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EmpireofChina(191516)Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

EmpireofChina(191516)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheEmpireofChina(simplifiedChinese:traditional
Chinese:pinyin:ZhnghuDgu)wasashortlived
attemptbystatesmanandgeneralYuanShikaifromlate1915to
early1916toreinstatemonarchyinChina,withhimselfasthe
HongxianEmperor(simplifiedChinese:traditional
Chinese:pinyin:HngxinHungd).Theattemptwas
ultimatelyafailureitsetbacktheChineserepublicancauseby
manyyearsandfracturedChinaintoaperiodofconflictbetween
variouslocalwarlords.

EmpireofChina

ZhnghuDgu

19151916

Contents
1
2
3
4

Preparationsforformation
Backlash
Nationalsymbols
ListofpeoplegivenpeeragebytheHongxianEmperor
4.1 CrownPrince()
4.2 PrinceoftheFirstRankWuyi(Wy
qnwng)
4.3 DukesoftheFirstRank(Ydnggng)
4.4 MarquessesoftheFirstRank(Ydng
hu)
4.5 CountsoftheFirstRank(Ydngb)
4.6 ViscountsoftheFirstRank(Ydngz)
4.7 BaronsoftheFirstRank(Ydngnn)
4.8 BaronoftheThirdRank(Sndngnn)
5 Seealso
6 References

Flag

TwelveSymbols
emblem

Anthem
Zhngguxinglyzhujin

"ChinaHeroicallyStandsintheUniverse"

Preparationsforformation

Locationandmaximumextentoftheterritoryclaimedby
theEmpireofChina.

AfterYuanShikaiwasinstalledasthesecondProvisionalGreat
PresidentoftheRepublicofChina,hetookvariousstepsto
consolidatehispowerandremoveoppositionleadersfromoffice.
TosecurehisownpowerhecollaboratedwithvariousEuropean
powersaswellasJapan.AroundAugust1915,heinstructedYang
Du()etal.tocanvasssupportforareturnofamonarchy.On
11December1915,anassemblyunanimouslyelectedhimas
Emperor.Yuanceremoniallydeclined,but"relented"and
immediatelyagreedwhentheNationalAssemblypetitionedagain
thatday.[1]On12December,Yuan,supportedbyhissonYuan
Keding,declaredtheEmpireofChinawithhimselfasthe"Great
EmperoroftheChineseEmpire"(simplifiedChinese:

Capital

Beijing

Languages

Chinese

Government
Emperor
19151916
PrimeMinister
19151916

Absolutemonarchy

Historicalera
Established
NationalProtection
War
Disestablished

WorldWarI
12December1915

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%9316)
traditionalChinese:pinyin:Zhnghu

HongxianEmperor
LouTsengTsiang

25December1915
22March1916
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traditionalChinese:pinyin:Zhnghu
DguDHungd),takingtheeranameHongxian(simplified
Chinese:traditionalChinese:pinyin:Hngxin,
"ConstitutionalAbundance").However,Yuan,nowknownasthe
HongxianEmperor,delayedtheaccessionritesuntil1January
1916.AdressrehearsalwassabotagedbyhisKoreanconcubine.
Soonafter,theHongxianEmperorstartedhandingouttitlesof
peeragetohisclosestrelativesandfriends,aswellasthosewhom
hethoughthecouldbuywithtitles.

Currency
Todaypartof

ChineseYuan
China
Mongolia
Russia
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Myanmar
Afghanistan
India
Bhutan

TheAisinGiorofamily,thenlivingwithintheForbiddenCitybut
asforeignmonarchsratherthanChineseones,"approved"oftheHongxianEmperor'saccession,andeven
proposeda"royalmarriage"oftheemperor'sdaughtertoPuyi.

Backlash
Theyear1916wastobe"HongxianYear1"()ratherthan"RepublicYear5"
(),[1]buttheHongxianEmperorwasopposedbynotonlythe
revolutionaries,butfarmoreimportantlybyhissubordinatemilitarycommanders,
whobelievedthatYuan'sassumptionofthemonarchywouldallowhimtorulewithout
dependingonthesupportofthemilitary.

YuanShikaiasthe
HongxianEmperor

Provinceafterprovincerebelledafterhisinauguration,startingwithYunnan,ledby
theemperor'sgovernorCaiEandgeneralTangJiyaoandJiangxi,ledbygovernorLi
Liejun().TherevoltersformedtheNationalProtectionArmy()and
thusbegantheNationalProtectionWar.Thiswasfollowedbyotherprovinces
declaringindependencefromtheEmpire.Theemperor'sBeiyanggenerals,whose
soldiershadnotreceivedpayoncefromtheimperialgovernment,didnotputupan
aggressivecampaignagainsttheNationalProtectionArmyandtheBeiyangArmy
sufferednumerousdefeatsdespitebeingbettertrainedandequippedthantheNational

ProtectionArmy.
SeeingtheHongxianEmperor'sweaknessandunpopularity,foreignpowerswithdrewtheirsupport(butdidnot
choosesidesinthewar).TheEmpireofJapanfirstthreatenedtoinvade,thencommittedtooverthrowingthe
HongxianEmperorandrecognisedbothsidesoftheconflicttobe"inastateofwar"andallowedJapanesecitizens
tohelptheRepublicans.[1]Facedwithuniversalopposition,theemperorrepeatedlydelayedtheaccessionritesto
appeasehisfoes.Fundingfortheceremonywascuton1March.Yuandeliberatedabandoningthemonarchywith
LiangShiyion17Marchandabandonediton22March.The"Hongxian"yearwasabolishedon23Marchandthe
"Republic"calendricalsystemrestored.Yuanreignedatotalof83days.[1]
AfterYuan'sdeathon5JuneVicePresidentLiYuanhongassumedthepresidency,andappointedBeiyanggeneral
DuanQiruiashisPremierandrestoredtheNationalAssemblyandtheprovisionalConstitution.However,the
centralauthorityoftheBeijinggovernmentwassignificantlyweakenedandthedemiseofYuan'sEmpireplunged
Chinaintoaperiodofwarlordism.

Nationalsymbols
AlthoughthenameofthecountryinChinesewaschangedtothe"EmpireofChina"(and"Hongxian"forstate
matters),theHongxianEmperorcontinuedtouse"RepublicofChina"astheEnglishname.[1]
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TheHongxianEmperorsetuptheRitualRegulationsOffice(),whichissued
thenewofficialanthemfortheRepublicofChina"Chinaheroicallystandsinthe
Universe"()inJune1915.ItslyricswerewrittenbyYinChang(
)andmusicbyWangLu().ThelyricswasslightlymodifiedonDecember
1915,with(FiveRacesUnderOneUnion)replacedby
(Shanrang,theancientsystemofChineseemperorrelinquishingseatstoothersinYao
andShun'sera.)tobeusedduringtheHongxianEmperor'sreign.
Chineselyrics

Englishtranslation

ChinaheroicallystandsintheUniverse,
ExtendstotheEightCorners,
ThegloriousdescendantsfromKunlunPeak.
Theriversturngreatly,themountainscontinuous.
ShanrangopenuptheeraofYao,
Formillionsofmyriadsofyears.

YaowasalegendaryChineseruler.TheeraofYaoandShun()isaFour
characteridiomwhichmeanstimesofpeaceandprosperity.

EmpireofChinatencash
coindated"Hongxian
Year1"

Thenationalflagwaschangedfromtheoriginal5stripeflagtoonewherethered
stripeisacenteredcrosshowever,aflagwiththeformerredstripeasasaltirewasthe
versioncommonlyused.
ThenationalemblemwasremainedasthenationalemblemoftheRepublicofChina
(19131928),NationalemblemofTwelveSymbolsofSovereignty().

ListofpeoplegivenpeeragebytheHongxian
Emperor

Alternateflagofthe
EmpireofChina[2]

CrownPrince()
Yuntai()

PrinceoftheFirstRankWuyi(Wyqnwng)
DukeYanshengKongLingyi()[3]
LiYuanhong()

DukesoftheFirstRank(Ydnggng)
DuanZhigui()
FengGuozhang()
JiangGuiti()
LiuGuanxiong()
LongJiguang()
NiSichong()
ZhangXun()
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MarquessesoftheFirstRank(Ydnghu)
ChenYi()
LiChun()
LuRongting()
TangJiyao()
TangXiangming()
WangZhanyuan()
YanXishan()
ZhaoTi()
ZhuRui()

CountsoftheFirstRank(Ydngb)
CaoKun()
JinYunpeng()
LuJianzhang()
MengEnyuan()
QiYaolin()
QuYinguang()
TianWenlie()
YangShande()
YangZengxin()
ZhangMingqi()
ZhangXiluan()
ZhuJiabao()

ViscountsoftheFirstRank(Ydngz)
LiHouji()
LiuXianshi()
ZhangGuangjian()
ZhuQinglan()

BaronsoftheFirstRank(Ydngnn)
CaiRukai()
ChenBingkun()
DuanShuyun()
HeZonglian()
JinYong()
LongJianzhang()
LongJinguang()
LuYongxiang()
LDiaoyuan()
MaAnliang()
PanJuying()
QiYang()
RenKecheng()
ShenJinjian()
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WangYitang()
XuShiying()
ZhangHuaizhi()

BaronoftheThirdRank(Sndngnn)
FengYuxiang()

Seealso
Warlordera
HistoryoftheRepublicofChina
Selfproclaimedmonarchy
MilitaryoftheRepublicofChina

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoEmpireof
China(191516).

References
1.KuoT'ingietal.HistoricalAnnalsoftheROC(19111949).Vol1.pp20741.
2.(http://www.aiplus.idv.tw/soviet/FCHINA.HTM)(FlagsofChina)(Chinese)
3.https://archive.org/stream/chinaherhistoryd00park#page/384/mode/2up

Precededby
RepublicofChina

EmpireofChina
19151916

Succeededby
Republicof
China

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