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Received: Apr 21, 2016; Accepted: May 13, 2016; Published: May 23, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016040
INTRODUCTION
To meet the potential challenge of catering to the food need of 1.4 billion people of our country by 2025,
Original Article
KEYWORDS: Solanaceous Vegetable Crops, Root Length, Shoot Length, Seedling Length, Seedling Dry Weight
a quantum increase in agricultural productivity is very much essential, hence production and distribution of high
quality seeds of improved varieties of cereals, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables to the farming community is
becoming increasingly important. Vegetables constitute a major part in Indian agriculture in terms of providing
food and nutritional security. In recent past, Indian agriculture has witnessed a tremendous progress in vegetable
production, due to the advent of high yielding varieties and new technologies. Vegetables are important sources of
minerals, vitamins and other nutrients of medicinal and therapeutic value. Regular consumption of vegetables is a
must for the nutritional security of the household. The production and productivity of different vegetable crops
have been increased significantly in the past twenty years as a result of research and development pursuits
undertaken by agricultural institutions as well as private sectors. Modern strategic approaches are however
necessary for sustainable development of these crops so as to meet increasing requirement in both domestic and
export market.
Among vegetable crops solanaceous vegetables like tomato, brinjal and chilli have high demand in our
state as well as in the country. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important edible and
nutritious vegetable crop in the world. It ranks next to potato and sweet potato with respect to world vegetable
production. It ranks third in terms of world vegetable production. The demand for the crop is year round, owing to
the versatility of its usages both in fresh and processed food preparation. It gains more popularity due to its
antioxidant property. It is a very good source of vitamin A and C.
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Priming with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solution (osmopriming) and in moist vermiculite (hydration)
for 24 h at 25C improved emergence, mean emergence time (MET) and emergence coefficient, especially under
suboptimal temperatures in tomato cultivars (Cherry and Falcato) ( Amooaghaie et al., 2010).
Armin et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of PEG 6000 (3%) on 3 watermelon cultivars (Niagara, Charleston Gray,
and Crimson Sweet) and reported priming with PEG had negative effect on the rate and growth of emerged seedling.
Chen et al. (2010) conducted an experiment to evaluate performance of 'Bloomsdale' spinach seeds primed in
sixty different priming treatments arising from various combinations of osmoticum (PEG 8000 concentration), priming
temperature and priming duration and they concluded that priming at -0.6 MPa at 15C for 8 d was the optimal protocol for
osmopriming 'Bloomsdale' spinach seeds.
Arjenaki et al. (2011) conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of priming on seed germination of marigold
(Calendula officinalis). Experiment was conducted in CRD with three replicates in 2008 at the Research laboratory of the
University of Shahed, Iran. Treatments were (polyethylene glycol 6000 at - 0.3, -0.6, and -0.12 MPa). Priming significantly
improved germination percentage, radical and shoot length, seedlings weight and germination rate, compared to control.
Germination percentage, radicle and shoot length and germination rate for seeds primed with PEG (-0.3 MPa) was higher
than those for unprimed seeds but seedling weight was statistically similar. Thus, priming with PEG solution could be used
as a simple method for improving seed germination of Marigold.
Jalali & Saheli (2011) treated sugar beet seeds with polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) and found sugar beet seeds
primed with PEG 8000 gave higher germination and root yield than unprimed seeds.
Sun et al. (2011) reported that different priming techniques could have various effects on germination of
Cucurbita maxima (cv: Beiguan) seeds. Hydropriming (distilled water) PEG 6000 priming (10%) all improved the
germination characteristics of Beiguan, compared to the control. Hydropriming and PEG6000 priming were the most
successful technique in Cucurbita maxima.
Yadav et al. (2011) reported that the capsicum seedlings obtained from PEG- primed seeds tolerated both the cold
and salt stresses whereas control seedlings did not survive exposure to either stress.
Rahimi (2013) suggested that osmopriming (0.8 and 1.2 Mpa of PEG6000 solution) with cuminnum symnum
accelerates seed germination to the largest extent and improved the germination rate (T50) and the uniformity of
germination (T1090) under drought stress especially in 15 C incubation compared to 10 C and 25 C. This treatment
also improved stress tolerant by improving germination performance at 10, 15 and 25 C and under water stress of
0.4 and 0.8 Mpa of PEG6000 solution.
Das et.al.,(2014) observed negative effect of PEG 6000 on germination percent, MGT, FEP and seedling vigour
index as compared to hydro priming and control in bottlegourd.
Faruk (2015) investigated the priming effect of PEG-6000 (20%) on seed germination properties and several
agro-morphological plant characteristics of red lentil.
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calculated by adding the scored values of lab germination percent and field emergence percent; cumulative seedling vigour
index is calculated by adding the scored values of lab SV-I & SV-II and field SV-I & SV-II.
Seed quality index is calculated by adding the scored values of the characters such as germination percentage,
vigour index I and II of lab emerged seedlings, field emergence (%) vigour index I and II of field emerged seedlings.
Higher SQI value produced by a priming treatment indicates its higher efficacy.
Photos of Chilli Variety
Figure 1
Figure 2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The present investigation was aimed to study the efficacy of different priming chemicals in improving seed
quality parameters of tomato, brinjal and chilli. The lab-test and field emergence test both were carried out in a completely
randomised design with three replications. Statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.3 version software. The result was
presented under following sub-heads.
Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987
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Mean
87.00
82.83
83.00
83.00
75.17
71.50
65.17
62.83
Figure 3: Mean Effect of Priming Treatments in Increasing Germination % of Chilli over Control
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Root Length
The effect of different treatments on root length of chilli varieties is presented in Table 2. In Utkal Ava (CV1)
Na2HPO4 recorded the highest root length of 4.75 cm followed by GA3 (4.39 cm). All the priming treatments had positive
effect on root length of chilli but there were no significant differences among the priming treatments. In Utkal Rashmi,
highest root length was observed with Ascorbic Acid (5.08 cm) and the lowest being observed in PEG (3.18 cm).
The mean effect showed that Na2HPO4 was the best in increasing root length followed by GA3.
Table 2: Effect of Priming Treatments on Root Length (cm) of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment Utkal Ava Utkal Rashmi
GA3 (1 ppm)
4.39
4.77
KNO3(5%)
3.42
4.42
Na2HPO4 (2%)
4.75
4.96
PEG (10%)
4.00
3.18
ZnSO4(1%)
3.18
5.03
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
3.02
5.08
Deionised H2O
2.68
4.00
Dry seed(Control)
2.53
3.42
CD(1%)
NS
0.92
CV %
2.95
3.07
Mean
4.58
3.92
4.86
3.59
4.11
4.05
3.34
2.98
Shoot Length
The effect of different treatments on shoot length of chilli varieties is presented in Table 3. Ascorbic Acid
recorded the highest shoot length (5.18 cm) in Utkal Ava and the lowest was observed in control (3.70 cm). In Utkal
Rashmi highest shoot length was observed with PEG (5.70 cm) followed by GA3 (5.41 cm) and the lowest was observed in
hydropriming. The mean effect indicated superiority of GA3 over other treatments in increasing shoot length.
Table 3: Effect of Priming Treatments on Shoot Length (cm) of Chilli Varieties
Priming Treatment
GA3 (1 ppm)
KNO3(5%)
Na2HPO4 (2%)
PEG (10%)
ZnSO4(1%)
Ascorbic Acid(50 ppm)
Deionised H2O
Dry seed(Control)
CD(1%)
CV %
Mean
5.06
4.60
4.78
4.83
4.72
4.95
4.06
4.31
Seedling Length
Seedling length of chilli varieties in response to priming was presented in Table 4. Priming treatments in Utkal
Ava were significantly different in their effect. In Utkal Ava the lowest seedling length was observed in control (6.23 cm)
and the highest seedling length was observed in Na2HPO4 (9.37 cm) followed by GA3 (9.09 cm). In Utkal Rashmi highest
seedling length was observed with GA3 (10.18 cm) followed by, Na2HPO4 (9.89 cm) and the lowest (7.93 cm) was
observed in hydropriming. The mean effect indicated superiority of GA3 and Na2HPO4 over other treatments in increasing
seedling length.
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Mean
9.64
8.05
9.63
8.42
8.79
9.03
7.40
7.79
Mean
5.00
7.50
5.00
7.50
7.50
4.50
6.00
4.00
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Mean
837.94
666.76
798.50
701.14
660.68
645.04
481.97
499.97
Mean
430.67
625.00
409.34
617.17
562.67
319.00
392.00
250.00
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Figure 6
Evaluation of Efficacy in Terms of Seed Quality Index (SQI)
Coded value of different quality parameters and SQI of tomato, brinjal and chilli are presented in Table 8, Table 9
and Table 10 respectively. In tomato KNO3 (T2) recorded the highest SQI (18.0) followed by GA3 (T1) & Na2HPO4
(T3). In brinjal GA3 (T1), KNO3 (T2), Na2HPO4 (T3) & PEG (T4) recorded the same SQI (17.0) and in chilli KNO3 (T2)
& Na2HPO4 (T3) scored the highest SQI. Seed quality index pooled over these three solanaceous vegetable crops
(Table 11) indicated that among the treatments KNO3 was the best followed by Na2HPO4 and GA3.
Table 8: Coded Value of Different Quality Parameters and SQI of Treatments in Tomato
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
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Lab test
Germination
SV-I
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
SV-II
3
3
2
2
2
FEP
3
3
3
2
2
Field Test
SV-I
3
3
3
3
2
SV-II
2
3
3
3
3
SQI
17
18
17
15
13
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T6
T7
T8
1
2
1
2
2
1
Table 8: Contd.,
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
1
9
12
6
Table 9: Coded Value of Different Quality Parameters and SQI of Treatments in Brinjal
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Germination
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
Lab test
SV-I
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
SV-II
2
3
2
3
3
1
2
1
FEP
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
Field test
SV-I
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
SQI
SV-II
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
17
17
17
17
14
11
7
6
Table 10: Coded Value of Different Quality Parameters and SQI of Treatments in Chilli
Treatment
Germination
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Lab test
SV-I
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
1
SV-II
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
FEP
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
1
Field test
SV-I
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
SQI
SV-II
2
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
16
18
18
13
15
13
10
6
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Pooled SQI
chilli
16
18
18
13
15
13
10
6
50
53
52
45
42
33
29
18
Note: T1 = GA3 (1 ppm), T2 = KNO3 (5%), T3 = Na2HPO4 (2%), T4 = PEG (10%), T5 = ZnSO4
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Comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on germination it was found that germination increased by 38.5%,
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31.8%, 32.1%, 32.1%, 19.6%, 13.8% and 3.7% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG,
ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water respectively as compared to unprimed seeds. This result revealed that
priming with GA3 had the best effect in increasing the germination percent of fresh seeds of chilli.
The mean effect of priming treatments on root length showed that Na2HPO4 was the best in increasing root
length followed by GA3.
The mean effect of priming treatments on shoot length indicated superiority of GA3 over other treatments in
increasing shoot length.
The mean effect of priming treatments on seedling length indicated superiority of GA3 and Na2HPO4 over
control and other treatments in increasing seedling length.
The mean effect of priming treatments on seedling dry weight showed that KNO3, PEG and ZnSO4 were equal in
their effect.
Comparing the mean effect of all the treatments on SV-I it was found that SV- I increased by 67.6%, 33.4%,
59.7%, 40.2%, 32.1%, and 29.0% when seeds were primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, and
Ascorbic Acid respectively as compared to unprimed seeds. This result revealed that invigoration with GA3 had
the best effect in increasing the SV-I of fresh seeds of chilli.
The result of priming treatments on SV-II revealed that KNO3 has better impact on SV-II of chilli as compared to
control and other treatments.
Fresh seeds of chilli primed with GA3, KNO3, Na2HPO4, PEG, ZnSO4, Ascorbic Acid and deionised water
enhanced the FEP by 39.6%, 33.1%, 31.7%, 30.8%, 21.0%, 15.3% and 5.2% respectively as compared to control.
This result revealed that GA3 had better impact on FEP of chilli followed by KNO3.
Results of the mean effect of different priming treatments indicated that priming of fresh chilli seeds with KNO3
and GA3 enhanced the seedling vigour index-I of field emerged seedlings.
Results of the mean effect indicated that priming of fresh seeds with KNO3 and PEG could increase SV-II of field
emerged seedlings.
CONCLUSIONS
The present investigation indicates that KNO3 was the best priming treatment followed by Na2HPO4 and GA3 in
improving different seed quality parameters.
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