Project Report

On
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
USING

Prepared By:
PARIN BODIWALA(13BCL068)
DEEPANSHU PATEL(13BCL072)
VISHAL DHARIWAL(13BCL125)
Guided By:PROFESSOR TEJAS JOSHI
PROFESSOR TARAK BHATT
Submitted To :

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report
entitled
USING

DESIGN

AND

GEOTEXTILE

CONSTRUCTION

is successfully

completed by
PARIN BODIWALA (13BCL068)
DEEPANSHU PATEL (13BCL072)
VISHAL DHARIWAL (13BCL125)
of CIVIL B BATCH as per the given
requirements.

________
Teachers Signature
INDEX
2

SR.NO

TITLE

PG.NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF GEOTEXTILES

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION USING

GEOTEXTILES(USES AND
APPLICATIONS)

12

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

20

CONCLUSION

22

BIBLIOGRAPHY

22

Acknowledgment
3

The phenomenon remains same that no project ever can be

executed proficiently and efficiently without sharing the
meticulous

ideas,

technical

expertise

and

innovative

thoughts put forwarded by the technical and non-technical

veterans.
In this regard first of all we would like to express deep
gratitude to our faculties for sharing their precious
knowledge, time and innovative ideas for the successful
execution of the assigned project. They always inspired and
guided us for the right track to be followed for all the
system analysis section of this project.
At last we all are thankful to our team members. A big
contribution and hard work from all of us during the
holidays is very great indeed. This innovative assignment
make us realized the value of working together as a team.
The whole project really brought us together to appreciate
the true value of friendship and respect of each other.

INTRODUCTION
4

 Geotextiles were one of the first textile products in human history. Excavations of ancient
Egyptian sites show the use of mats made of grass and linen. Geotextiles were used in
roadway construction in the days of the Pharaohs to stabilise roadways and their edges.
These early geotextiles were made of natural fibres, fabrics or vegetation mixed with soil
to improve road quality,particularly when roads were made on unstable soil. Only
recently have geotextiles been used and evaluated for modern road construction.
Geotextiles have been used very successfully in road construction for over 30 years.
Their primary function is to separate the sub base from the sub grade resulting in stronger
road construction. The geotextile perform this function by providing a dense mass of
fibres at the interface of the two layers.
Geotextiles should fulfill certain requirements like it must permit material exchange
between air and soil without which plant growth is impossible, it must be penetrable by
roots etc. and it must allow rain water to penetrate the soil from outside and also excess
water to drain out of the earth without erosion of the soil. To obtain all these properties in
geotextiles, the proper choice of textile fibre is of paramount importance. The different
synthetic fibres used in geotextiles are nylon, polyester, polypropylene while some
natural fibres like ramie, jute etc. can also be used.

Geotextiles were originally intended to be an alternative to granular soil filters. The

original, and still sometimes used, term for geotextiles is filter fabrics. Work originally
began in the 1950s with R.J. Barrett using geotextiles behind precast concrete seawalls,
under precast concrete erosion control blocks, beneath large stone riprap, and in other
erosion control situations. He used different styles of woven monofilament fabrics, all
characterized by a relatively high percentage open area (varying from 6 to 30%). He
discussed the need for both adequate permeability and soil retention, along with adequate
fabric strength and proper elongation and set the tone for geotextile use
in filtration situations.

DEFINITION
5

 The ASTM (1994) defines geotextiles as permeable textile materials used in contact with
soil, rock, earth or any other geotechnical related material as an integral part of civil
engineering project, structure, or system.
Based on their structure and the manufacturing technique, geotextiles may be broadly
classified into woven and nonwoven. Woven geotextiles are manufactured by the
interlacement of warp and weft yarns, which may be of spun, multifilament, fibrillated or
of slit film. Nonwoven geotextiles are manufactured through a process of mechanical
interlocking or thermal bonding of fibers/filaments.
Mechanical interlocking of the fibers/filaments is achieved through a process called
needle punching. Needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles are best suited for a wide
variety of civil engineering applications and are the most widely used type of geotextile
in the world.
Interlocking of the fibers/filaments could also be achieved through thermal bonding.
Heat-bonded geotextiles should be used with caution, as they are not suitable for filtration
applications or road stabilization applications over soft soils.
Typically made from polypropylene or polyester, geotextile fabrics come in three basic
forms: woven (resembling mail bag sacking), needle punched (resembling felt), or heat
bonded (resembling ironed felt).

CHARACTERISTIC

TYPES OF GEOTEXTILE: Geotextiles are a permeable synthetic material made of textile materials. They are usually
made from polymers such as polyester or polypropylene.
The geotextiles are further prepared in three different categories

Woven Fabrics:
Large numbers of geosynthetics are of woven type, which can be sub-divided into several
categories based upon their method of manufacture. These were the first to be developed
from the synthetic fibers.
As their name implies, they are manufactured by adopting techniques which are similar to
weaving usual clothing textiles. This type has the characteristic appearance of two sets of
parallel threads or yarns --.the yarn running along the length is called warp and the one
perpendicular is called weft.

Woven fabric
The majority of low to medium strength woven geosynthetics are manufactured from
polypropylene which can be in the form of extruded tape, silt film, monofilament or
multifilament.
Often a combination of yarn types is used in the warp and weft directions to optimize the
performance/cost. Higher permeability is obtained with monofilament and multifilament than
with flat construction only.
A woven geotextile could be used for sediment control, unpaved road bases, strengthening
paved roads, erosion protection, and subsurface drainage.
It possesses the following features:

Woven Polypropylene

UV Resistant

Rot Resistant

Biological Degradation

Resistant Chemically Inert

Non-woven: Non woven geo-synthetics can be manufactured from either short staple fibre or
continuous filament yarn. The fibers can be bonded together by adopting thermal,
chemical or mechanical techniques or a combination of techniques. The type of fibre
(staple or continuous) used has very little effect on the properties of the non woven geo
synthetics.
Non-woven geotextiles are manufactured through a process of mechanical interlocking
or chemical or thermal bonding of fibres/filaments. Thermally bonded non-wovens
contain wide range of opening sizes and a typical thickness of about 0.5-1 mm while
chemically bonded non-wovens are comparatively thick usually in the order of 3 mm.

Nonwoven
A Non
Woven
Geotextile is
use with roads, roofs, railroads, ponds, dams, trenches, and landfills.
All of our non wovenmaterial possess the following features:
100% Propylene Staple
Fibers Needle-Punched
Random Network Formation
UV Resistant
Rot Resistant
Biological Degradation
Resistant Stable Within 2-13 pH
8

ideal

for

Knitted Fabrics:
Knitted geosynthetics are manufactured using another process which is adopted from the
clothing textiles industry, namely that of knitting. In this process interlocking a series of
loops of yarn together is made. An example of a knitted fabric is illustrated in figure.
Only a very few knitted types are produced. All of the knitted geosynthetics are formed
by using the knitting technique in conjunction with some other method of geosynthetics
manufacture, such as weaving.

Knitted fabric
Apart from these three main types of geotextiles, other geosynthetics used are geonets,
geogrids, geo-cells, geo membranes, geo composites, etc. each having its own distinct
features and used for special applications.

ADVANTAGES OF GEOTEXTILES

The geotextiles market requires bulk quantities of material. Warp-knitted weft-insertion

geotextiles offer the following advantages when compared to woven geotextiles:Strength-for-strength, they are lighter than woven geotextiles using the same yarn. This
makes for easier handling and laying on site; thus transport and labour costs are less in
real terms.
Knitted geotextiles have exceptional tear strength. Additional strength can be designed
and built-in to the weft direction such that a bi-axial high tensile, high strength warp/weft
geotextile becomes a reality; e.g. 500kNm warp and 500k Nm weft.
Knitted geotextiles can incorporate an additional fabric to form a true composite
geotextile, the fabric being simply knitted-in.

DISADVANTAGES

Long-term performance of the particular formulated resin being used to make the
geosynthetic must be assured by using proper additives including antioxidants, ultraviolet
screeners, and fillers.

The exposed lifetime of geosynthetics, being polymeric, is less than unexposed as when
they are soil backfilled.

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Clogging of geotextiles, geonets, geopipe and/or geocomposites is a challenging design

for certain soil types or unusual situations. For example, loess soils, fine cohesionless silts,
highly turbid liquids, and microorganism laden liquids (farm runoff) are troublesome and
generally require specialized testing evaluations.

Handling, storage, and installation must be assured by careful quality control and quality
assurance about which much has been written.

ADVANTAGES

MARKET ACTIVITY
(PRICE AND FROM WHERE WE CAN GET)
1-

2-

11

3-

OVERALL PRICE

USES OF GEOTEXTILES
(DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION USING GEOTEXTILES)

12

Uses of geotextile
Construction of roads, drains, harbour works, and breakwaters, and for land reclamation
and many other civil engineering purposes.
Some importance applications of geotextile are described below:-

Separation
In this function, the geotextile serves to separate two dissimilar materials, eg, two different soils,
landfill material and the native soil, stone material and subgrade soil, old and new pavement,
foundation soils and various types of walls, or one of many other similar situations. In some
instances, it is difficult to distinguish between the separation and stabilization functions because
in both situations the geotextile is serving as a separator. However, in stabilization some
additional phenomena occur.

Reinforcement
The key difference between stabilization and reinforcement is that stabilization is accomplished
by providing for drainage of water from the unstable soil, while in reinforcement the strength
characteristics (stressstrain) of the geotextile provide added strength to the whole system.
Another difference is that in stabilization the geotextile is placed on or around the area being
stabilized and thereby also acts as a separator, whereas in the reinforcement application the
geotextile is placed within the material being reinforced.

Filtration
Here the prime function is to retain soil or other fine materials, while allowing water to pass
through. Again, it is seen that more than one function is being performed. If there were no
drainage of water taking place, movement, and therefore retention of the soil, would not be of
concern. Part of the mechanism by which filtration occurs is through the development of a soil
filter behind the geotextile. As the water passes through, soil is filtered out and collects behind
the geotextile. As builduptakesplace, a natural soil filter is developed.

13

Drainage
In the previous sections, drainage was discussed as taking place in a direction perpendicular to
the plane of the geotextile. Here, drainage parallel to the plane of the geotextile is described. The
property called transmissivity is defined as flow parallel to the plane of the geotextile. This type
of flow can occur to some extent in all geotextiles, but is best achieved in needle-punched
nonwoven materials. This class of geotextiles can be manufactured in a range of thicknesses such
that
this
characteristic
is
optimized.

Moisture Barrier
When impregnated with an asphaltic emulsion, geotextiles become impermeable and can then be
used as moisture barriers. The primary application for this type of geotextile is in pavement
rehabilitation.

Design and Construction Considerations

a. Installation Factors.
In addition to the requirement for continuous, intimate geotextile contactwith the soil,
several other installation factors strongly influence geotextile drain performance.
These include:
(1) How the geotextile is held in place during construction.
(2) Method of joining consecutive geotextile elements.
(3) Preventing geotextile contamination.

14

(4) Preventing geotextile deterioration from exposure to sunlight. Geotextile should retain
70 percent of its strength after 150 hours of exposure to ultraviolet sunlight (ASTM D
4355).

b. Placement.
Pinning the geotextile with long nail-like pins placed through the geotextile into the soil
has been a common method of securing the geotextile until the other components of the
drain have been placed; however, in some applications, this method has created problems.
Placement of aggregate on the pinned geotextile normally puts the geotextile into tension
which increases potential for puncture and reduces contact of the geotextile with soil,
particularly when placing the geotextile against vertical and/or irregular soil surfaces. It is
much better to keep the geotextile loose but relatively unwrinkled during aggregate
placement. This can be done by using small amounts of aggregate to hold the geotextile
in place or using loose pinning and repinning as necessary to keep the geotextile loose.
This method of placement will typically require 10 to 15 percent more geotextile than
predicted by measurement of the drains planer surfaces.
c. Joints.
(1) Secure lapping or joining of consecutive pieces of geotextile prevents movement of
soil into the drain. A variety of methods such as sewing, heat bonding, and overlapping
are acceptable joints. Normally, where the geotextile joint will not be stressed after
installation, a minimum 12-inch overlap is required with the overlapping inspected to
ensure complete geotextile-to-geotextile contact. When movement of the geotextile
sections is possible after placement, appropriate overlap distances or more secure joining
methods should be specified. Field joints are much more difficult to control than those
made at the factory or fabrication site and every effort should be made to minimize field
joining.
(2) Seams are described in chapter 1. Strength requirements for seams may vary from just
enough to hold the geotextile sections together for installation to that required for the
geotextile.
Additional guidance for seams is contained in AASHTO M 288. Seam strength is
determined using ASTM 4632.
d. Trench Drains.
(1)Variations of the basic trench drain are the most common geotextile drain application.
Typically, the geotextile lines the trench allowing use of a very permeable backfill which
quickly removes water entering the drain. Trench drains intercept surface infiltration in
pavements and seepage in slopes and embankments as well as lowering ground-water
levels beneath pavements and other structures. The normal construction sequence is
shown in figure 3-1. In addition to techniques shown in figure 3-1, if high compactive
efforts are required (e.g., 95 percent of ASTM D 1557 maximum density), the puncture
strength requirements should be doubled. Granular backfill does not have to meet piping
criteria but should be highly permeable, large enough to prevent movement into the pipe,
and meet durability and structural requirements of the project. This allows the designer to
be much less stringent on backfill requirements than would be necessary for a totally
granular trench drain. Some compaction of the backfill should always be applied.
(2) Wrapping of the perforated drain pipe with a geotextile when finer grained filter
backfill is used is a less common practice. Normally not used in engineered applications,
15

this method is less efficient than lining the trench with a geotextile because the reduced
area of high permeability material concentrates flow and lowers drain efficiency.
Wrapping of the pipe may be useful when finer grained filter materials are best suited
because of availability and/or filter grain size requirements. In this case, the geotextile
functions as a cover for the pipe perforations preventing backfill infiltration.

APPLICATIONS OF GEOTEXTILES:(Various Practical Constructions using geotextile)

Geotextiles are part of a wider group of civil engineering membranes called geosynthetics. They
are extremely diverse in their construction and appearance. However, they are generally made
from a limited number of polymers (polypropylene, polyethylene and polyester), and are mostly
of five basic types: woven, heat bonded, needle punched, knitted and direct soil mixed fibers.

16

Application of Geotextiles in Civil Engineering

Geotextiles are used in civil engineering earthworks to reinforce vertical and steep banks of soil,
to construct firm bases for temporary and permanent roads and highways, to line ground drains,
so that the soil filters itself and prevents soil from filling up the drainpipes and to prevent erosion
behind rock and stone facing on river banks and the coast. They have been developed since the
mid 1970s, but the advent of knitted and composite fabrics has led to a revival in attempts to
improve textile construction in a designed fashion. Better physical properties can be achieved by
using more than one fabric and by utilizing the best features of each. Civil engineering works
where geotextiles are employed can be classified into the following categories:
1. Road Works
2. Railway Works
3. River Canals and Coastal Works:
4. Drainage
5. Sports field construction
6. Agriculture

Road Works:
17

The basic principles of incorporating geotextiles into a soil mass are the same as those utilized
in the design of reinforced concrete by incorporating steel bars. The fabrics are used to provide
tensile strength in the earth mass in locations where shear stress would be generated. Moreover,
to allow rapid dewatering of the roadbed, the geotextiles need to preserve its
permeability without losing its separating functions. Its filtration characteristics must not be
significantly
altered
by
the mechanical
loading.

Railway Works:
The development of the railway networks is being greatly boosted by the present state
of economy because of their profitability in view of increasing cost of energy and their reliability
as a result of the punctuality of trains even in the adverse weather conditions. The woven fabrics
or non-wovens are used to separate the soil from the sub-soil without impeding the ground water
circulation where ground is unstable. Enveloping individual layers with fabric prevents
the material wandering off sideways due to shocks and vibrations from running trains.

River Canals and Coastal Works:

18

Geotextiles protect river banks from erosion due to currents or lapping. When used in
conjunction with natural or artificial enrockments, they act as a filter. For erosion prevention,
geotextile used can be either woven or nonwoven. The woven fabrics are recommended in soils
of larger particle size as they usually have larger pore size. Nonwovens are used where soils such
as clay silt are formed. Where hydrostatic uplift is expected, these fabrics must be of sufficiently
high permeability.

Drainage:
In civil engineering, the need for drainage has long been recognized and has created the need
for filters to prevent in-situ soil from being washed into the drainage system. Such wash in soil
causes clogging of the drains and potential surface instability of land adjacent to the drains. The
use of geotextiles to filter the soil and a more or less single size granular material to transport
water is increasingly seen as a technically and commercially viable alternative to the
conventional systems. Geotextilesperform the filter mechanism for drainages in earth dams, in
roads and highways, in reservoirs, behind retaining walls, deep drainage trenches and
agriculture.

Sports field construction:

19

Geotextiles are widely used in the construction of Caselon playing fields and AstroTurf. Caselon
playing fields are synthetic grass surfaces constructed of light resistance polypropylene material
with porous or nonporous carboxylated latex backing pile as high as 2.0 to 2.5 cm. AstroTurf is a
synthetic turf sport surface made of nylon 6,6 pile fibre knitted into a backing of polyester yarn
which provides high strength and dimensional stability. The nylon ribbon used for this is of 55
Tex. It is claimed that the surface can be used for 10 hr/day for about 10 years or more. Modern
Astro
Turf contains
polypropylene
as
the
base
material.

Agriculture:
It is used for mud control. For the improvement of muddy paths and trails those used by cattle or
light traffic, nonwoven fabrics are used and are folded by overlapping to include the pipe or a
mass of grit.
Usually geotextiles are placed at the tension surface to strengthen the soil. Geotextiles are also
used for sand dune armoring to protect upland coastal property from storm surge, wave action
and flooding. A large sand-filled container (SFC) within the dune system prevents
storm erosion from proceeding beyond the SFC. Using a sloped unit rather than a single tube
eliminates damaging scour.
Erosion control manuals comment on the effectiveness of sloped, stepped shapes in
mitigating shoreline erosion damage from storms. Geotextile sand-filled units provide a
"soft" armoring solution for upland property protection. Geotextiles are used as matting
to stabilize flow in stream channels and swales.
Geotextiles can improve soil strength at a lower cost than conventional soil nailing. In
addition, geotextiles allow planting on steep slopes, further securing the slope.
Geotextiles
have
been
used
to
protect
the
fossil foot
prints
of
Laetoli in Tanzania from erosion, rain, and tree roots.
.

SOME SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:20

a. Installation of Geotextiles Below Natural Ground Level.

In some locations, the elevation of the track structure may be such that the geotextile is
placed below the level of the natural ground.
Where the natural ground surface is elevated above the geotextile, steps should be taken
to prevent the inflow of water. A French drain installed along the edge of the track and
lined or completely incapsulated in a geotextile to filter the inflow of surface water may
be used to direct water away from the track structure. In extremely flat areas it may be
necessary to construct Perpendicular side ditches and soak-away pits from the track
structure to allow the water to drain out of the French drains.

b. Highway Grade Crossings.

(1) Drainage in a grade crossing is generally parallel to the rails until the pavement and
road shoulder have been cleared. A perforated drain pipe, either wrapped with a
geotextile during installation or prewrapped, may be placed in the trench to assist the
flow of water from within the crossing to the ditches outside of the crossing area. Such
drainpipes should be placed in the trench with the line of perforations facing downward.
The ends of the perforated drainpipes and the geotextile under the crossing should be laid
with sufficient fall toward the side ditches to prevent water from ponding in the crossing
area. Whether perforated pipes are used or not , the shoulders at the corner of the crossing
should be removed, and the ends of the geotextile turned down so that the geotextile
facilitates drainage under gravity toward the side ditches.
(2) In cold climates it is common to salt and sand highways, including grade crossings,
which can lead to ballast fouling in the grade crossing.
One method of preventing or minimizing this ballast fouling is to encapsulate the ballast
in a geotextile.

c. Turnout Applications.
21

 (1) The installation of a geotextile under a turnout is basically the same as installation in
any other segment of track. In the vicinity of a switch, drainage of ballast or subballast to
ditches is more difficult to achieve because horizontal distances for subsurface flow are
about doubled and gradients are about halved. Thus, there are reasons for using
geotextiles to promote lateral drainage under a turnout where none is used in adjacent
straight sections. If this is done, it should extend at least 25 feet away from the turnout
itself to provide a transition section. As with road crossings, particular attention should be
given to the removal of surface water from the turnout area.
(2) Many geotextile manufacturers produce specially packaged units ready-made for
quick application under turnouts varying from No. 8 to No. 20. d. Rail Crossings
(Diamonds). The use of a geotextile in the track under a rail rossing is very similar to the
road crossing application. The design and installation process must provide adequate
drainage.

USE OF GEOTEXTILE IN DAM

CONCLUSION
22

 Textiles are not only clothing the human body but also our mother land
in order to protect her. Extensive awareness should be created among
the people about the application of geotextiles. Geotextiles are
effective tools in the hands of the civil engineer that have proved to
solve a myriad of geotechnical problems. To explore the potential of
geotextile more researches are needed in this field.
When looking to future generations of geotextiles, an examination of
the role of nanotechnology in the functional enhancement of
geotextiles is in order. By reducing fiber diameter down to the
nanoscale, an enormous increase in specific surface area to the level of
1000 m2/g is possible. This reduction in dimension and increase in
surface area greatly affects the chemical/biological reactivity and
electroactivity of polymeric fibers. Because of the extreme fineness of
the fibers, there is an overall impact on the geometric and thus the
performance properties of the fabric. There is an explosive growth in
worldwide research efforts recognizing the potential nanoeffect that
will be created when fibers are reduced to nanoscale.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://seminarprojects.com/s/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-geotextiles-pdf
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=advantages+of+geotextiles
https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=USE+of+geotextiles
http://www.technicaltextile.net/articles/geo-textiles/detail.aspx?articleid=2430

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