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Automatic Sprinklers
Yard
Hydrant
Public
Hydrant
Riser
Water Flow
Alarm
Valve Sprinkler
Control
Valve
ITC
Divisional
Valves
Supply Control
Valve
Public Water Main
Yard Main
Pumper
Connection
Check Valve
Fire
Pump
Suction
Tank
Cr
os
s
M
ai
n
Automatic Sprinklers
Yard
Hydrant
Public
Hydrant
Riser
Water Flow
Alarm
Valve
Sprinkler
Control
Valve
ITC
Divisional
Valves
Supply Control
Valve
Public Water Main
Fire
Pump
Yard Main
Pumper
Connection
Suction
Tank
Parts of a sprinkler
Deflector
Fusible Link
Valve Cap
Orifice
Upright
Pendant
Liquid in bulb-type
Temperature Rating
Temperature
Classification
Color Code
Glass Bulb
Colors
100
38
135 to 170
57 to 77
Ordinary
Uncolored or
Black
150
66
175 to 225
79 to 107
Intermediate
White
Yellow or Green
225
107
High
Blue
Blue
300
149
Extra High
Red
Purple
375
191
Green
Black
475
246
Ultra High
Orange
Black
625
329
Ultra High
Orange
Black
650
343
Orange or Red
68C Heads
141C Heads
Thermal Sensitivity
Based on Response Time Index (RTI)
Generally two class:
Fast Response or Quick Response (QR)
(RTI <50)
Standard Response (SR) (RTI >80)
Sprinkler Orifice
20 mm
(17/32 in)
K = 115 (8.0)
15 mm
(1/2 in)
K = 81 (5.6)
ELO
K = 161 (11.2)
7/10
17/32
VELO 18 mm / 0.7 in
K = 199 (14.0)
1/2
Density
Area of
Operation
4 mm/min
(0.10
gpm/ft2)
12 mm/min
(0.30
gpm/ft2)
6 mm/min
(0.15
gpm/ft2)
140 m2
(1500 ft2)
230 m2
(2500 ft2)
230 m2
(2500 ft2)
Sprinkler
Temperature
High
Intermediate
Ordinary
Density
8 mm/min
(0.20
gpm/ft2)
8 mm/min
(0.20
gpm/ft2)
8 mm/min
(0.20
gpm/ft2)
Area of
Operation
280 m2
(3000 ft2)
330 m2
(3500 ft2)
370 m2
(4000 ft2)
Sprinkler Classifications
Pre-wetted
Zone (20005000 ft2)
Control-Mode (Density/Area)
Control-Mode (Density/Area),
Specific Occupancies
Mixing of sprinklers
Sprinklers should not be mixed within the same
area.
sprinklers having different temperature
response ratings
different types
However, if separate areas within the same
building,
extend the installation of 141C rated
sprinklers beyond the storage being protected.
a draft curtain
Escutcheon Plates
Double Row
Multiple Row
Fire Triangle
Heat Generated
Heat of
Ignition
Oxygen
(Air)
Heat Loss
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Fuel
Preheats the fuel
Heat Feedback
Rack
Storage
Commodity
Heat Release Rate (HRR)
HRR = Heat Content X Burning Rate
Heat Content (Paper) = 6000-8000 Btu/lb
Heat Content (Plastic) = 8000-20000 Btu/lb
Burning rate (plastic) = 3XBurning rate (paper)
HRR (Plastic) = 4-9 HRR (Paper)
Storage arrangement
Solid pile
Pallet storage
Shelf storage
Bin Box storage
Rack storage
Storage Height
Effects HRR
Height increase
laterally while
HRR increases
exponentially.
Building Height/Clearance
50 MPH
Flue Spaces
Aisle Width
Solid Shelves
Suppression
Mode
CMSA
Possible
OK
Problems
Height
Best
Good
Handling &
arrangement
Best
Good
Unlimited
w/in-racks
Low
Portable
rack storage
Compatible
Compatible
Not best
choice
Eliminated
in most cases
May still
be needed
Needed
over 3m
Mixed storage
Need for
in-racks
Sprinkler Installation
Sprinkler installations
L min. 2.1 m
L max. 4.5 m
9.3 m - 21 m
S min. 2.1 m
S max. 4.5 m
Distance to walls:
max.: S/2
min.: 100 mm
Sprinkler Spacing
Light Hazard.
Storage.
3 x 3 = 9 m2
(10 x 10 = 100 Sq. Ft.)
Minimum Area of
Coverage, per
Sprinkler
Standard sprinkler
Low
20.1 sq m
4.6 sq m
12.1 sq m
6.5 sq m
9.3 sq m
6.5 sq m
Type of
Sprinkler/Hazard
Minimum
Spacing
Between
Sprinkler
s or
Branch
Lines
Maximum
Distance
from
Walls.
Minimum
Distance
from
Walls.
Standard sprinkler
- Low
4.5 m
2.1 m
S/2
100 mm
Standard sprinkler
- Ordinary
4.5 m
2.1 m
S/2
100 mm
Standard sprinkler
- Extra
3.6 m
2.1 m
S/2
100 mm
Minimum Area of
Coverage, per
Sprinkler
9.3 sq m
7.4 sq m
9.3 sq m
7.4 sq m
9.3 sq m
7.4 sq m
Large-Drop
9.3 sq m
7.4 sq m
Standard 15 mm
(12 in.)
9.3 sq m
4.6 sq m
Standard 20 mm
(1732 in.)
9.3 sq m
6.5 sq m
Extra-Large Orifice
9.3 sq m
6.5 sq m
Type of Sprinkler
Maximum
Minimum
Maximu
Spacing
Spacing
m
Between
Between
Distance
Sprinklers or Sprinklers or
from
Branch Lines Branch Lines
Walls.
Minimum
Distance
from
Walls.
3.7 m
2.4 m
S/2
100 mm
3.1 m
2.4 m
S/2
100 mm
3.1 m
2.4 m
S/2
100 mm
Large-Drop
3.7 m
2.4 m
S/2
100 mm
Standard 15 mm
(12 in.)
3.7 m
2.1 m
S/2
100 mm
Standard 20 mm
(1732 in.)
3.7 m
2.1 m
S/2
100 mm
Extra-Large Orifice
3.7 m
2.1 m
S/2
100 mm
Deflector position
25 mm to 305 mm
0.9 m to 6 m
3.7 m
1.8 m
Sprinklers at ceiling
Deflectors of sprinklers can be aligned
parallel to ceilings or roofs incline.
Pipe to be pitched at least
Branch lines at least 4 mm/m (12-inch per 10
feet )
Mains at least 2 mm/m (14-inch per 10 feet).
a
Avoid obstructions
Check
Value for a
Value for b
Sprinkler - Obstruction
< 30 cm
30 cm < 45 cm
6 cm
45 cm < 60 cm
9 cm
60 cm < 75 cm
14 cm
75 cm < 90 cm
19 cm
90 cm < 105 cm
24 cm
30 cm
35 cm
42 cm
> 150 cm
45 cm
Example
Sprinkler deflector is located 22 cm above
the top of the beam
Q: What is the min. horizontal distance from
the deflector to the closest edge of the
beam?
Solution
b = 22 cm
Therefore, a ] 90 cm
Ok, since a [ s/2*
ceiling
deflector
b = 22
* half allowable
distance between
sprinklers
obstruction
a=?
elevation view
Obstructions
Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Development.
Less than 460 mm below deflector
a > 3c or 3d
b
Sprinkler
obstruction
Obstructions
Suspended/Floor Mounted Vertical
Sprinkler
Ceiling of roof
b
obstruction
a
Floor
150 mm or less
75 mm
100 mm
150 mm
200 mm
240 mm
320 mm
400 mm
460 mm
Other Obstructions
Additional
sprinklers under
fixed obstruction
over 1.2 m (4 ft)
wide
Eg. ducts, decks,
cutting tables, and
overhead doors.
>1.2 m
3.6 m
eq
1.8 m
eq
1.8 m
Solution:
No change to sprinkler as spacing on both sided is S/2 or 1.8 m (6
ft)
3.6 m
2.8 m
0.8 m
Problem:
Sprinkler on left side is more than S/2. See next slide...
2.1 m
< 1.8 m
to 3.6 m
2.8 m
0.8 m
3.6 m
1.0 m
1.0 m
2.0 m
Solution:
Sprinkler spacing is less than 2.1 m. See next slide...
3.6 m
2.1 m to 3.5 m
>2.1 m
to 3.6 m
2.0 m
Pipe Material
Schedule 10 and 40 pipe should be used when
available.
Galvanized piping (including the inside of the
pipe) should be used in all new dry-pipe and
preaction systems where the ambient
temperature does not exceed 54C (130F ).
corrosion of zinc is greatly accelerated
Piping should be installed such that
the system can be drained.
arranged such that it is possible to drain to the
main drain valve.
Mechanical coupling
Rolled Groove.
Cut Groove
Hanger
Anchor
2 Drain
Dry system
limit to 2840 liters of system pipe volume
or water can reach inspectors test within 60 s
no gridded systems
Flushing connections
At the ends of cross
mains with either:
Approved mechanical
groove end cap
Threaded capped nipple
flushing connections to a
fixed drain pipe with a
valve.
Sprinkler Mains
Extinguishability
Volume Flow
Pressure
Duration
Reliability
Public Supply
Low pressure
No control
Questionable maintenance
Limit usage
Gravity Tank
Limited pressure
Limited volume
Limited duration
Booster Pump
Improper maintenance
Limited control
Limit usage
Draw down pressure
Pressure
Duration
Reliability
Cost
Booster
Gravity
Water Supply
Fire
Pump
Suction
Tank
Suction Valve
Discharge
Valve
Water Demand
(SD + HD) x D = effective tank volume
The water tank volume should be nett.
SD*= Max. ceiling + IRAS sprinkler demand
HD = Hose demand (HD)
D = Duration of water demand
* single Sprinkler system, based on data sheet requirements
Fire Pump
Driver
Pump
Controller
Fire Pumps
Horizontal split case diesel-driven pump
preferred
Selection: 90% to 130% of rated capacity
Pressure: 1 bar safety margin
Based on highest demand (of one AS system)
Pump selection
90%
1 bar
130%
Demand
Above ground
Detached, NC building,
Provide Automatic Sprinkler
Access from outside
Ventilation
Lockable
Containment for diesel fuel tank.
Avoid flexible joints with rubber bellows.
Disable timer on controller and pump for
manual stop only.
Discharge of engine cooling and packing line
to drain and should be visible as needed.
Pressure Reducing Valve discharge to drain
and should be visible.
Wet System
Dry System
Deluge System
Preaction System
Smoke/Heat Vent
Allows heat to
be vented
before sprinkler
operation.
Sprinkler
operation
delayed.
System Acceptance
Hydrostatic Test (13.8 bar for 2 hours)
Flushing of all pipes at:
Documentation on site
Metal plate attached to riser
Data
Date of installation
Sprinkler contractor (company name)
Density
Demand Area
Flow and pressure at BOR (base of riser)
Hose demand l/min (included or not)
00000
Test Company
999
18
mm/min
186 m
6000 l/min
5.2 bar
1900 l/min
Design Reference
FM Global Data Sheets
75%
1-5
95%
1-25
Always Ready
Prompt Action
Sends Alarm
THIS END UP
Pre-wets
Summary
Use FM Approved equipment and components.
Design the system right, as well as for
expected future needs.
The system should be designed with the end
user in mind ease of operation and
maintenance.
Changes to occupancy and area would likely
effect the sprinkler system as well and
needs to be reevaluated.
Use appropriate Data Sheet check with
local FM Global Office if unsure.
Thank you
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