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International Journal of Agricultural

Science and Research (IJASR)


ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087
Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 321- 336
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF MICRONUTRIENT (ZNSO4) PRIMING ON


SEED QUALITY PARAMETERS OF SOLANACEOUS VEGETABLES
SOUBHAGYA BEHERA
Research Scholar, Department of SST, OUAT Bhubaneswar cum AAO, Thuamulrampur, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
The present experiment was conducted in a CRD with three replications to study the effect of different priming
agents in improving the seed quality parameters of solanaceous vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal and chilli. Fresh
seeds of four tomato, four brinjal and two chilli varieties were treated with GA3 (1 ppm), KNO3 (5%), Na2HPO4 (2%),
PEG (10%), ZnSO4 (1%), Ascorbic Acid (50 ppm) and Deionised H2O for 24 hours and then dried to original moisture
content under shade. Dried seeds were taken as control. Observations were recorded on germination/field emergence,
root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index-I & II in both lab and field tests.
The above work was done at SST Laboratory,OUAT Bhubaneswar in the year 2014.As this is a student project paper as
per objectives papers may be developed.

Received: Apr 21, 2016; Accepted: May 13, 2016; Published: May 23, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016040

INTRODUCTION
To meet the potential challenge of catering to the food need of 1.4 billion people of our country by 2025,

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Solanaceous Vegetable Crops, Root Length, Shoot Length, Seedling Length, Seedling Dry Weight

a quantum increase in agricultural productivity is very much essential, hence production and distribution of high
quality seeds of improved varieties of cereals, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables to the farming community is
becoming increasingly important. Vegetables constitute a major part in Indian agriculture in terms of providing
food and nutritional security. In recent past, Indian agriculture has witnessed a tremendous progress in vegetable
production, due to the advent of high yielding varieties and new technologies. Vegetables are important sources of
minerals, vitamins and other nutrients of medicinal and therapeutic value. Regular consumption of vegetables is a
must for the nutritional security of the household. The production and productivity of different vegetable crops
have been increased significantly in the past twenty years as a result of research and development pursuits
undertaken by agricultural institutions as well as private sectors. Modern strategic approaches are however
necessary for sustainable development of these crops so as to meet increasing requirement in both domestic and
export market.
Among vegetable crops solanaceous vegetables like tomato, brinjal and chilli have high demand in our
state as well as in the country. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important edible and
nutritious vegetable crop in the world. It ranks next to potato and sweet potato with respect to world vegetable
production. It ranks third in terms of world vegetable production. The demand for the crop is year round, owing to
the versatility of its usages both in fresh and processed food preparation. It gains more popularity due to its
antioxidant property. It is a very good source of vitamin A and C.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURES USED FOR STUDY


Seed priming has been successfully demonstrated to improve germination and emergence in seeds of many
vegetable crops (Dell Aquilla and Tritto, 1991). This technique is used for improving speed of germination, seedling
vigour, seedling establishment and yield (Talebian et al., 2008). The present investigation is undertaken to study the effect
of different priming agents on seed quality parameters of tomato, brinjal and chilli. The literature is reviewed under the
following sections.
Priming Effect of Na2HPO4
Amal (2014) studied priming effect of Na2HPO4 on okra seeds by treating the seeds in a 3% solution of
Na2HPO4 for 24 hours. Results indicated that all plant traits determined were reduced under water stress while this
reduction was improved in the primed seeds. Using Na2HPO4 seed priming treatments under both water regimes applied
gave the highest and best results regarding plant growth, seed yield and quality. Generally, it could be concluded that seed
priming with 3% Na2HPO4 results in improving growth and seed criteria of okra especially under water stress conditions.
Seed priming with different salts, especially Na2HPO4, improved germination and growth of many crops under
stressed conditions (Sivritepe et al., 2003; Omami, 2005; Esmaielpour et al., 2006; Sivritepe and Sivritepe, 2007).
Das et al. (2014) studied the priming effect of disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) on fresh and one year
old bottlegourd seeds. The seeds were treated with Na2HPO4 at two different (10-1 M and10-3 M) concentrations at
ambient temperature for 24 hours and 48 hours along with control (dry seeds). Germination percentage of fresh seeds as
-1
well as one year old seeds was found to be the highest when treated with Na2HPO4 (10 M) for 48 hours over control.
Mean germination time (MGT) of fresh seeds as well as one year old seeds was significantly low when primed with a
higher concentration of Na2HPO4 (10-1 M) for 24 hours than unprimed seeds. Priming of both category of seeds with a
lower concentration of Na2HPO4 (10-3M) for 48 hours had significantly less MGT than dry seeds.
Priming Effect of PEG
Ghassemi et al. (2008) reported that hydro priming resulted in higher seedling emergence in the field compared to
seed priming with PEG 6000 in lentil.
Lima and Filho ( 2009) reported that cucumber seeds osmoconditioned in a - 0.2 MPa PEG solution promoted a
less significant effect on percentage than in speed of seedling emergence, but this effect promoted primarily a vigorous
initial seedling growth and did not affect fruit yield of cucumber.
Moradi and Younesi (2009) treated sorghum seeds with PEG (polyethylene glycol 6000 solution having osmotic
potential -1.5 MPa) and with water for different time (12, 24 and 36 hours) and they reported that osmo- and hydropriming improved the percentage and mean emergence time (MET) of seeds at sub- optimal temperature of 15C. Seed
treatment for 12 and 24 hours had a positive and statistically significant effect on percentage and speed of emergence.
Patane et al. ( 2009) suggested that for early sowings of sweet sorghum, the use of primed seeds is needed, as
PEG-osmopriming is helpful in overcoming the negative effect imposed by reduced water potential upon seed germination
under suboptimal thermal conditions.
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Priming with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solution (osmopriming) and in moist vermiculite (hydration)
for 24 h at 25C improved emergence, mean emergence time (MET) and emergence coefficient, especially under
suboptimal temperatures in tomato cultivars (Cherry and Falcato) ( Amooaghaie et al., 2010).
Armin et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of PEG 6000 (3%) on 3 watermelon cultivars (Niagara, Charleston Gray,
and Crimson Sweet) and reported priming with PEG had negative effect on the rate and growth of emerged seedling.
Chen et al. (2010) conducted an experiment to evaluate performance of 'Bloomsdale' spinach seeds primed in
sixty different priming treatments arising from various combinations of osmoticum (PEG 8000 concentration), priming
temperature and priming duration and they concluded that priming at -0.6 MPa at 15C for 8 d was the optimal protocol for
osmopriming 'Bloomsdale' spinach seeds.
Arjenaki et al. (2011) conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of priming on seed germination of marigold
(Calendula officinalis). Experiment was conducted in CRD with three replicates in 2008 at the Research laboratory of the
University of Shahed, Iran. Treatments were (polyethylene glycol 6000 at - 0.3, -0.6, and -0.12 MPa). Priming significantly
improved germination percentage, radical and shoot length, seedlings weight and germination rate, compared to control.
Germination percentage, radicle and shoot length and germination rate for seeds primed with PEG (-0.3 MPa) was higher
than those for unprimed seeds but seedling weight was statistically similar. Thus, priming with PEG solution could be used
as a simple method for improving seed germination of Marigold.
Jalali & Saheli (2011) treated sugar beet seeds with polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) and found sugar beet seeds
primed with PEG 8000 gave higher germination and root yield than unprimed seeds.
Sun et al. (2011) reported that different priming techniques could have various effects on germination of
Cucurbita maxima (cv: Beiguan) seeds. Hydropriming (distilled water) PEG 6000 priming (10%) all improved the
germination characteristics of Beiguan, compared to the control. Hydropriming and PEG6000 priming were the most
successful technique in Cucurbita maxima.
Yadav et al. (2011) reported that the capsicum seedlings obtained from PEG- primed seeds tolerated both the cold
and salt stresses whereas control seedlings did not survive exposure to either stress.
Rahimi (2013) suggested that osmopriming (0.8 and 1.2 Mpa of PEG6000 solution) with cuminnum symnum
accelerates seed germination to the largest extent and improved the germination rate (T50) and the uniformity of
germination (T1090) under drought stress especially in 15 C incubation compared to 10 C and 25 C. This treatment
also improved stress tolerant by improving germination performance at 10, 15 and 25 C and under water stress of
0.4 and 0.8 Mpa of PEG6000 solution.
Das et.al.,(2014) observed negative effect of PEG 6000 on germination percent, MGT, FEP and seedling vigour
index as compared to hydro priming and control in bottlegourd.
Faruk (2015) investigated the priming effect of PEG-6000 (20%) on seed germination properties and several
agro-morphological plant characteristics of red lentil.

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Priming Effect of ZnSO4


Surya Kant et al. (2004) stated that priming with solutions of water and ZnSO4 in wheat under late shown
condition gave more plant dry matter and grain yield than unprimed seeds. The plants from primed seeds took less time
than the control to reach tillering, jointing, heading and flowering.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


The present investigation has been planned to study the effect of priming agents on different seed quality
parameters. Priming is a technique to improve germination and seedling emergence in a number of vegetable crops in
general by reducing the time required for the seeds to emerge and produce seedlings. It is the process of controlled
hydration of seeds to a level that allows pre-germination activities but does not permit primary root protrusion.
The experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, college of Agriculture, Orissa
University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. The details of materials used and methods adopted are described
in this chapter.Here the same procedures is followed to study objective three.
Seed Material
Fresh seeds of tomato, brinjal and chilli varieties used for the experiment were collected from All India
Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Bhubaneswar. The list of the varieties used for the investigation were
given below:
Tomato
TV1 = UtkalPragyan TV2 = UtkalKumari TV3 = Utkal Raja TV4 = UtkalDeepti Brinjal
BV1 = UtkalJyoti BV2 = UtkalKeshari BV3 = UtkalMadhuri
BV4 = UtkalAnushree
Chilli
CV1 = Utkal Ava CV2 = UtkalRashmi
Priming Treatment
T1 = GA3 (1 ppm) T2 = KNO3(5%)
T3 = Na2HPO4 (2%) T4 = PEG- 6000 (10%) T5 = ZnSO4(1%)
T6 = Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) T7 = Deionised H2O
T8 = Dry seed(Control)
Seed Priming Procedure
Fresh seeds of different varieties of tomato, brinjal and chilli were taken in specimen tube. Prepared solution ofGA3 (1 ppm),
KNO3(5%), Na2HPO4 (2%), PEG- 6000 (10%), ZnSO4(1%), and Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) were poured in to the specimen tube such
that all the seeds can equally be soaked. In case of hydropriming the seeds were soaked in Deionised H2O. Seeds were soaked in
solutions at ambient temperature for 24 hours.

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Post Priming Operation


After priming for 24 hours the soaked seeds were removed and rinsed with distilled water for three times and re-dried
to original moisture content under shade. These seeds were then sealed in polythene bags and stored in refrigerator for further
use.
Laboratory Germination Test and Seedling Vigour
For germination test three hundred seeds were randomly taken from each treatment of each variety of tomato,
brinjal and chilli. Three replicates of 100 seeds were germinated between double layered rolled germination paper along
with control (dry seeds) and moistened with sterile distilled water, in an amount equivalent to 2.5 times the mass of dry
substrate, made into rolls, and placed into a seed germinator at 25C. Germination was considered to have occurred when
the radicles were 3 mm long. The seedlings with short, thick and spiral form hypocotyls and stunted roots were considered
as abnormally germinated. Germination percentage was recorded on fourteenth day (final count). Observations were
recorded on germination percent, root length, shoot length, and seedling dry weight.
Root and shoot length was measured on 14th days. At the end of germination test (14 days), the seedlings were
dried in an oven at 100 C for 24 hours. The dried seedlings were weighted to the nearest milligram and then the mean
seedling dry weight was determined. Vigour index I (seedling length x germination percentage) and vigour index II
(seedling dry weight x germination percentage) were then calculated.
Field Emergence
For field emergence (%) test three hundred seeds were randomly taken from each treatment and each variety of
tomato, brinjal and chilli. Three replicates of 100 seeds were sown in aluminium trays (100 cm x 90 cm size) having sandy loam
soil and coconut coir pith. Field emergence (%) count was done on 14th days. Observations were recorded on field emergence
percent, root length, shoot length, and seedling dry weight.
Root and shoot length of field emerged seedlings of tomato, brinjal and chilli were measured on 14th days. At the
end of field emergence count (14 days), the seedlings were dried in an oven at 100 C for 24 hours. The dried seedlings
were weighted to the nearest milligram and then the mean seedling dry weight was determined. Vigour index I
(seedling length x field emergence percentage) and vigour index II (seedling dry weight x field emergence percentage)
were then calculated.
Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
Laboratory as well as field tests were carried out in a completely randomised design with three replications.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of laboratory and field data were calculated using SAS 9.3 version.
Estimation of Cumulative Germination Index, Cumulative Seedling Vigour Index and Seed Quality Index (SQI) of
Priming Treatments
The efficacy of different priming treatments was judged in terms of cumulative germination index, cumulative
seedling vigour index and seed quality index (SQI).These indices are calculated as follows. Using suitable class intervals,
the range of variability with regard to a character is classified into three groups such as low, medium and high. Each
character is scored as 0 for low value, 1 for medium value and 2 for high value. The cumulative germination index is
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calculated by adding the scored values of lab germination percent and field emergence percent; cumulative seedling vigour
index is calculated by adding the scored values of lab SV-I & SV-II and field SV-I & SV-II.
Seed quality index is calculated by adding the scored values of the characters such as germination percentage,
vigour index I and II of lab emerged seedlings, field emergence (%) vigour index I and II of field emerged seedlings.
Higher SQI value produced by a priming treatment indicates its higher efficacy.
Photos of Chilli Variety

Figure 1

Figure 2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The present investigation was aimed to study the efficacy of different priming chemicals in improving seed
quality parameters of tomato, brinjal and chilli. The lab-test and field emergence test both were carried out in a completely
randomised design with three replications. Statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.3 version software. The result was
presented under following sub-heads.
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Effect of priming agents on seed quality parameters of tomato


Effect of priming agents on seed quality parameters of brinjal
Effect of priming agents on seed quality parameters of chilli
Evaluating the efficacy of priming treatments
Effect of Priming Agents on Seed Quality Parameters of Chilli
Germination
Priming response of two chilli varieties in respect of germination is given in Table 1. In Utkal Ava (CV1) GA3
recorded the highest germination percent (88.0%) followed by Na2HPO4(86.0%). All the priming treatments had positive
effect on germination percent of chilli. In Utkal Rashmi (CV2) GA3 recorded the maximum germination percent (86.0%)
followed by PEG (85.0%). Comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on germination it was found that germination
increased by 38.5%, 31.8%, 32.1%, 32.1%, 19.6%, 13.8% and 3.7% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3,
Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water respectively as compared to unprimed seeds (Figure 3). This
result revealed that priming with GA3 had the best effect in increasing the germination percent of fresh seeds of chilli.
Table 1: Effect of Priming Treatments on Germination Percent of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment
Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi
GA3 (1 ppm)
88.00 (69.73) 86.00 (68.03
KNO3(5%)
84.33 (66.68) 81.33(64.40
Na2HPO4 (2%)
86.00 (68.03) 80.00(63.43)
PEG (10%)
80.66 (63.91) 85.33(67.48)
ZnSO4(1%)
75.33 (60.22) 75.00(60.00)
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) 72.66 (58.47) 70.33(57.00)
Deionised H2O
66.00 (54.33) 64.33(53.33)
Dry seed(Control)
63.66 (52.93) 62.00(51.94)
CD(1%)
4.35
3.26
CV %
2.95
2.25
* Number inside the parenthesis indicates arcsine transformed value

Mean
87.00
82.83
83.00
83.00
75.17
71.50
65.17
62.83

Figure 3: Mean Effect of Priming Treatments in Increasing Germination % of Chilli over Control

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Root Length
The effect of different treatments on root length of chilli varieties is presented in Table 2. In Utkal Ava (CV1)
Na2HPO4 recorded the highest root length of 4.75 cm followed by GA3 (4.39 cm). All the priming treatments had positive
effect on root length of chilli but there were no significant differences among the priming treatments. In Utkal Rashmi,
highest root length was observed with Ascorbic Acid (5.08 cm) and the lowest being observed in PEG (3.18 cm).
The mean effect showed that Na2HPO4 was the best in increasing root length followed by GA3.
Table 2: Effect of Priming Treatments on Root Length (cm) of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi
GA3 (1 ppm)
4.39
4.77
KNO3(5%)
3.42
4.42
Na2HPO4 (2%)
4.75
4.96
PEG (10%)
4.00
3.18
ZnSO4(1%)
3.18
5.03
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
3.02
5.08
Deionised H2O
2.68
4.00
Dry seed(Control)
2.53
3.42
CD(1%)
NS
0.92
CV %
2.95
3.07

Mean
4.58
3.92
4.86
3.59
4.11
4.05
3.34
2.98

Shoot Length
The effect of different treatments on shoot length of chilli varieties is presented in Table 3. Ascorbic Acid
recorded the highest shoot length (5.18 cm) in Utkal Ava and the lowest was observed in control (3.70 cm). In Utkal
Rashmi highest shoot length was observed with PEG (5.70 cm) followed by GA3 (5.41 cm) and the lowest was observed in
hydropriming. The mean effect indicated superiority of GA3 over other treatments in increasing shoot length.
Table 3: Effect of Priming Treatments on Shoot Length (cm) of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment
GA3 (1 ppm)
KNO3(5%)
Na2HPO4 (2%)
PEG (10%)
ZnSO4(1%)
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
Deionised H2O
Dry seed(Control)
CD(1%)
CV %

Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi


4.70
5.41
4.72
4.47
4.62
4.93
3.95
5.70
4.59
4.85
5.18
4.78
4.19
3.93
3.70
4.92
0.65
0.62
3.35
4.21

Mean
5.06
4.60
4.78
4.83
4.72
4.95
4.06
4.31

Seedling Length
Seedling length of chilli varieties in response to priming was presented in Table 4. Priming treatments in Utkal
Ava were significantly different in their effect. In Utkal Ava the lowest seedling length was observed in control (6.23 cm)
and the highest seedling length was observed in Na2HPO4 (9.37 cm) followed by GA3 (9.09 cm). In Utkal Rashmi highest
seedling length was observed with GA3 (10.18 cm) followed by, Na2HPO4 (9.89 cm) and the lowest (7.93 cm) was
observed in hydropriming. The mean effect indicated superiority of GA3 and Na2HPO4 over other treatments in increasing
seedling length.

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Table 4: Effect of Priming Treatments on Seedling Length (cm) of Chilli Varieties


Priming Treatment
GA3 (1 ppm)
KNO3(5%)
Na2HPO4 (2%)
PEG (10%)
ZnSO4(1%)
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
Deionised H2O
Dry seed(Control)
CD(1%)
CV %

Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi


9.09
10.18
8.20
7.89
9.37
9.89
7.96
8.88
7.70
9.88
8.20
9.86
6.87
7.93
6.23
9.34
0.61
NS
3.23
4.59

Mean
9.64
8.05
9.63
8.42
8.79
9.03
7.40
7.79

Seedling Dry Weight


Seedling dry weight as given in Table 5 revealed that there were no significant differences among the treatments
in both the vraieties. In Utkal Ava dry weight varied from 3.0 mg to 8.0 mg and the highest was being reported with KNO3
and PEG. In Utkal Rashmi highest dry weight was observed with ZnSO4 (8.0 mg) and the lowest in control (5.0 mg).
The mean effect showed that KNO3, PEG and ZnSO4 were equal in their effect.
Table 5: Effect of Priming Treatments on Dry Weight (mg)/ Seedling of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi
GA3 (1 ppm)
4.00
6.00
KNO3(5%)
8.00
7.00
Na2HPO4 (2%)
3.00
7.00
PEG (10%)
8.00
7.00
ZnSO4(1%)
7.00
8.00
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
3.00
6.00
Deionised H2O
6.00
6.00
Dry seed(Control)
3.00
5.00
CD(1%)
NS
NS
CV %
4.57
4.35

Mean
5.00
7.50
5.00
7.50
7.50
4.50
6.00
4.00

Seedling Vigour Index-I (SV-I)


SV-I values of chilli varieties are presented in Table 6. Both the varieties showed variable response to different
priming treatments. In Utkal Ava SV-I varied from 395.95 (control) to 805.82 and the highest was being reported in
Na2HPO4 followed by GA3 (800.81) but there was no significant differences between these two treatments. In Utkal
Rashmi highest SV-I was observed with GA3 (875.07) and the lowest in hydropriming (509.93) and GA3 was found to be
significantly different from other treatments. The mean effect revealed superior effect of GA3 followed by Na2HPO4. By
comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on SV-I it was found that SV-I increased by 67.6%, 33.4%, 59.7%, 40.2%,
32.1%, and 29.0% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, and Ascorbic Acid respectively as
compared to unprimed seeds (Figure 4). This result revealed that invigouration with GA3 had the best effect in increasing
the SV-I of fresh seeds of chilli.

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Table 6: Effect of Priming Treatments on SV-I of Chilli Varieties


Priming Treatment
GA3 (1 ppm)
KNO3(5%)
Na2HPO4 (2%)
PEG (10%)
ZnSO4(1%)
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
Deionised H2O
Dry seed(Control)
CD (1%)
CV %

Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi


800.81
875.07
691.80
641.72
805.82
791.19
643.54
758.72
580.29
741.05
595.77
694.29
454.01
509.93
395.95
603.99
71.33
66.11
4.82
3.95

Mean
837.94
666.76
798.50
701.14
660.68
645.04
481.97
499.97

Seedling Vigour Index-II (SV-II)


There were significant differences among the treatments in respect of SV-II values (Table 7). In Utkal Ava SV-II
varied from 190.0 (control) to 680.67 and the highest was being reported in KNO3 followed by PEG (636.0). In Utkal
Rashmi the highest SV-II was observed with ZnSO4 (600.0) and the lowest in control (310.0). Fresh seeds of chilli primed
with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water enhanced the SV-II by 72.3%, 150.0%,
63.7%, 146.8%, 125.0%, 27.6% and 56.8% respectively (Figure 5). This result revealed that KNO3 has better impact on
SV-II of chilli.
Table 7: Effect of Priming Treatments on SV-II of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi
GA3 (1 ppm)
346.67
514.67
KNO3(5%)
680.67
569.33
Na2HPO4 (2%)
258.00
560.67
PEG (10%)
636.00
598.33
ZnSO4(1%)
525.33
600.00
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
217.33
420.67
Deionised H2O
396.00
388.00
Dry seed(Control)
190.00
310.00
CD(1%)
44.78
47.00
CV %
4.62
3.98

Mean
430.67
625.00
409.34
617.17
562.67
319.00
392.00
250.00

Figure 4: Effect of Priming Treatments on SV-I of Chilli


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Figure 5: Effect of Priming Treatments on SV-II of Chilli


Chilli

Figure 6
Evaluation of Efficacy in Terms of Seed Quality Index (SQI)
Coded value of different quality parameters and SQI of tomato, brinjal and chilli are presented in Table 8, Table 9
and Table 10 respectively. In tomato KNO3 (T2) recorded the highest SQI (18.0) followed by GA3 (T1) & Na2HPO4
(T3). In brinjal GA3 (T1), KNO3 (T2), Na2HPO4 (T3) & PEG (T4) recorded the same SQI (17.0) and in chilli KNO3 (T2)
& Na2HPO4 (T3) scored the highest SQI. Seed quality index pooled over these three solanaceous vegetable crops
(Table 11) indicated that among the treatments KNO3 was the best followed by Na2HPO4 and GA3.
Table 8: Coded Value of Different Quality Parameters and SQI of Treatments in Tomato
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
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Lab test
Germination
SV-I
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2

SV-II
3
3
2
2
2

FEP
3
3
3
2
2

Field Test
SV-I
3
3
3
3
2

SV-II
2
3
3
3
3

SQI
17
18
17
15
13
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Soubhagya Behera

T6
T7
T8

1
2
1

2
2
1

Table 8: Contd.,
1
1
1
2
1
1

2
2
1

2
3
1

9
12
6

Table 9: Coded Value of Different Quality Parameters and SQI of Treatments in Brinjal
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8

Germination
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1

Lab test
SV-I
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1

SV-II
2
3
2
3
3
1
2
1

FEP
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1

Field test
SV-I
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1

SQI

SV-II
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1

17
17
17
17
14
11
7
6

Table 10: Coded Value of Different Quality Parameters and SQI of Treatments in Chilli
Treatment

Germination
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8

Lab test
SV-I
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
1

SV-II
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1

FEP
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
1

Field test
SV-I
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1

SQI

SV-II
2
3
3
3
3
2
1
1

16
18
18
13
15
13
10
6

Table 11: Pooled SQI of Treatments


Seed Quality Index (SQI)
Tomato
brinjal
17
17
18
17
17
17
15
17
13
14
9
11
12
7
6
6

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8

Pooled SQI
chilli
16
18
18
13
15
13
10
6

50
53
52
45
42
33
29
18

Note: T1 = GA3 (1 ppm), T2 = KNO3 (5%), T3 = Na2HPO4 (2%), T4 = PEG (10%), T5 = ZnSO4

Figure 7: Scatter Plot of Cumulative Germination Index and Cumulative


Seedling Vigour Index Produced by Priming Treatments in Tomato
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A Study on the Effect of Micronutrient (ZNSO4) Priming on


Seed Quality Parameters of Solanaceous Vegetables

333

Figure 8: Scatter plot of Cumulative Germination Index and Cumulative


Seedling Vigour Index Produced by priming Treatments in Brinjal

Figure 9: Scatter Plot of Cumulative Germination Index and Cumulative Seedling


Vigour Index Produced by Priming Treatments in Tomato + Brinjal + Chilli

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS


The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of different priming agents in improving the seed
quality parameters of important solanaceous vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal and chilli. Fresh seeds of four tomato,
four brinjal and two chilli varieties were treated with GA3 (1 ppm), KNO3 (5%), Na2HPO4 (2%), PEG (10%), ZnSO4
(1%), Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm) and Deionised H2O for 24 hours and then dried to original moisture content under shade.
Lab germination test was done following between paper method. For field emergence test primed seeds of different
vegetable varieties were sown in aluminium trays containing sandy loam soil mixed with coconut coir pith.
Observations were recorded on germination/field emergence, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry
weight, seedling vigour index-I & II in both lab and field tests. The experiments were done in a completely randomised
design with three replications. The classification of priming treatments was done through scatter plot of cumulative
germination index and cumulative seedling vigour index and the efficacy of priming treatments was expressed in term
of seed quality index (SQI). Results obtained in tomato, brinjal and chilli were presented below.
Chilli

Comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on germination it was found that germination increased by 38.5%,

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31.8%, 32.1%, 32.1%, 19.6%, 13.8% and 3.7% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG,
ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water respectively as compared to unprimed seeds. This result revealed that
priming with GA3 had the best effect in increasing the germination percent of fresh seeds of chilli.

The mean effect of priming treatments on root length showed that Na2HPO4 was the best in increasing root
length followed by GA3.

The mean effect of priming treatments on shoot length indicated superiority of GA3 over other treatments in
increasing shoot length.

The mean effect of priming treatments on seedling length indicated superiority of GA3 and Na2HPO4 over
control and other treatments in increasing seedling length.

The mean effect of priming treatments on seedling dry weight showed that KNO3, PEG and ZnSO4 were equal in
their effect.

Comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on SV-I it was found that SV- I increased by 67.6%, 33.4%,
59.7%, 40.2%, 32.1%, and 29.0% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, and
Ascorbic Acid respectively as compared to unprimed seeds. This result revealed that invigoration with GA3 had
the best effect in increasing the SV-I of fresh seeds of chilli.

The result of priming treatments on SV-II revealed that KNO3 has better impact on SV-II of chilli as compared to
control and other treatments.

Fresh seeds of chilli primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water
enhanced the FEP by 39.6%, 33.1%, 31.7%, 30.8%, 21.0%, 15.3% and 5.2% respectively as compared to control.
This result revealed that GA3 had better impact on FEP of chilli followed by KNO3.

Results of the mean effect of different priming treatments indicated that priming of fresh chilli seeds with KNO3
and GA3 enhanced the seedling vigour index-I of field emerged seedlings.

Results of the mean effect indicated that priming of fresh seeds with KNO3 and PEG could increase SV-II of field
emerged seedlings.

CONCLUSIONS
The present investigation indicates that KNO3 was the best priming treatment followed by Na2HPO4 and GA3 in
improving different seed quality parameters.
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Seed Quality Parameters of Solanaceous Vegetables
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