSC
matmg ~. ase~hed by!III!NSW6oanlofShldies.
No guarM!H orwooanly Is made or ~'IIWIIesped to lhtl ~ ortne of CSSA t.lmiog ~sIn rela!lon 1o any speci'lc !rial exam question or answer. The CSSA 3swmes no
bbililyor 1esponsllilly for U:.e accuracy, completeness Of usefvlness of atrf Marking Gu>:ldioos prttMed for U:.e Trm! HSC IJG!leiS.
OISCL.AIMER
The Jnfoonallon IXN"IIained In this cumeol is in!mded kJr 100 professlorlal assislance of ~ slalf. II does not ronstaute advi<:e lo sludenls. FllllhEf HIs no\ lhe Jnloolloo of CSSA lo
pltl'llde specific mming 1!t11Come$ for aa possil*! TMI HSC at1~ Ralhef &le purpose Is to proMe l~ w\lh information so 1h3t lhey c:<~t~ belief explole, ~land and 3flY HSC
malking ~. as oolablished by lila NSW Soard of Sluofes.
No QWanlwOI'Wilrl'anlyls made impedwi111 respect lo 1he ~ 01' use ol CSSA M31!00g Gu!denes In rel(llioo kl anyspedfte lrlal exam qwsl!oo 01 OOS'Irer. The CSSA assumes oo
NMy 01 resp:l(!Sibittj kJr It'll! ac:wrney, compleletless OfmefulnelSol any Mao1dl1g ~ p(O'I.dlld for 1l1e Trl:ll HSC pi!pe!S.
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H4, HS, H9, H13
"" .. ,
......... """
.......
.,, ..... , .... ~ ....... n .... o ..,.-,..
Criteria
Demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the chemical processes used to produce
chemicals for industry from cellulose, including chemical equations

Outlines the benefits and limitations of using cellulose as a source of chemicals for
industry
Makes a judgement about the suitability of cellulose as a source of chemicals for
industry
chemicals for industry from cellulose
Identifies one reason for needing an alternative source of chemicals and/or energy
Identifies one benefit or limitation of using cellulose
Criteria
Correctly assesses all THREE conclusions and makes a judgment of the validity of the
natural indicator as an acid-base indicator
Correctly assesses TWO conclusions and makes a correct judgment of the validity of
the natural indicator as an acid-base indicator
Correctly assesses THREE conclusions
Correctly assesses ONE conclusion and makes a correct judgment of the validity of the
natural indicator as an acid-base indicator
Mark
4
Correctly assesses TWO conclusions

Correctly' assesses ONE conclusion
OR
Makes a correct judgment of the validity of the natural indicator as an acid-base
indicator
Sample answer:
OR
I
OR
Sample answer:
Cellulose is a biopolymer formed by the condensation polymerisation of glucose monomers and
represents one major source of carbon compounds that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels for
the production of ethylene. Cellulose contains the basic long carbon chain structure needed to build
compounds that are presently made from petrochemicals. Cellulose can be hydrolysed to produce
glucose. Fermentation of glucose will produce ethanol that can be distilled to produce a more
concentrated form. The ethanol can then be dehydrated to produce ethene in the presence
concentrated sulfuric acid. The ethanol can be used as a solvent as it is widely used for this pwpose
in industry. Ethanol can also be added to petrol. The ethene can be used to derive the monomers used
to make many plastics through addition polymerization. Ethene can also undergo and halogenation to
form PVC, refrigerants and other solvents.
Cellulose is a renewable source, unlike the raw materials from petrochemicals. This will reduce our
dependency on the depleting/non-renewable supplies of fossil fuels. Fuels made from cellulose are
however currently more costly to produce than fossil fuels and to grow sufficient plants would result
in extensive land clearing.
Cellulose currently has limited potential as a suitable alternative to petrochemicals for producing
chemicals for industry. Further research to reduce the cost and improve yields is needed before it can
become a viable source of chemicals for industry.
10
"""""''
........................................... ...,-..,
OR
industry
Identifies a compound derived from cellulose
-~
OR
industry
chemicals for industry from cellulose, including chemical equations
OR
Mark
llwi'lforma!Kio ~ tn tis do:;umeot Is ~ lor till profmioroal iWllstai'ICIJ d leadiing slaff. II does 1101 COMb arMa! lo sludmls. FtHlller KIs nol b'le lnkntiDn d CSSA Ill
pMde spedor:: ~ OOlCOmes lor ill possiJIB Trial HSC wwers. RatltY tile Jllllpose Is ID prwide leachers wilh il\fornwticn so lllallhey can bell exploru. Lllldealand atld ~y HSC
ma~l<.i"tg requiremenls, as eslatAslled lly lle NSW SoalrJ d SWes.
t.il guaranlee Ol"warranly Is made or 11'11r.&:d wilt! tespe!:IIO lite~()( liSa r:J CSSA Ma!lm;j GUddroes In rela!iOI"IIo i'IIY~ !rial exam que~()( answer. The CSSA as&JII\i!S no
.ii!lil.lyOI" responslbiily br U\e tor::eur;q, ~ or ~el!kless r:J 1'4r1 Markllg Gllklelines provkled lor U\e Tli<l HSC pap&IS..
X- The conclusion is partially accurate. It is an acid, but it is not strongly acidic as it must be
between pH 4.5 and pH 6.5.
Y- The conclusion is not necessarily accurate. The solution could be between pH 6.5 and pH 8.5, so
it could be slightly acidic, neutral or slightly basic.
Z- The conclusion is accurate. The solution must have a pH greater than 13.
The natural indicator has limited validity in assessing if a solution is acidic or b3SlC due to it being
purple in the weakly acidic, neutral and weakly basic range. This limits its use in distinguishing
between acidic and basic solutions when used alone.
11
DISCLAIMER
The lnlormat"on coola'ned In U"ll5 !1ocucr.em Is ~ b" !he pressional asslsli!IQ of leidllog staff. Hdoes not Cllii$QUW advice k1 Muclents. fllftle( Mis no1 the !oleo~ of CSSA to
pnM:Ia ~ ~ ou1t:omes fill" a'l possj1le Trial HSC answers. Riilhef lhe pur,oose Is !o ptO'ilde leachels wilh infomlalion so 111a1 Liley can bell( expklte, undelsl4 and ififlly HSC
marltir.;j req.tirements. as eiabll!OO;I by !he NSW l!ootd orSiu!W..
No guarantee orwwranly ls mada or iiTed wilh re~ lo 11\e ~ 01" use or CSSA Matk~ ~sIn rEt1!!on to tiN/ speclk ~exam question()( wwer. The CSSAassumes no
Kal:i!i!y or resp:M'~Sltffiy lor llle accurocy, ~ ()( uselulllessd MY Ma!l:log GulrJeliroes provided for Ill& Tria! HSC papus.
(b) 3 marlcr
(a} 3 markr
Outcomes Assessed: H2, HIO, H13
_,__. -~---- - ---- .......... -y . -
.z llTJ;:c:n:;u
Criteria
Correctly defines strong and weak acids in terms of ionisation
Identifies that solutions of equal pH must have equal concentrations oflt/H30+ ions
and explains how this is possible in terms of partial/full ionisation
Uses balanced equations to demonstrate concept
Correctly defmes strong and weak acids in terms of ionisation
Identifies that solutions of equal pH must have equal concentrations oflt"IH30+ ions
Mark
3
2
Identifies that solutions of equal pH must have equal concentrations oflt"/H30+ ions
and explains how this is possible in terms 6f partiallfull ionisation

AND
Uses balanced equations to demonstrate concept
Correctly defines strong and weak acids in tenns of ionisation
OR
Identifies that solutions of equal pH must have equal concentrations of W /H 30+ ions
J-u
Shows that HB has a higher pH at the equivalence point than HA
Starts both curves with an acidic oH
Mark
3
OR
OR
.uuuu~.
Criteria
Shows that both acids require the same volume of base
Shows that HB has a higher pH at the equivalence point than HA
Starts both curves with an acidic pH and the correct volume of base at the equivalence
ooint
Shows that HB has a hig:her nH at the eauivalence noint than HA
AND
.c t!T/VI lliUUl'C:
Sample answer:
HA is a strong acid and therefore ionises completely, according to the following equation
HA + HzO ~ H30+ +A.
HB is a weak acid and therefore ionises partially, according to the following equation
HB + HzO ~HJO+ +B.
pH is a measure of hydronium/hydrogen ion concentration in solution. HA and HB can have the
same concentration of hydronium/hydrogen ions in solution since only some of the more
concentrated (0.85M) HB acid ions will ionise as compared to all of the less concentrated
OR
JiTIIJ II II U-,--,-,.
,
15
Ill
---,-5- lO
lS
~0
~5
51
YI>Mn< of NoOH ><!~<~ (..,U
v.&.lmoo/fl.otlo~~dl'oU
(0.1 mol L" 1) HA.
12
13
The 1r1!orma1kJn COW1ned in 't1ls \locurnl!nt is io!ended for toe proles$lonal asslslaoce olleadling slaft, It OOes not COOSI~llle l!dl'k:e lo s!We!Jis. furlhef ~ f> rot the lnlenlion of CSSA lo
pro>ide sped>e markitlg Ollleomes for all posslble Trial HSC ariSWei'S. Rah!r lha purpose Is 1o prolde l!adlefSIIilh infomlalion so thai tile'/ ean bei';Ere:pkl~.llllde!1land at1d iWi HSC
~ requirements, as es~ by !he NSW Bosn1 ct SloJd.fl.
No guarantee orW3ffallly b mala or~ w!lh cespeet lo the ~or use of CSSA t.tarl:lng Guldebs in f~ 1o i1trf speci(o; lri3l exam que&fun or answer. The CSSA assumes no
~al:lH)' ot ~pons'Nty for the accuraq, eompllelms or us8fuhass o1 any Mac$:lng ~~ prwlded for the Tlla! HSC pa!le!!.
DISCLAIMER
The ir!lormal<M coolaim!d In lhls docui!Eilt Is inlellded tor lhe profess:ooal oos!stooce of l!ad!lng stall. t1 does not comtilll!e ii<Mce to s!udenls. FUrllwf RIs not the ln!enUon of CSSA lQ
pn:Mr.le speci(.:: ma~klllgOIIIcoines lor a'!~ Trial HSC answers. Raihetlhe pur~eill1o pm-.14Bii!acltefs 'Mtll !olorrnalion so thai tl!eyeanbell explore, undm\and and i!l-ll!Y HSC
martlrig ~lrements, as eslab'!!hed b)' tie NSW Bosnl of Sl~.
No~ orwarrantt Is made ori~ v.ilh respect 1o lhe ~!ion or use of CSSI\ ~ ~sIn rdatloo lo any $1)00fiC Ilia! exam qoeslkln or answef. The CSSA assumes no
liabi!yorresp:msibiityfof !!'It aecmcy, ~ness or usefulness of any Mking Gul:!e!kles pMir.led for lhe Trial HSC papers.
DtSCI.A!MER
Outcomes Assessed: HJ, H3, H4, HB
Outcomes Assessed: H4, HJ3, H14
-~--....
....
.,
...............
~--~
,; "'
Criteria
Identifies and thorou2hlv analvses TWO significant imoacts on societv
Outlines TWO significant impacts on society
Identifies and thoroughly analyses ONE significant impact on societv

Identifies TWO significant impacts on society
Outlines ONE significant impact on society
Mark
5-6
OR
1-2
Sample answer:
The Haber-Basch process has had two significant impacts on society since its invention in the early
part of the twentieth century. The first impact was realised soon after its discovery in that it
providing the nitrogen compounds needed to make explosives for the Gennan war effort during
WWI. The second more sustainable impact has been the provision of ammonia for fertiliser
production that has helped to increase crop yields and reduce world hunger.
Through the 1800's, heavily populated countries in Europe such as Germany and Britain used guano
from islands off the coast of Peru and saltpetre from Chile as a source of nitrogenous compounds.
By the end of the 19th century these sources of fixed nitrogen were running out. Scientists were
challenged to come up with a process of making fixed nitrogen from the nitrogen in the air.
The Haber-Basch process made this synthesis of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia cost effective
and efficient and was quickly established in several factories in Germany. For a brief time the first
factory turned out fertilizer, however, with onset ofWWl, Germany needed munitions for its war
effort. To make it worse, the Allies had blocked German supply to the South Ame"rlc3.n saltpetre.
The German factories were seconded to provide the nitrogen compounds needed for munitions and
the war effort and are either credited or blamed with greatly prolonging WWI and making WW2
possible.
Approximately 83% of industrially produced ammonia is used to make fertilisers today. When
applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of crops such as com and wheat. All plants need
nitrogen to make amino acids, proteins and DNA, but the nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a form
that they can use. Nitrogen fixation is the name given to any process by which nitrogen (N2) in the
atmosphere is converted into ammonia. Atmospheric nitrogen is relatively inert and it does not easily
react with other chemicals to form new compounds. Fixation processes free up the nitrogen atoms
from their diatomic form to be used in other ways. Nitrogen fixation is essential for all forms of1ife
because nitrogen is required to biosynthesize basic building blocks of plants, animals and other life
forms such as nucleotides for DNA and RNA and amino acids for proteins. Nitrogen fixation through
the Haber process is essential for agriculture and the manufacture of fertiliser, as the ammonia acts as
the precursor to various ammonium salts such as ammonium nitrate and sulfate that provide usable
nitrogen to plants and then to animals. Using fertilisers to grow plants accelerates growth and
increases crop yields. In this way, the Haber-Basch process has had a significant positive impact on
society and still does by improving crop yields through the use of fertilisers and reducing world
hunger.
~~I
I
.uu~
,.,-..,
Criteria
Discusses all aspects of water quality using the data
Assesses the quality of the water
Explains how the water was most likely compromised
Explains treatments to make the water-Suitable for drinking
Discusses some aspects of water quality using the data
Outlines how the water was most likely compromised
Outlines treatments to make the water suitable for drinking
Discusses ONE aspect of water quality
Outlines J:tow the water was most likely compromised
Outlines treatments to make the water suitable for drinkin~
3-4
OR
,.. ..,,.. "" ..,, <n ., ..,,. ...,
Till! 11~ con!aloed In Hs document Is inlel\dEd fol die ~ asslslalce o1 leadllng sial!'. It OOes oo1 conslilule advice b sludeniS. FL1111iet k ls flt'l. Ule tmool!on o1 CSSA 1o
protide speck marl!klg outoomes fol a1 pos~ Trial HSC iitiSWetS. Ralhef the purposa Is lo provida leachets with irlroonalion so that toe)' r:3ll 0011& explol8, undeiS!and and apply HSC
mariilg r~. as estMt;sher:llly die NSW Board or SI!Des.
No gu;vantee ll(Willflllltyl$ made or fnpfed ri'l raspectlo ~ ~ ()( ure or CSSA Marijrlg Gr#Jelines in rel3!1on 1o my~ lrbl exam qwstion ()( io'ISWef. The CSSAl!SS'.I'neS no
ii!liilyorre$~tyforltlr!aceuraey,~llfiiS!l~olati'JMa~Giidefirlesprzyl.<lerjfol!lleTriaiHSCPJI!fl/S.
3-4
OR
1-2
OR
Sample answer:
The previously yearly average figure shows the average over the preceding year so can be used to
compare each water quality factor over the seven-day period. The pH and iron, aluminiwn, nitrate
and phosphate concentrations in this tmtreated water are all relatively stable over the seven-day
period and very close to the previous yearly average for each factor. In considering these factors
alone, the water is within acceptable limits for untreated water and not compromised. However,
when considering the E.coli numbers they increase significantly above the previously yearly average
from Day 3- Day 7. There is also an increase in turbidity above the previous yearly average for the
same day range. The presence of E. Coli compromises the quality of the drinking water significantly
as it is a microorganism that causes gastrointestinal diseases with symptoms of vomiting and
diarrhea. E.coli at these levels in the water renders it undrinkable. The most probable cause of the
increase in E.coli was been the discharge of untreated sewage into the water. This would also
account for the slight increase in turbidity over the same date range. Flocculation and filtration
treatments would remove dissolved and suspended solids and produce clearer water for drinking.
Sanitation involves the addition of chlorine, often as sodiwn hypochlorite. The hypochlorite ion,
ocr, would kill the E.coli while ammonia is added to keep the water disinfected until it reaches
households and businesses. If the treatments have been effective, further testing should yield
turbidity readings of less than 1 NTU and an E. coli count of zero organisms/1 00 mL, which are the
accepted standards for drinking water in Australia.
15
14
OISC!.AIMER
Mark
DISClAIMER
The lnrormallon ront1lned 1o fils drxtJment Is lnleOOed rot t1e professiooal assls!ance olleacl!l!lg 51aft. Hdoes not ~ole arMce lrl slllde!lls. Fur'tlef k Is not llle lnletllion of CSSA 1o
p!IM:Ie ~pede mMlrlg Ol.llcomes fol all posslb!e Tilal HSC - s . Ra!llef llle purpose Is lo jlRI'ti!la leacbei's will\ informdlioo so tllallhey r:at1 be!tet expia(e.ll"ldeiS!and and awl~ HSC
IJIOOJog~. as~byU!eNSWBoa<
Q/Siu!.ies.
No !jlliiOIIIee orwar1aoty is m!lde or~ with~ 1o 111e ~ or use or CSSA Uai1.ilg Guldeflle,s in~ lrl my spedf.e ~~exam quesfm or answer. The CSSA i!S$11!'laS no
~orre~follh!rfi:CXI!I:j.~or~Mftlloesso/anyMal:iri,!Guldef.tl&spta\idedklrllleTrlalHSCpipel's.
(a) (iii) (5 marks)

1 ar~ecea rertOrmance .anu:;; J-J
Section II
Question 34- Industrial Chemistry (25 marks)
Criteria
Outlines a comprehensive list of the conditions used in the conversion of SOz to S03
AND assesses these in regard to equilibrium and rate considerations
Outlines a comprehensive list of the conditions used in the conversion ofS02 to SOJ
AND relates these to equilibrhun and rate considerations
Outlines a thorough list of the conditions used in the conversion of SOz to S03 AND
relates these to eauilibrium and rate considerations
Outlines a general list of the conditions used in the conversion of S02 to S03 AND
identifies eauilibrium and rate considerations
Outlines a limited list of the conditions used in the conversion of SOz to 803
Identifie~ eauilibrium and rate considerations
(a) (i) (2 marks)

... ...
...~
.....
,,. .......................... ,.,--y
Criteria
Discusses three properties of sulfur important for the extraction of sulfur by the Frasch
oro cess
Discusses one or two properties of sulfur important for the extraction of sulfur by the
Frasch process
Mark
Sample a11swer:
The Frasch process involves mining sulfur by forcing superheated water into underground deposits
of sulfur thereby bringing it to the surface where it can be collected. There are three important
properties of sulfur that enable this process to work. Firstly, sulfur has a melting point of 113C,
which means that the superheated water (usually at around 160C) is able to melt it. Secondly, the
nonwpolar nature of sulfur means that it does not dissolve in the hot water, but instead forms an
emulsion that is easily separated and allows for easy recovery of the sulfur. Finally, the low density
of sulfur means that it can be brought to the surface along with the hot water by pumping compressed
air into the system.
OR
A-
..-- -~....... 0 -
Criteria
Identifies at least two environmental considerations AND makes an evaluation
Iden!i_fies at least two environme!J,tal col!!deratio~
Mark
Sample a11swer:
The main environmental considerations to be aware of as a result of the Frasch process are possible
air and water pollution and the potential for subsidence.
Sulfur may be converted to sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide by oxidative or reductive processes
which result in gases which are serious air pollutants. Both have unpleasant odours and can adversely
affect health. There is also a risk of-contamination of waterways if the water used to extract the
sulfur escapes before appropriate treatment. This water will often contain impurities such as heavy
metals dissolved out of the underground deposits and so care must be taken to ensure that untreated
water does not escape to the environment. Finally, the removal of underground material can leave the
area vulnerable to subsidence.
While the extraction of sulfur by the Frasch process has inherent environmental risks, these are able
to be overcome by suitable monitoring and enable an important resource to be obtained.
5
4
3
2
Sample answer:
(a) (ii) (2 marks)

--
Mark
The conditions used for the industrial conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide as part of the
manufacture of sulfuric acid are a pressure of one atmosphere or just over, a small excess of oxygen,
a temperature of between 400C and 550C and a vanadium 01) catalyst used as V20s.
From the equation it is evident that 3 mole of gaseous reactants form 2 mole of gaseous product. This
would suggest that a maximmn yield would be obtained by using a high pressure. However, this is
expensive to achieve as the expense of building a plant capable of maintaining high pressure is costly
and the energy input required to maintain high pressures is also prohibitive. A small excess of
oxygen is used to promote conversion to products. Le Chatelier suggests that increased concentration
of reactants will favour the production of products. While the reaction is exothermic in the forward
direction, suggesting a maximum yield will be obtained from low temperatures, this would result in a
very slow reaction rate. Therefore, the compromise temperauture of 400- 550C is used which
allows reasonable yields to be achleved relatively quickly compared to higher yields over a much
longer time period. Finally the use of a catalyst allows equilibrium to be achieved more quickly.
While this will not alter the yield obtained at equilibrium, achieving equilibrium at a faster rate
makes the overall process more cost effective.
As can be seen, the conditions used are not those that will necessarily provide maximum yields for
the equilibrium system. However, as they allow yields to be achieved faster and/or at the most
economic rates, the conditions used are the most viable and therefore appropriate for the conversion
of S02 to S03
16
17
DSCLAIMER
Th91nformal:ioo too!aloed Jo wts document Is~ !of !he prlie>sronal ass!si1C8 of leadllflg slalf.lt does not Ctlt~S!lllle a<!Yielll:!l sludoots. Fll!Vm' ~Is nol.lhll W.ention of CSSA lo
pmW;Ie speck mal;lng otllmmes lor aa possible Trial HSC wwers. Ratiler lhll plHJIOre !s'lo prolide l!ad!ers will lnfllrmation ro lt!allhey can beltef expklre, Ullders(and al'!d aw!Y HSC
mark!rog ~ M es!al&l!e!:l bylllu NSW !!mild of Slu!i'ti.
No panlee Of 'll'illfi!Oiy is IMde or ~will mspect 1o lhe ~or~ Ill GSSA. ~ Guiderfles 1o relation 1o ooy~pecirlc ~ial e~:am questioo or 81\SWet', The CSSA assumes no
DISCLA!MfR
The ln~'oo coo!a'flec:l in ~ doctlment is in!ooded for the ~a! assisliii!Cil of leading sla!f. It does not cooslilule l!drice lo sludenls. Fllflhel ~ Is not lila klleolioo of CSSA lo
p!'(Mde ~pecl'IC nOOlng ou!Wnes for iill ~ TMl HSC answers. Raillef !he purpose Is 1o ptO'tide le&chefs wifllnfunn;;iion ro that they ean beller explore, uodefs!and ard apply HSC
marking requirements, M 15labli'sl!ed bv the NSW Board of Siuda.
No QIJ~anlee orwammty Is madeoc imp:!ed with respect 1o the apcaiioo or use of CSSA MM:Irg ~s;, nl!otlon lo Bil'f~it'te !rial exam question or answer. Th!l CSSA assumes no
labi!llyorre.spons~forlhel!COJI'i!C'f,~sorusehmessofanyt.!a'i:ingGI.Iidelinespt~loriii!Tria!HSC~
Wabilityor~forthaaccwacy.~ssorr.tSefulr!e$SoiBil'f/krking~esPfll'k!edb'llleTriali-\SC~s.
(c)(6 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: H3, H7, Hl3
(b) (i) (5 marks)

Outcomes Assessed: H9, Hll
.o "'' "'""'".a r::.1 u1
.uuuu... ..--.
-" ut
nuu-~L.c;
Criteria
Describes a comprehensive procedure including conditions AND identifies appropriate
safety precautions
Describes a thorough procedure including conditions AND identifies appropriate safety
precautions
Describes a general procedure including conditions AND identifies appropriate safety
precautions
Outlines a limited procedure AND identifies appropriate safety precautions
Outlines a procedure
OR
Sample answer:
About 6 g of sodiwn hydroxide pellets were weighed and transferred to a 250 mL beaker and 30 rnL
of distilled water was added and the mixture stirred with a glass rod m1til the pellets had dissolved.
10 mL of castor oil was then added and the mixture heated on an electric hotplate with constant
stirring for 10 minutes. During this time the reaction mixture was carefully monitored to guard
against the solution boiling over.
The mixture was allowed to cool for 5 minutes and then 10 g of fme sodium chloride was added and
stirred. This was then filtered using a Buchner funnel and the solid residue collected for testing.
Safety precautions employed were: wearing of protective goggles and rubber gloves during the
procedure as the concentrated hydroxide solution is caustic and will cause burns to the skin and
potentially serious damage to eyes if in contact.
Use of an electric hotplate to allow for a more even and less powerful heat source than a Bunsen. The
mixture was allowed to cool before adding salt to minimise the risk of the mixture boiling violently
upon the addition of finely divided solids.
(b) (ii) (I mark)
o:;oo:: .. ..o o:: uttuuno..o:: .uuuu...
.,-J
Criteria
Mark
Correctly identifies that the soap molecule carries a negative charge and that it contains
a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end
..o co u tnuuo..o::
.UUUU.J ,..-.,.
Criteria
Identifies aoorouriate safety precautions
.....~
~c;u
Mark
Sample answer:
Soaps are classed as anionic surfactants because they have a
~
polar and non-polar end to the molecule which allows them
to act as surfactants. The polar end carries a negative charge, hence making it an anion.
Mark
Thoroughly discusses three methods of sodium hydroxide production including

diagrams and equations identifying technical and environmental issues with each
process
Discusses three methods of sodium hydroxide production including equations
identifying teclmical and environmental issues with each process
Discusses three methods of sodiwn hydroxide production including equations for at
least two methods identifying technical and environmental issues with each process
Discusses three methods of sodium hydroxide production including equations for one
method AND identifies technical and envirorunental issues
Outlines and names two methods of sodium hydroxide nroduction
Outlines and names one method of sodium hydroxide production
4
3
2
I
Sample answer:
There are three co nun on commercial methods employed for the production of sodium hydroxide.
These are the diaphragm, mercury and membrane cell processes. All of these cells involve the
electrolysis of a brine solution.
The diaphragm cell produces large quantities of sodium hydroxide and chlorine, which are both
valuable industrial chemicals in sufficient levels of purity and at reasonable costs. However, these
plants are no longer built as they have some significant technical and environmental problems. These
include the fact that the diaphragm contains asbestos, which is damaging to health through contact as
it can cause cancers such as mesothelioma and asbestosis. The NaOH produced also contains
chloride impurities, as the diaphragm is not ion selective. "Chloride ions are oxidised to chlorine gas
at the titanium anode (2Cr ---+ Ch + 2e1 and water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions at
the iron mesh cathode (2H20 + 2e- ---+ H2 + 20H1.
The mercury cell overcomes the problem of chloride contamination in the sodium hydroxide as well
as not requiring the use of asbestos. In these regards the mercury cell is superior to the diaphragm
cell but it does have the major drawback in that the cathode is composed of liquid mercury. This
inevitably results in the loss of some mercury to the environment that is subject to strict controls.
This has also meant that few new mercury plants are being built. Chloride ions are oxidised to
chlorine gas at the titanium anode (2Cr ---+ Ch + 2e1 and sodium is reduced to sodium metal at the
liquid mercury cathode (Na+ + 2e----+ Na). The sodhun and mercury form an amalgam that then
passes through more water where the sodium reacts with it (2Na +2H20-+ 2Na0H + H2). The
sodium hydroxide solution is then crystallised.
The third cell is the membrane cell. This is similar in design to the diaphragm cell except that instead
of a diaphragm using asbestos, the membrane that separates the anode and cathode is made of a
polymer, polytetrafluoroethane. This cell avoids the envirorunental problems of asbestos or mercury
use and also allows for the production of high purity soditun hydroxide without contamination by
chloride ions. This ion selective membrane allows only positive ions to pass through it and not
negative ions. For these reasons, new plants that are built are likely to be of this type and many
producers are gradually replacing old style diaphragm and mercury plants with this new technology.
Chloride ions are oxidised to chlorine gas at the titanium anode (2Cr -+ Ch + 2e1 and water is
reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions at the iron mesh cathode (2H2 0 + 2e--+ H2 + 20H").
19
18
DlSClAIMER
The f@rrmlioo IXllllaloo::l in !li1s dDcurnetll Is inlenOOd lor lhe prolesslooil asslstonce of teaching $tall. !I dDe5 not COIISl~llle a!Mce lo s!Uc!mts. Flllhf
not Vle !Mefltion of CSSA to
prO'IIde spedlir:: IIWQ\g ~ lor all posstie Trial HSC ill-rs. Ram lha Jll!fiiOS<lls lo provide le3cllers with ~ .so thai t!ley can bel!l!f expbre, 1,11\de(SlMIJ elld apply HSC
mo!~l~, eses~bylllfiNSWBoard ofSktdies.
No guarillllooOCWilliOOty 15 made to' impied wilh tespecllo the~ orure ol CSSA Mar~ G<.JkiW,es illraillion to any ~IC tliGI exam~ or MS"Nef. Tile CSSA ii5SU1lleS no
~yorr~pons!tmy lor lhe ate\IIOCY, ~ 01 l~Sefu!ness ol any t.l~ G!idclnes proW:!Ed lor ~e Trial HSC papas.
-Is
OISCI.AlMffi
The Jnlona(on ~In lhl5 docl.lmellt is lnleMed Jrx !he professlooal as.slslance d leadlltlg slalf.lt does IIOli:OIISlilule acM:e lo slOOel!ls. Flh'VIer ~Is rot lbe ldetltion ol CSSA to
pmWie $fiE'Ck tmiklng Ollkolnei lor a1 possble Trial HSC aiiSWefS. Ralher IIlii p~~rpose Is 1o ~ ~ l'lilll/liOI~ &I !~~it they can bellet ll);p't;lle, llildefsland and apply HSC
~~as eslabished bytha
NSW Board ol SWes.
No !I'J:1iaolee to'Wa!Cillly Is maGe orlmpierJ 'llilh resped ID lha ~or use of CSSA Matkilg Gulde&les In r1!1a!l01! to~ speck ~ria! exam question to' answe~. The CSSA asS~.meS no
~~yorrespootibililylorlbaaccwacy,~ss~UW"uklessofatlyMai-Jr,g~~forlheTri<IIHSCpape~s.
(d) (4 marks)
.t.urxeu:u rcrJurmunce Dunm;
Question 35- Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation (25 marks)
(a) (i) (3 marks)
~J
Criteria
Provides description of both processes including all chemical reactions

Provides a description of both processes including some chemical reactions
Provides a description of both processes
Provides a description of one process AND appropriate reactions

Provides a description of one process
Provides an appropriate reaction
..OR
Outcomes Assessed: H2, H8, HJ3

1arf!etea rer_formance 1Janas: .J-:J
Mark
4
OR
Criteria
Thorouehlv describes the chemistrY ofrustine with reference to chemical eauations
Outlines the rusting process using at least one chemical ~~mation
Describes the rusting process without the use of chemical equations
Crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate form as they have a low solubility in the anunoniacal brine.
This also drives the reaction to the right and increases the yield. The crystals are washed down to the
bottom of the tower where it is ice cold and then vacuum-filtered. The filtrate contains a solution of
anunonium chloride. This part of the process needs to be cooled as the dissolution of ammonia in
water is exothermic. The overall reaction is:
NaCI(a,Y + C0 2(g) + NH,(a,Y + H 2 0(/) -> NaHCO,(s) + NH,CI(s)
Step 2 involves heating the sodium hydrogen carbonate so that it decomposes to form solid sodium
carbonate. Carbon dioxide and water are also produced at this stage with the carbon dioxide being
collected and returned to the Solvay Tower for further reaction.
2NaHCO,(s) -> Na2CO,(s) + CO,(g) + HzO(g)
The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron
to oxygen. The iron is the reducing agent (and is oxidised) while the oxygen is the oxidising agent
(and is reduced). Separate areas of the iron nail act as both the anode and the cathode. At the cathode
site oxyge.ti is reduced to hydroxide ions: 0 2 + 4e- + 2H20 ~40ft. At the anode site, iron is
oxidized to iron (II) ions: Fe~ Fe2+ + 2e-. The overall equation for the reaction is:
'
4Fe + 30, + 2Hz0-> 2Fe,0,.2H2 0 (rust).

(a) (ii) (2 marks)

.I arl!ecea rerTormance Danwi; :J-'1
Criteria
Identifies and accounts for a factor that affects the rate of corrosion
.~.. States the effect of an identified factor that chan!!es the rate of corrosion
Mark
2
Sample answer:
Lowering the pH of the water by addition of hydrogen ions would accelerate the corrosion of the iron
nail. Hydrogen ions are then also reduced at the cathode (2H'" + 2e- ~ H 2) and this greatly increases
the rate of corrosion.
(b)(i)(2 marks)

.l
urJ;:eteu reqvrmunc:e Dunu;,:. ..__.,
Criteria
Identifies a factor and outlines the method used to determine how it affects an
electroj:'@is reaction
Identifies a factor that can affect an electrolysis reaction
Mark
2
Sample answer:
The type of electrolyte can affect an electrolysis reaction. Inert carbon electrodes were placed into a
U-tube filled with copper sulfate. The electrodes were connected to a power source set at 2 V. A drop
of universal indicator was added to the electrolyte at both the anode and cathode. The experiment
was then repeated with the U-tube filled with sodium sulfate instead of copper sulfate.
20
OlSClJJMER
The lnlorma~ coolained In Ills ~ Is inleOO!d for tte professlonlll assislil!lal ol ~ slalf. It d.;G$1\01 coosl~ule ild\iee 1o studffl!~. FUI\hef ~ Is not !he ir.leflliJn of CSSA ~
pw,tle ~peci!ic Jl\alk!rg ~ for aJ pos>lb!e Trial HSC ii'ISWelS. Raltlet the purpost~ls Ia ~ leacllets 'llift1 Wortrmlon so 11\al Liley tan belief expklre. IJOOeB!aod and apply HSC
ma~klng ~.ases!atli$hed tyfl!l NSW!!oamoiS!Wles.
No guaramee Ol:wan'al'l!y Is made 01:~ with respect 1o the app!ica11oo use oiCSSA Ma~~ ~~relation 1o any~ ~ial eKilm q~ 01: an~. The CSSA assumes oo
ia!Mily01: ~ty for !lie acwracy, ~s 01: IJSeM\ess oll!nf M.wklng Guk1e1ine$ proW;Ied ror !lie T~al HSC papers.
'
Sample answer:
Sample a11swer:
In Step I in the Solvay tower, anunonia bubbles up through the brine and is absorbed by it. Carbon
dioxide (from the kiln) bubbles up through the brine and precipitates sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Mark
3
21
DISClA!MtR
The information rontooed In ~ dclc:umen! Is inleroed for llle PfO(ess!ooalassls!ooce of teaeiJng starr. ll does not cons!iillle a<lvice k1 sludenls. Fu~tlef ~ Is nolllle lntenlioO of CSSA lo
prll'>ide specillc rnarl:lng oolcomeslol' all possible Trial HSC answt!rs. Ratl!ef tile p11rpose Is kl pra.kle 1eac11oo wilh ~ r;o !llat IIley con belief eKpOO!, undei~land and awl~ HSC
marklng~as:esla~bytieNSWBrlafdofSl~.
tbguarantee 01: Wttranly Is made Dl' lrred wi!h respect kl 1M app!icalioo 01: use of GSSA Marijng ~In Jdallon lo any specific klal exam queslioo 01: ilriS'M'(, The CSSA a.sumes oo
lfabillty 01: re~lol' ~ ao::uracy, ~neil& Dl' useftllnl!ss of any Mar!\lng G!lkleifres pramed fer 100 Trial HSC papers.
I
I
'
'
(b) (ii) (3 marks)
(d) (i) (2 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: HII, H14
Outcomes Assessed: H2, H4, HB, H14

......... ""' ..,.
- ....
...
c;~c; .....
"''
..,, .,. .. ,. .. "'
~ .......,.
_,-_,
Criteria
Mark
Justifies why the method in part (b) (i) was used

Exolains whv at least part of the method was used
Identifies ONE variable that must be controlled
3
2
...............................
~~
Criteria
Col!!l2_ares the suitabilli.Y._of iron and steel for shi2!Juildi~g
Identifies some differences in the properties of iron and steel
Mark
Sample answer:
Sample answer:
Because of its higher carbon content, iron tends to be more brittle than steel and corrodes more
readily, as the additional carbon provides more cathodic sites for corrosion. Carbon steels are the
preferred structural material in ocean-going ships because of their corrosion resistance, strength and
economical price.
To determine the effect of the change in electrolyte on the electrolysis reaction, all other variables
must be kept the same. Thus, the concentration and volume of the electrolyte must be kept constant,
so too must the types of electrodes, applied voltage and a consistent volwne of indicator added to
each electrode. The type of electrolyte is the only variable that is changed. The drops of universal
indicator are added to each electrode to detennine what gases are being evolved at the electrode - if
oxygen is being evolved, then so too are W, so the universal turns red. If however, hydrogen is being
evolved, so too are OH- so the universal will turn purple.
(d) (ii) (2 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: H2, HB, H14

.&
(c)(4 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H7, H13

.1.
u;1
~~u;
.1.
~~
Vllr<u;IOI,.~ ,uu;nu;~
Hr
~~u;
.1.
~r
VI'""'''-~ .uu;10u;~
,;,-_,.
Criteria
Outlines a strategy for protecting the hull of ships from corrosion
Identifies a strate2V for orotecting the hull of shins from corrosion
Mark
2
,;,-J
Criteria
Outlines the contribution of Galvani, Volta, Davy and Faraday to our understanding of
electron transfer reactions
Outlines the contribution of three scientists to our undersum~ng of electron transfer
reactions
Outlines the contribution of two scientists to our understanding of electron transfer
reactions
Outlines the contribution of one scientists to our understanding of electron transfer
J:e!lqtions ----------
Mark
Sample answer:
Zinc blocks can be attached to the steel hull of a ship to act as a sacrificial anode. The zinc oxidises
(corrodes) in preference to the iron and releases electrons. The steel hull becomes the cathode and
consumes the electrons supplied by the zinc .
3
2
(e) (7 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H4, H8, Hl3, H14
_. "''
Sample answer:
Galvani performed a series of investigations on the effect of static charge on the muscles and nerves
in the legs of frogs and concluded that animal tissue contained 'animal electricity'.
Volta invented a device that could transfer static electricity between objects and also invented the
Voltaic Pile, alternating discs of silver and zinc separated by cardboard soaked in salt solution. It
produced an electric current in an external circuit and was the first battery ever produced.
Davy explored applications of the Voltaic pile. He constructed the largest battery ever built and
passed a strong electric current through the molten salts of various compounds (potassium hydroxide
and sodium hydroxide) he suspected of containing undiscovered elements.
Faraday was Davy's assistant and delved into the quantitative aspects of electrochemistry. Faraday
developed laws of electrolysis: that the amount of an element produced by electrolysis was
dependent on the quantity of electricity passed through the circuit and the atomic weight of the
element and its valency. This is important in industrial applications of electrochemistry.
22
llSCLAIMER
The lnb'I'Ml'oo conlalned In Ul!s dowment Is lflleotled for till ptole$sionil asslstooce of teoclllng s!aff. ll does no1 COIISli!ule iiiMce lo Slt.ldooli. Fllfllef k Is no1 fie in(enlio(l of CSSA lo
proW;Ie specifre IJI2o'kilg oulcoo".e$ for &l possitfe Trfal HSC answe~s. Raillef llle pli(I:OI& Is to pra.ide leildl!l!S wilh inb'mallon ro 111311h&y tan bell ~ under5liM and apply HSC
m.;rQ,g reQUO"ementi. as esW:6shed by 100 NSW Boird of SIUdies.
Noguarante<torwatriillly Is made or ilr1pkd wi!h re~t lo lhelijlplicilloo or use ol CSSA Maldr.g GuideGI\es In relation 10 00/speeifre !ria! exam queslktl or answer. The CSSA asslKilel no
iatalyor respor~Sitli!ityfot ltlo I!C(Uiacy, com~s or usefl.lnesol ol any lko'Q,g Gl!idWiles pMded for 111e Triilt HSC papas.
~'"'"
.s.
l!f:fl.nlnu;n~.-r::;
.u""""'" .s.-u
Criteria
Provides a thorough analysis of the conditions at great depths, discusses the chemistry
of the corrosion process and links them to a change in the nature of scientific thinking
about corrosion
Identifies the conditions at great depths, outlines the chemistry of the corrosion process
and links them to a chanee in the nature of scientific thinking about corrosion
Identifies the conditions at great depths
OR
Mark
6-7
4-5
2-3
Outlines the chemistrv of the corrosion oro cess

Identifies the conditions at great depths
OR
Identifies an aspect of corrosion at great depths
OR
Makes a link between the discovery and a change in the nature of scientific thinkim!'
23
OSCIJJMER
Tba ini:Jtmallon ~ Ill Ns dccumenlls lnlended for llle pr6fesslonal assl$ta'"oce of leaehiflg sta. Hdoes not coosQI.I!a i11Mce 1o S!Udents. Furlhe' KIs not tile lrllenlioo of CSSA 1o
prW.de tpeclflc lllifi:Wlg otKomes for all ~ TJ!a! HSC answers. Raltlef lhe pt.11pose Is lo prO'.Ue leachefs wilh lnlorma!lon w that they can bell e:pklre, WldeBiand aNI apply HSC
~ requ!IOOiii!IS, as e&!ablisbed by 100 NSW Board of Skms.
No gu.li"Billee or worramy Is made or Jmpkd wilhmpect lo till~ wuse ol CSSA MM.Ing GUdelines In re!allon lo ~r ~.<: t1a1 exam quesSon or answer. The CSSA assumes 110
tiabili!yorrespon!lbiityfarlha~,~scrusefu!nessofanyt.torl:lng~providedforlhiiTrlaiHSCpap!lrs.
Question 36- The Biochemistry of Movement (25 marks)
Sample answer:
At great ocean depths like that of the RMS Titanic, seawater would have a temperature of about 0C,
very little dissolved oxygen, and a lower salinity than at the surface. It was these conditions that led
scientists to postulate that corrosion would be significantly reduced at these depths. The nonnal
corrosion of iron requires oxygen and water at the anode to produce hydroxide ions and the lack of
oxygen at great depths would seem to suggest that the rate of this reaction would be reduced.
Corrosion is also affected by the concentration of the electrolyte and a reduced salinity due to the
low temperature could also be expected to reduce the rate of corrosion.
Over many years of study of the Titanic resting site and its artefacts, scientists have discovered new
previously unknown factors that are responsible for accelerating corrosion at great depths. Some
parts of the wreck were covered by sediment or calcareous deposits (CaC03) fanned by marine
organisms, causing differences in aeration of the metal in the wreck. Differential aeration results in
the setting up of anodic and cathodic regions on the metal surface and subsequent corrosion. It was
no"t expected that the marine'organisnis leaving these deposits would be fotmd at these depths. Low
pH conditions due to the high concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide would also increase the
rate of corrosion. The presence of higher concentrations of hydrogen ions facilitates the reduction of
dissolved oxygen, as shown: Oz +4ft+ 4e --7 2Hz0 and accelerates corrosion.
Anaerobic bacteria were also found in the corroded hull and were reducing sulfate ions in the
seawater instead of oxygen. In acidic conditions, sulfate ions are reduced to hydrogen sulphide and
water according to this equation: so,l +lOW+ se-? H2S + 4H20. The action of the sulfate
reducing bacteria provides the electrons needed for the iron in the ship's hull to corrode: Fe--? Fe2+ +
2e. The hydrogen sulfide produced is also a weak acid and would lower the pH ofthe water
surrounding the wreck and further accelerate corrosion.
The discovery of the Titanic enhanced our understanding of sulfate reducing bacteria and the role
that they play in affecting corrosion. In addition, many marine organisms were also discovered living
at these depths that were not expected. For these reasons, the discovery of the RMS Titanic
significantly changed the nature and direction of scientific thinking in tenns of corrosion in the
absence of oxygen.
(a) (i) (I marks)

Outcomes Assessed: H8
Tareeted Performance Bands: 2-3
Criteria
Identifies the name of the anaerobic process
Mark
Sample answer:
Glycolysis
(a) (ii) (2 marks)

.l
ur~:eu!.u
rerrormance Danwi; '1-o
Criteria
Provides a correctly balanced equation that includes all reactants and products
Provides an unbalanced equation that includes all reactants and products
Sample answer:
C6Ht206 +2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi
Mark
2
--)>
2CH,COCOO- + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H,O + 4H+
IIG=74 kJ mor 1
(a) (iii) (2 marks)

Outcomes Assessed: H7, HIO, H13
A. Ul ,!;t:U::U .l:t:f:JUfHIUftt:t: DU,Uo)O J-'1
Criteria
Calculates the number of moles of glucose AND the energy produced
Calculates the number of molecules of glucose
Mark
2
Sample answer:
ngtucose
IIG
=250/180.1559
~ 1.39 mol
~
~
24
OISClAIMER
Tte irlfoona~ Clllllaifled in !Ills doclitnenl is ifiWOOed lor Ule pml!lsslooal asslslmce of leac!llng slaff. It does no1. consl~rM! ad'ke Ill s!Weflts. Further ~ is no! !he Jnlen(On or CSSA to
piO'II:IB spec:Tc ma1:i1g ~ lor al posm<e Trfal HSC answe~s. RatflEf Ule ~Is lo prOW:!e ~Ndlefs wilh ltlfooMtion so lllal !hey coo bel1tf explom.ll!ldemand and ~ HSC
mmng ~. as eslal>listoed by !he NSW 9oa!d of Sludies.
No !JU3fanree Of Warranty Is made !lf kredwilh respeet 1o tile~ !lf use of CSSA Marking ~ in relation Ia illlY ~peeific !rial exam question llf answer. TM CSSA as.;umes no
fat>lily!lf re:spcr.sN~y lor 11!8 accuracy,~ !lfusef\tooss of aoy Marli:il'l,l Gu'4elin&s ~ lor tile Tria! HSC pajleiS.
1.39 x 74
102.7 kJ
25
DISCLAIMER
Tl'e lcWm!allon oon!ainlld In !his docume.11 Is ~ lor 100 profwiollal asslslaoce olleacting slaif. ll does nol wosliiLIIe OOlite 1o slur:lerT!s. Fl.ll\00 Ris oollhe inlenNon of CSSA IQ
proW.1e spedfl:; ~ ~ fol' all possible Tr!al HSC IIIWII'I!fS. Ralhef tile purpose Is IQ pm-.io:!a leachefs with ir.formal'on ro 11131 \hey tall be!ter ~plore, undefstand and apply HSC
marking !q~Jiremeflls, as eslab!i5had byllle NSW lbafd of Slttdlei.
No!!Uararllw orwiflanty Is ~m lmpkd 'ltilh respect kl the applica!kln Q( use of CSSA MarWng Guidem\es rn relalion Ill ;fll1"t s~ ~lal exam questioo Of answer. llle CSSA assllil'leS no
flabl!ltyor '~ filf 1M act\lflq, COII'elenm or ll$elu!ness or any Mming Guklf1ioos provklell b' 111e Trial HSC papets.
(c) (ii) (2 marks)

(b) (5 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: HB, H9, H12
.Lut~c::JC:U
.CCIJUI"UIUIU;;e; .UUnU.'lO
~-J
..... ,
Describes a valid investigation

Names the enzyme and substrate
Provides feasible suggestions for improving validity and reliability
Describes a valid investigation
Provides feasible suggestions for imorovine: validitv OR reliabilitv onlv
4-5
3-4
... "-'
V>nKn .. ,._ .LI .. U .. .:Jo ... - ...
Criteria
Describes viscosity as a property

Relates viscosity to the strength of intermolecular forces
Identifies hydrogen bonding and the relative number of hydrogen bonds in glycerol and
ethanol
Describes viscosity as a property
Relates viscositv to the stre11gt}.1. of intermolecular forces
OR
Outlines a valid investigation
OR
Names the enzyme and substrate
Provides feasible suggestions for improving validity
Provides feasible suggestions for improving reliability
OR
Sample answer:
Set up a series of test tubes containing known quantities of milk and rennin. Heat each of the test
tubes to different temperatures and time how long it takes the milk to clot. The validity of the
experiment could be improved by using a temperature probe to record the temperature rather than a
conventional laboratory thermometer. Also ensuring other variables that affect enzyme activity, such
as pH, are also kept constant. Repeating each experiment several times and averaging the times for
the milk to clot at particular temperatures would improve the reliability.
(c) (i) (1 marks)

Mark
Criteria
Sample answer:
1,2,3- propantriol
(d) (i) (2 marks)

~
...
... ......
....
V# U<KO .. CO .LI . . U .. .:Jo J - ...
Criteria
Mark
Identifies glycogen as the storage polymer of carbohydrates

Identifies storage locations as the liver and ~U's~le cells
Identifies glycogen as the storage polymer of carbohydrates
Identifies storage locations as the liver and muscle cells
OR
Draws the structure and identifies the svstematic name
Mark
Sample answer:
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow and is related to intermolecular forces in that the
stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity. The main intermolecular bonding in both
glycerol and ethanol is hydrogen bonding, however, because glycerol has more hydroxyl groups (3)
than ethanol (1 ), there will be more hydrogen bonding in glycerol. This means that glycerol will be
more viscous.
OR
._~~M
Mark
Criteria
Sample answer:
Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen granules (a polymer of glucose) either in the liver or in muscle
cells.
H-C-0-H
I
H-C-0-H
I
H-C-0-H
I
H
26
OISCI.J..IMER
The klfonnation c:orta!r.ed ln lhls doc\lmerills in!anc!ed lor lie pr~al assist.lo'ICII of ~ sblf. It does no1 cons~ iiiMca kJ $1Udenls. Fllllher lt 13 no1 tllllnlenlion of CSSA kl
proVde specific making oot:o~nes ror a'f poss!bla Trial HSC ~K~SWeB. Ralller till putpose 15 kl proYde teache!s wilh irlfllmlaOOn oo fhal tley cao teller eJCr;4ole, understa'ld and apply HSC
markilg requifeml!!l!s, as eslal::tlshed by Uw NSW l!ooid of Sluo;fies.
No guarantee orwarra11ty Is l!lalla or lmedwilh respect to Uw iipPiiC3Ilon or L!SII of CSSA ~ G\lklekles 1o relam to "MIY spec;IDc: tiiat exam QU!!:tion or answer. Th!! CSSA asslllll!!S no
~orrll!l~IOI"!heaca~~acy,~orL!SIIf!JileMoiW:fMOlklngGthle&lespr()'o!dejjfOI"IheTOOIHSCPllP*lfS.
27
otSCLAIMEA
lhe ~ Clll\lil!lled 1tJ t1!s do:ument Is l[mt1ded klr lie proless.looal asslslooce ot leachltlg sla!f. tt doos not con.s!ilute advke to studenls. Furlhet RIs not IIIII inlention. of CSSA lo
jra.ide speo;lK: ~ ~ lot a1 ~ Tlia! HSC ~. Rat.ef the purpoo81s to Jli1Mia leachas wiM!Infoonafloo oolllat !hey can be-ll eJqOO!e, lltldllrsla1r:l and iiipp!y HSC
marS:lng requifemertls, as eslabiMEd by lie NSW 8oord d Sludles.
No guararJteeorw~l5 made or~ 'ltit!ltesped to llle i!jlplic3llan Of ~om~ d C5SA ~ Gui6elMs In relaliDn IG any speck Ilia! exam~ wanswer. Tile CSSA asi!OOI$ oo
liabiil1orresponsit.iityfotlllaaccuracy,~~rusafulr.essof~yMJl~~~fottheTriiiiHSCpapers.
(d) (ii) (3 marks)

Outcomes Assessed: H4, Hl3, H14
.1. " '
co&c;u .1. . , ,
ut "'"'"""
.L"''"".,. -.-J
Criteria
Mark
Compares the higher energy of fats (lipids) with energy from glucose
Describes how both lipids and glucose are broken into Acetyl CoA and produce ATP
for muscle action
Compares the energy density of lipids and glycogen
OR
Describes how glycogen and fatty acids can be respired to produce ATP but glycogen
store is limited
States that glycogen is stored in muscles OR in liver
States that elucose or _glyco_gen do not produce as much energy as lipids
OR
2
'
Sample answer:
During exercise, when blood glucose levels drop the glucose polymer glycogen stored in muscles
and the liver breaks down to produce more glucose. However, there is a limit to how much can be
stored. Glucose therefore does not produce as much energy per gram as do fats (lipids). If more
energy is needed the stored lipids are broken into fatty acids and undergo reactions to produce acetyl
CoA and proceed through the respiratory cycle. Eating a lot of carbohydrate may allow the body to
store its maximum amollilt of glycogen, but the length and intensity of the event will determine how
long before the energy from fats begins to be metabolised.
(e) (7 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H4, H8, H14
.l
urge:u::u re:r urtnunce .ounu.l-; .1.-u
Criteria
Mark
Demonstrates extensive knowledge of the biochemical processes that occur in the

muscles of a sprinter
Describes the impact of these discoveries
Makes a sound assessment of the impact
Demonstrates thorough knowledge of the biochemical processes that occur in the
muscles of a sprinter
Describes the imoact of these discoveries OR makes a limited assessment
Demonstrates sound knowledge of the biochemical processes that occur in the muscles
of a sprinter
Describes the impact of these discoveries and makes a limited assessment
Identifies a biochemical process in the muscles of a sprinter
OR
Sample a11swer:
Advances in biochemistry have identified two distinct types of skeletal muscle fibre with different
structure and function. Type I cells are also called slow-twitch cells or fibres and type 2 cells are
called fast-twitch fibres. These two types of muscle cells use different fuels and different stages of
cellular respiration dominate their energy production reactions.
Type I (slow-twitch) muscle cells contract slowly and steadily and have a rich blood supply and
therefore adequate oxygen for use in aerobic respiration. These cells have many mitochondria and
obtain most of their ATP by the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The filament structure of these
muscle fibres shows them to have fewer contractile filaments. Type I muscle cells are useful in light
endurance exercise, such as long-distance running. The top distance runners have a highly developed
ability to produce ATP aerobically. They use a variety of fuels, such as glucose, fatty acids
and amino acids.
Type 2 (fast-twitch) muscle cells contract relatively rapidly. They contain fewer mitochondria and
have a reduced supply of blood and therefore oxygen. As a result they mostly respire anaerobically.
Type 2 or fast-twitch muscle cells are used in high-intensity athletic events such as the sprint events
in swinuning and running. Type 2 muscle cells are primarily anaerobic, using the available glucose
and stored glycogen as their energy sources. Some glycogen is stored in small granules in muscle
tissue. This glycogen can readily be broken down to glucose-6-phosphate and then to glucose, which
is available for glycolysis. The action of type 2 muscle cells requires maximum energy in a short
time, and is supplied by anaerobic glycolysis. The formation of lactic acid and the resulting drop in
pH associated with this process causes muscle fatigue and cramps. To avoid this, athletes follow a
training program in order to maximise their bodies' ability to take in and use oxygen. Athletes also
have a carbohydrate-rich diet, eating large quantities of pasta, bread and fruits in preparation for their
events.
Advances in biochemistry have improved our understanding of the structure and function of type 1
and 2 muscle fibres and those factors affecting the performance and maintenance of type 2 fibres
used more conunonly for sprinting and short distance rlUUling. For this reason, advances in
biochemistry have had a significant positive impact on the performance and recovery of sprinters .
6-7
4-5
2-3
I
Identifies 1111 impact
28
IXSCI.AIMER
The loro!matioo COI'Jiained Ill Ills doct.menlls lnleMed b' llle professional assis!anc:e of leachlng s!a!f.lt does f\01. consliMe adVice 1o skldenls. FUII!ler KIs r.ollhe inWfiL<Jn of CSSA 1o
pm;:l9 speOfJC ~ oulcomes b' aJ possi!Ml Trial HSC ~ ~t.er tile purpose Is lo prO\ti!t leachm ~ !nlclrmalion so that lhe1 can betler expbre, ll!lde!sland 111\d ~ HSC
~ feqWemenis, as~ by 1M NSW 9ootd of Stuclies.
No guaranlee orwaanlyls made or Impled llil.h respec;~ !o lhe ~ Of use of CSSA !.Ia"~ Glllde!ines Ill r.oo 1o any specific lrlal exam quesl.'on or armrer. The CSSA assumes no
iabiMy orresponslbiiitt ror 111e acwracy, comp~e~eoess Of IISefu!ness of arrt Ma-king Gulde!lnes pra.ided tor 111e Trial HSC pafJefS.
29
DISClAIMER
The In~ ronlini!d In Ul!s <locumei"i! Is ~ ror tile profmiooal assls!anre olleachlrtg sial!". II does no! coosli!JI\I ad~ 1o s!Wools. Further II Is ool the inl!!!!lion of CSSA to
provide specil"oc: mOO:irig 0\l!cl::lmesflll" an JlQSSllle Tria! HSC anSW!!rS. RalhefBle rmJlO!e Is lo prO\'Jde leachels'lrilh lnformalion so tnallhay can bener explore, undefsland and i!jlplyHSC
rnarnng reqo.Heme11!s, as ellaNsl!ed by till! NSW Board of Slucfies.
ti<)gullfanloo OfWlll"!anty is made~ 'lrilll respeel lo the ~~oo Of use of CSSA Ma!kJng Gvldclfnes In ~atioo to any spec!fc ~iol e~amquesti!:o"l or answef. The CSSA arnJmeS no
liability or'~ lor the oo:~acy. ccmpleleness or useMness of any Marking Gulde!lnes ,ortMded forltle Trial HSC pE!JiefS.
Question 37- The Chemistry of Art (25 marks)
Sample answer:
Since each ion of a transition metal in a different oxidation state has a different arrangement of filled
and unfilled 3d and 4s orbitals, they will have different energies they can absorb from the range of
visible light, so this will give them different colours. This explains why manganese changes its
colour from purple to colourless as it moves from an oxidation state of+7 to +2.
(a) (5 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H2, H6, H7, H14
-" ...
................
.,. , .... u ......
-"'~
..........- ...
Criteria
Analyses the position of the metal in terms of ionisation energy, electronegativity and
electron configuration
Relates the position of the metal in tenns of TWO of the following: ionisation energy
or electroneeativitv or electronic confi.l!lll"ation
Relates the position of the metal to ionisation energy OR electronegativity OR
electroilJc: C:<.?nfi&!:!ration
Mark
5
(c) (i) (1 mark)

3-4
1-2
(b) (ii) (2 marks)

Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H6
-"
(b) (i) (1 marks)

Criteria
Mark
Sample answer:
Manganese
........ ~
.0'~11~
... ... - ...
Criteria
Describes the process required to produce a paint, including the addition of the mineral
to a mediwn in which it is insoluble
Identifies an example of a liquid mediwn use to produce paint
Criteria
(b) (ii) (3 marks)

Outcomes Assessed: H6, H12, Hl3, H14
Mark
2
1
Mark
Outlines a health risk
Sample answer:
Some minerals contained metals that were poisonous and could be absorbed through the skin such as
mercury and arsenic .
.lU.tgc:u:<U. .l"C:IJUI-ffiUUt..C: UUUU..3o J - l l
.. ~ ..... -" . . . . . . . ,
Sample answer:
The minerals would have been ground into a fine powder and the powder mixed with media such as
plant oils and resins or even saliva. The media rendered the mineral powder insoluble so as to fonn a
colloid mixture.
~~
(c) (i) (1 mark)

Tarl!eted Performance Bands: 2-3
Correctly identifies a transition metal
Mark
Sample answer:
Green malachite, which is copper carbonate (CuC03)
Sample answer:
Technetium (element 43) has an electron configuration of [Kr]3d54s2 and is located in the
fifth period of the periodic table. It is in the fifth period because its outer electrons are in the fifth
energy level. It is in the d-block (in the second row of transition elements). It is placed in this block
because it has a partially filled 4d orbital. It has a first ionisation energy that is much higher than
molybdenum (42). This is because it has one electron in each of its d-orbitals, giving it greater
chemical stability. It has a lower ionisation energy than ruthenium (44) because the greater the
nuclear charge, the harder it is to remove the electrons. Likewise its electronegativity is greater than
molybdenum and less than ruthenium. For these reasons, technetium is best placed in between
molybdenum and ruthenium.
Criteria
Name or formula of the stated colour is correct
Criteria
Links different filling arrangement of orbitals for different ions of the transition metal
and hence different energies able to be absorbed, to different oxidation states and to
different colours
Links simply different colours to different electron arrangements
Attributes different colours to different oxidation states
Mark
3
2
1
30
31
Thllilll~contiliroedlnUllsdoc:l.lnle!lllskllended~lllep!Oiess!ollillas!lsliltlreol!eiidl!ngsla!f,hWesnoiCOMl~ulei!l#lcelos!udenls.furlhefRisnotU!eillklrltOODICSSA!o
poW.de specific ma!IOOg ouk:orne$ ~ ail pcmib11J Tml HSC aoswefS. Ralhef file purpose Is lo pr::le teachers willo~Mna!OO so lhallh&y can bell explor~. uodeisland and apply HSC
lllafking reqWements, as eslablished by ile NSW 8oo< Dl ~No gt13rot1lee 01:wa111111~ Is made01: ~witt reJiped. lo lfle ~use or CSSA Marldn;l Guidelltles 1n rel.ll1on lo 211y specifc1MI a:am quesl.'on 01: ili'IS"IIEi. Thll CSSA ~ Jl(l
iih'Oiy responsibiity for file IICCUI&C"/, ~ 01: ~or ooy Marking Guklelil'les proYided !of 1t.e Tllal HSC papets.
OISCLA1MER
The ktb'rn3tion IXIIllalned In ~ 6ocurnerd Is kllended for llle ~al asslstanee of leaching sial!. It does not consflula 8<Mca 1o sl!.deols. FIJI!her ills not llle lnlent!J of CSSA kl
p.'O'Iida spedic: ~ 01kcn1es for all posstie Tr~ HSC an~s. Ralhef 1he purpooe 1s 1o pr!Mde leaChtis wiflll'lllrrna*.n SG lhallhey can belief w:plol"e, urdels!aid and awfy HSC
~ requl/ema'lls, as es!ablshed by11le HSW Board D1 Sl<tdles.
No !llliRillee OI:WiiiTa"!ly Is made 01: ltrflied 'Ailh respectlo llle ~or use of CSSA ~ Gulde!r.es In 1elalion 1o iisllyspedfic lrlel eJ<arn~ 01: 211swe.-. The CSSA assumes Jl(l
iabllil.yor rmpcmsltffiybr lhe llCOMaC'f, ~ 01: usefulness of iisliY Milrklr9 Gukle!!oes jlfO'Med b" ll""oe T/"1.31 HSC pape!"S.
DISCtAIMER
(d) (i) (2 marks)

..I.Wr
cn:;w.z.
CIJ_IUU,Ufi\.C
LJUUU~o
(e) (7 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H3, H4, H6, H14
.z. urxc:u:u rt:~Jutnlu.tu~c: .uu.nu,.; ....-u
J-~
Criteria
Defines emission spectra
Defines abS..Q!IJtion spectra
Mark
Compares emission and absorption spectra
OR
Sample answer:
Spectra are produced when electrons in an element transition between energy levels. The lines in the
spectrum occur at different wavelengths that represent the energy involved in the electron transition.
Emission spectra are produced after an atom absorbs energy and the electron goes to a higher energy
level, as it returns to a lower level, it releases energy that corresponds to particular wavelengths
shown by the spectral lines. These are seen as coloured lines against a dark background. Absorption
spectra however, are formed when white light passes through the vaporised element and the atoms
absorb energy at discrete wavelengths causing electrons to transition to higher energy levels. Hence
wavelengths are 11 missing" from the spectrum. These are seen as black lines against a coloured
background.
.... ~ . . ..l
~I
6-7
4-5
2-3
Several teclmologies have had a significant impact on the way we analyse pigments that have been
used throughout history. These teclmologies have helped us learn about the chemical composition of
pigments and allowed for synthetic versions of pigments to be produced that are more stable and
versatile than their historical predecessors. Some of these technologies are outlined below.
Reflectance spectroscopy is based on the principle that a sample may absorb some photons and
reflect others of different wavelengths. The reflected light is collected and measured as intensity as a
function of wavelength. A plot is produced showing reflectance against wavelength. Many of the
natural pigments used in historical paintings contain transition metal elements that give rise to the
colour of the pigment, e.g. Cu, Fe, Zn and Co. The oxidation state of the element and the ligands
bound to it determine the colour of the pigment .. Reflective spectroscopy is useful to identify
pigments as it does not require the extraction of a sample of the painting and is a non-destructive
technique.
Infrared reflectography is a specific form of reflectance spectroscopy. It uses infrared radiation
(wavelength range of700 run -1 mm). The technique is particularly sensitive to any underlying
drawing in graphite, charcoal or black ink, thus giving clues to the artistic process. Infrared radiation
is also useful in identifying copper-containing green pigments and therefore helps to detect the
presence of these pigments.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, which uses wavelengths in the range of200-700 run, operates on
the same principle. Identification of pigments can be made by comparison of the obtained spectrum
to those from known standards. Laser microspectral analysis uses a high-energy pulse of laser light
to vaporise a small portion of the painting. This vapour is electrically excited, resulting in the sample
emitting radiation that is collected as an emission spectrwn.
The ability of spectroscopic techniques to determine what pigments artists used in their paintings
during history has greatly helped our understanding of the artistic process as well as providing a
means for developing more stable and versatile synthetic pigments.
U'l ........... ~ .UW.HM .. _,-_,
Criteria
Explains how careful observation of the spectra of elements both supported AND
hindered the complete acceptance of Bohr's atomic model
Explains how careful observation of fue spectra of elements supported OR hindered the
complete acceptance of Bohr's atomic model
Identifies that spectral lines are caused by the movement of electrons from one energy
level to another
------
Mark
Sample answer:
(d) (ii) (3 marks)

Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H6
A"''
Criteria
Sound knowledge of the range of pigments used throughout history
Extensive knowledge of how technology has increased our understanding
Makes an assessment of the impact linked to criteria
Thormmh knowledl!e of how technolm!v has increased our understandinl!
Limited knowledge of technology
Identifies a range of pigments used OR
Identifies a technolo~y
Mark
3
2
Sample answer:
Line emission spectra supported Bohr's model because it was evidence for electrons moving between
discrete energy levels and emitting or absorbing energy as they did so. However, further analysis of
spectra using more accurate instrumentation found that single emission lines could be resolved into
several lines -this could not be explained by Bohr's model. Also, the observed line spectra did not
agree with Bohr's model when more than one electron was present, i.e. all elements except hydrogen.
I'
~e
32
33
The informakln contained in tis document Is inl<ded for lhe ~sb'lal asslslaoce of ~ stall. ll does not constillffl adlice 1o s~ Fufll1et RIs notlhe inloollon of CSSA 1o
proWle 5pl1dic ma~ka".g oulc:omts for al poostle Tllal HSC answm. RaiJ1ef lhe p!.lfpore!s to prO\'kle lea:flefs willllnrorlfl3!lon so lila! tley can beller explore, Ul"ll!erslarld and apply HSC
1113!kl\g requll'ements, as Mlatfslled by toe NSW Boald of s~
N!)guarifllee or warranly!s made or!mpJed wllh re!ped lo !he app!"calior! or use Dl CSSA Mmlog ~in rei*Jlo any ~pecllc trial exam queslloo or :lfiS'III'lY. The CSSA assumes no
latililyor ~for !he acctlfacy, comp!etene:ss or usefllhess o1 any Marktlg G<tdelinas PflMded ror rK! Trial HSC JPe~S.
Thll inlllrmi!Wo oootail\00 ill this documenlls Jnlnded Jot 1119 prolesslooal asst!lance oll!!.Khing slolf. ll dws not consJ.ltlle adliu b sludl!flls. Fl.lrther ~ Is nollbe lnlention of CSSA lo
piO'I4 spetir.c lll3!k1ng 0\llcomes for aq posmle Tri<t HSC answefS. Ralller ~ JlUflX)Se is lo ~ !eadms llilh inklrlmlllon so !hill !l1ey C3ll belief explore, lMeflitand iNld apply HSC
mark!r.,j requi'efnents. as ezlabl:si!OO by t.e NSW Board of S\W1es.
No fi'Ji!lan(ee or~!s made or~ wilh respeclkl lhe app!icalion or use of CSSA Mall:lrrg Guidelnes Ill reli!llor! lo any specific hial exam que;tion or answet". The CSSA asstM~eS no
iabityor responsili!ilyfor llle ao:uracy, c:omp!e!eness or usefulness of any MOO:ing ~ pnl'oided for lM Trial HSC papefS.
DISCLAIMER
DISCLAIMER
Question 38- Forensic Chemistry (25 marks)
(b) (i) (1 marks)

Tareeted Performance Bands: 3-4
(a) (i) (2 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: H9, HJ3

.l JU
COJI:O" .l r:;_IJlNUJ"U&.I:O .UUIJ..olo
.>-.
Criteria
Identifies the reducine suear as the one with the carbonvl
Criteria
Describes the relationship between amino acid sequences, DNA and genes
Exolains how DNA fmgerorinting can be used to identify individuals
Describes the relationship between amino acid sequences, DNA and genes
Explains how DNA fingerprinting can be used to identify. individuals
Mark
2
Sample answer:
Disaccharide B is the reducing sugar as it is the one that contains the carbonyl group (- C - ).
0
II
(b) (ii) (3 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: HS, H9, H14
.......
...
...............
Sample answer:
Most cells contain DNA, a complex biopolymer with a very large molecular mass. DNA contains the
genes that determine our uniquely individual characteristics such as height, weight, skin colour, eye
colour, hair type and so on. Genes are specific sequences of amino acids in the DNA. While genes
contain the instructions needed for protein synthesis, there are also portions of a human's DNA that
are unique to each individual. These DNA sections can be used to develop DNA fingerprints that can
be linked to a particular individual. This process is used both to identify a criminal suspect and to
clear innocent suspects by taking samples of DNA from crime scenes and comparing them to the
DNA of suspects.
~-~-
...........-
Criteria
Identifies the reagent as Benedict's solution
Outlines a procedure for the test including the positive result
Explains the chemistry behind the positive result
Exulains the chemistrv behind the positive result
Identifies the reagent as Benedict's solution
Mark
3
2
OR
(a) (ii) (2 marks)
011tcomes Assessed: H4, H9, H14

.l Ul
I:OJI:OU .l 1:01
Sample answer:
Ul ll"lUIO&. .UUU .. .>o ' 7 - J
Criteria
Describes similarities and differences between the DNA of each individual
Makes a conclusion about the identity of the child's father
Makes a conclusion about the identity of the child's father based on some evidence
from the DNA
OR
Mark
J ..
Reducing sugars may be readily identified by their reaction with Benedict's solution, which is a
weak oxidising agent. Benedict's solution, an alkaline solution containing Cu2+ ions, reacts with the
carbonyl group of reducing sugars when gently heated to produce a red precipitate of copper(!)
oxide. The carbonyl group in the reducing sugar is oxidised to a carboxylic acid group. The
characteristic brick-red colour of the copper(!) oxide precipitate is readily observable.
Describes similarities and differences between the DNA of each individual
(c) (i) (3 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: Hl, H3, Hl3
Sample answer:
If a child's DNA profile contains bands that are present in neither the mother nor the supposed
father's DNA profiles, then the supposed father is not the child's natural father. In this example, half
of the child's DNA bands come from the man and half come from the mother. The child's entire
DNA in fuis sample is either from the mother or the man so it is likely that the man is the father of
the child.
...................
_'!
................ ~ .u-.............. - ....
Criteria
Explains the operation of a mass spectrometer
Outlines the operation of a mass spectrometer
Identifies at least 011,e key point in the oper~"liQ!l_Qf!!.JlUlSS spectrometer
Mark
3
2
1
Sample answer:
In mass spectroscopy the sample is vaporised and bombarded with a stream of high-energy electrons.
The resulting negative ions are discarded and the positive ions are accelerated by an electric field and
then passed through a magnetic field. This causes the ions to move in curved paths in which the
radius of the path depends on the charge/mass ratio of the ions. The result is that the ions are detected
in different positions according to their relative charge/mass ratio. The masses of the ions can be
calculated and the intensity of the reading determines their abundance.
34
OISCI.AIMER
lhe infor~ conti!lood Jn WS dorunefll!slnlended for 1he Pfolessloool ii$$1sliillCe olleacl'll(,g slalf. It as 1101 ~!iiWI ad"ke k1 s~ F~ a Is not tile !nlrolion of CSSA to
PfO\Iide spedfic marking DUlalrnes for ail poss..t~e TiiG! HSC ar.swers. Ratllef 1he purpose Is 111 J.lfO\'de l!achfs l'oi!h ~ so !1!31 t.ey eM be!lef expbfe. Lll\llemond ard apply HSC
marllig requirements, as es~ by tte NSW Board of Studies.
No guaranlee 01 W3rtanty Is nl3de or !mptied wilh re~ 1111he ~or use of CSSA. Mall<lr;J Gu!defnes Jn telillion 10 MY ~Ilia 11.1Cil1'11QlleStioll or OOS'II'ef. The CSSA. ilS$UtlleS r.o
MW:Uycr respons:t:ility for fie ilCCil(iicy, ~s or 11$1!M\ess o/ arrt t.larl<klg Glidelioes pro'i!ded for the Tria! HSC p:!flE!IS.
35
DISCLAIMER
lha ~ Ollllalned In Ulls documenl Js lnl!tldecl b" lhe profe.!slonal assls!ance of leachlr.g slalf. I! daes not cm.sUMa advic.a 1o s!UderU. FIKI!ler ~ Is nolllle lnlent'l of CSSA 1o
~ $peCi&: ll13lking OIIICOme!S b" iii ~ Trial HSC answm. Ralher !he purpos& lslo prll'Me leadler5 Willi ~ so lllallhey can betlet expbra, undersland ard ;wl~ HSC
IOOI!dngreqt.lkemoo!S,as~bylheNSWI!ootdofSlcm.
No~ orwarr&'\1)' Is malll' lmed llilh resped Ia tte lli(lplicaiJIX'Ill' use o1 CSSA Ma!t!rijj ~Ill re!a$0n Ia any speQfic: kfol e.wrlqutl$tioll oranswe~:. The CSSA. aswmes no
II;K4tyor rupoc~SitH!y for lli<l atC~~~aty, comple'.eness or U$eMnl'lSs of ant M.arkJi'lg ~ prol"idec.! kif Lhe Tlial HSC papetS.
(e) (7 marks)
Outcomes Assessed: H4, H9, Hl3, Hl4
(c) (ii) (2 marks)

1 an:ereu renormance na11a5:
.1. art?ecea rerror1nallce DUnCQ; A-a
q-:J
Criteria
Describes the need for mass spectrographs of known compounds
Explains how the unknown mass spectrograph is compared to know spectrographs for
identification
Outlines the use of mass soectr01zraohs in identifvin2 comoounds
Mark
2
Sample answer:
The mass spectrum of toluene shows a peak corresponding to the ion of toluene at rnlz=92 which is
its molecular mass. Several peaks due to molecular fragments formed from collisions between the
parent molecules and high~energy electrons are also shown at other masses. A spectnun like the one
shown would have been produced with a pure sample of toluene. Comparing the mass spectrum of
the unknown sample with the mass spectra of known organic compounds like toluene would allow
for the constituents of the unknown mixture to be identified.
(d) (i) (2 marks)

.1. un:eu!u
renurmunce DUilus;
:J-'1
Criteria
Describes the use of line spectra in forensic analysis using a specific example
Describes the use of line spectra in forensic analysis
Mark
2
""
Sample answer:
Each element has its own unique spectrum with lines appearing at different wavelengths. A soil
sample could be analysed to produce a spectrum that would show lines at many different
wavelengths. By comparing the spectrum to of the soil sample to the spectra of different elements,
the elements in the soil sample could be identified.
(d) (ii) (3 marks)

.I.UTJOC<r;;w .1. r.!TJUI.#flUIIt:C DUIIU.:".IO ..J-.,J
Criteria
Explains whv each element oroduces its own spectrum
Describes spectra as a result of electrons moving from a higher to lower energy level
Identifies that spectra are related to energy levels in an atom.
Mark
3
Criteria
Effectively corrununicates a thorough understanding of a sensitive analytical technique
used in forensic investigations
AND
Discusses at least two impacts of this teclmique on forensic investhmtions
Describes a sensitive analytical technique used in forensic investigations
AND
Discusses at least ONE impact of this teclmique on forensic investigations
Mark
6-7
4-5
OR
Describes at least TWO imnacts of this teclmiaue on forensic investigations

Identifi~s a sensitive analytical teclmique used in forensic investigations
1-3
AND/OR
Describes at least ONE imnact of this teclmiaue on forensic investie:ations
Sample answer:
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a form of liquid chromatography that was
developed in the mid-1970s. Over the past few decades the technique has been improved, allowing
for better separation and identification of very similar compounds that are dissolved in solution .
HPLC can be applied to the analysis of low concentrations of organic substances such as proteins in
envirorunental, food, drug or biological samples. HPLC is used to detennine the amount of caffeine
in soft drinks. This method has a shorter flow time than other methods as it runs at high pressures,
but it has the advantage of operating at room temperature, so heat-sensitive samples are not
degraded.
HPLC is useful to forensic chemists because of its high resolution, high-speed scans and high
sensitivity. High resolution is important because compmmds of almost identical mass cap. be
separated, allowing the accurate and reliable comparison of samples. The impact of this on forensic
investigations has been to increase the degree of confidence in results obtained. The high speed of
scanning in HPLC is also important because analyses that would have previously required highly
skilled chemists to undergo a complex series of tests are now performed in a few seconds. The high
sensitivity of HPLC means that samples of only a few micrograms can be analysed. This has had a
huge impact on forensic investigations because in the past there were many cases where samples
were too small to allow traditional chemical analysis. Today a small portion of a sample may be
analysed by HPLC and the remaining sample can be subject to other analytical techniques.
Sample answer:
As excited electrons move to lower energy levels, they emit particular ammmts of energy. This
corresponds to a particular wavelength such that the energy is inversely proportional to the
wavelength. Since each element has its own unique difference in energy between energy levels, each
must also have its own unique corresponding wavelengths and these show up as lines in the spectrum
for the element.
36
DISCtAIMER
The n~ Clll'lla1i\ed lo ~~ docurnenlls lnlended lof tile professkltlal asslslanre of leading s!aft'. Hdoes not coos!J.!JI9 advice ID sklden!s. Fur'alef n Is not tile 1rl!allJon of CSSA to
proWJe Sj)et'ific nmlng OtJI!xlmoo for iri pouilla Tllal HSC !II~ Rat!er tile purp:m l!i lo pmo.;de leachefs wi11t ~ so lhal t1ey cac1 belief expbre, IJII<kislood and apply HSC
mi!IJ:lng reqolrern!m!:s, as establ!$1ied by U\e NSW Boord o( Skl!:fies.
lbguaranloo warranty Is made ortmpt.OO wiUl resped lo the appl!calion Dl'lffi!l of CSSA Mar!'Jng ~in relalbJ k:l aoy spedfc !fiaiXam queslioo Ol'aMWel'. The CSSA assumes no
~OI'res~forlh&IICCI.Ifacy,c::omp21enes&or~ofaey~G'Jidelinesprwfdedforll'leTJ!aiHSCpapers.
37
OISCLAIM!:R
The hlo!nlaltOn !XI!IIi!loo:llo Ws l!octlmen! ~ Intended fur lho ~iooal assistartte of leaching s!aff. Udoes OO! ~oosllule ad\ica k:l sludenl$. Fu!U1tl' ~ Is no! lhe lnleoliorl of CSSA to
~ specific IMiilng 0\lleome.s W at possi"ble Trial HSC 91\SWefS. Ralher Ill& porp:~Se l$la ~~ leachm wilh lrlformaL'oo so lhal.lhey can belief ~plore, undelslood and apply HSC
mailing requlremenl$, as es!abRsl~Ed by IIlli NSW Board r:l S\udles.
Nogvi!l'ar'!!ee orwar/allly Is made orlfl'lped' 'llill'!lespetllo !he applkal!oo or use o( CSSA Mamng G~ In ri!latlcn lo any specl"c ~lal exam ~liorl or anSll'ef. Tile CSSA assll!l1!ls oo
liabililyorrespoosibiilyfor lhe aa:uracy, comple\enmor usefllloess r:1 any Marking <.lUidellnes provided for tile Trial HSC pape1s.

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Centre Number

CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Reading time - 5 minutes

Total marks- 100

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1-20.

Substitution with a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst

Hydration with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

(D) Dehydration with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst

C10Hzz(l) -> 2CzH4(g) + C6H14(1)

C10Hzz(l) --+ 2CzH4(g) + C6H1z(l)

(D) C10Hzz(l) --+ CzH4(g) + C6H16(1)

Which set of isotopes contains only stable nuclei?

The reaction below shows the ionisation of hydrogen fluoride in water.

IdentifY the acid I conjugate base pair.

(A) HzO I H10+

A team of chemists with different knowledge and skills will complete an

ethanol> ethane> ethanoic acid

ethane > ethanol> ethanoic acid

ethanoic acid > ethanol > ethane

ethanoic acid> ethane> ethanol

Which two monomers are used to make PHBV?

H-e -c -c-c-c -oH

c- c -c- c-c -OH

An electrochemical cell was constructed using a magnesium anode and a platinum

The temperature of the water bath

Measurement error associated with determining the mass lost

Increasing the temperature of the system

Adding a catalyst to speed up the reaction

Which of the following species is amphiprotic?

decrease the concentration of water in the mixture.

Add barium nitrate

White precipitate forms

Add sodium nitrate

Add lead nitrate

White precipitate forms

the reagents were added in the incotTect order.

the solubility of salts is dependent on temperature.

(D) she used a fresh sample of solution for each reagent.

Molar mass (g mot1)

Which of the following is an isomer of this CFC?

1,1 ,2-trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoropropane

1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloro-1 ,2-difluoroethane

1,1 ,2,2-tetrachloro-1 ,2-difluoropropane

1978 1980 1982

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

an increase in lightning strikes.

a new power plant being opened in the area.

ozone layer depletion in the stratosphere over the area.

If a hydrochloric acid solution had a pH of3.6, what would be its concentration?

Pore Diameter (nm)

some heavy metal ions

18 A student was given 35 g of glucose to perform an anaerobic fermentation reaction in a

all of the glucose has been used up in the reaction.

the fermentation reaction has reached equilibrium.

i-- v---- --- .-

"" "'"' rate

5,000 mol m-3

10,000 mol m-3

CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NSW

Bond energy (kJ mor 1)

The following data were recorded for the experiment.

Initial temperature of water

Final temperature of water

Initial mass of spirit burner and ethanol

Calculates t"@heat of combution in kJ mol~