သိပၸံေမာင္ဝ - ေမာင္လူေအး

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]y,fcsify,fav? rwwfEdkifbl;? bwf*sufudk onfxufawmh
wdk;ray;Edkifbl;? 10d [mawmif rsm;aeNyD}
]'gjzifh y,fw,f&iS }f
]y,fAsm}
]aemuf acgif;pOfwpfckudk zwfjyygOD;}
'rajrmuf acgif;pOfrSmygaom bwf*sufudk armifvlat;
zwfjyjyef\/
12
odyHarmif0
10/ tvSLtwef;
(u) bke;f Bu;D &[ef;
20d
(c) vlBu;D olr
10d
(*) zke;f awmif;,mpum
5d
(C) vlvrd v
f al umuf
5d
]bkef;BuD;&[ef;twGuf 20d qdkwm &Sdygapawmh ? vlBuD;olr
twGuf 10d xm;wmvJ &Sdygapawmh? zkef;awmif;,mpumtwGuf
5d qdkwmvJ &Sdygapawmh? vlvdrfvlaumufawGtwGuf bmjzpfvdkY
5d xm;&wmvJ ? onf t wG u f oabmrwl E d k i f b l ; / bmawG u d k
avQmufxnfhxm; rSef;rodygbl;? roHk;oifhwJhae&mrSmoHk;? oHk;oifhwJh
ae&mrSmawmh ap;eJ? awmfawmfcufwJh vlyJ}
]aeOD ; av? a'gou w,f B uD ; wmud k ; ? &S i f ; vif ; yg&apOD ; ?
onfvdkyg? vlvdrfvlaumufqdkwJhtaumifawG[m pmtkyfBuD;awG
jzwfydkif;BuD;awGeJY? rdbrJhausmif;u? oltdkHku? bk&m;rD;xGef;a&;
toif;ueJY qdkNyD; Hk;cef;xJ 0ifvmyga&m? 0ifvmNyD;awmh pum;
a[mifzGm a[mifzGm tcsdefudkjzKef;ygava&m? ydkufqHray;orQ roGm;
bl;? olwdkYeJY pum;ajymae&wmeJY tvkkyfrvkyf&awmhbl;? ray;bl;
qdkvJ r&? awmufwJhuyfovdk uyfaeawmh cufwmaygh? onfawmh
wpfusyfp ESpfusyfp qdkovdk ay;vdkufrS xGufoGm;Muw,f? wu,f
omray;bl;qdk&if olwdkYtcsdefjzKef;wmuyJ oHk;av;usyfxuf renf;
bl ; ? aiG a y;wmuawmif ouf o mr,f q d k N yD ; ay;vd k u f w mygyJ ?
tJonftwGuf bwf*sufpm&if;rSm xnfhxm;zdkY vdkw,f? rxnfhbl;
qdk&if vlvdrfvlaumufawG b,favmuftcsdefjzKef;r,f qdkwmudk
om pOf;pm;Munfah yawmh}
]tJonf vlvdrfvlaumufawG aygaewmudk wdkYvdkt&m&SdawG
rsm;aewJhtwGufaygh? vlvdrfvlaumufawGudk ESdyfuGyfzdkY cefYxm;wJh
t&m&SdawG udk,fwdkifuvJ vlvdrfvlaumufawGudk tm;ay;aeMu
awmh w myJ ? vl v d r f v l a umuf a wG ayguf v mNyD v m;qd k & if w&m;
twdkif;jzpfatmif ppfaq;pHkprf;r,f pdwfrul;bl;? pum;enf; &efpJ?
tcsdefrjzKef;&atmif qdkNyD; aiGxkwfay;vdkufa&m? onfawmh vlvdrf
vlaumufawGu twifh&JMuwmaygh? Munfhygvm;? vlvdrfvlaumuf
armifvlat;
13
awG[m b,fudkrS vufOD;qHk;roGm;bl;? tpdk;& t&m&SdawGqDudkom

oGm;awmhwmyJ? NyD;awmhrS t&yfxJrSm ydkufqHoGm;aumufcHw,f/
b,f t &m&S d u b,f a vmuf x nf h v d k u f w ,f ? b,f t &m&S d u
vufrSwf ay;vdkufw,feJYajymNyD; aumufcHawmh t&yfxJrSm &SdMu
wJh vlawGuvJ t&m&SdawGuawmif ydkufqHxnfhMuawmh vlaumif;
awGvdkYt,l&SdNyD; xnfhMuwmaygh? onfawmh vlvdrfvlaumufawG
rygbJ aeyghrvm;? pifppfawmh udkwdkYvdk t&m&SdawG rsm;wJhtwGuf
vlvdrfawG aygwm? 'gaMumifh onfbwf*suf pm&if;udky,fw,f}
]y,fAsm? rwwfEikd b
f ;l }
aemuf acgif;pOfrSmygwJh bwf*sufpm&if;udk zwfjyygOD;}
{um'orajrmuf acgif ; pOf r S m ygaom bwf * suf p m&if ; ud k
zwfjy jyef\/
11/ t0wftpm;
(u) armifval t;twGuf
15d
(c) cifoef;jrift
h wGuf
20d
]atmifr,f? udkYtwGuf wpfv 15d awmifbmawG0,frvdkY
wHk;? bmrsm; vScsifaeao;vdkYvJ? udk,fhudk,fudk umvom;uav;
rsm; rSwfaeava&mhovm;? udkYtwGuf 15d[m rsm;w,f? jrifh twGuf
20d [mawmh v J renf ; vG e f ; bl ; vm;? wpf v 20d eJ Y bmrS
0,fvdkYjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;? tckumvrSm topftqef;awGay:vmwm
ckwifck? ay:wdkif;ay:wdkif; r0,fjyef&ifvJ acwfudk rrDawmhbl;?
topftqef;ay:wdkif; 0,fwmawmif acwfqefzdkY cyfcufcuf?
acwf q d k w muvJ wpf v wpf c g 15 &uf w pf c g ajymif ; aeawmh
wpfv 20d b,fenf;eJY rS ravmufEdkifbl;}
]tck&SdwJh t0wftpm;awGudkyJ ukefatmif 0wfygOD;Asm}
]tdk ajymaewm rMum;bl;vm;? tck&SdwmawG[m kd;ukefNyD?
b,frS wd;k vdrYk aygufawmhb;l ? toH;k csvrYkd &awmhb;l }
]EdkY toHk;csvdkY r&&if bmvdkY odrf;xm;ao;ovJ? ay;ypfwm
ay;ypf? rD;IdUypfwm ypfygawmhvm;}
]a,mufsm;rsm;[m acwftaMumif; em;rvnfbl;qdkwm rSefyg
vm;aemf? MunfhygOD;? udk,fht0wfawG r0wf&if rD;IdUypf&r,fwJh
14
odyHarmif0
onft0wfawGudk r0wfayr,fh udk,fhqDrSm b,favmuf&Sdw,fqdk

wm vlvm&if jy&ao;w,f? em;vnf&JUvm; udk,fawmf&JU}
]tif; ... tif; ....onfvdkudk;}
]tif; ... tif; vkyfraeeJY? onfbwf*suf pm&if;udkvJ
y,f&vdrrhf ,f}
]y,fomy,f? t&ifpm&if;awGudkvJ y,fNyD;NyD[m? rxl;awmh
ygbl;}
]aemuf &Sdao;ovm;? zwfjyzdkY}
]&SdvJ r&Sdawmhbl;? xl;vJ rxl;awmhbl;}
]tJ'gyJaumif;w,f? t&iftwdkif; oHk;pGJwmaygh? bwf*suf
av; bmav;eJY tifrwef IyfcsifwJh vlawGyJ? &wJhaiGeJY oHk;wJhaiGudkuf
oGm;&if NyD;wmyJ r[kwfvm;? ta<u;rwif&if NyD;a&maygh}
]tif;av? oabm&SdygyJ? rif;wdkifyiftzGJUrSmom rdef;rawGBuD;
pdk;r,f qdk&ifawmh cufrSmyJ? bwf*sufawGudk vkyfvdkY&rSm r[kwfbl;}
]atmifr,f? rif;wdkifyif tzGJUrSmom tm;vHk; trwfawG[m
rdef;rawGjzpfygap? tckxufawmif aumif;atmif tkyfcsKyfjyvdkuf
csipf rf;w,f}
]awmfNyD? pum;aMum&SnfraeeJYawmh? 10 em&Dawmif xdk;oGm;
NyD? Hk;oGm;&awmhr,f? onfbwf*sufIyfwmeJY onfreuf tvkyf
rvky&f awmhb;l ? tcsed jf zKe;f w,f}
]b,folu pNyD; bwf*sufpum; ajymwmvJ? udkuyJ ajymNyD;
awmh}
]awmf awmf awmf} qdk armifvlat; xoGm;\/
]rawmfaygif awmf} qdk cifoef;jrifhvnf; aemufvdkuf oGm;
avownf;/
ol&D,r*Zif;? wGJ-20? rSwf-3?
(ar? 1937)
u
armifvlat;
15
armifvlat;onf tvsm; 10 ay? teH 15 ay? tcef;uav;

twGif; tvkyfIyfaeckduf kwfw&ufayguf vmolum; t&Sif
OD;nmedE jzpfavonf/ taMumif;rMum;bJ kwfw&uf aygufvm
onfudk axmufvdkufaomf psmefESifh <uvmonf[lyif xifrSwfzG,f
&Sd\/ odkYaomf uREfkyfwdkY\ udk,fawmfum; psmef&aom udk,fawmf
r[kwf/ tjcm; &[ef;rsm;uJhodkY dk;dk;udk,fawmfyif jzpfavonf/
vGefcJhonfh av;ig;vtwGif; pifa&mfwnf;[laom av,mOfjzifh
aumif;uif,HwGif psmefysHzl;onf [lum; Mum;od&avonf/
t&S i f OD ; nmed E ud k , f a wmf o nf psmef r &aomaMumif h o m
tjcm;udk,fawmfrsm;ESifh wpfpm;wnf; xm;&aomfvnf; pifppfum;
tjcm; udk,fawmfrsm;xuf xl;jcm;aom tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdavonf/
,if;xl;jcm;aom tcsufrsm;teuf kyfvuPm\ xl;jcm;jcif;udk
a&S;OD;a&;om;&ayrnf/
t&Sif OD;nmedE udk,fawmf\toufrSm 30 ausmf 45 ESpfcefY
&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ tom;awmfrSm cyfeufeufae\/ rPdawmfrSm cyfvHk;
vH;k aeavonf/
yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk xHk;vdkarT? a&vdkaESmufaomaMumifh ayavm?
tvGefyltdkufaom ae&yfwGif BuD;jyif;vm&aomaMumifhayavm
rod? puKawmfrsm;rSm cyfarS;arS;ae\/ aps;pum;udk oHk; rnfqdkaomf
rsuf c rf ; pyf o nf [ l qd k & ayrnf / rsuf r S e f r ygvQif pmud k
aumif;pGmrMunfhEdkif? aea&mifudk rcHEkdif/ xdkYaMumifh r[kwf avm?
16
odyHarmif0
]'D u r m rS m aerS w pf y g; rnf o l t m;rQ igraMumuf } [l

tBurd Bf urd yf if rde>Yf rufawmfrzl ;l avNy/D
t&Sif nmedE\ oGm;awmf pG,fawmfrsm;tm; uGrf;0g;vGef;
aomaMumifh refusnf;aph ta&mifcyfajymifajymifcyfvufvuf
cyfeufeufvnf; aeayonf/ t&Sif OD;nmedE 0wfaom ouFef;
awmfrsm;um; ajymifvuf xdef0if;jcif;r&Sd/ opfacgufqdk;ta&mif
npfykyfykyf npfax;ax;aeavonf/ ae&mwGif uREfkyfwdkY\
udk,fawmfrSm ,ckumv &[ef;tcsKdUwdkYxufyif 0denf;awmftwdkif;
usiafh yao;\/
t&Sif OD;nmedE\ tjcm;xl;jcm;onfhtcsufum; 0HomEkpdwf
xm; BuD ; rm;jcif ; jzpf a vonf / jref r mrsm; qif ; &J a eMuonf u d k
vm;vm;rQ rIEdkif/ omoemawmfBuD; arS;rdSefaeonfudk vm;vm;rQ
rcHomay/ xdkYaMumifh r[kwfavm? jrefrmjynfwGif 0HomEkawG? *sD
pDbDatawG ay:puwnf;u 0HomEktvkyfudk vdkufpm;vmcJhaom
yk*Kd vBf u;D jzpfavonf/
xdkvGefavNyD;aom acwfrS ,ckrvGefao;aom acwfwdkif
atmif 0HomEkrsm;twGuf rnfodkYaqmif&GufcJhonfudk rSwfwrf;wif
Munf h O D ; pd k Y / 0H o mEk r sm;ES i f h ywf o uf ta&;yd k i f r if ; xH o d k Y
a&muf a om t&S i f O D ; nmed E \ pmrsm;? avQmuf v T m rsm;um;
ra&wGufEdkifNyD/ ta&;ydkifrQruao;? cdkifrif;BuD;xHodkY a&mufcJh
NyD;aom pmaygif;? avQmufvTmaygif;vnf; tawmfyif rsm;cJhNyD/
cdkifrif;BuD;udk ausmfNyD;vQif b@mrif;BuD;xHodkYyif t&SifOD;nmedE
\pmrsm;? avQmufvTmrsm; tawmftoifha&mufcJhavNyD/ b@mrif;
BuD;rQruao; jrefrmjynf bk&ifcHrif;BuD;xHodkYyif t&SifOD;nmedE
pmtcsKdU a&mufcJhavonf/ rQESifh tb,frSm auseyfayOD;rnf
enf;/ tdEd,jynf bk&ifcHcsKyfBuD;yif at;at;rae&/ NAdwdoQ tifyg
,m EdkifiHawmfBuD;udk pdk;pHawmfrlaom t&Sifa*smh bk&ifrif;jrwf
xHawmfodkY OD;nmedE\ ay;pm? avQmufvTmrsm; a&mufonf[l
um; rMum;zl;acs/ t&SifOD;nmedEudk,fawmfuvnf; taMumif;
udk xkwfazmf rdefYawmfrrl/
t&S i f O D ; nmed E ud k , f a wmf \ pmwd k p m&S n f p mAvayG r S p
armifvlat;
17
avQmufvTm taxGaxGwdkYaMumifh e,fydkif? NrdKUydkif? e,fydkifpma&;?

NrdKUydkifpma&;wdkYrSm tm;&onf[lr&Sd/ [dkoGm;pHkprf;&? onfoGm;
axmufvSrf;&?[dkrSm ppfaq;&? onfrSm ppfaq;&ESifhtvkyfrsm;
vkyfvmcJhMuonfrSm tawmfyifMumcJhavNyD/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh
t&Sif OD;nmedE udk,fawmfjrwfudk jrifMu&vQif tvdkvdk pdwfxJwGif
IyfaxG;vsuf aeMuavonf/ t&Sifoljrwf\ avQmufvTmrsm;udk
ppfaq;ae&onfEiS yhf iftjcm;tvkyrf sm;udk vky&f onf[
l r&SNd y/D
e,fydkifHk;? NrdKUydkifHk;wdkY twGif;tjyif 0ifvdk0if? xGufvdkxGuf
rdrdydkifeuf 0d[m&uJhodkYyif xifrSwfava&mhovm;? Hk;jymwmrsm;rSm
t&Sifoljrwftm; rESif0Hh? Hk;pma&;rsm;vnf; rajym0Hh? e,fydkif?NrdKUydkif
rsm;yif tomMunfh aeMu&avawmhonf rawmfolYtm; cyfrmrm
cyfqwfqwfuav; ajymvdkufrnfqdku t&Sifoljrwf a'gyGvm
awmh r nf / ql ; ay:zuf u s zuf a yguf ? zuf a y: ql ; usvnf ;
zuf a yguf a vawmh r nf / t&S i f o l j rwf \ avQmuf v T m rsm;vnf ;
bk&ifc?H bk&ifccH sKyw
f x
Ykd o
H Ykd a&mufMuavawmhrnf/
armifvlat; e,fodkY a&mufvmonfrSm wpfvyifrMum
ao;? t&Sif OD;nmedEESifh oHk;BudrfwdkifwdkifawGUBuHKcJh&avNyD/
yxrtBud r f u m; jyawmuf & G m om;rsm;\ oar"tcG e f
awmfa&;ESifhywfoufjzpf\/ 'kwd,tBudrfum; t&Sif OD;nmedE\
rdwfaqG OD;yif;wpfyg;\ pmoifausmif; wnfaxmifa&; twGuf
jzpf \ / ,ck wwd , tBud r f a &muf j cif ; um; 0uf o nf ; uef w G i f
a&enf;yg;aomudpaMumifh a&mufvmjcif;jzpf avonf/ wpfv
twGif; oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif Hk;odkYa&mufvQif aemif armifvlat;
e,fwGif &SdorQumvywfvHk; t&SifOD;nmedEESifh tBudrfaygif;
rnfrQ awGU&OD;rnfenf;/
armifvlat; a&mufaeaom e,ftwGif;&Sd e,fole,fom;BuD;
BuD;i,fi,f &G,f&G,fvwfvwf vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;
rusef tm;vHk;yif t&Sif OD;nmedEESifh rodol r&Sd? odolcsnf;jzpfav
onf / rnf o l r qd k ta&;taMumif ; wpf p H k w pf & m&S d v Qif t&S i f
OD;nmedExH a&SUarSmufodkY a&mufvmMuavonf/ v,faysmuf
avQmufvdkvnf; a&mufvm? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ajrvkMuvQifvnf;
18
odyHarmif0
a&mufvm? tpdk;&rif;u ajrodrf;aomtcg ajravsmfaMu; ausaus

eyfeyf r&vQifvnf; a&mufvm? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif a&rvHkavmuf
aomtcgwGifvnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vrf;aumif;aumif;
vdkaomtcgwGif vnf;aumif;? aus;&Gmrsm;wGif yGJcHvdkaomtcgwGif
vnf ; aumif ; ? aus;&G m rsm;wG i f bk & m;yG J u sif ; yvd k a omtcgwG i f
vnf ; aumif ; ? aus;&G m rsm;wG i f pmoif a usmif ; aumif ; aumif ;
vdkaomtcgrsm;wGif vnf;aumif; t&SifOD;nmedE\ ajcawmf&if;
odYk 0yfpif;um a&mufvmMuonfomwnf;/
t&Sif OD;nmedE udk,fawmfrSmvnf; xdkvmorQaom olwdkY\
avQmufxm;csufwdkYudk vufcHNyD;vQif NrdKUtkyfxH avQmufvdkavQmuf?
0efaxmufxHavQmufvdkavQmuf? ta&;ydkif? cdkifrif;BuD;? b@m
rif;BuD;? bk&ifcH? bk&ifcHcsKyfrSp qdkif&mqdkif&m t&m&Sdrsm;xHodkY
a&mufatmif aygufatmif avQmufvTmrsm;udk a&;om;ay;ae&
onfESifhyif aeYpOf tvkyfIyfvsuf &Sdaeawmh\/ pmayMunfhI&ef
vnf;aumif;? urXmef; bm0em pD;jzef;&ef vnf;aumif;? tb,f
rS m vQif tcsd e f & ygawmh t H h e nf ; / i,f p Of u rnf o nf h p mtxd
aygufa&mufcahJ Mumif;udk rnforl Q odrnfrxif/
aeYpOfyif &Gmol&Gmom;wdkYjzifh jynfhESuf pnfum;aeaom
t&S i f O D ; nmed E \ ausmif ; 0d [ m&um; jr0wD q &mawmf b k & m;\
tk w f a usmif ; 0d [ m&uJ h o d k Y crf ; em;BuD ; us,f j cif ; um; r&S d v S a y/
0ufonf; uef\ ezl; pnfwkw&mvrf;teD;&Sd iSufaysmO,smOfu
av;twGif; aqmufvkyfxm;aom 0g;ausmif; 0d[m&uav;jzpfav
onf/ awm&Gmausm;vufrS 0HomEkxdfyfoD;rsm;u MunfndKMuojzifh
aqmufvkyfay;aom ausmif;awmf 0d[m&yif jzpfavonf/
0g;ausmif;uav; twGif;rSmyif bk&ifcH? bk&ifcHcsKyfwdkY
xHodkY ydkYaom pmwdkpm&Snfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhvSavNyD/ ES,fES,f0g;
ausmif;[l rrSwf&m/ &mZ0ifwGif&pfatmif oHydkif;ausmufpm
xdk;xm;&ef xdkufaom 0g;ausmif;uav;yifwnf;/ avQmufvTmrsm;
pmwdkpm&Snfrsm;udk pDuHk;a&;om;jcif;udp NyD;pD; tm;tm;&SdvQif
ausmif ; awmf 0d [ m&a&S U wvif ; ajymif a jymif anmif y if B uD ;
atmufwGif tanmif;ajy tnmajy pBuF H<uawmfrlonfr[kwf/
armifvlat;
19
0g;uyf&ufjcif; tvkyfjzifh tcsdefudk toHk;jyKawmfrlavonf/ ,if;

0g;uyfwdkYudk a&mif;csonf[l rrSwf&m/ rdrdausmif;awmf0d[m&
udk rGrf;rH&efrQom jzpfonf[l tdk ... pmzwfoltaygif; olawmf
aumif;wdkYonf *PSmx rSwf,lMuygukefavmh/ om"k om"k om"k/
*Eavmu? wGJ-22? rSwf-133?

(azazmf0g&Dv? 1936)
q
20
odyHarmif0
armifvlat;wdkY i,fi,fausmif;om; b0wkef;u bDatqdk

vQif tawmfyifrsufESm&Sd\/ bDatatmifNyD;aemuf NrdKUtkyfjzpfolrSm
*kPfBuD;&Sif wpfa,mufjzpfavonf/ 0efaxmufjzpfvQif qdkp&m
r&SdNyD/ xdkacwfu ausmif;om;wdkif;vdkvdkyif bDatmif atmif csif\/
NrdKUtkyfvkyfcsif\/ bDat? NrdKUtkyf? 0efaxmufwdkY acwfuvnf;
aumif;vSayonf/
NrdKUtkyfqdkvQif olwumtay: rsm;pGm MoZm&Sd\/ vlwum
u aMumuf&GHUMuavonf/ tvkyfvnf;rsm;pGm ryifyef;vSay/ NrdKU
tkyfrif;um; oGm;av&m&mwGif emrnf w[dk;[dk;ausmfvsuf ae\/
NrdKUtkyfrif;pum;qdkvQif trSwftxm; jyKxm;avh&Sdonf/ NrdKUtkyf
rif;\ *kPfBuD;um; BuD;rm;vSay\/ 0efaxmufrif;\ *kPfum;
tb,fqdkzG,f&m &SdawmhtHhenf;/ uJhodkY *kPfyk'fBuD;rsm;ESifh jynfhpHk
Muonfh NrdKUtkyf? 0efaxmufwdkYudk rMumrMum awGUjrifaeMu&aom
ausmif;om;t&G,f oli,fuav;wdkYrSm NrdKUtkyf? 0efaxmufjzpfcsif
Muonfudk tjypfqdk&if roifhay/
armif v l a t;wd k Y 0ef a xmuf j zpf a om acwf u m; a&S ; acwf
r[kwf/ acwfopfodkY ajymif;oGm;avNyD/ ta&;ydkifudkyif rif;[k
rxifrSwfMuacs/ 0efaxmufqdkvQif tnHhpm;? NrdKUtkyfudkum; vlyif
rxifrw
S af wmhNy/D
armifvlat; 0efaxmufjzpf wpfESpfrQrMumcif om,m
0wDwGif olykeftBuD;tus,fx\/ om,m0wDrS tif;pdefe,f? zsmyHk
armifvlat;
21
e,f? o&ufNrdKUe,f? jynfe,fwdkYodkY oGm;avownf;/ olykefwdkYtm;

ppfwyf tajrmuftjrm;ESifh ESdrfeif;&\/ olykefudpESifh ra&S;raESmif;
rSmyif jrefrmESifhukvm;? jrefrmESifh wkwf t"dukPf;rsm; jzpfjyef
\/ yJcl;? om,m0wD? ajrmif;jr? awmifile,fwdkYwGif ukvm;rsm;
towf c H M u&? twd k u f c H M u&? td k u f c H M u&avonf / xd k a cwf
twGif;rSmyif pyg;aps;awGu us? qefaps;awGu r&? ta&mif;
t0,fuvnf; r[efMuojzifh 'kuBuD;pGm a&mufMuukef\/ onf
txJwGif txuftnmjrif;NcH? rdwDvme,frsm; rdk;acgifojzifh
e,f o l e,f o m;rsm; iwf r G w f a cgif ; yg;Mujyef a vonf / txuf
tpdk;&BuD;rsm; acgif;IyfoGm;Muukef\/ atmuftpdk;&uav;rsm;
jzpfMuukefaom 0efaxmuf? NrdKUtkyfwdkYrSm tvkyfIyfvsuf aeMuav
onf/ OD;rEdkif yJhrEdkif? olykefa&;utcuf? iwfrGwfa&;uvnf;
0ifpGuf? tcGefawmfa&;twGufuvnf; ray:? udk,fawmfwpfodkuf
rSm pdwftdkuf aeMuavonf/
wpf E S p f r QMumavaomf ol y k e f t a&;rS m tenf ; i,f a t;
oGm;\/ pyg;aps;rsm;vnf; tenf;i,fwuf vmavonf/ tcGef
awmf t wG u f v nf ; a&S ; uuJ h o d k Y rcuf a wmh N yD / oG u f o G u f B uD ;
aumufcHEdkifavonf/ tcgwGifum; armifvlat;onf [Hom
0wD? [oFmw? om,m0wD? tif;pdefe,fwdkYESifhpyfvsufaeaom
e,fudk tkyfxdef;vsuf ae&&Sm\/ xdke,fwGif "m;jyrsm;txl; aomif;
use;f vsuf aeMuavonf/
vG e f c J h a om wpf v cef Y t cgu unif a umuf &G m ol B uD ; ES i f h
ol\ om;orD;wdkYudkyg "m;jyrsm; owf oGm;Muavonf/ rnfol
urQ rrdao;/ crsm olBuD;wdkY om;trdrSm taMumif;rJh oufouf
toufqHk;&SmMuavonf/ aiGwdkY a&TwdkYvnf; ,l roGm;Muacs/
&efNidK;&Sd owfonf[k tcsKdUu wD;wdk;pum;ajymMu\/ olykefrsm;
vufcsuf[lvnf; ajymMuavonf/ rnfolYpum;udk ,Hk&rSef;
rodawmhNyD/ ykvdyfrsm;um; pHkaxmufwkef; &Sdao;\/
unifaumuf "m;jyrI jzpfay:NyD;aemuf qm;ravmuf &GmwGif
ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif wkwfqdkif "m;jy wdkufjyefavonf/ oajyacsmif;
wGif wpfBudrf? aAsmovef;wGif wpfBudrf? cwd,wGifESpfBudrf? iSuf
22
odyHarmif0
aysmuRef;wGif ESpfBudrf? Hk;acsmif;? vufqGJacsmif;? vif;vGef;yifwdkY

wGif wpfBudrfpD wdkufjyefavonf/ oHjzLpkwGifvnf; vlqdk; 30
ausmfwdkYonf wkwfaygufazmf tdrfwGif;odkY0if oHk;a,mufaom
tdrf&SifwdkYudk zrf;qD; ckwfowf oGm;Muukef\/ rsm;vdkufonfh
"m;jyawG a&wGufyif rukefEdkifNyD/
raeU wpfaeUuyif tvNrdKU&GmwGif "m;jy 21 a,muf0ifum
cspfwD;tdrf wpftdrfudk pD;Muavonf/ypnf;rsm;udkvnf; r,l?
cspfwD; oHk;a,mufudkom ckwfowfNyD;vQif tdrfudkrD;IdUoGm;Mu\/
rD;xJwGif aool cspfwD;um; wpfa,muf? aMumufp&mhacwfBuD;
jzpfavonf/ teD;tem;tdrf ajcmuftdrfwdkYudkvnf; rD;pGJavmifao;
\/ &Gmom;rsm; rD;owf&ef tvmwGif "m;jywdkYuvSrf; aoewf
jzifh ypfaomaMumifh q,ftdrfacgif; MuufawmESifh zdk;aX;wdkY 'Pf&m
tBuD;tus,f&Muavonf/ aornf &Sifrnfrod/ aq;HkwGif &SdMu
ao;\/ tvNrdKU &GmolBuD;rif;vnf; toufab;rS csrf;om&m csrf;
omaMumif; &Gm\ taemufbufawmxJodkY xGufajy;Muonf[k
owif;Mum;&avonf/ tvkyfjyKwfvQifom jyKwf&rnf? toufudk
um; taorcHEdkif/ "m;jywdkY\vufwGif ESpfvHk;jyL;aoewf av;vuf
ygvmavonf/ olykefawG\ tqufrsm; jzpfava&mhovm;rod/
Adkvfrdk;jrpf\ vlawG[kvnf; ajymMuukef\/
rMumrDu udkif;awm&GmolBuD;vnf; "m;jywdkY\ vufcsufjzifh
touf q H k ; &S m avNyD / romtd r f o d k Y oG m ;av&mrS m yk v d y f r sm;vm
onf / tjref v d k u f v myg[k om;uav; armif a xG ; u vmac:
aomaMumif h td r f o d k Y jyef o G m ;&m yk v d y f r sm; r[k w f ? "m;jyrsm;
jzpfaeaMumif;od& ajy;rnftvkyfwGif "m;jywdkYu taockwfMu
avonf / yk v d y f r sm; uJ h o d k Y abmif ; bD w d k w d k E S i f h umuD a &mif
"m;jyawGygwum;/ tif;pdef e,frS ajy;vmMuaom Adkvfva&mif
wdkY\ vufcsuf[l xifrSwf zG,f&Sdavonf/ olwdkY wpfawGvnf;
rrdao;ay/
oHBudK;&Gm olBuD;udkvnf; enf;twdkif; nmac:NyD;vQif
dkufESufMuao;\/ &Gmom;rsm;u 0dkif; vmMuaomaMumifhom
toufab;rS csr;f om&avonf/
armifvlat;
23
&Gmom;rsm;rSmvnf; 'kuyif/ "m;jytwdkufcH&onfrSm cP

cP? aoewfygvmonfomrsm;\/ ckcHvQif toufrcsrf;om? ajy;
jyefyguvnf; rvGwf? csrf;omolawGNrdKUodkYwuf aexdkifukefMu
NyD/ qif;&JolawGudkum; vJ&mrSm olckd;axmif;ukefMuNyD/
vGefcJhaom av;&ufcefYtcgu a&TavS&GmwGif "m;jy ajcmuf
a,muf olBuD;\ tdrftwGif;odkY twif;0ifum aoewfoHk;vuf
wdkYudk vk,loGm;Muavonf/ olBuD;udkvnf; ckwfoGm;Muao;\/
&Gmom;rsm;rSm rckcH0HhMuaomaMumifh tomNidrfcHaeMuavonf/ vl
rnf;rnf;jrifvQif "m;jyrsm;u qD; ypfawmh\/ tvGefrdkufdkif;
aom olwdkYygwum;/ olwdkYudkvnf; ,ckwdkif rrdao;? ykvdyfrsm;
pHkaxmufwkef;yif/ rnfonfhtcgrsm;rS rdrnf rodawmhNyD/ rdonfh
wd k i f a tmif ouf a o&&ef cJ , Of ; \/ acwf u m; acwf q d k ;
acwfMurf; acwfo&rf;Bu;D aywnf;/
armifvlat;onf rdrd\pma&;armifndrf;? armifzsefpdef? tif;r
&GmolBuD; OD;bMuif? awmifydkif;olBuD; OD;rdk;oD;wdkYESifhtwl vSnf;pD;
um tif;r&GmodkY a&SUI vmMuukef\/ tcsdefrSm naeapmif; aer0if
rD u av;jzpf o nf / avnif ; uvnf ; cyf j znf ; jznf ; wd k u f a eav
onf/ EGm;jym ESpfaumifuaom vSnf;rSmvnf; aumufdk;tjynfh
xnfhxm;aom uGif;jyif vrf;Murf;ay:wGif vm&aomfvnf; armf
awmfum; rrD? NidrfhvSygbdonf/ armifndrf;\ vufwGif ESpfvHk;
jyL; aoewf wpfvufygavonf/
olBuD;ESpfa,mufESifh pma&;wdkYvnf; wpfaeUu a&TavS&GmwGif
aoewfrsm;udk vkoGm;aom "m;jyrItaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;vsuf
vmMuuk e f \ / EG m ;rsm;ud k twG i f o marmif ; ES i f vmavonf /
xdkEGm;jym wpf&SOf;rSmvnf; rdrdwdkYt&Sif oGm;vdk&mXmeodkY jrefjref
a&mufygapawmhrnf[k awG;awmum vmcJMh uuke\
f /
vSnf;q&mESifh uyfvsufxdkifum vdkufygvmaom armifvl
at;um; naecif;\ om,mjcif;udk trIrxm;EkdifNyD/ olBuD; ESpf
a,mufESifh pma&;wdkY aqG;aEG;vmMuaom "m;jytaMumif;udkvnf;
*krpdkufEdkif/ rdrde,fwGif "m;jyrIrsm; avsmhoGm;&ef vlcGef? ajrcGef
jref j ref & &ef taMumif ; wd k Y u d k o mvQif tBuH x k w f u m vmavo
24
odyHarmif0
wnf;/
tif;r&GmodkYa&mufvQif a&rdk;csKd;? xrif;pm;aomufNyD;aemuf
ol B uD ; \ td r f t jyif b uf 0&ef w mav;ay: cif ; xm;aom
yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGif xkdifum axG&mav;yg; pOf;pm;vsuf
ae\/ wefMumvQif vlav;ig;a,muf [dkwkwfcRefawG? "m;awG?
vSHawGudk udkifum olBuD;rif;\ tdrf0if;twGif;odkY 0ifvmMuukef\/
xdkolwdkYum; rnfolwdkYygenf;/ "m;jyawGavm? olykefawGavm? "m;
jyvnf;r[kwf? olykefvnf;r[kwf? uif;orm;rsm; jzpfMuavonf/
olwdkYtoD;oD; apmifudk,fpDNcHKxm;MuNyD; olBuD;tdrf0if;twGif; cif;
xm;aom cH&k n
S w
f pfcw
k iG f xdik af eMuavonf/
armif v l a t;onf xd k u if ; orm;wd k Y u d k M unf h u m [d k E S , f
onfES,f pOf;pm;jyef\/ olwdkYum; olBuD;rif;\trdefYaMumifhom
uif;apmifh&ef vmMuavonf/ pdwfum; ygMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfay/
om;ypf r,m;ypf? csrf;uvnf;csrf;? tdyfuvnf;ysuf? rnfol vm
csit
f ehH nf;/
xd k o l w d k Y u m; "m;jyawG u d k wk w f c Ref a wG ud k , f p D u d k i f u m
[efygyg uif;apmifh&Smaomfvnf; tu,f "m;jyrsm; vmrnfqdk
vQif {uef ajy;MurnfholawGomjzpfavonf/ ckcHMurnfholwdkYum;
r[kwfMuacs/ olwdkYwpfawG uif;apmifhaeMu&aomfvnf; tusKd;
&Sdrnfr[kwf/ odkYaomf [efjzifh ajcmufHkom&Sdonf/ pifppfum;
rdrdwdkY udk,fudk,fomvQif rdrdwdkY tm;udk;&m&Sdawmh\/
odkY awG;awmum rdrdtem;wGifcsxm;aom ajcmufvHk;jyL;
aoewfudk,lum cg;wGifxdk; xm;\/ xdkYaemuf pD;u&uf wpfvdyf
udk aomufum pD;u&ufrS xGufvmaom rD;cdk;udk Munfh&if; trsKd;
rsK;d pdwu
f ;l xkwaf ejyef\/
od k Y pd w f u l ; xk w f twef M umvQif uif ; orm;wd k Y t m;
tdrfodkYjyef vTwfvdkuf\/ uif;orm;rsm; jyefoGm;Muaomtcg
armifval t;tdy&f mxJ 0ifawmhownf;/
(Mo*kwfv? 1932)
'''
armifvlat;
25
wdkYq&m 0dZmwef;udk atmifjrifonfrSm tawmfMumayNyD/

tawmfMumonf qdk&m ig;ESpf? ajcmufESpfcefYMumonfudk qdkvdk
onf/ 0dZmwef;udkatmifjrifNyD;aemuf wuodkvfrS rcGm&ufaom
aMumifh q&mqufvkyu
f ikd af eolaywnf;/
q&mvkyfaeaomaMumifh ]wdkYq&m} wnf;[laom trnfxl;udk
&\/ Nrd K Utk y f t vk y f u d k vk y f r nf q d k v Qif ]wd k Y N rd K Utk y f } trnf u d k
&rnfum; rvGJ/ 0efaxmuftvkyfudk 0if vkyfrnfqdkygvQif ]wdkY
0efaxmuf} bGJUudk &rnfvnf; rvGJay/ rQ owdxl;&Sdaom yk*dKvf
Bu;D aywnf;/
wdkYq&mum; wuodkvfausmif; ae&mwumwGif xif&Sm;
ay:vGifaom q&mwpfOD;jzpfavonf/ wuodkvfq&mrsm;onf
ynmoifMum;&m ausmfMum;Muayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif wdkYq&m
avmuftoHk;0ifaom q&mum; r&Sday/ jrpfonf a&r&SdvQif rwifh
w,f ouJhodkY? tdkifonf Mumr&SdvQif rwifhw,f ouJhodkY? wdkif;jynf
onf rif;r&SdvQif rwifhw,fouJhodkY &efukefwuodkvfBuD;onf
vnf; wdq
Yk &mr&Sv
d Qif wifw
h ,frnfr[kwaf y/
ausmif;q&m vkyfaeaomfvnf; wdkYq&mrSm ppfrIppf&mudk
rsm;pGm 0goemyg\/ avhvm\/ uRrf;usif\/ ausmif;om;rsm;
ppftwwfrsm;oifMum;rIwGif wdkYq&mrygvQifrNyD;? tNrJyg0if&av
onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; ppfa&;jyvQif wdkYq&mrSm ppfwyfudkOD;pD;
aom ppfolBuD;jzpf\/ ausmif;ydwfaomtcg ausmif;om; ppfonf
26
odyHarmif0
awmfwdkYonf wpfNrdKUNrdKUodkY aysmfyGJpm; xGufavh&SdMuonf/ xdktcg

rsm;wGif wdkYq&m ygpNrJjzpf\/
ausmif;wGif tNidrfhcHrnfqdkvQif wdkYq&myif tNidrfhiSm;&\/
ausmif;wGif tpnf;ta0;yGJ&SdvQif wdkYq&myif tauR;tarG;udk pD
rHay;&\/ ausmif;wGif rD;xGef;yGJ vkyfrnfqdkvQif wdkYq&myif vlBuD;
vlaumif;wdkYudk zdwfrefjcif;jyK&\/ NrdKUxJwGif vdkaomt&m&SdvQif
wdkYq&myif {nfhcHjcif; tvkyfudk aqmif&Guf&\/ wdkYq&mrygvQif
rnfonft
h vkyo
f nf pnfpnfum;um;jzpfEidk af wmhtehH nf;/
wdkYq&mum; pdefawGtrsm;BuD; 0wfpm;Edkifaom rdef;rBuD;BuD;
i,fi,fwdkY ayg&m &efukefNrdKUBuD;wGif todtuRrf;rsm;aom yk*dKvf
BuD;vnf; jzpfay\/ ausmif;wGif yGJvrf;obifusif;yawmhrnf
qdkvQif &efukefNrdKUwGif;rS vmMuaom {nfhonfwdkYudk {nfhcHae&
onfESifhyif rtm;awmhNyD/ tvkyfrsm;vSygbd/
wu o d k v f a usmif ; tvS L yG J r sm;ud k q if , if usif ; yaom
tcgrsm;wGifvnf; wdkYq&mrSm tvkyfysuf tudkifysuftrIayGvS
ay\/ yGJujyrnfhol 0wfpm;&ef t0wftpm;twGufvnf; wdkYq&m?
qdkif;q&mrsm;udk iSm;&rf;onfvnf; wdkYq&m? Zmwfwdkufaomtcg
tNrJ t MuH a y;onf v nf ; wd k Y q &m? vuf r S w f a &mif ; &ol u vnf ;
wdkYq&m? Zmwfwdkufaomtcg tNrJtMuHay;onfvnf; wdkYq&m?
yG J w G i f {nf h c H & ol r S m vnf ; wd k Y q &m? atmif r av;[J h wd k Y q &m
wwfEikd yf gacs&UJ /
wdkYq&mrSm ,ckrSmom *kPfxl;rsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkonfr[kwf
wdkYausmif;om; b0wkef;uyif jynfhpHkvmol jzpfavonf/ wuodkvf
ausmif;&Sd toif;wdkif;vdkvdkrSmyif aiGxdef;? tusKd;aqmif? aumfrwD
tp&Sdaom trIaqmifrsm;jzpfcJhay\/ wdkYq&mrygaom toif;um;
r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;avonf/ toif;\ tm;xm;&m yk*dKvfBuD;jzpf
cJh\/ txl;ojzifh ausmif;{nfhcHaumfrwDrsm;wGif tNrJ yg0if&olwpf
a,muf jzpfcahJ vonf/
wu o d k v f a usmif ; ol w d k Y t m; awmf a wmh f a usmif ; om;oG m ;
{nfhrcH0Hh? t&monf vG,fulaomt&mr[kwf/ rsufESmtvGef
&S d e f ; wd r f ; wd r f ; aeaomt&mjzpf a vonf / rnf r Qpum; tajym
armifvlat;
27
aumif ; ol j zpf a pumrl ausmif ; ol u av;wd k Y t m; {nf h c H a om

ae&modkYusvQif ppfvmom vmpNrJ/ xdktcg wdkYq&mudk awmif;
yefMu&ukef\/ wdkYq&m{nfhcHvdkufrS ae&mwusjzpfoGm;avawmh
onf/
tb,f a Mumif h y genf ; ? wu o d k v f a usmif ; ol w d k Y E S i f h tod
tuRrf;rsm;ol jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ todtuRrf; rsm;HkrQru
ao;? wuodkvfausmif;BuD;wGif wpf0rf;uGJ ESpf0rf;uGJ ESruav;
rsm;aygolvnf; jzpfay\/ xdkESruav;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef ]ewf
eef;} [l wGifcJhzl;aom bwfvrf;&Sd rdef;uav;rsm; aexdkif&m
ausmif;odYk a&mufco
hJ nfrmS vnf; ra&wGuEf ikd Nf y/D
xdkxdkaom ESr0rf;uGJuav;rsm;rSm ausmif;rS xGufoGm;ukefMu
NyD/ ,ck wdkYq&m tjzpfodkY a&mufaomf ESr0rf;uGJuav;rsm;tpm;
wlr 0rf;uGJuav;awG aygrsm;vsufaejyef\/ xdkwlr 0rf;uGJuav;
rsm;udk apmifha&SmufqHk;r&eftwGuf tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifbuf
odkY ajcOD;vSnfh& jyefavonf/
{&m0wDjrpfBuD;\a&onf ukefcrf;onf[l r&Sd/ tNrJpD;qif;
aebdouJhodkY wuodkvfausmif;wGifvnf; wdkYq&m\ ESr0rf;
uGJuav;rsm;? wlr0rf;uGJuav;rsm;onf ukefcrf;onf[lr&Sd?
tNrJyif xyfwvJvJa&muf a&muf vm&ukef\/ xdkESr0rf;uGJ
uav;rsm;? wlr0rf;uGJuav;rsm;twGuf tppt&m&mwGif pDrH
aqmif&Gufay;&avonf/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh xdkwlr ESr0rf;uGJ
uav;rsm;\ tm;xm;&mBuD;vnf; jzpfay\/ ig;udk ukef;ay:odkY
wif v d k u f r nf q d k v Qif raewwf j zpf o uJ h o d k Y wd k Y q &m tif ; vsm;
ausmif;aqmifodkYroGm;vQif ol\wlr0rf;uGJuav;wdkYrSm raewwf
rxdik w
f wf jzpfacsawmhrnf/
wdkYq&mum; wuodkvfausmif;BuD; wpfausmif;vHk;\ rsufESm
zHk;BuD; jzpfay\/ olwum\ tusKd;udkaqmif&Guf&m rdrd\tusKd;
udkrMunfhay/ olwum\ tusKd;aqmifBuD;ygwum;/ aMomf ..
wdq
Yk &m/
wuodkvfausmif;wdkuf ESpfvnfr*Zif;? wGJ-22? rSwf-2?
(azazmf0g&Dv? 1932)
28
odyHarmif0
jrefrmjynfwGif bk&m;rsm;pGm &Sd\/ xdkbk&m;rsm;pGmwdkYwGif

yef;onfwdkYvnf; rsm;pGm &Sdavonf/ xdkrsm;vSpGmaom yef;onf
wdkYteuf a&Twd*HkapwDawmf taemufapmif;wef;wGif yef;a&mif;
aeaom yef;onfwpfa,muf\taMumif;udk a&;om;vdk&if;jzpfav
onf/ ol\trnf&if;udk razmfjyvdkNyD? rSwfom;&vG,fulap&ef
twGuf olYtm; rodef;[k ac:MuygpdkY/
rod e f ; onf yef ; onf w d k Y t euf tawmf y if ,Of p p &S d \ /
tajymvnf;aumif;? oabmvnf;aumif;? tjyKtjyifvnf;aumif;
ol Y r S m taumif ; csnf ; pk a eavawmh o nf / od k Y j zpf a omaMumif h
wuov
kd af usmif;om;awG olq
Y ikd rf mS csn;f yef;0,fMuavonf/
pae? we*FaEGaeUrsm;wGif rodef;yef;qdkif wuodkvf ausmif;
om;awG rpJ woJoJ aeawmh\/ xdkaeYrsm;wGif rodef;tvkyfIyf
vS\/ yef;udkvnf; ydk a&mif;&\/ apwDawmfjrwfBuD;rSmvnf;
cgwdkif;xuf ydk yef;rsm;jzifh ylaZmfjcif;udk cH&avonf/ wuodkvf
ausmif;om;wdkYonf rodef;\qdkifwGif yef;0,fHkrQruao;? xdkifum
pum;ajymaeMuao;\/ rodef;\qdkifrSae vufzuf&nfudkrSm
aomufMuao;\/ uGrf;,mrsm;udk 0,f pm;Muao;\/ NyD;rSom
vQif bk&m;udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;xHawmfyg;odkY zl;ajrmf&ef oGm;Muav
onf / yef ; zd k ; yd k u f q H u d k ray;cJ h M uao;? tjyef w G i f pum;0if
ajym&ef jzpfavonf/
armifvlat;
29
bk & m;ud k r S 0atmif zl ; ajrmf j cif ; rjyKMubJ MoumoES i f h y if

tqHk;owfum qif; pum;ajymukefMu\/ odkY pum;ajymaeMu
cd k u f w G i f tjcm;wu o d k v f a usmif ; om; wpf o d k u f bk & m;zl ; &ef
wuf v mMuavonf / rod e f ; qd k i f o d k Y 0if M ujyef \ / onf a wmh r S
vufO;D ausmif;om;wpfou
kd rf mS a&TpMumjzefMY u&uke\
f / rcGcJ si?f cGcJ si?f
roGm;csif oGm;csiEf iS hf oGm;Mu&&Smavonf/
odkYvQif rodef;\qdkifwGif eHeufrS naewdkifatmif yef;0,f
olawGESifh jynfhESufvsufae\/ rodef;rSmvnf; wuodkvfausmif;
om; taygif;wdkYESifh usifvnf&m oHo&m0JMoCBuD;jzpfvsuf ae
avawmhonf/ wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;\ arwmwHk; arwmcJ
BuD;vnf; rnfay\/ wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;[l odrf;usKH;um
qdkvdkufaomfvnf; 0dZmwef;? odyHwef;wdkY\ usifvnf&mrQom jzpf
avonf/ Oypmwef;om;rsm;um; vm;vm;rQ ruyfEdkif&SmMuacs/
rodef;aoG;BuD;aomaMumifhayavm? r[kwfyg/ rodef;u tzuf
rvk y f a omaMumif h ayvm;? r[k w f y g/ 0d Z m od y H o rm;wd k Y \
usifvnf&mjzpfaomaMumifh Oypmwef;om;rsm; olYqdkifodkY0if&ef
rsuEf mS cyf&edS ;f &Sed ;f aeaomaMumifo
h mjzpfavonf/
0dZmwef;om; udkoef;armifwdkY vlpkum; eHeuf 7 em&D rSefrSef
a&Twd*Hk apwDawmfjrwfodkY bk&m;zl; oGm;avh&SdMu\/ olwdkYvlpkwGif
armifbaomfrSm tonf;qHk;jzpfavonf/ rodef;\qdkifrS tjyefwGif
ESif;qDyef;wpfyGifhudk &ifrSmxdk;NyD; jyefpNrJ/ armifatmifodef;um;
rodef;u vufzuf&nf wpfcGufudk 0,fwdkufrS ausmif;odkY jyefav
onf/ armifarmifvlum; ESif;qDyef;udk rvdk? vufzuf&nfudkvnf;
raomuf? rodef;ESifh tawmrowfatmif pum; ajymae&vQif
auseyfavNy/D
armifxGef;cifwdkY vlodkufum; eHeufpm pm;aomufNyD;rS bk&m;
zl; vmMuavonf/ olwdkYvlpkwGif armifxGef;cifrSm tonf;qHk;?
pum;trsm;qHk;? uGrf;tpm;qHk;? tcsdeftrSefqHk;jzpf\/?
armifatmif&wdkY vlodkufum; bk&m;ay:rSm vlawmfawmf&Sif;
rS bk&m;zl;vmMuavonf/ olwdkYwpfawGrSm ajEtvGefyif &Mu
avonf/ pum;rsm;pGmvnf; rajymMu/ rodef;\qdkifwGif cyfwnf
30
odyHarmif0
wnfuav; xdkifMu&vQif auseyfMuavNyD/ t0wftpm;qdkonfrSm

vnf; opfopfvGifvGif/ oGm;Mu vmMuonfrSmvnf; udk,fydkif
armfawmfum;awGESifhjzpf\/ udk,fawmfjrwf wpfawGrSm tajcodyf
xkwMf uonf/
Oypmwef;om; armifqdkifwdkY vlpkrSmum; ]aeao;oy csHKxJ
u} oabmxm;ESifh rodef;\qdkifudk ausmfvGefoGm;NyD;vQif a':xl;
BuD;qdkifwGif yef;0,favh&SdMuukef\/ odkYaomf rodef;\qdkifbufudk
um; apmif;iJhrMunfhbJ raeEdkifMuacs/
0d Z m txuf w ef ; om; armif o d e f ; cd k i f u m; tazmf r yg
wpfa,mufwnf;om oGm;avh&Sdavonf/ rnfolYudkrQ *krpdkuf?
rodef;yef;qdkifudk odrf;cgeD;rS bk&m;zl; wufavh&Sdonf/ rodef; rdrd\
yef;qdkifudkodrf; tdrfjyefawmhrS rdrdvnf; ausmif;odkY jyefavawmh
onf/ wpfcgwpf&H rodef;ESifh twlwlyif wGJ avQmufoGm;onf
udk tcsKdUaom Oypmwef;om;rsm;u jrifMu\/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf;
rodef;tm; vufaqmifay;&ef a&arT;? aygif'g? vufudkify0g? rm
zvmwdkYudk armifodef;cdkif 0,faeonfudkyif jrifMuavonf/ tcsKdU
aomrdwfaqGwdkYu armifodef;cdkifudkjrifwdkif; jrifwdkif; aemufajymif
avh & S d M u\/ apmif ; yg;&d y f j cnf a jymavh & S d M uuk e f \ / od k Y a omf
armifodef;cdkifum; jzKefyif rjzKef? rodef;\qdkifodkY oGm;NrJwdkif; oGm;
\/ pmudkvnf; rSefpGmrusuf? n 9-em&Dxdk;vQif tdyf&mxJ0ifumjcif
axmifxJwGif aq;vdyfudk zGmaeonfomwnf;/ 10-em&D xdk;onfh
wdkifatmif rtdyfao;/ oef;acgifwdkifatmif rtdyfao;/ tawG;
aumif;wke;f yif/
odkYqdkvQif wpfESpfukefvGefcJh\/ wuodkvfausmif;BuD;udk
vnf; ydwfvdkufavNyD/ oHk;vywfvHk; rodef;\ qdkifwGif wuodkvf
ausmif;om;rsm;udk rjrif&ay/
ausmif;udk jyef zGifhaomtcg udkoef;armifwdkY vlpkteuf
armifatmifodef; wpfa,mufom ay:vmawmh\/ armifxGef;cif
wdkY vlodkufvnf; ray:vmawmhNyD/ armifarmif&ifwdkY vlpkteuf
vnf; armifxGef;vIdif wpfa,mufom ay:vmavonf/ armifxGef;
vIdifum; ,cifESpfu Oypmwef;? armifodef;qdkifwdkYESifhwGJvm\/
armifvlat;
31
udk,fawmfjrwf armifodef;cdkifvnf; ray:vmawmhNyD/ tb,f

odkY a&mufaerSef;rod/ pmar;yGJwGif atmifjrifoGm;a&mhovm;/
pmar;yGJ ratmifaomaMumifh pdwfysufysufESifh ausmif;rSyif xGuf
oGm;ava&mhovm;/
0dZmwef;om; armifxGef;vIdiftm; ar;aomtcg 0dZmpmar;
yG J u d k atmif j rif o G m ;aMumif ; ajymjy od & avonf / od k Y a omf
armifodef;cdkif rnfonfht&yfodkY a&mufaerSef;udkum; rnfolrQ
rajymMum;Edkif/ rodef;onf wpfcgwpf&H armifodef;cdkiftm; owd
&rd o nf / xd k o d k Y owd & jcif ; um; wmr&S n f ? acw r Qom
jzpfavonf/
,cifESpfu Oypmwef;om;awG ,ckESpf 0dZmwef;? odyHwef;
odkY a&mufaeMuojzifh rodef;\qdkifodkY yef;0,f&ef a&mufukefMu
avNyD/ rodef;\qdkifrSm ,cifESpfuuJhodkYyif wuodkvfausmif;
om;awG E S i f h pnf u m;vsuf aejyef \ / od k Y a omf ,cif E S p f u
ausmif;om;wdkYum; tenf;i,frQom ygavonf/vlopfawG rsufESm
opfawG rsm;\/
odkYESifhyif wpfESpfukefvGefcJhjyef\/ vla[mif;? rsufESma[mif;
awGaysmuf vlopf? rsufESmopfawG a&muf vmjyef\/
enf ; twd k i f ; av;ES p f r Q uk e f v G e f c J h a vonf / xd k Y a emuf
ig;ESpf? xdkYaemuf ajcmufESpf? ckepfESpf? &SpfESpf? udk;ESpf pojzifh ESpf
awGukefvGefcJhavownf;/ rodef;\ toufonfvnf; tawmfyif
BuD; vmcJh\/ a&S;uuJhodkYvnf; EkysKdjcif;r&SdawmhNyD/ tajymaumif;
oabmaumif;jcif;wdu
Yk m; a&S;uuJo
h yYkd if/
jrpfxJwGif pD;qif;aeaom a&um; tqufrjywf pD;qif;
aeaomfvnf; a&S;u pD;qif;oGm;aom a&onf aemufrS pD;qif;
vmaoma&r[kwf/ wjcm;pD jzpf\/ odkYaomf tqufrjywfpD;qif;
aeaomaMumif h o m a&S U a&ES i f h aemuf a &wd k Y u d k twl w l y if
jzpfonf[k xifrw
S &f \/
xd k e nf ; wl rod e f ; \qd k i f t wG i f ; od k Y tNrJ r jywf pD ; qif ;
aeMuuk e f a om wu o d k v f a usmif ; om;wd k Y t euf v nf ; a&S U u
ausmif;om;rsm;um; r&SdawmhNyD/ tqufrjywf pD;qif; aeaom
32
odyHarmif0
aMumif h o m wu o d k v f ausmif ; om;awG rpJ b J aeavawmh

onf/
jrpfa&onf tNrJrpD;qif;Edkif? tcsdefwefvQif cef;ajcmuf&pNrJ
jzpf\/ rodef;\ qdkifwGifvnf; wuodkvfausmif;om;awG tNrJ
rusifvnfEkdif? tcsdefwefvQif &yfpJ&rnfom/ avmu"rwmudk
rnfov
l eG q
f efEikd t
f ehH nf;/
wpf&Hwpfcgaomf rodef;\ qdkifteD;wGif yef;qdkifopf wpfqdkif
ay:vm\/ xdkqdkif&Sifum; raomif;wnf;/ raomif;rSm touf
16 ESpfrQom &Sdao;\/ kyfuvnf;acsm? pwdkifuvnf;us? umv
ay: tusyg;udk 0wfxm;onfrSmvnf; rsm;pGm oabmusp&m
aumif;avonf/ rodef;wdkYrSmum; acwfudk rrDouJhodkY jzpfaeay
\/ raomif;\ yef;qdkif a&mufuwnf;u wuodkvfausmif;om;
awG raomif;\ qdkifodkY ajcOD;vSnfhMuavonf/ raomif;\ qdkifrSm
pnfpnfum;um;? rodef;\qdkifrSmum; ajcmufaoGUaoGU jzpfaeav
onf/
tjcif;t&mudk jrifvQif rodef;\ pdwfxJwGif remvdkjzpfrd
\/ pdwfqdk;rd\/ 0rf;enf;rd\/ odkYaomf olYacwfESifhol? udk,fhacwf
ESifhudk,f/ NidKjiifaomfvnf; tusKd;&Sdrnf r[kwfaomaMumifh xdkr
aumif;aom pdwfxm;rsm;udk rsKdodyfum xm;&aomfvnf; rodef;\
pdwu
f m; tb,frmS vQif aumif;ygawmhtehH nf;/
a&S; rdrd acwfaumif;pOfu taMumif;rsm; awG;NyD;ae\/
armifodef;cdkifwdkY? armifatmifodef;wdkY? armifatmif&wdkY? armifoef;
armifwdkYudk rsm;pGm owd&rdavonf/ olwdkYwpfawG tb,faMumifh
tb,fodkY a&mufaeMuygoenf;/ txl;ojzifh armifodef;cdkifudk
atmufarhrd\/ armifodef;cdkif rsufESmrSm rdrd\ rsufpdxJrS raysmuf
Ek d i f / ol Y r suf E S m ud k wa&;a&;jrif a vonf / raomif ; \qd k i f w G i f
wuodkvfausmif;om;awG jrifavav? armifodef;cdkifudk awG;rdav
avjzpf\/ ]udkodef;cdkif} rSm ,cktcg touftawmfyif BuD;a&mh
r,f/ ausmif;rS xGufoGm;uwnf;u ray:vm? &efukefa&mufvQif
bk&m;zl;vmrSmyJ ponfjzifh awG;awmum ae&Smavownf;/
wpf a eY a omf touf 30 ausmf vl v wf w pf a ,muf o nf
armifvlat;
33
rsufrSeftjymBuD;udk wyfum bk&m;ukef;awmfay:odkYwuf vmav

onf/ acgif;aygif; tkyfaygif;? ykqdk;awmif&Snf? tus&ifzHk;wdkYudk
0wfqifxm;\/ vufwpfzufwGif uav;wpfa,mufudkcsD? usef
wpfzufu uav;wpfa,mufudk qGJvmavonf/ ol\tyg;wGif
rdef;rwpfa,muf ygvm\/ ol\ZeD;ESifh wlavonf/ xdkrdef;r\
vufwiG v
f nf; uav;wpfa,mufyg\/
xdkvifr,m;wdkY\vufwGif yef;rygaomaMumifh ]yef;0,fMu
ygOD;&Sif} [k NyHK;vsuf ac:vdkuf\/ xdkvifr,m; om;trdwdkYvnf;
qdkifxJodkY pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf 0ifvmMuavonf/ qdkiftwGif;odkYa&muf
aomtcg rdrdwyfxm;aom rsufrSefjymBuD;udk jzKwfNyD;vQif ]usKyfudk
rSwfrd&JUvm;} [k xdka,mufsm;u rodef;tm; ar;\/
]rSwfrdovdkvdk} [k rodef;u ajzavonf/
]usKyf armifodef;cdkifav} qdkawmhrS ESpfa,mufom; tm;& yg;&
pum;ajymvdu
k Mf uonfrmS rqH;k awmNy/D
armifoed ;f cdik rf mS &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f ynm0efjzpfaeavonf/
armifodef;cdkifESifh rodef;wdkY pum;vufqHkusaeonfudk jrif&
aom armifodef;cdkif\ ZeD; raomif;&DrSm xdkES,f onfES,fawG;awm
ae\/ uav;oHk;a,mufum; ai;vsuf aeMuavawmhownf;/
wuodkvfausmif;wdkuf ESpfvnfr*Zif;? wGJ-24? rSwf-2?

(azazmf0g&Dv? 1933)
www
34
odyHarmif0
armif o m0onf avmua&;wG i f uRrf ; usif o avmuf

ynma&;wGif atmufus aemufusjzpfvsufae\/ Oypm txuf
wef;wGif ESpfBudrfrQ uscJhzl;\/ 0dZm atmufwef;wGifrlum; wpfESpf
wnf;ESifh atmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; q&mrsm;u oem;aomaMumifh
twef;wif ay;vdkufonf [l wD;wdk;pum; ajymMuonfudk Mum;
od&avonf/ 0dZmtxufwef;wGif ESpfBudrfrQ usqHk;jyef\/ oHk;
Budrfajrmuf pmar;yGJudk ajzqdkNyD;aomtcg ]ratmifygbl;} [l
pdwfudk wHk;wHk;csum tdrfodkY jyefoGm;avownf;/ odkYaomf ukodkvf
uHaumif; ewfaumif;rsm; rvQif atmifcsif atmifvdrfhrnf[l
um; wpf c g wpf c g atmuf a rh r d \ / (pmar;yG J 0 if N yD ; aomtcg
atmifvdrfhrnf [laom arQmfvifhcsuf uif;onfh ausmif;om;um;
tb,frmS vQif &Syd gtHeh nf;/)
atmifpm&if;rsm; xGufcsdefeD;aomtcg rdrdusqHk;onf[laom
owif;udkMum;&rnfpdk;aomaMumifh owif;pm ra&mufEkdifaom
awm&Gmuav; wpf&GmwGif aexdkifonfh rdrdOD;av;wpfa,muf\
tdrf oGm;a&mufaexdik \
f / wpfaeUaomf rdr\
d zcifxrH S pmwpf apmif
a&muf v mzG i f h N yD ; zwf v d k u f & m rd r d p mar;yG J a tmif j rif a Mumif ;
udkod&avownf;/ 0rf;omvHk; qdkYaeaomaMumifh xdkaeY wpfaeY
vHk; tpm;taomuftenf;i,fudkrQ rpm;aomufEdkif/ wpfnvHk;
vnf; wpfa&;rQ rtdyfEdkif jzpfavonf/ avxJwGif wdkuftdrf
armifvlat;
35
aqmufaeonfrSm rMum rMum jzpfavonf/

taumif;ESifhtqdk; 'GefwGJaeonfrSm avmu\ "rwmjzpf
aomaMumifh 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? aemuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;wdkYa&mufvm
wwfavonf/ ausmif;om; b0wkef;u pmar;yGJtwGufom ylyef
&\/ ,ckrlum; 0dZmpmar;yGJudk atmifjrifNyDjzpfaomaMumifh tvkyf
tudik t
f wGuf ylyef&jyefavonf/
a&S;OD;pGm tdkifpDtufpf pmar;yGJ0if&ef pdwful;\/ rdrdESifhtwl
wl 0ifrnfholrsm;ESifh pmvQif rdk;ESifhajrBuD;avmuf ynmtajccH
uGmjcm;aeonfudk odojzifh xdkpdwful;rSm vGifhyg;oGm;avonf/
xdkYaemuf bDpDtufpfpmar;yGJudk 0if&ef pdwful;xkwfjyef\/
xd k p mar;yG J w G i f v nf ; ol r sm;aemuf r S m usef & pf r nf u d k o d o jzif h
vufavQmhjyef\/ NrdKUtkyf pmar;yGJrSmrlum; rdrdxuf edrfhvGef;onf/
Hk;pma&;rsm;ESifh Oypmwef;orm;wdkY\ t&momjzpf\/ ykvdyfvkyf&
rSmuvnf; "m;jy zrf;&rnfudkaMumufavonf/ ,pfrsKd;0efaxmuf
tvk y f r S m yk v d y f t vk y f x uf y if aMumuf p &maumif ; ao;\/
0dZmwef;txd ynmoifonfrSm ,pfrsKd;buf 0if&efr[kwfay/
rif;om;uJhodkY aMumhaMumhae&efjzpfonf/ tjrwfawmfaMu;buf
wGif 0if&ef? olaX;rsm;ESifh &efoljzpfrnfudk pdk;\/ rD;&xm;bufwGif
wdk;&ef cyfcufcuf/ r[m0dZmwef;wuf&ef pdwfr&Sd/ q&m vkyfvdk
olwdkYom r[m0dZmwef;udk wufMuavonf/ rdrdum; q&m rvkyf
vdk/ vcenf;onf/ aemufqHk; bDt,fvftwef;wuf&ef pdwful;
jyefavonf/ odkYaomfjrefrmjynf 0wfvHkawmf&wdkYrSm vdkonfxuf
ydk aeavNyD/ w&m;r0efaxmuftvkyfudk apmifhpm; aeolwdkYrSm
vnf; renf;ay/
xdkrsm;vSpGmaom tcufwumhxuf cufaom tcufum;
rdrd\ ae&yfwGif rdrdcsdefxm;aom rwifvSuav; twGufjzpfav
onf/ rwifvSuav;onf kyfacsm\/ oabmaumif;\? Opmayg
\? tajymyg\? toHom\? tusihfpm&dwrSmqdkp&mr&Sd? vdrfvnf;
vdrm\/ rwifvSum; rdrdtay: pdwfGwfaerSef;udkvnf;od\/
rwif v S t az OD ; omab; v,f , m{uaygif ; 4000 ausmf & S d
aMumif;udkvnf; aumif;aumif;od\/ rwifvSudk&vQif avmuwGif
36
odyHarmif0
od ' d a jrmuf a yNyD / od k Y a omf ol a X;BuD ; url u m; rd r d \ orD ; tm;

tdkifpDtufpfu vGJvQif rnfolESifhrQ ray;pm;bl; [l qHk;jzwfxm;
avonf / xd k t aMumif ; ud k armif o m0 aumif ; aumif ; od a om
aMumifh pdwftysufBuD;ysufNyD;vQif olaX;BuD; jrefjref ao&efukdom
qkawmif;\/ olaX;BuD;rSmvnf; touf 50 om &Sdao;aom aMumifh
ao&eftenf;qHk; 15 ESpfapmifh&ayrnf/ MumvS\/ rapmifhEdkif?
rwif v S t m; cd k ; ajy;&rS m uvnf ; rd r d \ &nf ; pm;r[k w f ? tcuf
Bu;D ygwum;/
odkYawG;&if; awG;&if;ESifhyif wpfv ukefvGefcJh\/ xdkYaemuf
ESpfv? oHk;v pojzifh tpOftwdkif; vawGukefvGefcJhaomfvnf;
avxJwGif wdkuftdrfaqmufaewkef;yif &Sdao;\/ xdktcg tBuH
tpnfaumif;rsm;&vdk&jim; ykym;awmifodkY tvnftywfoGm;av
onf/ ykym;awmif&Sd ewfpifrsm;wGif rdrdtm; tBuHtpnfaumif;
rsm; ay;yg&ef pm;zG,f? aomufzG,fwdkYudk wifajrmuf\/ ykym;awmif
rS jyefvmaomtcg ,cifpdwful;rsKd;ukd rul;awmhacs/ taMumif;
rlum; ykym;awmifrS tBuHaumif;wpfckudk &vmaomaMumifhay
wnf;/ pdk;&drfylyefjcif; pdwfwdkYvnf; wpfpwpfp aysmufy oGm;Mu
avonf/
aumvdyfausmif; jyef zGifhaomtcg armifom0onf trf
atESifh trftufpfpD twef;rsm;udk wuf&ef emrnfoGif;xm;\/
od k Y a omf pmtk y f w pf t k y f u d k r Qvnf ; r0,f / pmoif c ef ; od k Y v nf ;
wpfcg wpfcg vrf;rSm;om a&mufvmonf/ rdrd\ ae&yfodkY
rMumrMum jyefNyD;vQif rdrdtdkifpDtufpfpmar;yGJ0ifrnfhtaMumif;?
,if;pmar;yGJwGif tenf;qHk; 'kwd,&rnfhtaMumif;? rMumrD ta&;
ydkifjzpfawmhrnfh taMumif;wdkYudk owif;vTifhav\/ olaX;BuD; Mum;
avmufatmifvnf; rdrdta&;ydkifavmif;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; cyf
us,u
f s,f ajymMum;vsuaf eownf;/
owif;udk Mum;aomtcg olaX;BuD;rSm armifom0tm;
orufzrf;vdkaom qE ay:vm\/ armifom0 rdrd\ orufjzpf
vQif rdrdta&;ydkif a,murb0odkY ryifyef;bJ a&muf&ayrnf/
oruf r sKd ; ud k &vQif <um;vd k u f r nf ? armf v d k u f r nf [ l vnf ;
armifvlat;
37
pdwful;\/ rdrdtdrfem;wGifaeaom OD;zdk;axmifonf orufNrdKUtkyf

jzpf H k E S i f h tvG e f 0 g<um;\? armuf r m\? d k i f ; pd k i f ; \/ ta&;yd k i f
a,muronf NrdKUtkyf a,murxufydk *kPf&Sd\/ OD;zdk;axmif\
rmefpG,fudk csKd;zJhrnf [lvnf; Budrf;0g;\/ ]ta&;ydkifa,mur?
ta&;ydkifa,mur} [lvnf; rdrdtm; olwumu ac:aeNyD[l
yif rMumrMum tdyfrufavonf/
odkYaom pdwful;wdkY\ tMum;wGif pdk;&drfaom pdwfrsm;ay:
ayguf vmavh&Sd\/ tu,f armifom0ta&;ydkifjzpfoGm;vQif
&efukefoltp&SdMuaom NrdKUBuD;ol tysKdunmwdkYu "eydkufuGef?
l y g H k y d k u f u G e f ? tus y g;yd k u f u G e f tp&S d a om yd k u f u G e f w d k Y j zif h
armif o m0tm; axmif z rf ; Murnf u d k v nf ; pd k ; &d r f r uif ; jzpf
rdavonf/ olwum rOD;rD rdrdu OD;xm;&ef BuHpnfavonf/
MuHpnfonfhtwdkif;vnf; pum;urf;vSrf;\/ pum;urf;vSrf;onfh
twd k i f ; vnf ; txajrmuf a vonf / rsm;rMumrD w G i f ta&;
ydkifavmif; armifom0ESifhrwifvS wdkY\ r*FvmaqmifzdwfMum;pm
rsm;udk rdwfaqGtaygif;wdkY &Muavownf;/
r*FvmaqmifNyD;onfhaeUrS tpjyK armifom0 ouodkvf
ausmif;odkY jyefra&mufawmhNyD/ pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; a,mifrQ
rzwf? a,mur\tdrf rwifvSuav;\ tcspfwnf;[laom
tvif;a&mifwiG f 0if;ajymifvsuf aeavownf;/
olaX;BuD; OD;omab;urlum; rdrd\oruftm; rMum rMum
owday;avh&Sdonf/ xdktcg armifom0u rdrdrSm tajccHynm&Sd
NyD;om;jzpfaomaMumifh pmrzwfaomfvnf; tdkifpDtufpfpmar;yGJ
wGif yxr&&ef rcJ,Of;[k jyefajymavonf/
tkdifpDtufpfpmar;yGJudk usif;y&ef ESpf&uf? oHk;&ufcefYom
vdkaomtcg rwifvSonf rdrd\ zcifxH uyfNyD;vQif rdrd\cifyGef;
armifom0 pmar;yGJ0ifvQif yxr&rnfrkcsjzpfaMumif;? pmar;yGJ
atmifvQif bdvyfodkY oGm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? rdrd\ cifyGef;ESifh cGJae&
vQif rdrdrSm pdwfqif;&Jjcif;BuD;ru qif;&J&rnfhtaMumif;? rdrdwdkY
vufwGifvnf; Opmypnf;aygrsm;NyD; jzpfaomaMumifh tpdk;&trI
xrf; tvkyfrSm &Sufp&myifaumif;aMumif;? odkYjzpf armifom0
38
odyHarmif0
tm; zcifu pmar;yGJr0if&ef em;csay;ygrnfhtaMumif; cc,,

rsuf&nfpuav;ESifh awmif;yef&Smonf/ olaX;BuD;rSm ta&;ydkif
a,mujzpfvdk\/ odkYaomf rdrd\ orD;av;pdwfqif;&J &rnfudkum;
tenf;i,frQrMunfhEkdif aomaMumifh armifom0tm; pmar;yGJr0if
&ef taMumif;ajymMum;ay;ygrnf[k 0efcv
H u
kd &f &Smavownf;/
orD;\ awmif;yefcsuft& orufudkac: tdkifpDtufpfpm
ar;yGJr0if&eftaMumif; azsmif;zsum ajymqdk\/ armifom0rSm rdrd
,cifu pDrHxm;onhftwdkif;yif jzpfonf[l 0rf;ajrmufvSaomf
vnf; ,if;0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk tjyifodkY rxGufapbJ pmar;yGJ r0if
&onfhtwGuf 0rf;enf;aom rsufESmxm;ESifh rdrdpmar;yGJ0ifvQif
yxr&rnfrSm rkcsjzpfaMumif;? odkYaomf vlBuD;rsm;\ pum;udk rvGef
qefvdk qdkum pmar;yGJ r0if&ef uwdudkay;vdkufavownf;/
xdkaeYrSp rwifvSESifhtwlwuG &TifyspGmae\/ v,f{u
aygif; 4000 ausmfrS&aom ajrqD? ajrcwdkYudkvnf; rdrd vifr,m;
ESpaf ,muf oH;k pm;Mu&avonf/
enf;tm;jzifh armifom0onf tdkifpDtufpfxuf aumif;
aompnf;pdrBf u;D udk cHpm;&avownf;/
,leDAmpDwDaumvdyfr*Zif;? wGJ-21? rSwf-1?

('DZifbmv? 1930)
qqq
armifvlat;
39
bxG e f ; onf touf 13 ES p f c ef Y &S d \ / H k ; od k Y ES p f B ud r f r Q

a&muf c J h a vNyD / yxrtBud r f a &muf j cif ; um; vH k c snf u d k c d k ; aom
aMumifh jzpfavonf/ jypfrIxif&Sm;av&um; ]tjypf&Sd\} [k w&m;
ol B uD ; u trd e f Y c srS w f \ / od k Y a omf touf t &G , f i ,f a o;onf
wpfaMumif;? cdk;aom ypnf;rSm tzdk;rsm;pGmrxdkufonfwpfaMumif;
wdkYaMumifh w&m;olBuD;u bxGef;tm; qHk;r vTwfvdkufavonf/
xdktcg bxGef;rSm touf 11 ESpfcefYom &Sdao;\/
xdkYaemuf ESpfESpfcefY Mumjyefaomtcg ppfudkif;e,fydkif 0ef
axmufrif; Hk;odkYyif bxGef;a&muf&jyef\/ tBudrfa&mufjcif;
um; jrif;rlwGif q,f udk;uG,fxm;aom &SifOy*kwausmif;aqmif
twGif;vSLxm;onfh yef;uef? yef;tdk;? aMu;pnf tp&Sdaom ypnf;
rsm;ESifh tdrfwpftdrfwGif vSef;xm;aom pGyfus,ftuswpfxnf
udk cdk;aomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
ppfudkif; e,fydkif 0efaxmufrif;u trIudk ac:vdkuf&mykvdyf
om;ESpfa,mufwdkYonf bxGef;tm; vufxdyfjzifh e,fydkifa&SUodkY
ac:aqmifcMhJ u\/
bxGef;\yHkyef;oPmefum; tom; eufeuf? acgif;wHk; ajymif
ajymif? em;&Gufum;um;? ESmwHay:ay:? udk,fvHk;cyfxGm;xGm;? cyfcdkif
ckdifjzpfavonf/ukvm;uav;ESifh cyfqifqifwl\/ yg;ESifh em;&Guf
wd k Y quf p yf & mwG i f cyf u m;um; aeavonf / tcsuf u m;
olwumxuf xl;jcm;aom tcsufaywnf;/ bxGef;0wfpm;xm;
40
odyHarmif0
onfum; tvGefnpfax;aom tus? tvGefaya& pkwfjywfae

aom eHi,fyikd ;f uav;wdjYk zpfavonf/
w&m;ol B uD ; vnf ; w&m;vd k ouf a orsm;ud k ppf a q;\/
oufaocHypnf;jzpfaom aMu;pnf? zefcGuf? yef;uefwdkYudk wpfyJ
ajcmufjym;jzifh bxGef;xHrS 0,f,lMuaMumif; xGufqdkMuavonf/
bxGef;\vufrSmyif pGyfus,ftusudk awGUjrif&aMumif; xGufqdk
Mu\/ w&m;olBuD;u bxGef;tm; ppfaq;ar;jref;aomtcg tqdkyg
ouf a ocH y p n f ; wd k Y r S m yd k i f & S i f r &S d [l xif r S w f a omaMumif h
,lrad Mumif; xGuq
f akd vonf/
w&m;olBuD;u w&m;vdk oufaorsm;tm; ppfaq;aeaom
tcgvnf;aumif;? rdrdtm; ppfaq;ar;jref;aeaom tcgvnf;
aumif; bxGef;onf aMumuf&GHUjcif;vnf;r&Sd?0rf;enf;jcif;vnf; r&Sd
wkefvIyfjcif;udkvnf;rjy? yuwdtwdkif; trIrJh trSwfrJhaeavonf/
trINyD;qHk;oGm;aomtcg w&m;olBuD;u pD&ifcsufudkbxGef;
tm; zwfjy\/ tjcm;w&m;cHwdkYrlum; tcgrsKd;wGif aMumuf&GHU
aom trl t &m? xd w f v ef Y a om trl t &mwd k Y u d k j yMuavonf /
bxGef;rlum; rwkefrvIyf *krpdkufouJhodkYae\/ trIudk vma&muf
um em;axmifaeMuaom olwdkYrSm bxGef;\ rwkefrvIyfaeaom
trlt&mudk jrif&&vQif tHhMo rqHk;atmif jzpfaeMuukef\/
uJhodkY rwkefrvIyf *krpdkufaeEdkifonfrSm &[Em olawmf
aumif;uJhodkY 'kuokcwdkYudk trIrxm;aom olaomfvnf; jzpf&
rnf / od k Y w nf ; r[k w f tvG e f rd k u f d k i f ; qd k ; &G m ;aom ol c d k ; pd w f ?
"m;jypdwf&SdaomtrIrsKd;ESifh BuHKBudKufvQif wkefvIyfjcif;jzpfrnfom
wnf;/ "m;jy vlowfrIwdkYESifh w&m;tpGJcHaeMu&aom vlrdkufvlqdk;
rsm;yifvQif rdrdwdkYtay: pD&ifcsufcsaomtcgrsm;wGif wkefvIyfMu
ao;\/ tcgrsKd;rwkefrvIyf aeEdkifonfrSm tHhMop&m aumif;
vSayonf/
w&m;olBuD; zwfjyaeaom pD&ifcsufvnf; qHk;vkeD;NyD? bxGef;
vnf; ,cifutwdkif;yif rwkefrvIyfae\/ pD&ifcsufqHk;aomtcg
ausmif;aqmifrS ypnf;rsm;rSm ydkif&Sif r&SdaomaMumifh tjypfr&Sd?
cdk;&mrajrmuf? vSrf;xm;aom pGyfus,ftusudk,laomaMumifhom
armifvlat;
41
cdk;&majrmufojzifh tjypf&Sdonfqdkum aemiftcg aumif;rGefpGm

aexdkif&ef qHk;r vTwfvdkufavownf;/
od k Y vT w f v d k u f a omtcgrsm;wG i f w&m;cH t aygif ; wd k Y r S m
ESpfaxmif;tm;& 0rf;ajrmufMuojzifh w&m;olBuD;udk &Sdcdk;vdk &Sdcdk;?
aus;Zl;wifpum;udk ajymMum;vdk ajymMum;ESifh trsKd;rsKd;aom aysmf
&T i f j cif ; trl t &mwd k Y u d k jyavh & S d M uuk e f \ / bxG e f ; rS m rl u m;
0rf;ajrmufjcif;? 0rf;omjcif; trlt&mwdkYudk tvsif;rjy/ ,cifuuJh
odkY rwkefrvIyf aeavonf/
tjcif ; t&mud k w&m;ol B uD ; jrif v Qif r sm;pG m tH h M ord \ /
bxGef;\ taMumif;udk odvdkaomaMumifh ol\rdb? aqGrsKd;ae&yfrS
p i,fi,fu jzpfysufawGUBuHKcJh&aom taMumif;rsm;udk ar;jref;
avonf/ bxGef;u rdrdtaMumif; pHkvifpGmwdkYudk ajymMum;&Sm\/
bxGef;\ taMumif;um; atmufygtwdkif;yifwnf;/
bxGef;udk arG;NyD;onfhaemuf zcifaoqHk;\/ tazhudk bxGef;
rrS w f r d a cs/ bxG e f ; vl r S e f ; od w wf a omtcg taz[l r&S d ?
tarom&Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf taztpm; yaxG;udk &\/ aqGrsKd;
om;csif;[l rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sdacs/ &SdorQ aqGrsKd;om;csif;wdkYrSm
vnf; t&yfwpfyg;wGif oGm;a&mufum vkyfudkifpm;aomufaeMu
avonf/ bxGef; tarwpfck? om;wpfck? yaxG;wpfckom&Sd\/
xdkyaxG;rSmvnf; tvkyftudkifqdkrvkyf/ r,m;\vkyfpmrsm;udk
omvQif oHk;jzKef;vsufaeavonf/ &Hzef&Hcg r,m;udkyif Budrf;armif;
du
k yf w
k af o;\/
wpf&Ha&mtcg bxGef;\ OD;av;awmfol wpfa,mufonf
rif;uGef;rS opfazmifjzifh {&m0wDjrpftwGif;odkY pkefqif; vm&m
jrif;pif&GmodkYa&mufvQif ae&yfa[mif;jzpfaomaMumifh cP0ifav
onf/
bxGef;qif;&JaeonfudkjrifvQif oem;aomaMumifh rdrdESifh twl
ac:aqmif o G m ;\/ xd k t cg bxG e f ; rS m ud k ; ES p f o m;t&G , f c ef Y
om &Sdao;onf/ &efukefudk a&mufonfhwdkifatmif wpfvrf;vHk;
xrif;csuf? a&aEG;tdk; wnfjcif;tvkyfudk vkyfudkifoGm;&&Smownf;/
wpfvcGJMumvQif &efukefodkY a&mufavownf;/ &efukefwGif
42
odyHarmif0
qdkif&m olaX;rsm;xH opfazmifudk tyfMuNyD;vQif rif;uGef;odkY twl

wuG jyefvmMuuke\
f /
rif;uGef;odkYa&mufaomtcg OD;av;ESifhtwlwlaexdkif&av
onf/ aeYpOf xif;ckwf&\/ xif;a&mif;&aom aiGudk OD;av;u
odr;f avonf/
wpfaeYo pOfhudkif&GmwGif yGJ&Sdojzifh yGJoGm;aomtcg 0wfpm;
&ef tdrfwpftdrfrS vHkcsnfwpfxnfudk cdk;\/ xdkYaMumifh yxrtBudrf
ppfudkif;Hk;odkY a&muf&avonf/ w&m;olBuD;u qHk;r vTwfaom
tcg rdcif&Sd&m jrif;pif&GmodkY jyefvmcJhavownf;/
jrif;pifwGif rdcifESifhaexdkifcdkuf yaxG;u bxGef;udk rjrifvdk
rMunfhvdk jzpf\/
wpf a eUaomtcg rd c if a umuf p d k u f o G m ;cd k u f bxG e f ; tm;
yaxG ; u csKd ; a&ud k tcyf c d k i f ; avonf / bxG e f ; u a&cyf
ray;aomaMumifh tjyif;txef dkuf\/ xdkYaMumifh aetdrfrS xGuf
ajy;vmNyD;vQif jrif;rlwGif &xm;armif;orm;wpfa,mufESifh pyfrd
ojzifh xd&k xm;armif;orm;ESiyhf if twlaexdik af vonf/
rsm;rMumrD &SifOy*kwf ausmif;aqmifa&mufvm&m pm;&rJh
aomuf&rJh jzpfaomaMumifh ausmif;aqmifrS ypnf;wdkYudk cdk;&&Sm\/
xdkYaMumifh 'kwd,tBudrf Hk;odkY a&muf&jyefavonf/ w&m;olBuD;
u vT w f v d k u f a omf v nf ; oG m ;p&mr&d S ? axmif w G i f a e&apumrl
raMumuf[k qdk\/ rodwwfaomaMumifhayavm/ qif;&JvSaom
aMumifah yavm rod/
bxGef;\pum;udk Mum;&aomtcg e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;rSm
bxGef;tm; oem;vSaomaMumifh rdrdtdrfwGif aexdkifrnfvm;[k
ar;\/ aexd k i f y grnf [ k 0rf ; ajrmuf 0 rf ; om ajym&S m avonf /
t0wf t pm; ta[mif ; rsm;ES i f h a&S ; u npf n rf ; cJ h a om tusif h
a[mif;rsm;udyk g {&m0wDjrpfaMumwGif arQmvdu
k &f ef ajymavonf/
bxG e f ; vnf ; tm;&0rf ; om {&m0wD j rpf q d y f o d k Y qif ; um
t0wfa[mif;rsm;udk arQmvdkufNyD;vQif a&rdk; aumif;pGmcsKd;\/ a&S;u
jyKcJhaom raumif;rIrsKd;udkvnf; rjyKvkyfawmhbJ aemiftcg aumif;
pGm aexdik yf gawmhrnf[k qH;k jzwfvu
kd af vownf;/
armifvlat;
43
{&m0wDjrpfqdyfrS wufvmaomtcg bxGef; topfjzpf

vm\/ bxGef; c0gcsjzpfvm\/ pdkpkdjynfjynfvnf; jzpfvm\/
oefYoefYpifpifvnf;jzpfvm\/ rnf;eufaom kyfum; raysmuf
&Smay/
0efaxmufrif;vnf; bxGef;tm; tusvHkcsnfwdkYudk 0,fay;
\/ bxGef;um; 0efaxmufrif;\tdrfrSmyif tapcHuav;vkyf
aeavownf;/
bxGef;onf cdk;rIrS vGwfvmNyD;aemuf e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;
\ tdrfwGif tapcHtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifaeonfrSm ,aeUrS
jyef a&onf&Sdaomf ESpfveD;yg;&SdcJhavonf/ xdkESpfvtwGif;wGif
bxGef; rnfodkY aexdkifcJhonf? bxGef;tm; e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;
rnfodkY xm;onf paomtcsufrsm;udk a&;om;&ayOD;rnf/
e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;\tdrfodkYa&muf rsm;rMumrD twGif;
rSmyif bxGef;rSm wpfaoG;wpfarG; jzpfvm ajymifajymifa&mif
a&mif v nf ; jzpf v m\/ oG u f o G u f v uf v uf v nf ; jzpf vm\/
e,fydkif 0efaxmufrif;u olYtm; pm;yGJxdk;t&m xm;avonf/
t0wftpm;wdkYudkvnf; oifhavsmfoavmuf 0,fay;\/ 0efaxmuf
rif; om;uav;rsm;\ t0wftpm;tcsKdUudkvnf; ay;avonf/
&uftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif bxGef;onf e,fydkif0efaxmuf
rif ; \ H k ; pma&;rsm;? e,f y d k i f 0 ef a xmuf r if ; \ om;uav;rsm;
e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;\ tjcm;tapcHrsm;ESifh eyef;vHk;jcif;? jcif;cwf
upm;jcif;? vufa0SUxdk;owfupm;jcif;wdkYudkvnf; jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/
0ef a xmuf r if ;
cd k i f ; orQud k v nf ;
jref j ref x uf x uf
jyKvk y f a vh & S d o nf / cd k u yf j cif ; r&S d a omaMumif h 0ef a xmuf r if ; rS m
bxGef;tm; ESpfoufp jyKvmavonf/ u,fq,fjcif;\ tusKd;
aus;Zl;vnf; ygay\[lvnf; pOf;pm;rd\/ tu,f uJhodkY
Munf h I u m rxm;ygvQif pm;&rJ h j zpf a omaMumif h &mZ0wf r I u d k
xyfru
H sL;vGev
f rd Ohf ;D rnf [l vnf;awG;awmrdavonf/
e,fydkif0efaxmufrif; e,fvSnfhaomtcgrsm;wGif bxGef;
vdkufyg&avonf/ xrf;p&m &SdonfwdkYudk xrf;? ydk;p&m&SdonfwdkYudk
ydk;? o,fp&m&SdonfwdkYudk o,f\/ odkY&mwGif bxGef;rSm i,fao;
44
odyHarmif0
aomaMumifh av;av;vHvH ypnf;rsm;udk to,frcdkif;? yifyif

yef;yef; tvkyfrsm;udk rvkyfcdkif;acs/ e,fydkif0efaxmufrif; aemufrS
ruGm vufzuf&nfbl;ESifh a&bl;wdkYudkomvQif vG,fvdkufav
onf/ AdkvfwJrsm; wnf;cdk&mwGifvnf; bxGef;rSm aysmfyg;vsuf
ae\/ e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;u oem;aomaMumihf olYtm; rMum
rMumac:um pum;ajymavh&Sd\/ wpfcg wpfcg usDp,fjcif;udkyif
jyKavonf/
a&S; txufxufu rBuHKzl;onfudk BuHK&ojzifh bxGef;rSm
tHhtm;oifhvsufae\/ 0efaxmufrif;qdkvQif aMumufp&mBuD;[k
a&S;tcgu xifrSwfrdcJh\/ ,ck awGUjrif&onfrSm 0efaxmufrif;
vnf ; ol u J h o d k Y y if oem;wwf a ompd w f x m; &S d a ywum;[k
awG;awmum rsm;pGm 0rf;ajrmufonfh[efESifh ae\/
0efaxmufrif;u rdrdESifhtwl rnfrQMumatmif aeEdkifrnfenf;
[k a r;aomtcg wpf o uf v H k ; aeygrnf [ k ajymMum;&S m \/
0efaxmufrif;vnf; bxGef;tay: Muifem&if; &SdaomaMumifh
tu,f wpfoufvHk; olESifh twlwlaevQif aemifbxGef; BuD;jyif;
vmaomtcg b@mpdk;ae&mwGif xm;rnf[k ajymMum;avonf/
bxGef;um; 0rf;om rqHk;awmhNyD/
wpf&Hwpfcgaomf 0efaxmufrif; rEav;odkY tvnftywf
oGm;cJh\/ bxGef;vnf; twlyg&avonf/ 0efaxmufrif;\ rdwf
aqGrsm;u udk,fydkifarmfawmfum; wpfpD;ESifh t&yf&yfodkY vdkufydkY
aomtcg bxGef;rSm armfawmfum; qdk wpfcgrQ rpD;zl;aom
aMumifh armfawmfum;pD;jcif;\ pnf;pdrfwGif ,pfrl;vsufae\/
0efaxmufrif;\Hk;odkY trIESifha&mufvmaomaMumihfom pnf;
pdrfrsKd; cHpm;&avonf/ tu,fom 0efaxmufrif;Hk;odkY ra&muf
ygvQif armfawmfum;udk pD;zl;rnf r[kwf[k awG;awmum trI
jzpf&onfudk yif aus;Zl;wifvsuf ae\/?
xdkYaemuf 0efaxmufrif;ESifhtwl kyf&SifHkodkY a&mufjyef\/
kyf&Sifqdkaom t&monf rnfodkYaerSef;rQ rod&SmolrSm kyf&Sif HkwGif
taumif;qHk; ae&mrS 0efaxmufrif;ESifhtwl Munfhae&aom tcg
tH h M o rqH k ; Ek d i f a tmif jzpf a eay\/ rnf o d k Y a om ae&mod k Y
armifvlat;
45
a&mufaeayoenf; [lvnf; rdrdukd,fudk jyef ar;Munfhrd\/

tdyfrufxJwGif a&mufaeouJhodkYvnf; xifrSwfrd&Sm\/ rdrdrSmjrif;
pif u bxG e f ; rS [k w f & J U vm;[l vnf ; awG ; awmrd a vonf /
aZmf*sDrsm; zdk0ifouJhodkY b0opfodkY ajymif;oGm;NyD [lyif xifrSwf
rd\/ odkY [dkES,f onfES,f awG;awmaeaomaMumifh kyf&SifwGif
ygaom Zmwfvrf; ZmwfuGufufdk rrSwfrd&Smay/
bxGef;rSm awm BuD;jyif;vm&oljzpfaomaMumifh touf
13 ESpfyif&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; aiGwpfusyfwGif ydkufqHrnfrQ? rl;aph
rnfrQ? rwfaphrnfrQ &Sdonf? aiGwpfusyfudkvJvQif tEkwfrnfrQ
&rnf rod&Smay/ e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;vnf; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf
ausmufp&pfcJuav;rsm;udk aumufap aeUpOfyif oifjy&Sm\/
enf;twdkif; e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;\ tdrfwGif bxGef; aysmf&TifpGm
aeavownf;/
bxGef; 0efaxmufrif;tdrfodkY a&muf oHk;vcefYMumaom
tcg rd k ; Zmt&yf w G i f bk e f ; BuD ; ysH y G J wpf y G J u d k usif ; yavonf /
vltvGef pnfum;vSayonf/ 0efaxmufrif;vnf; tapcHrsm;\
tay:wGif tvGefMuifemoem;wwfoljzpfaomaMumifh wpfa,muf
vQif rkefYzdk; wpfrwfpD ay;avonf/ oHk;najrmufaomnwGif 0ef
axmufrif;\ rkefYzdk;wpfrwfudk ,lNyD;vQif bxGef;yGJodkY xGufoGm;
\/ xdknxGufoGm;NyD;aemuf bxGef; 0efaxmufrif;\ tdrfodkY jyef
ra&mufawmhay/
ar;jref;pHkprf;aomtcg a&S;u toda[mif; rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
awGU olwdkYwpfawGESifh vdkufoGm;avNyD[l Mum;&\/ tcsKdUu
vnf; bkef;BuD;ysHwGif &Sdaeao;aMumif; ajymMum;\/ 0efaxmuf
rif ; vnf ; vl v T w f u m bxG e f ; ud k t&S m cd k i f ; avonf / od k Y a omf
bxGef;um; 0efaxmufrif;\ tdrfodkY ray:vmawmhay/
0efaxmufrif;vnf; rdrdonf bxGef;tay: vGefpGmrS Muif
MuifememMunfhI apmihfa&Smufxm;ygvsuf tb,faMumifh bxGef;
rdrd\ tdrfodkY jyefrvmonfudk awG;awm r&Edkifatmif jzpfae
avonf/ rMum rMum owd&um bxGef;tm; oem;rd\/ rnfodkY
yifaumif;&modkY qGJwifaomfvnf; qif;&JrnfholrSm qif;&JawmodkY
46
odyHarmif0
om wdk;onf[lvnf; pOf;pm;rdavonf/
0efaxmufrif;\ tdrfrS bxGef; xGufcGmoGm;onfrSm wpfv
cefMY umavNy/D bxGe;f udv
k nf; arhoavmufjzpfae\/
wpfaeUaomf 0efaxmufrif;onf trIrsm;udkppfrnf[ktrI
wGJrsm;udk vSefavSm Munfhvdkuf&m ]w&m;cHbxGef;} [k awGUjrif
&\/ rdrd\ bxGef;rsm;jzpfaervm;[k ouFmruif;jzpfonfESifh
taotcsmxyfrH Munhfvdkuf&m ]touf 13 ESpf} [l a&;om;
xm;onf u d k jrif & jyef o jzif h omyif tH h M ooG m ;avownf ; /
trIudkyif vufOD;ppfrnf[k trIudkac:vdkuf&m bxGef;tm;
jrif&vQif rdrd\ bxGef;yifjzpfaeaMumif; od&avownf;/
]]bxGef; bmvdkY a&mufvm&jyefovJ}}
]]rouFmvdkY zrf;vmwm ygbk&m;}} [kajz\/
w&m;vd k ouf a orsm;ud k ppf a q;aomtcg jypf r I x if & S m ;
aomaMumifh pGJcsufwif&\/ bxGef;bufrS oufaorjyEkdifaom
aMumifh 0efaxmufrif;vnf; bxGef;tm; Budrf'Pf ay;vdkuf&av
ownf;/ cdk;&myg ypnf;um; wpfusyfrQom wef\/
e,fydkif 0efaxmufrif; tdrfwGif aumif;rGefpGm aexdkif&ygvsuf
xdktdrfwGif raeEdkifygbJ xdktdrfrS xGufajy;NyD;vQif olwumxHrS
wpfusyfrQom wefaomypnf;udk cdk;jcif;rSm pm;&rJh aomuf&rJh
aomaMumifh[k rqdkEdkif/ qif;&JaomaMumifh[k rqdkEdkif? olwumu
aoG;aqmifaomaMumifh[k rqdkEdkif/ arG;uwnf;uyif olcdk; euwf
ESihf arG;vmaomaMumifh jzpfonf[
l omqd&k ef&adS wmhonf/

(Mo*kwfv? 1930)
ooo
armifvlat;
47
wdkYawm&Gmum; txuftnmwGif&Sdavonf/ tnmqdk&mrSm

vnf; tvGeftnmusaom tnmr[kwf/ rEav;ESifh jrif;NcHtMum;
{&m0wDjrpfurf;wGif wnf&Sd &Gmvnf;ru NrdKUvnf;rusaom NrdKU
uav;wpfNrKd Uudq
k akd vonf/
eH e uf a pmapm rE a v;rS jrif ; NcH oabF m jzif h xG u f v m&m
tqdkygNrdKUuav;odkY 11 em&DcGJcefYtcsdefwGif a&muf\/ aeylusJusJ
zkefwaxmif;axmif; xaeaom urf;yg;ay:wGif jrif;NcHoabFm\
tvmudk apmihfqdkif;aeMuaom vlxkBuD;udk oabFmay:rSae jrif
&aomf ,if ; oabF m ay:wG i f ygvmaom trwf c sKyf B uD ; aomf
vnf;aumif;? cdkifrif;BuD;aomfvnf;aumif; wpfa,mufa,muf
tm; BudKqdk&ef apmifhqdkif;aeMuonf[k xifrSwfrd\/
odkYum; r[kwfay/ xdkNrdKUom;wpfa,muf wuodkvfrS jyef
vmonfudk txl;tqef;vkyfum tBuD;tus,f BudKqdkaeMujcif;
jzpfavonf/ a&S;tcgu xdkNrdKUrS wuodkvfausmif;odkY a&mufzl;ol
wpfa,mufrQ r&SdcJhay/ ,ckrSomvQif rdrdwdkYt&yfrS xl;xl;cRefcRef
wuodkvfjynfodkY pmoifoGm;ayonf[l tm;&ESpfoufum BudK
qdkMujcif;yifwnf;/ bk&ifcHcsKyfvmpOfu &efukefol &efukefom;wdkY
c&D;OD;BudK jyKMuonfxufyif ydkrdk ESpfouftm;&pGm BudKqdkMuav
onf/
wuodkvfausmif;om; wpfa,muf rdrdae&yfodkY jyefvmonf
48
odyHarmif0
udkyif ta&;wBuD; c&D;OD;BudKjyKMuonfrSm &,fp&mygwum;[k NrdKU

BuD ; om;wd k Y u &,f c sif & ,f M uayvd r f h r nf / od k Y ysuf a csmf a csmf
oa&mfawmfawmfvkyfum r&,foihfay/ jrefrmjynfrS t*Fvefjynf
odkY ]ynmawmfoif} rsm;oGm;MucgeD;wGif xrif;auR;vdkauR;? tNidrfh
cHvdkcH? tifrwefrS BuD;BuD;us,fus,fvkyfMuonfr[kwfygavm/
taMumif ; ud k Mum;&vQif t*F v d y f r sm;u &,f M urvm;
rajymwwf a y/ od k Y & mwG i f ol Y a e&mES i f h ol a ewm? xif & m
vkyfMuwrf; ayyav/
wdkYawm&Gm "avhu wpfrsKd;? NrdKUBuD;om;wdkY "avhu wjcm;?
wlEidk yf ghrvm; armifw/Ykd
eHeufcif; wJteD;rD;vIHum xef;jrpfzkwfpm;? yJjyKwfESifh xrif;
Murf;udk vufzuf&nfMurf;ESifhjrnf;? qdrfhwdrfhwdrfhtDwDwD ewfok'm
rDyghrvm;/ xrif;pm;NyD;vQif ,mcif;xJoGm;? aysmfyg;pGm yavG
rIwo
f rl w
I f oDcsi;f waMumfaMumf atmfqo
kd q
l ?kd aysmpf zG,w
f /d
EGm;ausmif; oGm;olawGu r&Sm;? iSufcg;axmifolawGu axmif?
csKd;ypfolu ypf? ppfwvif;rSm ppfcif;Muovdk/
naecif;wGif jrpfqdyfrSm tysKdwpfoif; a&qif;cyf&SmMu/
wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ac:olac:? aysmfvdkufMuwJh tysKdawG?
twif;ajymvdkajym? &nf;pm;taMumif; aqG;aEG;vdk aqG;aEG;? ajE
&&oGm;oloGm;? pum;rsm;olrsm;? wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf usDpm;
oluspD m;/
xdktysKdawGrSm kyfacsmolacsm? kyfqdk;olqdk;? rnf;rnf;vnf;
&Sd jzLjzLvnf;yg tusnf;wefolawGu r&Sm;? oem;urm;awGu
vnf; tyHkyif/
<u,f 0 ol rd e f ; uav;wd k Y u m; &S u f M uxif h ? a&cyf r oG m ;?
a&pnfudkiSm;oHk;MuowJh/ wu,fhrdef;uav;awG vlwum a&cyf
oGm;vQif oeyfcg; ydef;usm;dkuf? vlysKduav;awG toGm;tvm udk
tdrx
f rJ aS e rsupf t
d &omudck MH uavonf/
umvom; vlysKdwpfoif;urlum; jrpfqdyfodkY qif;um tysKd
awG a&cyftvmudk MunfhMu? NrdKUqefMuol udk[0gwdkYu rmzvmudk
pnf;vdkpnf;? bdkauudk ovdko? ajE&& aevdkae tJonfvdk rmef
armifvlat;
49
ygygESifh pH&SmaeMu\/
NrdKUESifhreD; awmrSm BuD;&aom udkvlysKdwdkYurlum; awmom; yDyD
tus e w d ]yvmwd y vd w m} rnf ; usd u sd ud k , f j ymjymES i f h tysKd
wuma&cyfqif;vQif yavGjyif;jyif; rIwo
f wwf/
rdef;uav; tysKdunmwdkYuvnf; udk[0SmudkjrifMuvQiftoH
ay;vdkay;? NyHK;oGm;vdk NyHK;oGm;? &SufvdkY ajcvSrf;rSm;olurSm; upm;
ovdk apmif;yg;&dyfjcnfajymoGm;olu ajymoGm; aysmfp&mh aysmfp&m
aysmpf &mBu;D jzpfavonf/
jrpfqdyfodkY a&mufMuvQif a&ul;olul;? a&cyfolcyf? aysmfp&m
yif? oDcsif;qdkolqdk? r oHay;vdkMuonfrSmvnf; waMumfaMumf zdkoH
ay;vdkufMuonfrSmvnf; tvGefaysmf? wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
rsm;pGm &if;ESD;Muay\/
olpdrf;wpfa,muf tem;odkY a&mufoGm;vQif oDcsif;qdkolu
wdwf? r oHay;olwdkYuvnf; qdwf? upm;aeolwdkYvnf; &yf? &Suf
wufwuf &GUH wGew
Yf eG EYf iS hf rsuEf mS rsm;udk tomiHaYk eMuavonf/
NrdKUrSmvdkarmfawmfum;pD;csifaompdwfvnf;r&Sd? bDat? trfat
atmifcsifaom pdwfwdkYvnf; rvm? q&m? 0wfvHkvkyfcsifaom pdwf
wdkYrSmvnf; a0;? kyf&SifwdkY? ajy;csifaompdwfwdkYrSmvnf; ray:?
pd e f a &T 0 wf c sif a om pd w f w d k Y r S m vnf ; uif ; ? rif ; uawmf j zpf z d k Y & m
pdwful;xJrSmyif rxnfh? zkefwaxmif;axmif;ESifhvrf;ay:rSm vSnf;
Murf;udk pD;&vQifyif ewfjynfu a0Z,Em&xm;udk pD;&onf[k
xif? vSnf;bD;rS wtdtd jrnfaeonfudkvnf; yodcF ewfom;\
apmif;oH[k xifrw
S Mf uavonf/
pm;orQ Mum;orQ oGm;&orQwdkYESifhyif auseyf&SmMuukef\/
avmuwGif auseyfvQif pdwfcsrf;om? pdwfcsrf;omvQif okc
Bu;D yifwnf;/
,leAD mpDwaD umvdyEf pS v

f nfr*Zif;? wG-J 20? rSw-f 2?
(azazmf0g&Dv? 1930)
mnm
50
odyHarmif0
oabFmqdyfwGif tawmfyif pnfum;vsuf aeavNyD/ e,fydkif

armifvlat;onf ,aeYn oabFmESifh a&TUajymif;awmhrnf/
twefMumvQif oabFmvnf; oabFmqdyfwGif0if qdkufuyf
avawmh\/ tcsdefum; 10 em&D&SdNyD/ oabFmqdkufonfESifh wpf
NydKifeuf armifvlat;ESifh 4if;tm;ydkYaom olwdkYonf oabFmOD;&Sd
yxrtcef;wGif;odkY a&mufukefMu\/ qlnH qlnH uRufpD uRufpD/
jymwm bdk;a&T? yefumwGJr[m&ef? armifvlat;\ wynfh
xGef;azwdkYrSm tdyf&mcif;vsufaeMuavonf/ jcifaxmifaxmifol
uaxmif? ukvm;xdkif a&TUolua&TU? tvkyfIyfvsuf aeMuukef\/
pma&; armif c spf p d e f u m; armif v l a t;twG u f vuf r S w f o G m ;
0,faeavonf/ pma&;BuD; OD;bwdkYum; ypnf;rsm; ae&mwus
jzpfatmif pDrHae\/ 'kwd,pma&; armifbxGef;um; [dkvkyf&
rvdkvdk 'Dvkyf&rvdkvdkESifh aeavawmhonf/ jymwm yef'pfrSmum;
ulvu
D v
k m;awGtm; rmefvsuaf eavNy/D
armifvlat;\ Hk;om;rsm;tjyif NrdKUydkifrif;ESifh 4if;\ Hk;om;
rsm;vnf ; qif ; vmMuao;onf / armif p d e f w d k Y ? armif a &T w d k Y
armif[efwkefwdkY wpfawGvnf; tawmfyif tvkyfrsm;&SmMuav
onf/
trdefYawmf&rif;wdkYvnf; aygufvmMuao;\/ olwdkYESifh twl
orm"dNrdKU0efrsm;? q&m0ef? jrLeDpDy,fOu|rif;? tpdk;& ausmif;q&m
BuD;? yifpifpm; OD;apmarmifrSp tawmfyif pnfum; ayonf/
armifvlat;
51
trsKd;rsKd;aom pum;wdkYudk ajymMum;vsuf aeMuukef\/ tcsKdU

uvnf ; armif v l a t; ajymif ; a&T U oG m ;&aomaMumif h 0rf ; enf ;
aMumif;? tcsKdUrlum; aemifarmifvlat; &mxl;wdk;NyD; jyefa&muf
vm&ef qkawmif;aMumif;rsm;udk ajymMum;Muavonf/
rMumrD oabFm OMo ay;vdkufaomtcg tm;vHk;yif EIwfcGef;
qufum oabFmay:rS qif;oGm;Muukef\/ cPMumvQif oabFm
vnf; qdyfurf;rS cGmcJhavawmhownf;/
armif v l a t;wpf a ,muf w nf ; yxrcef ; xJ w G i f usef a om
tcg rdrdcGJcGmvm&aomNrdKUudk vGrf;ovdkvdk bmvdkvdk jzpfrdavonf/
NrdKUwGif aexdkifcJhonfrSm oHk;ESpfMumavNyD/ xdkoHk;ESpfywfvHk;
wnnf;nnf; wnLnLESifhyif/ rnfonfhtcgESifhrQ ESpfoufonf[l
r&Sd? tNrJrjywfyif ajymif;a&TUcsifaom pdwfqE&Sdavonf/ odkY
ygvsuf tu,fajymif;a&TU&aomtcg tb,faMumifh vGrf;qGwf
&ygoenf;/ vlwdkY\ pdwfxm; qef;Mu,faypG? xl;qef;aypG? tHhMo
zG,af umif;aypG/
oabFmqdyfrS oabFmxGufcGmvmcJhonfrSm tawmfyif MumNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; armifvlat;um; awGa0 awG;awmwkef;yif/ rdrd
oHk;ESpfwdkifwdkif aecJh&mjzpfaom e,fydkiftdrfudk owd&rdav\/ xdk
tdrf aemufaz;wGif jymodk? wydkYwGJvrsm;twGif; tudkif;Twfatmif
oD;avh&Sdaom qD;yifBuD;udkvnf; vGrf;qGwfrday\/
waygif;? wefcl;vrsm;wGif jymvJvJhudk aqmifukefMuaom
xdktdrfa&SU&Sd ysOf;ryifrsm;udkvnf; rarhEkdif/ tdrf0if;twGif; pdkufysKd;
xm;aom tdrf\ usufoa&aqmif yef;yifuav;rsm;udkvnf;
tb,frSmvQif arhEdkifygtHhenf;/ armifvlat; Hk;rSjyefNyD;aemuf ae
r0if h w 0if t csd e f w G i f cif o ef ; jrif h E S i f h t wl tMuif y sOf ; ryif B uD ;
atmufwGif vrf;avQmufcJhonfrsm;udkvnf; arhEdkifrnfr[kwfay/
4if;wdkYrSm armifvlat;\ pdwftwGif;wGif Zmwfcif;usif; ujyvsuf
aeavNy/D
eH e uf 11;30 em&D t csd e f w G i f ]avQmuf v T m avQmuf v T m ?
e,fydkifrif;avQmufvTm} qdkaom jymwm bdk;a&T\ toH0gBuD;udk
vnf; tb,fenf;ESifh arhEdkifygtHhenf;/ em;xJwGif Mum;oa,mif
52
odyHarmif0
a,mif? pma&;zsefpdef\ OD;acgif;udkvnf; arhEdkifrnfvm; rarhEkdif

yg/
xdkYaemuf rdrda&SUwGif trIvdkufavh&SdMuukefaom trdefYawmf
& rif;rsm;udk awG;awmrdjyef\/ txl;ojzifh OD;baESmif;ESifh OD;wif
uG e f Y w d k Y t m; owd & avonf / OD ; baES m if ; u w&m;vd k b uf r S
vdkufvQif OD;wifuGefYu w&m;cHbufrS vdkufavonf/ 4if;wdkY ESpfOD;
twd k u f t cH t jyef t vS e f avQmuf v J a eonf r S m em;axmif yJ
aumif;ao;awmh/
OD;baESmif;um; toHMoZm cyfaumif;aumif;? olavQmufvJ
vdkufrSjzifh trIonfrsm; tm;& oGm;avawmhonf/ trIEdkifonf
rEdkifonfum; y"me r[kwfay/ OD;wifuGefYuvnf; nHhvSolr[kwf/
ol v nf ; tmpvQmpES i f h v l y if / wpf c gwpf c g pum;aMum&S n f
oG m ;avh & S d M u\/ od k Y a omf rnf o nf h t rd e f Y a wmf & rif ; onf
pum;aMumr&Sno
f enf;/
jrLeDpyD ,f Ou|rif;u &Sad o;/ axmifaxmifarmif;armif; abmvH;k
tuef a umif ; ? abmvH k ; td k u f a umif ; ? acgif ; aygif ; aygif ;
vdkufrSjzifhvnf; aMumhaeavawmhonf/ oabmaumif;onfrSm
qdkp&mr&Sd/ tpdk;&udpESifhywfoufonfjzpfap? NrdKUa&;&Gma&;ESifh
ywfoufonfjzpfap cdkuyfjcif; uif;bd\/ odkYaom jrLeDpDy,f
Ou|udk&aom NrdKUuav;tm; uHaumif;onf[k qdk&rnf/ rdrd\
jrLeDpDy,fudk Ekdifeif;aom tkyfcsKyfEdkifolwnf;/ rnfonfhae&mrS
rqdk Ou|rif;rxl;cRefonf r&Sd/ xl;cRefonfyif/ wpfcgwpfcg tysif;
ajy yd k u mqG J & mwG i f v nf ; Ou | rif ; rS m Nyd K if b uf & S m ;ol w nf ; /
odkY *kPft*FgtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYESifhjynfhpHkaom Ou|rif;tm; todkYvQif
armifvlat; arhEdkifygtHhenf;? owd&rnfyif/
tvdk OD;bqef;wpfa,muf usefygao;uvm;? o'gw&m;
ESifh wu,fjynfhpHkaom yk*dKvfBuD; wpfOD;aywnf;/ olwum\
tusKd;udk tm;BudK;rmefwuf aqmif&Gufol jzpfay\/ rnfonfhtcg
rQ tNyHK;rysufay/ tNrJrjywf NyHK;vsufyif/ pdwfnpfjcif;w&m;
OD;bqef;wGif &SdyHkray:/ awmfawmfpdwfat;at; aewwfolay
wum;/ rdrdtusKd;ysufcsifysuf? olwumtusKd;udkaqmif&Guf&vQif
armifvlat;
53
auseyf a omol j zpf a y\/ od k Y a omyk * d K vf t m; tb,f r S m vQif

arhEikd yf gtHeh nf;/
vpOfvwdkif; usif;y&aom aq;Hktpnf;ta0;rsm;taMumif;
udkvnf; pOf;pm;rdjyef\/ tpnf;ta0;yGJ usif;yaecdkuf rMum rMum
idkufrsOf;avh&Sdaom q&m0efBuD;tm;vnf;aumif; tMuHaumif;rsm;
ud k tNrJ r jywf ay;avh & S d a om 'k w d , Ou | OD ; apmbd k ; tm;
vnf;aumif;? tjcm;aomtzGJU0ifrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; awG;awm
owd&rday\/
a0ae,spmzwf toif ; H k r S m armif v l a t;\ rsuf p d x J r S m
raysmufoGm;Ekdif/ 4if;toif;uav;rSm NrdKU\ usufoa&aqmif
jzpfcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGifum; ulnDtm;ay;olrsm; &Sm;yg;cJhacs
NyD / ]td k . .. Nrd K Uol N rd K Uom;taygif ; ol a wmf a umif ; wd k Y . ..
usuf o a&aqmif pmzwf t oif ; uav;\ touf Z D 0 d e f
ra<uoGm;ap&ef qufvuf BudK;pm;Muygukefavmh? tusKd;aqmif
OD;odef;armifESifh ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;armifarmifBuD;wdkYuvnf;
BudK;pm;um aqmif&Gufawmf rlMuygavmh...? yk*dKvfrsm;urS
rBud K ;pm;ygvQif Nrd K U\ wpf c k ,k w f a vsmh a wmh r nf / tpd k ; &
ausmif;q&mBuD;um; avmuBuD;udk NiD;aiGUojzifh0dok'd toif;BuD;udk
wnfaxmifum &aohabmifodkY 0ifawmhrnfavm/ ]tdk q&mBuD;?
&aohabmifodkY r0ifrD pmzwftoif;uav; rysufpD;&ef aqmif&Guf
oGm;ygOD;avmh} odkY armifvlat; EIwfu a&&Gwfrday\/
aEG rdk; aqmif; ra&Smif? aeYa&mnyg avmif;uGwftusBuD;udk
0wf u m e,f y d k i f t d r f a &S U vrf ; ay:wG i f vrf ; avQmuf a vh & S d a om
yifpifpm; a'gufwmyDwm tbdk;BuD;udkvnf; owd&ay\/
Nrd K Uay:&S d rd w f a qG o *F [ wd k Y t aMumif ; ud k pOf ; pm;NyD ; aemuf
awme,frsm;utaMumif;udk pOf;pm;jyefavonf/ wayukvm;?
tif;r? uwkur? oZif? a&ausmf &Gmrsm;rS udk,fawmfjrwftif;ol
BuD; vlvdrf vlnmrsm;ESifhvnf; rawGU&awmhNyD/ 4if;&Gmrsm;wGif
ig;acgif; jzwfaeMuonfudkvnf; rawGU&awmhNyD/ ajEodumawmf
BuD;rm;vSpGmaom tMuifrif;om; vlBuD;rsm;ESifhvnf; rMuHK&awmh
NyD/ ig;ydeHY ? 0ufacs;eHY ? &THUeHYrsm;jzifh vTrf;vsufaeaom &Gmtaygif;
54
odyHarmif0
wdkYESifh a0;cJhavNyD/ ta[m0w aMomf... aumif;avpG? aumif;

avpG.../
avmuwGif taumif;&SdvQif tqdk;&SdpNrJ? armifvlat;rSm
NrdKUay:&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif; rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;ESifh cGJcGmvm&aom
aMumifh 0rf;enf;oavmuf awm&Gm&Sd vlvdrfvlaumuf vlIyfvl
ayG tif;olBuD;awGESifh a0;uGmvm&aomaMumifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
omjrif&avawmhownf;/
odkYvQif armifvlat;onf vGefcJhaom oHk;ESpftwGif;u
rdrdaqmif&GufcJhyHktaMumif;rsm;? aygif;oif;qufqHcJhyHktaMumif;
rsm;udk pOf;pm;&if;yif ukvm;xdkifay:wGif tdyfaysmf oGm;av
ownf;/ oabFmum; c&D;oGm;NrJyif/?
'*kef? wGJ-15? rSwf-157?

(azazmf0g&Dv? 1935)
ii
armifvlat;
55
armifvlat;? armifvlao;? armifvlaxG;wdkY nDtpfudk oHk;

a,mufonf wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf ESpfESpfBuD; ESpfESpfi,f
t&G,w
f rl sm;uJo
h Ykd jzpfaeMuonf/
olwdkYcyfi,fi,f 10 ESpf? 12 ESpft&G,fwkef;u q&mBuD;
OD ; cspf v S jref r mpmoif a usmif ; wG i f ynmoif M um;&avonf /
armifvlat;ESifh armifvlaxG;wdkYrSm wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
ydk &if;ESD;aom aMumifh ausmif;odkY twlwloGm;avh&SdMuavonf/
armif v l a o;um; tpf u d k B uD ; yD y D nD i ,f r sm;ES i f h &if ; &if ; ES D ; ES D ;
aeavhr&S/d
wpfcg wpfcg armifvlaxG;rSm ausmif;wuf&ef cyfysif;ysif;
jzpfvmavh&Sdavonf/ tdrfESifhreD;ra0; vrf;ab;wGifaygufaeaom
refusnf;yifBuD;atmufodkY a&mufaomtcg refusnf;yifBuD;udk
rSu
D m &yfaeavawmh\/
armifvlat;u acsmhac:\ r&/ aigufac:\ r&/ qGJ
ac:\? r&/ rnfodkYvkyfrQ r&aomtcg armifvlat;rSm ausmif;
aemufusrnfpdk;aomaMumifh xGufoGm;avawmh\/ armifvlaxG;
um; pmtkyf? ausmufoifykef;rsm;udk ydkufum refusnf;yifBuD;udk
rSDvsuf rwkefrvIyf &yfaeavownf;/
vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; ol&yfaeonfudkjrifvQif NyHK;oGm;Muukef
\/ ol *krpdkuf/ aps;onfrsm; &,foGm;Muukef\/ ol trIrxm;/
t&yfxJu vlajymif vlaemufuav;rsm; olYudk poGm;Muukef\/
ol rNzHK/
56
odyHarmif0
od k Y ol &yf a e wpf e m&D c ef Y Mumaomtcgwpf p H k w pf

a,mufaomol\ ya,m*aMumifh ol&yfaeonfhtaMumif; bGm;a'G;
BuD;\em;odkYaygufoGm;\/ bGm;a'G;BuD; BudrfvHk;wpfacsmif;udk udkifum
vdu
k v
f mavNy/D
bGm;a'G;BuD;tem;odkY a&mufaomtcg xdkrefusnf;yifBuD;ESifh
reD;ra0;opfyifwpfyifatmufoo
Ykd mG ;xdo
k pfyifurkd u
DS m&yfjyef\/
xd k o pf y if a tmuf o d k Y bG m ;a'G ; BuD ; vd k u f o G m ;jyef a omtcg
tjcm;opfyifwpfyifodkY oGm;um &yfjyef\/ odkY wpfyifrS wpfyif
odkY ul;ajymif;oGm;&m opfyifaygif; av;ig;ajcmufyifcefY usavNyD/
armifvlaxG;ESifh bGm;a'G;BuD;wdkY\ tjzpftysufudk jrifMuaom
&yfol&yfom;wdkYum; rodrom trIrJh trSwfrJh NyHK; aeMuukef\/
wufvl armifvlaxG;tm; usvl bGm;a'G;BuD;um; tb,frSm
vQif rDatmifvdkufEkdifygtHhenf;/ twefMumvQif bGm;a'G;BuD;arm
vm\/ ol\ ezl;rS acR;NzdKifNzdKif usqif;aeavNyD/armvmaom
aMumifh a'goxGufonfu wpfrsKd;? ajr;armifvlaxG;udk rrDEkdifojzifh
a'goxGuo
f nfu wjcm;?bGm;a'G;Bu;D rSmtrsK;d rsK;d a&&Gwaf eawmh\/
aemufqHk;wGifum; bGm;a'G;BuD; vufavQmhNyD;vQif t&yfxJ&Sd
umvom; taygif;wdkYtm; ppfulawmif;&&Smav\/ umvom;
ausmf udkbdk;xdefwdkY? udkatmif'ifwdkY? udkxGef;azwdkY? udkpHazwdkY
wpfawG armifvlaxG;wnf;[laom ausmif;ajy;uav;udk zrf;tHh
[k xGufay: vmMuukef\/
umvom;awG xGufay:vmonfESifhwpfNydKifeufarmifvlaxG;
rSm ,cifuuJhodkY &yfwnfjcif; enf;vrf;udk pGefYypfNyD; ajy;vTm;jcif;
vufeufudk pGJudkifavawmh\/ vufOD;wGif uGif;jyifBuD;rS wpfzef
auGUaumufajy;NyD;vQif zl;um;puf twGif;odkY 0ifajy;jyef\/
umvom; wpfawGvnf; zl;um;0if;twGif;odkY vdkufMujyef
\/ wpf&yfvHk; qlnHom aeavawmhonf/ umvom;awGrSm
vnf; pdwfygvufyg armifvlaxG;tm; trdzrf;&ef vdkuf[efrwl
bGm;a'G;BuD;rS pdwfajyapawmh[laom oabmESifh taysmfoufouf
vdu
k zf rf;Mu[efwal vonf/
zl;um;0if;twGif;odkY a&mufaomtcg armifvlaxG;ajy;p&m
armifvlat;
57
r&SdawmhNyD/ a&SUrS oHvGifjrpfBuD;wm;qD;aeaomaMumifhvnf; armif

vlaxG; trdcH&awmhtHh/ vufeufcs&awmhtHh/ enf;tm;jzifh
armifvlaxG;onf trdcHtHhavm? tIH;ay;tHhavm? vufeufcstHh
avm/
tb,frSmvQif trdcH tIH;ay; vufeufcstHhenf;/ vltrsm;
\ a&SUrSmyif oHvGifjrpfxJodkY ckefcsNyD;vQif jrpfwpfzufodkY ul;ajy;
avownf;/
olYtm; vdkufzrf;aeMuaom umvom;rsm; a&ul;rvdkuf0Hh
awmhNyD/ tu,f a&ul;vdkufygu oljrpfv,fxJ ul;oGm;ojzifh
jrpfv,fwGif vufyef;usNyD;vQif a&epfoGm;rnfudk pdk;&avonf/
umvom;rsm; vufavQmhum acsmh ac:Muukef\/ armifvlaxG;
jrpfxJrS rwuf? jrpfxJwGifom ul;aeavonf/
odkY jzpfysufaecdkuf bGm;a'G;BuD; xdkteD;odkYaygufvmav\/
armifvlaxG;jrpfxJwGif a&ul;aeonfudkjrif&aomtcg rsufvHk;
jyL;oG m ;\/ umvom;wpf a wG t m; rd r d w d k Y a etd r f o d k Y j yef M u&ef
bGm;a'G;BuD;awmif;yef&jyef\/ umvom;rsm;vSnfhjyef twef
uav; a0;oGm;aomtcgusrS armifvlaxG; ukef;ay:odkYwufawmh
\/
ukef;ay:odkYa&mufaomtcg urf;ab;&Sd opfyifwpfyifudk rSD
um &yfaejyef\/
bG m ;a'G ; BuD ; u acsmh ac:aomf v nf ; r&/ tu,f
rdrdvdkufoGm;vQif armifvlaxG; a&xJ ckefqif;rnfpdk; aomaMumifh
rvd k u f 0 H h / rd r d \ vuf w G i f y gaom Bud r f v H k ; ES i f h armif v l a xG ; \
ausmudk pyfpyfuav; aqmfcsifvS\/ odkYaomf rnfodkYrQrwwf
Edik Nf y/D aetdro
f o
Ykd m vSn
fh jyefvm&avownf;/
wpf a eUvH k ; armif v l a xG ; td r f o k d Y jyef r vm? ol r S D a eaom
opfyifatmufrmS om tcsed u
f kd ukev
f eG af p\/
reuf p mwpf e yf u d k tiwf c H \ / nae 4-em&D x d k ;
ausmif;vTwfaom tcsdefusrSomvQif tdrfodkY armifvlaxG;jyef
vmavonf/
bGm;a'G;BuD;u dkufcsifvSNyD/ rdkufao;/ armifvlaxG; wpfzef
58
odyHarmif0
xyfrH ajy;rnfudk pdk;&avonf/ npm pm;csdefusvQif armifvl

ao;? armifvlat;wdkYESifhtwl armifvlaxG;udkyg xrif;xnfhauR;
\/
tm;vHk; xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg bGm;a'G;BuD;onf
armifvlaxG; reufujyKrlyHktaMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; jrnfwGef
awmufwD; vkyfavawmhonf/ awmfawmfESifhrNyD;Edkif/ ajym&if;
ajym&if; a'goxGufvmNyD;vQif armifvlaxG;tm; rdrd\ BudrfvHk;
pMumjzifh wpfcsufESpfcsufaqmf\/ armifvlaxG;um; ridk/ usdwf
cH\/ NyD;vQif tdrfwdkifwpfwdkifwGifrSDum rwkefrvIyf&yfaeavo
wnf;/
awmfawmfnOfheuf tdyfidkufvGef;ru tdyfidkufaomtcgus
rS xdkwdkiftem;rSmyif tdyfaysmfoGm;\/ xdktcgusrS tdrfom;rsm;u
olYtm; tdyf&modkY ,loGm;NyD; odyfMuavonf/ rQZGJaumif;aom
armifval xG;wnf;/
aemufwpfaeU eHeuf ausmif;oGm;csdefusvQif armifvlat;ESifh
twlwl qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf ausmif;wufjyef\/ twefMum
ausmif;wuf&ef pdwfr&Sdaomtcg ,cifu refusnf;yifBuD;atmuf
wGif 0if&yfjyef\/?
tBud r f w G i f u m; bG m ;a'G ; BuD ; vuf a vQmh N yD ; vQif trI r J h
trSwfrJhom aevdkuf\/ wpfaeYvHk; xdkrefusnf;yif atmufrSmyif
tcsdefukefvGefap\/ rnfol &,f&,f? rnfolajymifajymif *krpdkuf/
nae ausmif;vTwf armifvlat;wdkY ausmif;u jyefvm
aomtcg armif v l a t;ES i f h twl w l td r f o d k Y vd k u f j yef v mcJ h \ /
bGm;a'G;BuD;um; armifvlaxG;\ "mwfudk odoGm;NyDjzpfaomaMumifh
armifvlaxG;tm; qdkHkomqdk\/ dkufum; rdkuf/ bGm;a'G;BuD;
vufavQm&h avownf;/
armifvlaxG; xdkrefusnf;yifBuD;atmufwGif 0if&yfonfrSm
wpfvvQif ESpBf urd cf ef&Y \
dS /
xdktcg armifvlaxG;onf ,cktcgwGif OD;av;axG;b0odkY
a&mufaeavNyD/ ol\om; armifatmifBuD;yif touf q,fESpf
ausmfaeavNyD/ armifvlaxG;\ om;uav;rsm;ESifh armifvlat;
armifvlat;
59
a0;aeonfrSm MumavNyD/ ol\om;uav;rsm;onf olwdkY\ zcif

i,fi,fwkef;uuJhodkY ausmif;roGm;csifvQif opfyifatmufwGif
0if&yfMuonf r&yfMuonfudk rod&/ olwdkYzcifuJhodkY ZGJBuD;Mu
onf rBuD;Muonfudkvnf; rod&ay/
odkYaomf armifvlat;\ om;uav; armifvlarT;um; touf
ESpfESpfrQ r&Sdao;/ ol\ OD;av; armifvlaxG;\ Zmwdudk jyaeavNyD/
ol vd k a omt&mud k r&onf h t cg jzpf a p? ol r Bud K uf o nf ud k
olwumu jyKvkyfonfhtcg jzpfap? olYpdwfESifh tcefYroifhonfh
tcgjzpfap? wdkifwpfwdkifrSm jzpfap? axmifhwpfaxmifhrSm jzpfap
oGm; &yfaeavawmh\/
rnfolu ac:ac: r&? rnfolu acsmhacsmh r&? olYudk oGm;csD
vQifvnf; us,favmifpGm idk\/ ol idk vTwfvdkufvQif ,cif&yf
ae&modkY ajy;oGm;NyD;vQif &yfaeNrJ &yfaeavonf/ tdrfom;rsm;
trIrJh trSwfrJhaevdkufaomtcgusrS olYtvdktavsmuf pdwfajy
oGm;NyD;vQif xdkae&mrS xGufcJhavonf/
tjcif ; t&mud k j rif a omtcg armif v l a t;onf rd r d w d k Y
i,fpOfu rdrd\nD armifvlaxG; refusnf;yifBuD;atmufwGif rMum
rMum 0if &yfonfrsm;udk oGm; awG;rd\/ armifvlarT;BuD;jyif;
vm ausmif;xm;aomtcg aumifuav;onf ol\OD;av; armif
vlaxG; uJhodkYyif opfyifwpfyif atmufwGif 0if&yfaernfh ta&;
rsm;udkvnf; awG;um NyHK;rdaom[l\/
armifvlaxG;\ ZGJonf ol\ om;orD;rsm;wGif ygvmonf
rygvmonf u d k u m; taotcsmrod & / armif v l a t;\ om;
armifvlarT;wGif ygvmonfum; trSefyifjzpfavonf/ acsmif;
kd;? ajrmif;dk;wdkYom wdrfaum\? vlwdkY\ rsKd;dk;um; rwdrfaum
[laom a&S;vlBuD;wdkY\pum;onf rSefvSay\wum;/

(Ekd0ifbmv? 1939)
[
60
odyHarmif0
wkyfauG; auG;jcif;\ t&omudk aqmif;yg;zwfoltaygif;

wdkY cHpm;aumif; cHpm;zl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ ukodkvfuHraumif;aom
aMumifh wkyfauG;\ t&omudk rcHpm;&zl;aomolwdkYvnf; &Sdcsif
&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolwdkY\ tusKd;iSm wkyfauG;\ t&om rnfodkY
aeaMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjyvdkufygrnf/ aus;Zl;wifvdkuvnf;
wifMuygukef/ aus;Zl; rwifvdkuvnf; aeEdkifygonf/
&moDOwk tajymif;tvJwGif wkyfauG;ewf zrf;pm;avh&Sdonfh
twdkif; rdk;tukef aqmif;tul;wGif armifvlat;tm; wkyfauG;ewf
0ify;l avawmh\/
vufOD;wGif acsmif;tenf;i,fqdk;\/ xdkYaemuf rsufpdyl\/
xdkYaemuf wpfudk,fvHk; zdef;wdef;wdef; &Sdef;wdef;wdef; ae\/ xrif;
rpm;csif? aq;vdyfraomufcsifjzpfvm\/ twefMumvQif tdyf&m
xJ w G i f 0if a uG ; csif a ompd w f a y: vmavawmh o nf / xd k t cg
tdyf&mxJodkY a&muf oGm;avownf;/
td y f & mxJ o d k Y a &muf a omtcg wpf r sKd ; qef ; Mu,f v mjyef \ /
wpf u d k , f v H k ; csrf ; pd r f h p d r f h jzpf v mH k r Qru ud k , f v uf a wG v nf ;
udkufvmav\/ xdktcg apmifxlxl oHk;av;xnfudk xyfumNcHKNyD;
vQif auG;aeavawmh\/
tcg wkyfauG;\t&omay: vmavonf/ tvGefpnf;
pdrf&Sd? tvGefESpfoufzG,faumif;aom t&omaywnf;/ rnfonfh
t&omrsKd;ESifhrS rwlay/ pmjzifha&;jy &aomt&omrsKd;vnf;
armifvlat;
61
r[kwf/ EIwfjzifhajym&aom t&om[l omreftm;jzifh qdk&

ayawmhrnf/
odkY tdyf&mxJwGif auG; aumif;wkef;wGif armifvlat;\
pdwfonf upm;pjyKvm\/ t&uform;\0rf;xJodkY t&uf0ifoGm;
rMumrDtwGif; t&uform;\pdwfrSm wpfrsKd;aysmf&TifvmouJhodkY
armifvlat;\ pdwfrSmvnf; wkyfauG;\wefcdk;aMumifh aysmf&Tif
vmovdkvdk bmvdkvdkjzpfvm\/ pum;rsm;csifovdkvdk bmvdkvdk
jzpfvm\/ tawmfMumvQif ol\pdwfonf tNidrfraeawmhNyD/
odkY [dkpOf;pm; onfpOf;pm; vkyfaecdkuf *sLAvDa[mHkBuD;
teD;odkYa&mufoGm;\/ tb,fodkY a&mufoGm;onf[l armifvl
at;um; rod? a&mufoGm;onfum; rSefayonf/ armifvlat;
a&muf oGm;aomtcgum; *sLAvDa[mHkBuD;wGif pwkwtBudrf
ajrmuf tpdk;&odef;xDBuD;udk zGifhaeaomtcg jzpfavonf/
Hk;BuD;twGif;rSma&m tjyifrSma&m vltrsKd;rsKd;wdkYESifh jynfhusyf
vsuf aeavonf/ ukvm;? wkwf? u&if? jrefrm? uav;? vlBuD;
a,mufsm;? rdef;r pHkom aeavawmhonf/ tjyifbufaeylusJusJ
BuD;wGif xDvufrSwfrsm;udk toD;oD;udkifum atmifbmav eHygwf
udo
k m em;axmifaeMuavonf/
armifvlat;vnf; aeylusJusJBuD;wGif acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifh rdrd\
xDvufrSwfudkifum aygufpOf*Pef;udkom em;axmifaeavonf/
rQ aygrsm;aom vlxkBuD;xJwGif rdrd\ todrdwfaqGwpfa,muf
rQ rygonf r S m xl ; qef ; ovd k v d k xif r S w f r d a vonf / od k Y a omf
xdkae&modkY a&mufrsm; rMumrDtwGif;rSmyif teD;tem;&Sd vlrsm;
ES i f h rd w f a qG j zpf o G m ;NyD ; vQif &,f v m;armvm; pum;ajymum
taysmBf u;D aysmaf eavawmhonf/
od k Y pum;aumif ; ae cPrQMumaomtcg ]eH y gwf
144661 twd w f acwf p rf ; uG ? ayguf o l t rnf armif v l a t;?
yxrqk aiGwpfodef;} aMunmcsufudk Mum;vdkufonfESifh wpfNydKif
euf
]aumf N yD u G ? touf t mrcH ud k , f p m;vS , f a wG rvmMueJ Y ?
armfawmfum; udk,fpm;vS,fawG rvmMueJY? tvSLcHawG rvmMu
62
odyHarmif0
eJY ? v,faygifr,fh vlawG rvmMueJY? aiGawGtm;vHk; bPfrSm

xm;r,f} [l atmfum vufckyfvuf0g;wD;vdkuf\/
]udkudk ...udkudk} [kac:um cifoef;jrifhu vIyfEId;\/
][if bmvJ } [k xl;vdkuf\/ odkYaomf *sLAvDa[mum; rsuf
pdxw
J iG f raysmufao;ay/
]udu
k kd bmawGavQmufajymaewmvJ? a,mifaewmvm;}
][if bmrS rajym&yguvm;} [k armifvlat;u ajym\/
]udkudk tdyfaysmf oGm;ovm;} [k ar;jyef\/
]raysmfygbl;? *sLAvDa[m tpdk;&odef;xDzGifh&mudka&mufoGm;
ovdv
k ykd }J
][dk[m onf[mawGudk pOf;pm;raeeJYav? tdyfaysmfatmif
tdyfvdkufygvm;? udk,fvufudkufwm b,fhES,f aeao;ovJ? ykyf
qD vdrf;ay;r,fav}
]tif; taumif;om;yJ}
cifoef;jrifhonf armifvlat;tm; ykyfqDvdrf;ay;&if; tom
ESdyfay;\/ NyD;vQif tdyf&meHab; qdkzmay:wGif xdkifum r*Zif;
wpftkyfudk zwfae\/
armif v l a t;vnf ; cif o ef ; jrif h u d k M unf h & if ; pOf ; pm;cef ;
xkwjf yef\/
rdrdonf txufjrefrmjynfESifh atmufjrefrmjynf abmyGJudk
wpfcgrQ rMunfhzl;ao;ay/ ,ckESpf xdkabmyGJudk txufjrefrmjynf
rEav;NrdKU usif;yrnf[k owif;pmxJwGif zwfvdkuf&avonf/
a&TbdkESifh rEav; a0;vSonfr[kwf/ xdkabmyGJudk Munfhzl;onf
&Sd&avatmif a&TbdkrS armfawmfum;jzifh oGm;Munfh&vQif tvGef
aumif;ayrnf/ txufjrefrmjynfbufrSae oGm;NyD; vufckyf
vuf0g;wD;um tm;ay;&&efrmS vnf; 0w&m;&Sad yonf/
qdkzmay:wGif xdkifaeaom cifoef;jrifh\ kyfonf wpfp
wpfp aysmufuG,f oGm;NyD;vQif xdkae&mwGif vrf;0efaxmuf
OD;om'kwf a&mufae\/ olYem;wGifvnf; uywdefodef;armifwdkY
OD;armifarmifww
Ykd pfawG a&muf aeavonf/
xdkae&mrSm rdrd\ tdrfr[kwfawmhNyD/ txufjrefrmjynfabm
armifvlat;
63
vHk;upm;&m ae&mjzpfaerSef;udk od&avonf/ armifvlat;rSm rdwf

aqGwpfodkufESifh &,fvm; armvm;ESifhae\/ rEav; abmvHk;uGif;
BuD;rSmvnf; txl; pnfum;vsufaeavonf/
twefMumvQif armifvlat;wdkY vlodkuf rdrdwdkY ae&mtoD;
oD;wGif xdkifum abmvHk;yGJudk Munfh aeMuukef\/ txuf jrefrm
jynfbufrS upm;Muaomolrsm;wGif rdrdodzl;aom v,f0efaxmuf
OD;ndK? NrdKUtkyf OD;jr&if? opfawm0efaxmuf rpwmkwfuGif;? v,f
0efuav; OD;0if;wdyYk gonfujkd rif&\/
atmufjrefrmjynfbufrSmvnf; rdrdodzl;aomol oHk;a,muf
ygaeavonf/
abmyGJp upm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf OD;ndKu ,lajy;NyD;vQif
OD;0if;bufodkY ay;vdkuf\/ OD;0if;vnf; wtm;ukef usKH;vdkuf&m
atmufjrefrmjynftoif;\ *d;k twGi;f od0Yk ifomG ;avownf;/
y&dowfBuD;\ MobmoHBuD;rSm qlnH oGm;\/ armifvlat;
rSmvnf; txufjrefrmjynfu EkdifonfwpfaMumif;? OD;om'kwfESifh
avmif;xm;aomaMumifh aiGig;usyf&rnfuwpfaMumif;wdkYaMumifh
ESpfaxmif;tm;& &SdvSojzifh *dk;[l toHukef atmfum vufckyf
vuf0g;wD;vdu
k \
f /
]udkudk ...udkudk ... bmawGajymaewmvJ}[k cifoef;jrifh
u armifvlat;\ udk,fudk vIyfar;\/
][if bmrS rajymyguvm;} [k armifvlat;u ajz\/
]rajymbl;om qdkw,f? vufckyfawGwD;? yg;pyfuvnf; bmawG
ajymaew,f rodb;l }
]bmrSawmh rajymygbl;? txufjrefrmjynfESifh atmufjrefrm
jynf abmyGJudk a&mufoGm;w,f}
]ud k u d k u td y f a ysmf a tmif td y f w mrS r[k w f b J ? [d k p d w f u l ;
onfpw
d u
f ;l vkyaf ewmud;k }
]aysmfatmif tdyfwmyJ? aysmfrS raysmfbJ[m }
]'gjzifh ae&mrusbl;? tzsm;'D*&D ,lavrSyJ}
]oabmyJ}
cifoef;jrifhonf jy'g;csdefjzifh armifvlat;\ tzsm;udk,l\/
64
odyHarmif0
,l N yD ; onf E S i f h w pf N yd K if e uf rsuf v H k ; jyL;oG m ;\/ taMumif ; rl u m;

tzsm;'D*&D 104 xufausmv
f eG af eaomaMumifw
h nf;/
xdkYaemuf csufcsif;yif q&m0efudk tac:vTwfvdkuf\/ rMum
rD q&m0efa&mufvmavonf/ q&m0efvnf; armifvlat;tm;
prf;oyfNyD;aemuf cg;aom aq;awGudk aomuf&ef ay;\/ 0rf;Ekwf
aq;awGudk ay;\/ armifvlat; tNidrfrae&awmhNyD/
,cifu pnf;pdrfuav;ESifh auG;ae&aom pnf;pdrfrsm;jyefr
vmawmhacs/ ,cifu pdwful;,Ofaom pnf;pdrfrsKd;vnf; aysmuf
uG,f oGm;awmh\/ txufjrefrmjynfESifh atmufjrefrmjynf
abmvHk;yGJudkvnf; rMunfh&awmhNyD/ tpdk;&odef;xDwGif yxrqk&
aomaMumifh cHpm;cJh&aom pnf;pdrfrsKd;udkvnf; rcHpm;&awmhNyD/
udk,fvufudkufjcif;? acsmif;qdk;jcif;? acgif;udkufjcif; a0'emwdkYudk
om cHpm;ae&avawmhownf;/
tu,f cifoef;jrifhuom q&m0efudk tac:rvTwfvdkufyg
vQif ,cifuxuf qef;Mu,frGefjrwfaom pdwful;pnf;pdrfrsKd;udk
cH&rnfrmS rvGaJ wmhay/

(azazmf0g&Dv? 1940)
;;;
armifvlat;
65
xd k t cgum; aqmif ; wG i f ; tcg? xd k a e&mum; ygvS J & G m pG e f ; ?

xdktcsdefum; eHeuf ajcmufem&Djzpfavonf/ aexGufay:cgp ESif;
uav;uvnf; ruGJwuGJ? pyg; &dwfaeolwdkY\ toH? pmarmif;
aeolwdkY\ toH? pyg;e,faeolwdkY\ EGm;armif;oHrsm;ESifh xdkwpf
0dkufwGif qlnH aeavawmhonf/
awm&Gmrsm; ajcmufem&DrSm tawmfaejrifhayNyD/ NrdKUBuD;rsm;
rlum; tcsdefrSm tdyfaumif;wkef;? tdyfruf aumif;wkef;yif/
awm&Gmrsm;wGif rdk;csKyfvQiftdyf? rdk;vif;vQif tdyf&mrSxMu\/ xdkY
aMumifh awmolawmom;rsm; use;f rmMuavonf/
pyg;&dwf? pyg;e,f? pyg;odrf;csdefum; awmolawmifom;wdkY
tzdkY tcgaumif; tcsdefaumif;aywnf;/
xdktcsdef xdktcg xdkae&m&Sd aumufdk;yHk wpfyHkudk 0dkif;um
uk y f u k y f u av;xd k i f a eol w d k Y u m; e,f y d k i f armif v l a t;? pma&;
armifzsefpdef? jymwm zdk;a&T? wynfhxGef;az? olBuD;rif; OD;zdk;ausmuf
q,ftrd af cgif; OD;pHeG w
Yf w
Ykd nf;/
66
odyHarmif0
armifvlat;wdkY vlpkrSm aAsmovef&GmrS tjyefvrf;wGif arSmif

oGm;aomaMumifh a>rayG;udk aMumufMuojzifh c&D;quf roGm;
MubJ OD;pHGefY v,fwJwGif pcef;cs aeMujcif;jzpfavonf/ tcGef
awmfaiGvnf; renf;ygvm\/ olwdkYrdkY tdyfyav/ "m;jyrsm;0if
pD;rnfqdkvQif tcufESifhMuHK&ayvdrfhrnf/ vufeufudk tm;udk;Mu
[efw\
l /
armifvlat;wdkYpcef;cs&m ae&mrSm yef;vIdifjrpf urf;ajcESifh
reD;ra0;wGifjzpf\/ rMumrDtwGif;rSmyif NrdKUodkYoGm;rnfh ukvm;rD;
oabFmav; vmawmhrnf/ xdkoabFmuav;ESifhyif NrdKUodkYjyef&ef
armifval t;wdYk apmifph m;aeMuavonf/
xd k e H e uf w G i f ES i f ; usaeaomaMumif h oabF m uav;rS m
awmfawmfESifhay:rvmacs/ ig;&HUajcmufESifh aumufnif;aygif;wdkY
awmfawmfukefavNyD/ vufzuf&nfMurf;vnf; oHk;av;tdk; usavNyD/
csrf ; csrf ; ES i f h v uf z uf & nf a omuf & if ; pum;aumif ; vd k u f o nf r S m
tawmyif rowfawmhNy/D
ol w d k Y w pf a wG ajymvd k u f M uonf r S m tcG e f a wmf aumuf c H
jcif;odkYvnf; a&muf\/ pyg;aps; usonfodkYvnf;a&muf\/ ig;aps;?
ig;ydaps; usonf? qm;aps; wufaomaMumifh tif;om;BuD;awG
tcuf B uH K onf o d k Y v nf ; a&muf \ / &ef u k e f N rd K UwG i f rd e f ; rrsm;
av,mOfysHpD;MuonfodkYvnf; a&muf\/ OD;bat;wdkY bdvyfoGm;
onfodkYvnf; a&muf\/ wkwftuGefYbdef;a&mif;onfodkYvnf;
a&muf\/ tif;0wHwm;BuD;zGifhaom yGJodkYvnf;a&muf\/ yGJordef
&Gm atmifyGJcH&mwGif pHul;wdkY om;tz vlowfrIjzpfonfudkvnf;
a&muf\/ a&mufvdkufMuonfh jzpfjcif;? wpfa&mufwnf; a&muf
aeavawmhonf/ ukvm;oabFmav;qdkufumrS ta&mufpJawmh
\/
rMumrD armifvlat;wdkY vlpk ukvm;oabFmuav;ay:odkY
a&muf o G m ;Muavonf / oabF m uav;um; {&m0wD u l ; wd k Y
oabFmavmufr&Sdyg/ wpf0ufcefYvnf;r&Sdyg/ av;yHkwpfyHkom &Sd
ygonf/ wpfxyf oabFmuav;jzpf\/ yxrwef;? 'kwd,wef;r&Sd?
wpfpif;vH;k wwd,wef;csn;f jzpf\/
armifvlat;
67
yufvufukvm;xkdifay:odkY xdkifrdonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf armif

vl a t;onf rMumrD u a&muf v maom '*k e f r * Z if ; ud k z G i f h u m
zwf\/ oabFmwGif vdkufygvmMuaom c&D;onfwdkYrSm wdwfvsuf
aeMu\/ oabFmrSm rdrd\ 0w&m;ausyGefatmif trIawmfudk xrf;
vsufvm\/ c&D;onftaygif;wdkY toD;oD; apmifxlxlBuD;rsm;udk
NcKH um tumt&Hvnf;r&S?d twd'u
k a &mufaeMuay\/
tenf;i,foGm;rdvQif wpfa,mufolu ar;cGef;wpfcGef;udk
ar;av\/ wpfa,mufuajzavonf/ wpfa,mufu csJUxGifav
onf/ wpfa,mufu ESD;aESmavonf/ wpfa,mufu tHhMoav
onf/ xdkoabFmxJwGif pum;ajymyGJBuD; pavawmhownf;/ csrf;
jcif;rvmEdkif? at;jcif; rwdk;Ekdif? pdrfhjcif; ruyfEkdif/
armifvlat;rSmvnf; '*kefr*Zif;udk rzwfEdkifawmhNyD/ pmxJ
pdwfra&muf? xdkpum;yGJwGif pdwf0ifpm; aeavonf/ rsufpdrsm;
ESifh r*Zif;rsm;rSm tyf aeMuaomfvnf; armifvlat;\ pdwfum;
pmtkyw
f iG rf &S/d pum;yGw
J iG f usiv
f nfusupf m;aeavNy/D
armifvlat;\teD;wGif ouvwftus? acgif;aygif;opf?
ykqdk;opfESifh xdkifaeaomolu xdkae&mESifh reD;ra0;wGif cyfnpf
npfapmifpdrf;pdrf;BuD;udk NcHKum xdkifaeonfh ta':BuD;tm; ...
]aMomf a':apmtH[
k w
k v
f m;}
][kwfy armifzdk;atmif? ta': armifhudk jrifwmawmh Mumyg
Ny}D
]uReaf wmfuvnf; wlw,fvYkd Munhaf ewmyJ}
]tif ; armif w d k Y u aumif ; pm;aevd k Y ta':u rac:0H h w m
jrifwmawmh MumygNy}D
][m; [m; [m; .. uRefawmfaumif;pm;ayr,fh ta':udk
rac:bJ aeyghrvm;}
]aumif;ygh armif? ta':u armifzdk;atmifwdkY aumif;pm;oGm;
vdrYk ac:csib
f ;l atmufarhw,f}
]r[kw&f ygbl; ta':&,f}
tif; ta':BuD;rsm; tifrwef taighBudKufMuwmudk;? rac:
vnf;wpfcuf? ac:jyefawmhvnf; wpfrI? olwdkYESifh pum;ajymvQif
68
odyHarmif0
rsm;pGm owdxm;&\/ tbdk;BuD;rsm;omqdkvQif odkYaighMurnf

r[kwf/ tm;&0rf;om pum;ajymoGm;rnfjzpfavonf/ (um;
armifval t;\ awG;awmcsuaf ywnf;/)
a':apmtHktm; EIwfqufNyD;vQif armifzdk;atmifonf rdrd
tem;wGif xdkifaeoltm; ]'DESpfpyg;aps;awG usvdkufwm ajymp&mr&Sd
awmhbl; udkxGef;vif;a&} [k ajym\/
][kwfyg&JUAs? pdwfrsm;awmif ysufaeNyD} [k udkxGef;vif; qdkol
ajzavonf/
]'De,frSm pyg; b,faps;jzpfaeovJ}
]ig;q,f? ig;q,fhig;usyfvdkY xifyg&JUAsm? usKyfvnf; aumif;
aumif;rodbl;? pyg;yGJpm; vkyfaewJh cifAsm;u usKyfudk ar;ae&ao;
ovm;}
]yGJpm; qdkayr,fh uRefawmfu &efukef pyg;aps;udkom odwm?
'Du pyg;aps;udk rodao;bl;? tckvmNyD; pHkprf;wmygyJ}
]ta&mif;t0,fawGuvnf; raumif;? pyg;aps;awGuvnf;
us? b,fvdkvkyfNyD; pm;aomuf&r,fqdkwmawmif rodMubl;?'DMum;
xJu ukvm;? wkwfawGu wpfzuf}
xdkpum;udk Mum;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf reD;ra0;wGif xkdifae
aom bmblukvm;wpfa,mufu vSrf; ajymvdkufonfum;
odw
Yk nf;/
]'Dvdkvnf; r[kwfao;bl;av OD;rif;? uRefawmfwdkY pyg;0,fvdkY
pyg;aps; wufw,fr[kwfbl;vm;? pOf;pm;ygOD;}
xdkukvm;bufodkY c&D;onftm;vHk; rsufESmrlvdkufMuonf/
armifvlat;vnf; trIrJh trSwfrJh apmif;iJhMunfhvdkufonf/
udkxGef;vif;qdkolu xyf ajymonfum; ]tif;? bmblBuD;
ajymwmuawmh [kwfyg&JU? cifAsm;wdkY EkdifiHjcm;om;awG vkyfyHkudk
em;axmifprf;ygOD;}
]em;axmifygw,f? ajymyg ... ajymyg}
]wpfaeYu uRefawmfwdkY &GmrSm wkwft&Sdefqdkwm qefwpf
wif;udk oHk;usyfeJY a&mif;aew,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfu &Gmom;awG
aygaygeJY pm;&ygapawmhvdkY pyg;BuddwfNyD; wpfwif;udkESpfusyfcGJ eJY
armifvlat;
69
a&mif;w,f? t&Sdefu wpfwif;udk ESpfusyfeJY a&mif;awmhwmyJ?

'gaumif;ovm;? uReaf wmfwu
Ykd kd oufoufcsK;d wm r[kwb
f ;l vm;}
]'guawmh ta&mif;t0,f[mudk;? *syefukefawGudkMunfhyg
vm;}
]'gawGaMumif hcufw,fvdkY ajymwmaygh? ta&mif;t0,frSm
wpfa,mufukd wpfa,mufowfaeMuwm b,faumif;awmh rSmwH;k }
]ta&mif ; t0,f vk y f w m wpf a ,muf u d k w pf a ,muf
owfwmyJ cifAsm;wdkY rBudKuf&if tvum;ay;}
odkY ajymqdkaeMupOf reD;ra0; ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifaeaom
OD ; y i f ; wpf y g;u 0if ajymonf r S m ][k w f w ,f . .[k w f w ,f ?
'gaMumif h r d k Y rcJ G M uygeJ Y v d k Y usKyf w d k Y a [mMuwmaygh ? wu,f v d k Y
cGJvdkuf&if uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmawGtm;vHk; iwfoGm;awmhraygh?
ukvm;jynfeJY wGJxm;&if tm;&Sdw,f? b,folrS 0ifrwdk;Edkifbl;}
]bkef;BuD;ajymwm rSefw,f} [k bmblukvm;u axmufcHav
onf/
]udk,fawmf rodao;ygbl;? 0denf;udk BudK;pm;NyD;avhvmyg?
wdkif;a&; jynfa&;rSm 0ifrpGufygeJY} [k armifzdk;atmif qdkolu
qdv
k u
kd \
f /
]a[haumif yGJpm;? ighudk bmrSwfovJ? wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm vSnfhNyD;
w&m;a[mvmwmuG ? rif ; xyf a jym&if o d a pr,f ? OD ; eE w J h u G , f ?
odcsi&f ifwpfceG ;f xyfajymprf;}
wpfoabFmvHk; wdwfoGm;\/ armifvlat;vnf; rodrom
apmif ; iJ h u m Munf h a vonf / tif ; &ef j zpf & if 0if y g&acsao;&J U /
b,fhES,f oabFmay:rSm cGJa&; wGJa&;awG a&mufaeMuygvdrfh?
tckawmif wGJa&; cGJa&;udp rat;ao;bJudk;[k awG;rdavownf;/
twefMumatmif Nird u
f ek Mf u\/
15 rdepfcefY Mumaomtcg vlwpfa,mufu rdrdtem;wGif
xdkifaeoltm; cyfwdk;wdk; ajymonfrSm ]'Dudk,fawmfw,fa'go
BuD;yguvm; xGef;atmif? b,fuygvdrfh}
]tif;}
[k xGef;atmifuajz\/
70
odyHarmif0
]'gxuf rif;'DESpfpyg; b,favmuf&ovJ} [k xyfar;jyef

avonf/
]av;&m&w,f? p&dwfEkwfvdkuf&if aiGig;q,f ta<u;wif
r,fuG,fh? rif;aum b,favmuf&ovJ zdk;xif}
]iguawmh ajcmuf&mavmuf&r,f}
]bmpyg;vJ}
]aumufBu;D }
]iguvnf; aumufBuD; pdkufrvdkY[m oBuFefpmu aESmif;rdk;
acgifvdrfhr,f qdkwmeJY aumufBuD; rpdkufrdbl;}
]rif;[mu ae&mrusygbl;uGm? oBuFefpmu qdkwdkif;vnf;
rxifeJYuG,f? owif;pmawGu a&;wdkif;vnf; t[kwf xifraeeJY}
]EdkY olwdkY a&;wmawGu trSm;vdkY ,l&rSmvm;}
]owif ; pmawG a Mumif h r S m ;wmrsm;aevd k Y aMumuf N yD u G , h f ?
owif ; pmu pyg;aps;usr,f q d k v d k Y pyg;awG u d k xk w f N yD ; a&mif ;
vdkufwm? awmfawmfMum pyg;aps;awG wufvmygava&m? pyg;awG
wufr,fvdkY owif;pmawGu a&;wmeJY pyg;awG odkavSmifxm;
vdkufwm? awmfawmfMum pyg;aps;awG usukefwmeJY IH;ukefyga&m?
igawmh yg;NyD?b,fowif;pmu b,fvdka&;a&;? b,folu bmajym
ajym? igBudKufwJh aps;&&if a&mif;wmyJ? r&&if ra&mif;bl;}
]tif; 'guawmh &Sdygapawmh ? oBuFefpmudk,HkNyD; aumufBuD;
rpdu
k rf v
d Ykd rSm;aeygyaum}
]tif; cufw,fav? r,Hk&rSmvnf; cuf? ,Hk&rSmvnf; cuf}
]oBuFefpmu jrefrmjynfrSm rdk;acgifr,fvdkYom qdkwm jrefrm
jynfb,ft&yfrSm rdk;acgifr,fvdkY twdtusrS rqdkbJudk;? jrefrm
jynfuvnf; tus,fom;uvm;? oBuFefpm&JU tqdktwdkif; txuf
jrefrmjynfrSm rdk;aESmif; acgifcsif acgifraygh}
]rif; ajymwmvnf; [kwfwkwfwkwfyJ}
]wpfcg wpfcg oBuFefpmu ig;aygr,fvdkY a[mwmrsm;udk
Mum;zl;&JU r[kwfvm;}
]Mum;zl;w,f? tJ'g bmjzpfovJ}
]tJ ' g wpf j ynf v H k ; twG u f a[mwmuG , f h ? wd k Y t wd t us
armifvlat;
71
b,fvdk ,l&rSmvJ? yef;waemfrSm aygovm;? anmifwkef;rSm ayg

ovm; rajymEkdifbl;? yef;waemfrSm aygr,fqdkOD;awmh aygwJh tif;
rSm aygr,f? raygwJh tif;rSm raygbl;}
]rif;ajymwmrSefw,f? igaemufESpfcg aumufBuD;pdkufawmhr,f
uGm}
]'gaMumifh oBuFefpmwdkY? a&TayvTmwdkY? aA'ifwdkY qdkwmwdkYudk
csichf sed Nf y;D ,H&k w,fu,
G hf t&rf;r,Hv
k u
kd &f bl;}
odkY pum;ajym aumif;aecdkuf oabFmvnf; NrdKUqdyfwGif
0if qdkufonfESifh xdkpum;yGJrSm NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&mufoGm;avo
wnf;/
(azazmf0g&Dv? 1934)
aaa
72
odyHarmif0
armifi,fonf armifvlat;\ e0rajrmufjzpfaom armf

awmf u m;armif ; orm;jzpf a vonf / armif i ,f \ aemif a wmf
jzpf M uuk e f a om armf a wmf u m;armif ; orm; &S p f a ,muf w d k Y u m;
trsKd;rsKd;tpm;tpm;jzpfMuukef\/ tcsKdUrSm t vGef;onf? tcsKdUrSm
vnf; vnfvGef;onf? tcsKdUrSm ysif;vGef;onf? tcsKdUrSm npfywf
onf/ tcsKdUrSm a<u;xlonf? tcsKdUrSm pay: awmif;vGef;onf
tcsKdUrSm armfawmfum;pufudk uvdvGef;onf? tcsKdUrSm armfawmf
um;udk tjyif;armif;wwfonf? tcsKdUrSm wwfa,mifum; vkyfwwf
onf tcsKdUrSm armufrmvGef;onf? tcsKdUrSm armfawmfum; armif;&if;
aq;vdyfaomufwwfonf? tcsKdUrSm t&ufrl;wwfonf? tcsKdUrSm
"gwf q D u d k aomuf w wf o nf ? od k Y a om taMumif ;
aMumif;wdkYaMumifh armifi,f\ aemifawmfrsm;rSm wpfa,mufNyD;
vQiw
f pfa,muf toD;oD; tvkyjf yKwMf u&&Smavonf/
armifi,fum; armifvlat;xHwGif armfawmfum; armif;ae
onfrSm oHk;ESpfeD;yg; &SdavNyD/ udkaxmufjcif;tm;jzifharmifi,f
wGif txufazmfjy&myg? tjypfrsm;r&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;\/ odkYaomf
armifvlat;
73
olYvnf; tjypfvHk;vHk; ruif;ay/ armifi,fwGif acG;rsm;udk armf

awmfum;jzifh0if wdkufvdkaomqEBuD;pGm&Sd\/ armfawmfum; a&SUrS
acG;rsm;jzwfoGm;onf &Sdaomf rnfonfhtcgrQ csrf;omcGifh ray;acs/
acG ; rsm;ud k csrf ; omcG i f h r ay;onf r S m armif i ,f w pf a ,muf
wnf ; r[k w f / armf a wmf u m; armif ; orm;tm;vH k ; yif j zpf \ /
od k Y j zpf a omaMumif h armif i ,f w pf a ,muf w nf ; ud k o m a&G ;
tjypfwif&ef roifhay/ armfawmfum;ay:odkY a&mufvdkufonfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf acG; tp&Sdaom wd&pmefwdkYudk rqdkxm;bd? armfawmf
um;ab; vrf;ay:wGif avQmuffoGm;Muukefaom vlwdkYudkyif trI
rxm;Muawmhay/ vSnf;rsm;? &xm;rsm;? pufbD;rsm;? qdkufum;rsm;
udkvnf;&Sdonf[lyif rxifrSwfMu/ rdrdwdkY\ armfawmfum;rsm;
a&SUwGif oGm;vmaeMuukefaom vSnf;? &xm;? pufbD;? qdkufum;?
vrf;avQmufaeolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY vmonfudkjrifvQif wpfr[kwf
csif; vrf;v,frS z,fcGma&Smifwdrf;ay;apcsifMuukef\/ tu,f
xdkolwdkY aES;auG;aeMuvQif armfawmfum;ay:rS udk,fawmfwpf
odkufwdkYonf atmfvdkatmf? aigufvdkaiguf vkyfMuukef\/ armfawmf
um;rsm;jzih f 0if w d k u f r a,mif jyKMuuk e f \ / crsm vS n f ; orm;?
armfawmfum;orm;? qdkufum;orm;? vrf;avQmufolrsm;rSm tom
iH k Y c H a eMu&&S m avonf / ow d a umif ; ol wpf a ,muf w avu
rcH&yfEdkifaomaMumifh qJqdka&&Gwfaomfvnf; udk,fawmfjrwfrsm;
rMum;Mu/ tawmfyif a0;oGm;MuavNyD/ olwdkY\ pdwfwGif vrf;BuD;
vrf;i,ftoG,foG,fwdkYrSm olwdkY\ udk,fydkifypnf;rsm; jzpfonf
[l xif r S w f a eMuava&mh o vm;? rajymwwf / tcG e f a wmf u d k
olwcYkd sn;f ay;onf[
l rsm; t,l&adS eMuovm;rod/
vSnf;orm;? &xm;orm;? vrf;avQmufolrsm;tay:wGif rQ
txiftjrif ao;Muukefaom olwdkYonf acG;rsm;tay: rnfrQ
txiftjrif ao;Murnfudkum; a&;om;ae&efyif vdkawmhrnf
r[kwf/ acG;rsm;onf armfawmfum;oGm;&m vrf;rsm;ay:odkY vm&ef
tcGifhta&;wpfpHkwpf&mrQ r&Sd[l t,l&SdMuukef\/ rQruao;
acG ; rsm;onf avmuBuD ; wG i f ay:ayguf xG e f ; um;vm&ef y if
taMumif;xl; wpfpHkwpf&m r&Sd[l xifrSwfMuavonf/
74
odyHarmif0
acG;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkY\ bkd;pOfabmifqufu &cJhMuaom

tcGifhta&;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYvufxufrS vGwfoGm;rnfudk rsm;pGm
pdk;&drfaomaMumifh xdktcGifhta&;wdkYudk tcgrvyfwGifwGifBuD; toHk;
jyKaeMuukef\/ acG;jzL? acG;rnf; ? acG;0Jpm;rStp acG;BuD;acG;uav;
acG;xD; acG;r acG;ydef acG;em acG;Avmcsm tqHk;&Sdaom acG;taygif;
wd k Y r S m vrf ; wumwG i f usif v nf u suf p m; aeMuavonf /
vltvGefpnfum; armfawmfum;rsm; IyfaxG;vSaom vrf;rsm;rSm
yif olwdkYudkjrif&\/ vrf;BuD;vrf;i,f toG,foG,fwdkYrSmolwdkY\
usifvnf&m avmuBuD;[l twnfjyKxm;Mu[ef wlavonf/
armf a wmf u m; armif ; orm;wd k Y u armf a wmf u m;rsm;jzif h B ud w f
aeUpOfESifhtrQ twHk;tHk;aoaeMuaomfvnf; acG;taygif;wdkYum;
wpfAdkvfusvQif wpfAdkvfwufaeMuonfomwnf;/ enf;tm; jzifh
armfawmfum;orm;wdkYuvnf; tIH;ray;? acG;taygif;wdkYuvnf;
tIH;rcHbJ ppfyGJBuD;udk usif;yvmcJhMuonfrSm armfawmfum;ay:p
tcguwnf;ujzpfavonf/ ,ckxufwdkif ppfyGJBuD;rSm rNyD;ao;/
aemif rnfrQMumatmifwdkufcdkufMuOD;rnf rod/ acG;avmuBuD;
wGifvnf; acG;wyfom;wdkYrSm enf;oGm;onfr&Sd/ wpfaeUwpfjcm;
wdk;yGm;vsufom aeawmhonf/ armfawmfum; avmuBuD;rSmvnf;
enf;twdik ;f yifwnf;/
armifi,frSm armfawmfum;orm;jzpfonfhtwdkif; armfawmf
um;orm;wd k Y buf r S ppf u l r nf r S m "r w myif / armif i ,f o nf
armifvlat;xHodkY a&muf oHk;vrQ rMumao;rD acG;oHk;aumifwdkY
udk armfawmfum;jzifh BudwfcJhavNyD/ acG;avmuBuD;wGif tawmfyif
pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfrnfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sday/ acG;avmuBuD;wGifom
r[kwf? tBudwfcH&aom acG;wdkY\ us,favmifpGm idka<u;oHudk
Mum;&aom armif v l a t;rS m vnf ; pd w f r csrf ; rom rsm;pG m
jzpf&avonf/
odkY pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfaomaMumifh acG;rsm;udk rBudwf&ef
armif i ,f t m; tzef z ef a jym\...r&/ rMumrMumvnf ;
Budrf;armif; \... r&/ wpfcgwpfcgvnf; tvkyfrS Ekwfy,fypf
rnf[k qdk\... r&/
armifvlat;
75
aemufqHk;wGif armifvlat; tBuHaumif;wpfckudk &avonf/

xdktBuHudk &onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf armifi,ftm; tem;odkYac:NyD;
vQif odkYqdk\/
]armifi,f? oifonf acG;wdkY\ toufudk yk&GufqdwfwdkY\
toufavmufrQ yrmrxm;? oif armfawmfum;jzifh Budwfaom
aMumif h acG ; aygif ; rsm;pG m touf q H k ; I H ; cJ h M u&avNyD / oif h t m;
acG;rsm;u0dkif; udkufrnfqdkvQif oifBudKufygrnfavm? oifarmf
awmfum;jzifh Budwfvdkufaom acG;rsm;\ idka<u;atmf[pfaomtoH
udkigrMum;Edkif? rMum;vdk? rMum;&uf/ ,aeUrSp oifacG;wpfaumif
BudwfvQif oifhtm; aiGwpfusyf 'PfwyfrnfMum;\avm? NrJNrJ rSwf
xm;avmh}
od k Y armif v l a t;onf wif ; rmvS p G m aom trd e f Y u d k
xkwfqifhvdkuf\/ xdktrdefYudk Mum;&aom armifi,frSm rsufESm
tysuf B uD ; ysuf oG m ;avonf / od k Y a omf pum;wpf c G e f ; ud k r Q
rajymygbJ qdwfqdwfomvQif armifvlat;\tyg;rSxGufcGmoGm;
avonf/
armifvlat;\trdefYudk acG;rsm;om Mum;odrnfqdkvQif rnfrQ
0rf;ajrmufMurnfenf;/ acG;avmuBuD;rSmom owif;pmr*Zif;
xGef;um;aeygrl xdkowif;pmwdkYu armifvlat;tm; BuD;rm;vSpGm
aom pmvHk;BuD;rsm;jzifh csD;rGrf;pum; a&;om;MurnfrSm rvGJay/
armifvlat;\ "gwfyHktrsKd;rsKd;wdkYyif xdkacG;rsm; owif;pmBuD;rsm;
wGif ygvmaumif; ygvmayvdrfhrnf/ acG;avmuBuD;rSmom tpnf;
tH k ; BuD ; rsm;&S d y grl acG ; avmuvH k ; uRwf t pnf ; ta0;BuD ; rsm;ud k
ac:um armifvlat;tm; Mobmay;MurnfrSm trSefyifjzpfawmh
onf/ acG;rsufESmBuD;wdkY\ orD;acsm acG; rwrf;r uav;rsm;u
armifvlat;tm;yef;uHk;pGyfum csD;jrifhMurnfrSm {uefyifjzpfawmh
onf/ odkYaomf acG;avmuBuD;wGif owif;pm? r*Zif;uvnf;r&Sd?
tpnf ; tH k ; uvnf ; r&S d a v&um; armif v l a t;\trd e f Y r S m
acG;avmuBuD;wGif xifay:jcif;r&SdcJhay/ xdktrdefYudk armifvlat;
ESifh armifi,fwdkYrSwpfyg; rnfolrQ rodjzpfacsonf/
tqdkyg trdefYudk xkwfqifhNyD;aemuf oHk;av;&ufcefYtMum
76
odyHarmif0
wGif armifvlat;ESifh armifi,fwdkYonf armfawmfum;jzifh c&D;

xGufMuukef\/ NrdKUtpGefem;odkYa&mufaomtcg awmrS pyg;wdkuf
vmMuukefaom vSnf;wef;BuD;ESifh awGUMuavonf/ xdkvSnf;rsm;ESifh
twlygvmaom acG;wpfaumifonf a,mifwda,mifwESifh vrf;
tv,frSavQmuf vmay\/ armifi,fu armfawmfum;\ t&Sdef
udkowfum armfawmfum;\ ][Gef;} udk tBudrfBudrfrIwfavonf/
xdkacG;awmom;rSm *krpdkuf/ armfawmfum;bufodkYyif rvSnfh/
vSnf;rsm;bufodkYom rsufESmrlum a,mifwda,mifwESifh &yfae
jyefavonf/ cgwdkif;jzpfrl xdkacG;om;rSm armfawmfum; bD;atmuf
wGif w*def*defESifh aeavNyD/ armfawmfum;\ bD;rsm;rSmvnf; xdkacG;
\ aoG;udkaomufMu&avNyD/ ,ckrSmum; armifi,fonf armfawmf
um;udk t&Sdefowfum tHBudwf aeavonf/ ol\pdwfxJwGif
rcHcsdrcHom jzpfaeay\/'PfaiG wpfusyfay;um xdkacG;rdkuf acG;t
tm; 0if Budwfvdkufvdkaom qErSm ay:vm\/ odkYaomf xdk
aiGwpfusyfonf ol\ om;orD;wdkY\ ckepf&ufpm rkefYzdk;jzpfonf
udk owd&vmojzifh ,cifu pdwful;udk BudK;pm;azsmufvdkuf&&Sm
avonf/ odkY ]wuf&ydrfhavm &yfydrfhavm} [k csDwHkcswHkjzpfae
onf h t cd k u f acG ; &S i f v S n f ; orm;onf rd r d v S n f ; ay:rS qif ; um
armif;aomaMumifh xdkacG;rdkufrSm vrf;ab;odkYqif; ajy;avo
wnf;/ onftcgusrS armifi,fonf armfawmfum;udk quf
armif;oGm;avonf/ odkYaomf xdkacG;rdkufudk rBudwfvdkuf&aom
aMumifh rauseyfay/ EIwfu wdk;wdk; a&&Gwfumvm\/ xdkodkYaom
acG;rdkuftm; vufavQmhum tIH;ay;cJh&vQif rnfonfh armfawmf
um;armif;orm;onf auseyfEikd yf gtHeh nf;/
xdkYaemuf rsm;rMumrD armifvlat;ESifh armifi,fwdkY c&D;xGuf
Mujyef\/ wpfrdkifcefY oGm;rdvQif vrf;ay:wGif upm;aeMuaom
acG;om;trdwdkYESifh &ifqdkifwdk;aejyefavNyD/ armifi,fonf armfawmf
um;udkt&Sdefowfum ][Gef;} udkrIwf\/ acG;rBuD;om vrf;ab;odkY
qif;ajy;\/ acG;om;uav;wdkYum; vrf;ab;odkY qif;ajy;&rSef;
rodMu/ aMumuftm; vefYtm;ESifh vrf;ay:wGif jym;jym;0yfaeMu
uk e f \ / armif i ,f p d w f q d k ; avNyD ? od k Y a omf rnf o d k Y r Q rwwf E d k i f ?
armifvlat;
77
olwdkYwpfawGtm; tIH;ay;um armfawmfum;udk &yfvdkufNyD;vQif

][Gef;} udk us,favmifpGm tBudrfBudrfrIwf\/ acG;uav;wdkYrSm
vrf;ay:wGif wdk;om 0yfaeMuavawmhonf/ olwdkY\ ae&mrsm;
rSm a&GUyifra&GU/ 'PfaiGwpfusyfay;um xdkacG;av;wdkYudk 0if
Budwfvdkufcsif\/ odkYaomf xdkaiGwpfusyfonf olwdkY vifr,m;?
om;trdtm; xrif; av;ig;eyf auR;Edkifonfudk owd&jyefaom
aMumifh armfawmfum;ay:rS qif;um xdkacG;uav;wdkYudk vrf;ab;
odkY ajymif;a&TUay;&&Sm\/ NyD;rS armfawmfum;udk qufvuf armif;
oGm;&Smavonf/ ol\rsufESmonf &Jae\/ ol\EIwfcrf;rsm;
onf plxGuf aeavonf/
xdkacG;uav;wdkYtm; tIH;ay;&NyD; aemufwpfvcefY Mumjyef
aomtcg armifi,fESifhacG;wdkY\ ppfyGJudk Munfh&jyef\/ tcsdefum;
eH e uf a pmapm aexG u f p tcsd e f j zpf a vonf / armif v l a t;wd k Y \
armfawmfum; vmaeaom vrf;tv,fwGif acG;eufwpfaumif
onf pdwfcsvufcs tdyfum aeylpmvIHae\/ olYteD;odkY a&muf
aomtcg armifi,fu armfawmfum; ][Gef;} udk rIwf\/ xdkacG;
eufrSm NzKHyifrNzHK? xdktcg armifi,fu ][Gef;} udktzefwvJvJ
rIwfjyef\/ xdkacG; udk,fawmfjrwfrSm tom acgif;udk axmifMunfh
NyD;vQif tdyfNrJwdkif; tdyfaejyef\/ acG;rsm;\urmh&efol jzpfaom
armifi,fudk rqdkxm;bd acG;rsm;bufrS a&SUaevdkufcJhaom armifvl
at;yifonf;rcHEkdifawmhNyD/ onfacG;pGmudk 0ifBudwfvdkufygawmh
vm;[k qdkvdkufcsifonf/ ,cifu xkwfqifhxm;aom trdefYudk
owd & ojzif h rqd k 0 H h a cs/ od k Y a omf armif i ,f u ol \ oabm
tavsmuf xdkacG;udk 0ifBudwfygrl 'PfaiGwpfusyfudk rwyf[l
qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/ Budwfvdkufygawmhvm;? onfavmufpGmwJh
acG;udk Buw
d v
f u
kd yf gawmh[
l wd;k wd;k a&&Gwaf eavawmh\/
armifi,fudkvnf; IMuygOD;/ acG;rsm;\ a&SUwGif tBudrfBudrf
*kPfedrfhjcif; cHcJh&aom armifi,frSm a'go xGufvSaomaMumifh
wpfudk,fvHk; qwfqwfwkef aeavonf/ xdkpGmvSaom acG;udk
BudwfvQif 'PfaiGwpfusyf tdkufcH&rnfudk awG;rd\/ xkdaiGwpf
usyf\ wefcdk;BuD;aMumif;udkvnf; od\/ odkYaomf xdkpGmvSaom
78
odyHarmif0
acG;rsKd;udk Budwfvdkuf&vQif wpfusyfru ESpfusyfyif wefonf[k

qHk;jzwfum pufukefzGifhNyD;vQif xdkacG;pGmudk 0if Budwfavawmh
\/ armifvlat;a&m armifi,fyg tawmfyif auseyfoGm;Muav
onf/ odkYaomf acG;udk wdkufrdaomtoH? acG;\ atmfoHwdkY rMum;
&aomaMumifh armifvlat; vSnhfMunfhvdkufaomtcg ]iguJhodkY
ta&Smif aumif;vSaom acG;udk 0ifwdkufvdkY bm&rvJ} [k rqdk
aomfvnf; qdkonfhyHkESifh&yfum Munfhaeaom acG;udk jrif&aom
armifvlat;rSm rnfrQtcH& cufayrnfenf;/

({NyDv? 1941)
x
armifvlat;
79
a*gufoD;um; a*gufyifu oD;aomtoD;r[kwfyg/ vufudkif

wkwfuJhodkYaom tzsm;aumufaumuf wkwfrsKd;jzifh dkufum wGif;pdrf
upm;&onfh uGrf;oD;vHk;cefY&Sd abmvHk;uav;udk qdkonf/
armifvlat; jynfa&TbdkodkY a&mufpu v,f0ef OD;ndKwdkY?
opfawm0efaxmuf OD;kwfuGif;wdkY? a*gufoD;dkufupm;Muonfudk
tm;usaomaMumif h w pf a Mumif ; ? ol w umu pum;pyf r d
tanmif;ajy tnmajy naeHk;ujyefvQif rnfonfh upm;rsKd;udk
upm;ygovJ[kar;vQif a*gufoD; upm;ygonf[k [efvkyfum
ajzEdkif&efvnf;wpfaMumif;? taMumif; ESpfaMumif;wdkYaMumifh
armifvlat;onf a*gufoD;dkuf&ef wkwfaumufwpfpHkESifh a*guf
oD; ajcmufvHk;wdkYudk ta<u;&ojzifh 0,f,lvdkufavownf;/
a*gufoD;ydkif&Sif? a*gufoD;wkwfrsm;\ ydkif&Sifjzpfvmaomf vnf;
wpf v rS m rS wpf c g a*guf o D ; d k u f a om uG i f ; od k Y ra&muf c J h a cs/
,if;ypnf;rsm;udk tvSMunfh&ef 0,fxm;onfESifh wlvSayawmh
onf/ rdwfaqGrsm;u xdkypnf;rsm;udk jrifoGm;Muaomtcg armif
vlat;rSm wu,fha*gufoD;q&mBuD;[k xifrSwfoGm;avh&Sdavonf/
odkY xifrSwf oGm;Muonfudkyif tom;,lum wdwfqdwfpGmae
cJh\/
odkYESifh a*gufoD; upm;jcif;udk awmfpGm avsmfpGm vkyfvmcJh
onfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm MumcJhavonf/ a*gufoD;ESifh a*gufoD;
dkufaom wkwfcrsmwdkYrSm rsufESmi,fpGmESifh axmifhwpfaxmifhwGif
aecJMh u&onfrmS vnf; MumcJah vNy/D
80
odyHarmif0
wpf c gaomf armif v l a t;wd k Y td r f o m;wpf a wG &wemyH k

aejynfawmfodkY tvnftywf a&mufoGm;Muukef\/ &wemyHkae
rdwfaqGBuD; OD;om'kwfrSm a*gufoD;upm;jcif; 0goemtygBuD;
ygaeNyD jzpfaMumif;udk awGU&\/
xrif;pm;&if;vnf; a*gufoD;taMumif;? {nfhonfESifh pum;
ajym&if ; vnf ; a*guf o D ; taMumif ; ? tm;ae pmzwf j yef v nf ;
a*gufoD;taMumif;a&;xm;aom pmtkyfudk zwf? tjyifxGufoGm;
jyefvmvQifvnf; a*gufoD;dkufaom wkwfopfwpfacsmif;ESpfacsmif;
ud k 0,f c J h ? eH e uf a pmapm ajcmuf e m&D td y f & mrS xNyD ; onf E S i f h
wpfNyKd ief uf a*gufo;D uGi;f xJoYkd a&mufomG ;awmh\/
nae Hk;rS jyefa&mufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf a*gufoD;dkufaom
ud & d , mrsm;ud k ,l u m a*guf o D ; uG i f ; xJ o d k Y a&muf o G m ;awmh \ /
pm;vnf; onfpdwf? tdyfvnf; onfpdwf jzpfaeavawmhownf;/
OD;om'kwfum; ZGJaumif;ol jzpf\/ wpfck wpfckudk vkyfrdrSjzifh
ravQmhwrf; vkyfwwfolwnf;/ olum; a*gufoD;twGuf tl;BuD;
l;aeavNy/D
OD;om'kwfcsnf; r[kwf/ &wemyHk armifvlat;\ rdwfaqG
tm;vHk;vdkvdkyif a*gufoD; pGJaeavNyD/ uywdef odef;armifwdkY? ykvdyf
rif; OD;ausmfjrifhwdkY? rD;&xm;pufacgif;rif; OD;Hkrdk; wdkYwpfawGvnf;
a*gufoD;l;aeMuukef\/ eHeufwdkif;? naewdkif; a*gufoD;uGif;wGif
olww
Ykd pfawG\ ajc&mESihf Iyaf eavawmhonf/
armifvlat; &wemyHkodkY tvnfa&mufcdkufwGif a*gufoD;
q&mrsm;\ "gwful;oGm;NyD;vQif a*gufoD;dkufcsifaom pdwfrsm;
wzGm;zGm;ay:aygufvm\/ xdkodkY ay:aygufvmonfhtwdkif; rdwf
aqGrsm;ESifh eHeufwdkif;? naewdkif; a*gufoD; wpfvHk;aMu; avmif;
wrf; dkufavawmh\/
eHeufwkdif;? naewdkif; dkufaeMuaomaMumifh tusihf&NyD;om;
olwdkYtm; wpfvrSmrS wpfcgavmuf dkufavh&Sdaom armifvlat;
onf Edkifatmif tb,fpGrf;EdkifygtHhenf;/ a*gufoD;av;vHk;rQ IH;
cJah vNy/D
armif v l a t; tb,f r S m auseyf E d k i f t H h e nf ; / tawmf y if
armifvlat;
81
pdwfysufae\/ ol\ a*gufoD;wkwfrsm;xnfhaom vG,ftdwfudk

vG , f u m armf a wmf u m;orm; armif i ,f r S m vnf ; rd r d \ ocif
tIH;BuD; HI;onfudk tb,frSmvQif Munfh&ufygtHhenf;/
&wemyHkrS jynfa&TbdkodkY tjyefvrf;xJwGif ]igonf aejynf
awmfom; rdwfaqGrsm;udk a*gufoD;dkuf&mwGif rEdkifavmuforQ
umvywfvHk; &wemyHkodkY rvmawmhNyD/ jynfa&TbdkwGif a*gufoD;
tdkuf usihfawmhtHh/ aejynfawmfae rdwfaqGrsm;udk Ekdifavmuf
aom tajcodkYa&mufrS &wemyHkodkY tvnfoGm;awmhrnf} [kqdk
um t"d|mefujkd yK\/
td r f o d k Y a &muf o nf E S i f h w pf N yd K if e uf a*guf o D ; taMumif ; a&;
om;xm;aom pmtkyfudkaumuf zwf\/ xdkpmtkyfwGifTef;aom
tcsuf r sm;ud k NrJ N rJ p G J p G J r S w f a vonf / td y f & mxJ 0 if a omtcgwG i f
vnf; a*gufoD;taMumif; pOf;pm;&if; tdyfaysmfoGm;avownf;/
cifoef;jrifhu rnfodkYrQ rajym/ tomtuJcwfum onfvlawmh
a*gufoD;l;NyD [lom pdwfxJu qdkae[ef&Sd\/
aemufwpfaeU eHeufapmapm ajcmufem&D rxdk;rDarmifvlat;
ESifh ol\ armfawmfum;armif;orm; armifi,fwdkYonf a*gufoD;
uGif;xJwGif a&mufaeMuukef\/ yxrwGif;udk pdrf&efdkufawmh rnf
jyifaomtcg nu zwfxm;aom pmtkyfu Tef;onfhtwdkif;
pdwfxJu ]a*gufoD;udkMunfh ? b,fvufudk wef;wef;xm;? b,fajc
udkauG;} [k oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif *gxmudk&Gwf\/ odkY &GwfNyD;aemuf
tT e f ; twd k i f ; d k u f v d k u f & m tawmf c yf v S r f ; vS r f ; od k Y a*guf o D ;
uav; rSmajzmifhwef;pGm ajy;oGm;\/
armifvlat;ESifh armifi,fwdkY tawmftm;&oGm;Muavonf/
armifvlat;\ pdwfxJwGif aoG;BuD;rd\/ ,cifutwdkif; qufvuf
dkufoGm;&m av;csufESifh yxrwGif;udk pdrfrdavownf;/
xd k t cg armif v l a t;rS m aoG ; BuD ; oG m ;NyD ; vQif ][d k a eUu
rEav;rSm onfvo
kd m du
k rf ,fq&kd if ae&musrmS yJumG } [k armifi,ftm;
vSrf; ajymvdkuf\/
]onfvdkomqdk&if uywdef odef;armifwdkY? OD;om'kwfwdkYawmh
taysmhaygh} [k armifi,fu axmufcHvdkufavownf;/
82
odyHarmif0
,ckum; 'kwd,wGif;udk pdrf&ef dkufawmhtHh? armifvlat; onf

,cifu &Gwfaom ]a*gufoD;udkMunfh? b,fvufudkwef;wef; xm;?
b,fajcudk auG;} qdkaom *gxmudk oHk;Budrf&Gwfjyef\/ odkY &GwfNyD;
du
k rf nftvkyw
f iG f ...
onfvdkomqdk&if udkom'kwfwdkYawmh taysmhaygh} [koGm;awG;
rd\/ odkYvnf; awG;rdNyD; a*gufoD;udkvnf; dkufawmhownf;/
pdwftmHkrSm a*gufoD;wGif pdkufraebJ OD;om'kwfqD a&muf
oGm;aomaMumifh a*gufoD;udk csufaumif;rrSef ajrBuD;udk tm;ukef
ESv
H u
kd af omaMumifh a*gufo;D crsmrSm 10- aycefo
Y m oGm;Ekid &f mS o wnf;/
armif v l a t;um; rsm;pG m a'goxG u f r d a wmh \ / a'goud k
csKyfwnf;um dkufjyef\/ b,fvufudk qefYwef;xm;&rnfudk awG;
NyD; dkufrdaomaMumifh a*gufoD;udk rxdbJ AvmBuJaeavawmh
onf/ ,cifuxufyif ydk a'go xGufvmjyef\/ xdka'goudk
csKyfum dkufjyef\/ teD;tem;&Sd csKHawmxJodkY a*gufoD; a&mufoGm;
\/ armifvlat; pdwftysufBuD; ysufavNyD/ ,cifu aoG;BuD;
cJhonfvnf; vGifhpOfoGm;\/
aemifrS wpfzef tm;cJum dkuf&m tcsufaygif; 10 csufdkuf
rdrS a*gufoD;onf 'kwd,wGif;xJodkY a&mufoGm;avonf/
odkY a'goxGufcsnf? pdwfysufcsnf? aoG;BuD;csnf? tcH&
cufcsnfESifh dkufoGm;onfrSm wGif;aygif; 120 wGif;wdkYudk pdrfNyD;
cJh\/ NyD;vQif armfawmfum;ay:wufum tdrfodkY jyefcJhownf;/
tdrfxJodkY 0ifoGm;aomtcg cifoef;jrifhu oa&mfovdkvdkvkyf
umNyHK;\/ armifvlat; *krpdkuf? a*gufoD; taMumif;udkomvQif
pOf;pm; aeavonf/
Hk;oGm;csdef a&muf Hk;odkY xGufoGm;aomfvnf; Hk;wGif a*guf
oD;taMumif; pOf;pm;um tvkyfvkyfojzifh tcsKdUtvkyfrsm;rSm
trSm;rSm; t,Gif;,Gif;jzpfoGm;avonf/ xdktcg ]a[h avmurSm
l;rS xl;ouG} [k qdkum rdrd\trSm;udk ajzazsmuf\/
nae av;em&Dxdk;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf Hk;rSqif;um a*guf
oD;uGif;udk ajy;\/ aeylusJusJBuD;wGif armifi,fESifh ESpfa,mufom;
armifvlat;
83
BuJaeMuukef\/ armifvlat;udkuf? armifi,fu wkwfudkurf;ay;?

a*gufoD;aysmufvQif&Sm? arSmif a*gufoD;udkrjrifawmhrS a*gufoD;
uGi;f rS jyefvmMuavownf;/
a&rdk;csKd;? npm pm;NyD;aomtcg a*gufoD;taMumif;a&;xm;
aom pmtk y f u d k zwf j yef \ / xd k p mtk y f u d k zwf a e&if ; pd w f u l ;
aygufvmNyD;vQif a*gufoD;dkufaom wkwfwpfacsmif;udk tdwfrS
xkwfum tdyfcef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;\/
tdyfcef;xJ&Sd udk,fvHk;ay: rSefa&SUodkY a&mufaomtcg pmtkyf
wGif ygaom Tef;csuftwdkif; udkifum a*gufoD;dkufaom wkwfudk
vTJav\/ odkY vTJvdkuf&m rsufESmMuufrS wGJavmif;usaeaom
"gwfrD;vHk;udk oGm;rSefaomaMumifh cGrf;ceJjrnfum uGJMurf;jyif
ay:odkY usvm\/ tdyfcef; wpfcef;vHk;vnf; arSmiftwd usoGm;av
ownf;/ {nfhcef;wGif xdkifaeMuaom cifoef;jrifhwdkYwpfawG Mum;
ojzifh tvefYwMum;ajy;vmNyD;vQif tcef;0rSae taMumif;udk
ar;Mu\/
]bmrSrjzpfygbl;? a*gufoD;wkwfESifh "gwfrD;udk oGm;dkufrdvdkY}
[k armifvlat;u vSrf;umajz\/
]w,fvnf; l;wmudk;} [kqdkum cifoef;jrifhu a&&Gwf\/
armifvlat; rnfodkYrQrqdk? ukyfukyf ukyfukyfESifh tcef;xJrS
xGuv
f mNy;D vQif a*gufo;D wkwu
f kd olaY e&mrSmoGm;xm;avownf;/
aemufwpfaeUvnf; ,cif aeUuuJhodkYyif eHeufa&m nae
a&m a*gufoD;uGif;odkY q&mwynfhESpfa,muf oGm;Mujyef\/
odkY aeUpOf&ufquf oGm;Mu 10- &ufajrmufaom aeU
npmpm;NyD;aemuf cifoef;jrifhwdkY aemufaz;cef;wGif pum;ajymae
cdkuf {nfhcef;xJwGif armifvlat; wpfa,mufwnf; a*gufoD;
tdkufusifhjyef\/ odkYusifh&m Murf;jyifudk rSefvdkufojzifh 'dkif;ceJ
jrnfomG ;avownf;/
{nfhcef;xJwGif cif;xm;aom aumfaZmrSmvnf; aygufoGm;
\/ cifoef;jrifh ajy;xGufvmNyD; ar;aomtcg [kwfwdkif;rSef&mudk
ajymvdkuf&Sm\/ cifoef;jrifh qljyef\/
armifvlat;rSm tcufBuHKaeavNyD/ a*gufoD;udkvnf; rpGefY
84
odyHarmif0
Edkif? cifoef;jrifh\ qlyljcif;udkvnf; rcHcsif? odkYjzpfaomaMumihf tBuH

wpfckudk xkwf\/
xd k t BuH u d k xk w f N yD ; onf E S i f h w pf N yd K if e uf cif o ef ; jrif h t m;
a*gufoD;upm;&ef qG,fw&m;a[m\/ a*gufoD; upm;jcif;onf
jrefrmrdef;rrsm;ESifh tvGefoifhawmfaMumif;? yifvnf; ryifyef;?
ajEvnf; rysuf? usef;rmjcif;vnf; jzpf? odkYjzpfaomaMumifh
cifoef;jrifhvnf; a*gufoD;dkufoifhaMumif; tmaygufatmif aeUpOf
a[m\/ odkY a[mzefrsm;vwfaomf cifoef;jrifh pdwfygvm\/
rsm;rMumrD t wG i f ; armif v l a t;ES i f h cif o ef ; jrif h w d k Y u d k
reufwdkif;? naewdkif; a*gufoD;uGif;wGif jrif&avownf;/?
ESpfa,mufpvHk; pGJaeMuavNyD/ a*gufoD;uGif;rS jyefvmaom
tcgvnf; tdyfcef; {nfhcef;xJwGif tprf;dkufaeMuukef\/ cifoef;
jrifh\ ya,m*aMumifh ckwifwdkif wpfwdkifvnf; ydefoGm;avNyD/
armifvlat;\ ya,m*aMumifh wHcg;rSef wpfcsyfvnf; uGJoGm;av
Ny/D
odkYaomf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muftjypfrqdkMu/ auseyf
aeMuavonf/ rawmfwq xdwmyJ[kqdkum NyHK;aeMuukef\/
odkY l;zefrsm;vwfaomf armifvlat;\ nmbufeHawmif;
rSm auG;&vGef; atmifhp jyKvm\/ odkYaomf vufravQmhao;/
awayum du
k w
f ek ;f yif/
xdkYaemuf awmfawmfemvm\/ odkYaomf *krpdkuf/ aemifem
vGef;ru emvmrS eHeuftwGuf vufavQmhvdkufNyD;vQif naebuf
omoGm;awmh\/ jyefvmMuaomtcg cifoef;jrifhu a&aEG;usyfyl
xdk;ay;& &Smavonf/ ESpfOD;oabmwl tvkyfudk vkyf&jcif;um;
ta[mokcH aMomf csrf;ompG/
(Zlvdkifv? 1940)
qq
armifvlat;
85
'Drdkua&pDacwfwGif a&G;aumufyGJawGum; rsm;vSay

awmhonf/ rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJ? jrLeDpDy,f a&G;aumufyGJ?
'dpBwdwfaumifpD a&G;aumufyGJ? olBuD;a&G;aumufyGJ? aus;&Gmaumf
rwD a&G;aumufyGJ? rsm;vdkufonfh a&G;aumufyGJawG a&wGufyif
rukeEf idk Nf y/D
,cka&;om;rnfh a&G;aumufyGJum; olBuD;a&G;aumufyGJ
jzpfavonf/ rnfonfh&Gmu olBuD;a&G;aumufyGJayenf;/ vif;vGef;
yif&mG u olBu;D a&G;aumufyjJG zpfavonf/
vif;vGef;yif olBuD; OD;bdk;aqmifum; vlqdk;"m;jywdkYudk
aMumufaomaMumifh olBuD;tvkyfrS EkwfxGufonfrSm ESpfvcefY
MumavNyD/ ol\om; armifomqef;u &Gmudkacw tkyfcsKyfvsuf
ae\/ a&G;aumufyGJawG xGef;um;aeaom acwfBuD;xJwGif olBuD;
a&G;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyf&ayrnf/ a&S;acwfurlum; olBuD;om;rSm
ryifyef;bJ olBuD;jzpfoGm;rnfrSm rkcsyif/
86
odyHarmif0
vif;vGef;yif &GmwGif uRufpD uRufpD jzpfvsufaeavNyD/

armif a &T a us; a&G ; aumuf c H r nf [ k trsm;ajymaeMuavonf /
[kwfrSefp&m taMumif;&Sd\/ armifa&Taus;um; tif;om;BuD;jzpf\/
ypnf;ckdifvHk\/ taomuftpm;uif;\? vl&nf vnf\/ odkY&mwGif
&Gmom;rsm;ESifh roifh[k ajymoHMum;&avonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ acwf
pm;aeaomtcgwGif &Gmom;rsm;ESifhroifhvQif tb,frQyif t&nf
tcsif; &Sdapumrl &GmolBuD;jzpf&ef cJ,Of;\/
armifomqef;um; olBuD;om;jzpf\/ olBuD;om;jzpfaom
aMumifh rsufESm&SdNyD;om;jzpfavonf/ olBuD;a[mif; OD;bdk;acgifrSm
vnf ; aus;&G m tk y f c sKyf j cif ; wG i f nH h \ / tcG e f a umuf c H j cif ; wG i f
zsif;\? w&m;pD&ifjcif;wGif bmwpfckrQ rwwf? odkYaomf &Gmom;wdkY\
rsupf d ESihf Munfv
h Qif OD;zd;k acgifrmS olBu;D \t&nftcsi;f ESihf rsm;pGm jynfph kH
aomol wpfa,mufjzpfvsuf ae\/ olBuD;nHhav &Gmom;BudKufav
ESpo
f ufav? jrwfE;kd avyif/
armif a &T a us;buf r S vl r sm;ES i f h armif o mqef ; buf r S
vlrsm;tvkyfIyfaeMuavNyD/ olYbuf rJjym;xnhfyg? ighbuf rJjym;
xnfhygESifh a[majymaeMuukef\/ rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJwkef;u
xufyif ta&;BuD;Muavonf/ wpf&GmvHk; qlnH qlnH? olYbuf
ighbuf cufvdkufwJhjzpfjcif;/ uRufpD uRufpD jzpfaeMuNyD/
q,f t d r f a cgif ; OD ; batmif u armif o mqef ; buf u
wdkufwGef;\/ aus;&GmaumfrwD OD;xGef;armifu armifa&Taus;buf
rS tm;ay;avonf/ olwdkYESpfa,muf v,fxGef&mwGif pum;rsm;
Mu\/ pum;rS pvdkuf&m vufodkYa&muf oGm;\/ ESpfa,muf
pvHk; zl;zl;a&mifa&mifjzpfukefMuavNyD/ OD;batmif tdyf&mrS rx
EkdifonfrSm av;&ufrQ Mum\/ OD;xGef;armif zsm;aeonfrSm ajcmuf
&ufcefMY umavonf/
wpf a eUaomf vif ; vG e f ; yif & G m od k Y or e f j ymwm armif y k
a&mufvmavonf/ armifyk\ vufxJ 0gqdkvqef; 8 &ufaeU
wGif olBuD; a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yrnf[laom e,fydkifrif;\ trdefY
ygvm\/ armifomqef;ESifh armifa&Taus;wdkY wpfapmifpD&Muav
onf/ armifykvnf; armifomqef;\ tdrfwGif [dkajymonfajymESifh
armifvlat;
87
xrif;0atmif pm;oGm;avonf/ aq;vdyfawGudkvnf; EIduf,l

oGm;ao;\/ tvGen
f pfaom orejf ymwmawGygwum;/
xdkaeUwGif wpf&GmvHk; qlaeawmh\/ v,fxGef&mrSmvnf;
a&G;aumufyGJ? Muuf0dkif;wGifvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ? ig;rQm;&mrSmvnf;
a&G;aumufyGJ? &Gma&wGif;rSmvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ? OD;&mZdEausmif;
wGifvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ? OykofZ&yfwGifvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ? a&G;
aumufyt
JG aMumif;udo
k mvQif wpf&mG vH;k ajymMum;aeMuavonf/
xd k a &G ; aumuf y G J r S m vif ; vG e f ; yif &G m ol & G m om;wd k Y t zd k Y
tvG e f y if ta&;BuD ; ay\/ jref r mjynf o d k Y bk & if c H t opf w pf y g;
a&mufvmonfrSm olwdkYtwGuf ta&;rBuD;/ tdEd,jynfwGif bk&if
cHcsKyfBuD;awG ajymif;vJoGm;onfrSm olwdkYtwGuf ta&;rBuD;/
t*FvefjynfwGif eef;&if;0efBuD;awG ajymif;vJonfrSm olwdkYtwGuf
ta&;rBuD;? olwdkY&GmrSm olBuD;topf vJonfum; ta&;BuD;av
onf/
,aeUum; 0gqdkvqef; 8 &ufaeUwnf;/ wpf&GmvHk;&Sd
&Gmol&Gmom;wdkY tvkyfrqif;MuawmhNyD/ EGm;rsm; tm;vyfcGifh&Mu
ukef\/ ig;rsm; csrf;omcGifh&Muukef\/
armif o mqef ; ES i f h a rmif a &T a us;wd k Y u m; wpf n vH k ; td y f
raysmfMuacs/ eHeuf av;em&DtcsdefwGif tdyf&mrS xMuNyD;vQif trsKd;
rsKd; pDrHvsuf aeMuavonf/ cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS vmMuaom rJqE&Sif
wdkYtm; xrif;auR;&ef pDrHMu\/ odkYaomf rJqEudk rw&m; 0,f,l
onf[k wpfzufu avQmufxm;vQif cufavawmhrnf/ rcufyg/
xdkaeUwGif &[ef;awmfwdkYtm; qGrf;auR;onf[kqdkum 0denf;a&Smif
u vG,f\/ qGrf;auR;w&m;emjcif;onf Oya'ESifh qefYusifbuf
r[k w f / rnf o l r Q rwm;Ed k i f / uk o d k v f v k y f j cif ; onf rw&m;
vufaqmifxdk;onfr[kwf/ rw&m;rJ0,fonf rrnf/ e,fydkifvnf;
pGyfpGJEdkifrnf r[kwf/
odkY &[ef;awmfrsm;udk qGrf;auR;vQif &Gmol &Gmom;
wdkYudkyg auR;arG;onfrSm xHk;pH jzpfavonf/ xdkodkY auR; arG;onfudk
rJ0,fonf [l rnfol qdkEkdiftHhenf;/
xdkaeUwGif a&Taus;tdrf qGrf;auR;yGJwpfyGJ? omqef;tdrf
88
odyHarmif0
vnf; qGrf;auR;yGJwpfyGJ jyKvkyfMuavonf/ Pfrsm;aom yk*dKvf

wdkYaywnf;/ ESpftdrfvHk; vlpnfum;vsufyif/
q,fem&Dxdk;NyD/ pm;wkef;? aomufwkef;/ bkef;awmfBuD;
OD;&mZdEausmif;0dkif; tjyifbufZ&yfwGif a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&m
ae&mrsm;udk jyifqifMuukef\/ rJyHk;rsm;xm;&m rJHkuav;udkvnf;
pDrMH uavonf/
vl y sKd a cgif ; armif u mvD w d k Y vl p k u m; armif a &T a us;\
tdrfwGif xrif;pm;aomuf&ef oGm;Muukef\/ xrif;pm;HkrQru
vufzuf&nfwdkY uGrf;wdkYudkvnf; Adkufum;atmif pm;aomufcJhMu
ao;onf/ xdkrQruao;? rJwpfrJvQif aiGwpfusyfus ay;rnfqdku
rJ v d k o avmuf & atmif vk y f a y;Ek d i f o nf [ l vnf ; qd k a o;\/
armifumvDtajymaumif;aomaMumifh armifa&Taus;\ aowmxJ
rS aiGESpfq,fusyf xGufavNyD/
11 em&Dxdk;aomf armifvlat;ESifh ol\pma&;armifzsefpdef
wdkY a&mufvmMuukef\/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&mZ&yfodkY ajcOD;vSnfh
Muavonf/ armifa&Taus;ESifh armifomqef;wdkYvnf; c&D;OD;BudK
jyKum aemufrS vdkufvmMuukef\/ &GmxJwGif &SdMuaom &Gmol&Gm
om;? uav;rsm;yg rusef tMuifa&G;aumufyGJusif;y&m Z&yfodkY
vdu
k yf g vmMuavownf;/
Z&yfodkY a&mufMuaomtcg Z&yfywf0ef;usifwGif qlql
nHnHESifhaeMu\/ wpfuRef;jyef OD;omat;um; t&ufrl;NyD;vQif
[dkajym onfajymESifh vkyfaeavonf/ wpfuRef;jyef wnf;[laom
bGJUxl;BuD;udk &xm;oljzpfaomaMumifh &GmxJwGif wHcGefrSefuif;uJh
odkY axmifvTm;jcif; jyKvsufae\/ armifa&Taus;\ yHk;xJ rJjym;r
xnfholtm; rSwfxm;rnf[kqdkavonf/ odkYaomf rJjym;xnfhonf
udk rnfolrQ rjrifEdkifatmif rJyHk;rsm; xm;&mHkuav;udk tvHk
umxm;aomaMumifh odkY rSwfxm;&ef cJ,Of;vSay\/
OD;omat; aESmifh,Sufaeonfudk rcHEkdif&Smaom armif
omqef ; u e,f y d k i f t m; wd k i f M um;avonf / wpf u Ref ; jyef
OD;omat;e,fydkifa&SUodkYa&mufavNyD/ rl;ae\/ NidrfNidrf raevQif
acw o l B uD ; armif o mqef ; \td r f w G i f 24 em&D c sKyf x m;rnf [ k
armifvlat;
89
ajymvdkufawmhrS OD;omat;NidrfoGm;ownf;/ wpfuRef;jyefayrifh

24 em&D tcsKyfudkum; aMumufvSay\/ OD;omat;\ udpNyD;jywf
oGm;avNyD/ a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y&efom vdkawmh\/
aeygOD;? aeygOD;? ppfuGif; olBuD;rif;onf avQmufvTmwpf
apmif u d k ud k i f u m e,f y d k i f e m;rS m &yf a ejyef N yD / tb,f o d k Y a om
avQmufvTmygenf;/ rdrdtm; txl;tmPmudk ay;&efavQmufxm;
aom avQmufvTmjzpfavonf/ ta&;ydkifrif;xH tpD&ifcHpma&;rnf
[k ajymNyD;vQif a&G;aumufyGJudk prnfjyK\/ pr&ao;ay/ Zvkyf
BuD; armifomvif;onf avQmufvTmwpfapmifESifh ol\ ae&mrS
xvmjyef \ / ajcmuf v H k ; jyL; aoewf q k u d k a y;&ef avQmuf v T m
jzpfavonf/ qkrsm;taMumif;a&;onfhtcg pOf;pm;rnf[k ajymNyD;
vQif avQmufvTmudk pm;yGJay: wifxm;vdkufavonf/
a&G;aumufyGJudk tu,fyif pawmhrnf/ tb,frSmvQif
p &ao;tHhenf;/ aus;&GmaumfrwD armifvlBuD;onf axmifhwpf
axmifhrS xvmjyef\/ &Gmajrtopf &Smay;&ef avQmufvTmjzpf
avonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyf&mrSm olwdkYwpfawGu wpfrI? tvGef
IyfayGvS\/ armifvlat; pdwfr&SnfawmhNyD/ avQmufp&m &SdvQif
a&G;aumufyGJNyD;rS avQmufEkdif\[k ajymvdkufawmhrS at;oGm;av
awmhownf;/
avQmufvTm udpawGum; NyD;oGm;avNyD/ a&G;aumufyGJudk
p&efomvdkawmh\/ armifa&Taus;ESifh armifomqef;wdkY\ t&nf
tcsif;rsm;udk ppfaq;NyD;vQif armifomqef;tm; yHk;teD? armifa&T
aus;tm; yHk;tpdrf;wdkYudkay;avonf/ armifvlat;u y&dowf
BuD;tm; armifomqef;udk oabmusvQif yHk;teDxJwGif rJjym;xnfh
Muyg/ armif a &T a us;ud k oabmusvQif yH k ; tpd r f ; xJ w G i f rJ j ym;
xnfhMuyg[k ajymMum;\/ tm;vHk;wdwfvsuf em;axmifaeMuav
onf/
armifomqef; teD? armifa&Taus; tpdrf;/
xdkcPwGif teDtpdrf;? tpdrf;teD qdkaom toHrsm;tjyif
rnfonft
h oHurkd Q rMum;&acs/
q,ftdrfacgif; OD;vlarmifu acsmif wpfacsmifrS x
90
odyHarmif0
]armifomqef; &J&ifhvdkY eDorQ? aus;iSufESifh tarG;tawmifupdrf;

vdkY armifa&Taus;u pdrf;oAs/ bmrS rSm;p&m r&Sdbl;} [kqdk\/
]cifAsm;wdkY&JU aus;iSufudk usKyfwdkY av;wpfcsufwnf;ESifh
cGif;r,fAs} [l aumfrDwD OD;'gvDu qdkavonf/
y&d o wf B uD ; uvnf ; tawmrowf a tmif &,f M uav
ownf;/
armifvlat;onf yHk;pdrf;ESifh yHk;eDwdkYudk rJqEHkuav;xJ
wGifoGm;xm;NyD;aemuf vlcGefpm&if;udk zGifhum ]armifumvD} [k
ac:vd k u f \ / armif u mvD wuf vmavNyD / armif o mqef ; ES i f h
armifa&Taus;wdkY ESpfa,mufpvHk; olYudk NyHK;MunfhMuavonf/
armifumvD\ yHkyef;udk MunfhMuygOD;? rEav;vHkcsnft
opfudk0wf? vufESD;a&mif acgif;aygif;udk aygif;xm;\/ tusum;
r&SdNyD/ bGwfzdeyf wpf&Hudk vufwpfzufuudkif? vufwpfzufwGif um;
xD ; ? I y f a yG aeavawmh o nf / pd w f I y f p &m vG e f p G m aumif ;
\/ odkYaomf &Gmol&Gmom;wdkYurlum; armifumvDrSm tvGef*dkuf
usonf[k wD;wdk;pum; ajymMum;aeMuavonf/ armifumvDum;
NyHK;NyHK;ESifh 0ifvm\/
armifvlat;\ teD;odkYa&mufvQif &yfvsufaeavonf/
armif v l a t;vnf ; ppf a r;p&m &S d o nf w d k Y u d k ar;? ppf a q;p&m
&SdonfwdkYudk ppfaq;NyD;vQif rJjym;wpfjym;udk vSrf;ay;\/ vSrf;
,l&ef armifumvDwGif vufydkryg/ vufESpfzufpvHk; rtm;&Smay/
y&dowfBuD;u 0g;ceJ&,fMujyefavonf/ aemufrS bGwfzdeyfrsm;
udk ycHk;wGifcsdwfqGJum rJjym;udk vSrf;,l\/ y&dowfBuD;uvnf;
tawmrowfatmif &,favawmhownf;/
armifumvD rJqEHkrS xGufvmavNyD/ armifa&Taus;u
olYyHk;xJ rJxnfhcJhonf[k xif\/ armifomqef;uvnf; olYyHk;xJ
xnfhcJhonf[k xifrSwfavonf/ armifumvDum; armifa&Taus;
xHrS aiGESpfq,fusyf? armifomqef;xHrS aiGESpfq,fusyf &NyD;avNyD/
tvGet
f avSmaf umif;aom armifumvDygwum;/
vlcGef pm&if;wGifygaom olwdkYtm; wpfa,mufNyD;vQif
wpfa,mufudk ac:vm&m vl 20 cefYqEay;NyD;avNyD/ xdkYaemuf
armifvlat;
91
armifvlat;u ]a>ra[muf} [kac:vdkuf&m vltrsm; &,fMujyef

\/ a>ra[muf q d k o l o nf tb,f o d k Y a omol e nf ; [k od v d k
armifval t; vSr;f Munfah vonf/
]a[m a[m} a>ra[muf0ifvmavNyD/ tusryg? acgif;
aygif;vnf;r&Sd? rsufESmokwfy0g npfayayudk vHkcsnfvkyf 0wfvm
&&Smavonf/ vGefpGm vGefpGmrSyif qif;&J[efwl\/ armifvlat;
oem;rdavonf/ odkYaomf a>ra[mufum; t&,fyifrysuf? &Gmom;
wdkYuvnf; &,fvsufyif/ ow0gwdkY\ "rwmjzpfav&mrSm aysmf
pNrjJ zpfonf[k armifval t; awG;awmrdjyefavonf/
a>ra[muf rJ q E H k w G i f ; rS xG u f v maomtcg ]a[h
omqef ; ? rif ; yH k ; xJ r S m xnf h o uG , f h } [k qd k u m qif ; oG m ;av
ownf;/ Mum;&olwdkYvnf; &,fvsuf usef&pfMuavonf/
a>ra[muf rJxnfhNyD;onfhaemuf &,fp&mtcsuf ray:
ao;ay/ vlaygif; 90 ausmf rJay;NyD;avNyD/ oHk;av;a,mufom
usefawmh\/ vlcGefpm&if;wGif aemufqHk;trnfum; ]uZef;}jzpf
avonf/ uZef;[l armifvlat;u ac:vdkuf&m &Gmol &Gmom;
wdkY kwfkwf kwfkwf jzpfjyef\/ [dkMunfh onfMunfhvkyfMujyef\/
tb,faMumifyh gvdr?hf xl;qef;aomaMumifh jzpf[efwal vonf/
a[m[dkrSmMunfhavmh? vlESpfa,muf wufvmMuavNyD/
wpfa,mufum; a&SU? wpfa,mufrSm aemufrS vdkufvmavonf/
a&SUvlu aemufvludk wGJvmjcif;jzpf\/ uZef; rsufpduG,foGm;
onfrSm av;vQom Mumao;onf/ uZef; rdrd tem;odkYa&mufvQif
armifvlat;u ]b,folYyHk;xJ xnfhcsifovJ} [k ar;\/
]armifomqef; yHk;xJxnfhcsifw,f} [k ajzavonf/
armifvlat; udk,fwdkif rJqEHkxJodkY 0ifum rJjym;udk
armifomqef;\ yHk;xJodkY uZef;tpm; xnfhay;&\/
uZef;wdkY qif;oGm;vQif rJqEay;aom udpBuD; NyD;oGm;
avawmhownf;/
armifvlat;vnf; armifomqef;ESifh armifa&Taus;wdkY
tm; ar;p&m &SdonfwdkYudk ar;? ppfaq;p&m &SdonfwdkYudk ppfaq;
\/ tkyfpk olBuD;wdkYtm;vnf; ppfaq;avonf/
92
odyHarmif0
odkY ppfaq;NyD;vQif yHk;pdrf;ESifh yHk;eDwdkYudk rJqEHkuav;

txJrS xkwf,lNyD;vQif vlBuD;rsm; pHk&ma&SUwGif yHk;rsm;udk zGifhum rJ
jym;rsm;udk a&wGuf\/ y&dowfum; Nidrfvsufyif/
rJudk a&wGufNyD;vQif armifvlat; odkY aMunm\/
armifomqef; 85 rJ/
armifa&Taus;
15 rJ/
y&dowfBuD; qlnH oGm;\/ armifa&Taus;um; Muuf
aysmuf iSufaysmuf aysmufoGm;avNyD/ aumif;uifodkYyif ysHoGm;
ava&mhovm;? &Gmol&Gmom;wdkYvnf; pum; wajymajymESifh &GmodkY
jyefomG ;Muuke\
f /
vif;vGe;f yif a&G;aumufyBJG u;D qH;k cef;wdik af &mufavNy/D

(Mo*kwfv? 1933)
k
armifvlat;
93
e,fydkif armifvlat;onf ,cktcgwGif aMu;wdkifbufodkY

ajymif;oGm;NyD jzpfaomaMumifh aMu;wdkif armifvlat; jzpfoGm;avNyD/
e,f y d k i f t vk y f E S i f h aMu;wd k i f t vk y f w d k Y r S m rnf o d k Y u G m jcm;onf u d k
apmifph m; MunfMh uOD;pd/Yk
armif v l a t;rS m bG m ;a'G ; BuD ; \ vuf a tmuf w G i f B uD ; jyif ;
vm&aomaMumifhvm;rod? tbdk;BuD; tr,fBuD;rsm;udk awGUjrifvQif
cifrifavh&Sdavonf/ e,fydkif b0wkef;u awm&Gmrsm;odkY e,fvSnfh
xGufaomtcgrsm;wGif tbdk;tdk tr,fBuD;wdkYESifhawGU&jrif& EIwf
quf&yg\/ odkY&mwGif e,fydkiftvkyfawGrSm rsm;jym;vSaomaMumifh
MumMum pum;rajymEkdif/ todrdwfaqG rjzpfEdkifay/ wpf&Gm wpf&Gm
wGif wpfnOfhtdyfomvQif wnf;cdkavh&Sd\/ tvkyfudprsm; NyD;pD;
oGm;jyefvQifvnf; tbdk;tdk tr,fBuD;rsm;ESifh pum;rajymtm;/
tjcm;&GmodkY oGm;um trIudprsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ayao;ownf;/
aMu;wdkifbufwGifum; odkYr[kwfNyD/ wpf&Gmwpf&Gma&mufrS
jzifh &GufxnfHkxdk;um 9 &uf? 10 &ufpojzifh pcef;cs ae&av
onf/ eHeufcif;wGif uGi;f ppf? aeUcif;wGipf m&if;ppfNy;D vQif vkyzf ,
G f udp
r&SdawmhNyD/ naecif;nOfhOD;tcgrsm;wGif &Gmom;rsm;ESifh axG&m
av;yg; pum;wdkYudk ajymqdkEdkifavonf/ enf;tm;jzifh olBuD;
rif;? q,ftdrfacgif;? orm"d? aumfrwDrSp &GmxJwGif &SdorQaom
&Gmom;rsm;ESifh cifrif oGm;avh&dSavonf/ um; aMu;wdkif
armifval t;\ tvkyaf ywnf;/
wpf&Ha&mtcg ysHcsDqdkaom &Gmuav;\ aemufaz;ukef;wef;
uav;ay:&S d anmif c sOf y if wpf y if a tmuf w G i f &G u f x nf w J u d k
xdk;um armifvlat;wdkY vlpk pcef;cs aeMuavonf/ xdkvl
94
odyHarmif0
pkwGif yg0ifolwdkY\taMumif;udk tenf;i,f a&;om;vdkao;\/

armifvlat;\ pcef; pma&;wdkYum; armif[efpdefESifh armiftHk;yGifh
wdkYwnf;/ e,fydkifvkyfpOfu awmvdkufpma&;um; armifzsefpdef?
aMu;wdkifbuf a&mufaomtcg pcef;pma&;um; armif[efpdef?
um&efyJ udkufao;awmh/ emrnfwGifom um&efnDonfr[kwf
ao;/ olwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; wkwfujym;csnf;yif/ a&S;tusKd;quf
tawmfyif xl;ayonf[k awG;awmrdavawmhonf/
tjcm;wynf h r sm;\ trnf w d k Y u d k em;axmif y gOD ; /pcef ; jym
wmum; armifxGef;usif? pmydkYjymwmum; armifxGef;&Sdef? armifvl
at; udk,fwdkif wynfhum; armifxGef;az/ odkYESifh armifvlat;\
pcef ; wG i f xG e f ; oH k ; vH k ; wpf N yd K if e uf xG e f ; um;NyD ; vQif xG e f ; vif ;
awmufyvsufaeMuukef\/ olwdkY oHk;a,mufpvHk; paeom;csnf;
yif / xG e f ; oH k ; xG e f ; aygif ; aomf aomif ; ausmf r nf h t a&;ud k
vnf;aumif;? *i,foHk;ckOoQpfxk[laom &mZ0if oauFwESifh tnD
xGef;oHk;xGef;pkvQif pcef;ykoGm;rnfh ta&;udkvnf;aumif; awG;vdkuf
wdkif; pdk;&drfruif;jzpfrd\/
wpf c k a om eH e uf ajcmuf e m&D t csd e f w G i f v,f a jrrsm;ud k
t,kwf tvwf tjrwf cGJjcm;&ef av;OD;aom orm"dwdkYESifhtwl
armifvlat;? pma&;armif[efpdefwdkYonf uGif;qif; oGm;Muukef
\/ tqd k y gav;OD ; aom orm"d w d k Y t euf oH k ; OD ; rS m cyf i ,f i ,f
cyfvnfvnf cyfnmnm cyf0g0grsm;jzpfMuavonf/ odkY&mwGif
rdrd e,fydkifvkyfpOfu awGUjrifcJh&aom tiftm;BuD;wdkYavmufum;
tnm? tvIdif;? tvdrf? taumuf? raumif;vSay/ usefwpfOD;
aom orm"dum; touf 60 ausmfNyD/ cg;ukef;ukef; ycHk;ay: eHi,f
wpfxnfudk wifxm;\/ tusudkum; r0wfEdkif&Smay/ xdkorm"d
tbdk;BuD;um; nmjcif;? 0gjcif; r&Sd/ trSeftwdkif; ajymqdkavh&Sdaom
aMumifh armifvlat;\ rsufpdu wef;rSef;rdavonf/ ol\trnf
um; OD;om&wnf;/
uGif;ppfNyD; pcef;odkY jyefvmaomtcg vrf;wGif armifvl
at;ESifh OD;om&wdkYrSm avay;ajzmifhvsuf vmMuavonf/ OD;om
& om;orD; ajcmufa,mufxGef;um;&m ESpfa,mufrSm i,fi,f
armifvlat;
95
uwnf;uyif aoqHk;oGm;NyDjzpf av;a,mufomusefawmh\/

xdkav;a,mufaom om;orD;wdkYrSmvnf; toD;oD;tdrfaxmif&uf
om; usNyD;vQif om;awG? orD;awGESifh jzpfaeMuaomaMumifh taz
OD;om&ESifh tartdk a':pDwdkYtm; rMunfhIEkdifMuacs/ w&m;oabm
tNrJ ESvHk;oGif;xm;aomoljzpfaomaMumihf rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm;
rdrdwdkYtm; rMunfhIonfudk 0rf;vnf;renf;? olwdkYudk tm;rudk;ay/
&Gmajrmufbuf jrvGwfajrvyfuav; wpfuGufudk ckwfcJhNyD;
vQif O,smOf awmif,muav; vkyfudkifpm;aomufaeonfrSm av;
ig;ajcmufESpf MumavNyD/ xdkawmif,mrS xGufaom opfOwdkYudk
a&mif;um tbdk;tdk tr,fBuD;wdkY ESpfa,mufom; pm;aomufae&
&Sm\/ xrif; 0Hkom&\/ t0wftpm; 0wf&efum; rydk/ olwum
u oem;ay;aom t0wftpm;wdkYudkomvQif t&SufvHkHk 0wfpm;
&ayonf/ csrf;wkeftcsdefrsm;wGifum; cdkufcdkufwkef? NcHKp&muvnf;
apmifr&Sd/ rdk;wGif;tcgwGif ydk;avmif;aumif? jciftrsm; 0dkif;tHkum
udu
k cf MJ ujcif;udk cHMu&&Sm\/
rdrdwdkY ydkifeufjzpfaom O,smOf awmif,muav; twGuf
cstyfaom tcGefawmfoHk;usyfudk rysufyif BudK;pm;um aqmif&Sm
ayonf/odkY&mwGif vGefcJhonfhESpfu wdkufpma&; udk,fawmfjrwfu
tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh rod? OD;om& rvkyfrudkif? rckwfrxGif
aomajrudkyg xnfhoGif; tcGefpnf;MuyfaomaMumifh tcGefawmf
18 usyfusavNyD/ OD;om&wdkY vifr,m; tusyfMuHKawmh\/ tcGef
awmfraqmifEdkif/ tusKd;um; xdk,muav;udk tpdk;&jyefodrf;vdkuf
avawmhownf;/ rMumrD ESifpmvm? tjcm;aep&muvnf; ajrr
&SdaomaMumifh xdk,mwJrSmyif cdkuyfum ae&&Smay\/ twefMum
vQif w&m;tpGJcH&ojzifh 'PfaiGoHk;usyf aqmif&avonf/ &GmxJrS
vlrsm;pk ay;vdkufaomaMumifhom axmifab;rS csrf;omcGifh&av
onf/
OD;om&\ tjzpftysufudk Mum;od&aom armifvlat;um;
oem;rqHk;NyD/ aeUwdkif;yif tm;vyfaom tcgrsm;wGif OD;om&
tm; rdrd\ pcef;odkY ac:um pum;ajymay\/ vufzuf&nfaomuf
csdefwGif vufzuf&nfudk wdkuf\/ xrif;pm;csdefwGif xrif;auR;\/
96
odyHarmif0
vufzuf&nf wpfcGuf? xrif;wpfeyf ESpfeyfpmrSm armifvlat;

twGuf rxl;jcm;aomfvnf; OD;om&tm; aMu;wdkif0efaxmufu
vufzuf&nf wdkufaMumif;? xrif;auR;aMumif; owif;rSm &GmxJ
wGif csufcsif;ysHUESHUoGm;\/ OD;om& tdrfjyefoGm;aomtcg owif;
vma&muf a r;jref ; Muaom ol w d k Y r S m jynf h v suf a eavonf /
0efaxmufvufzuf&nf? 0efaxmufxrif;wdkYudk pm;cJh&aom OD;om
&BuD;rSm &GmxJwGif tawmfyif xifay: *kPf&Sd vmavownf;/
OD;om&um; armifvlat;tm; aus;Zl;wif rqHk;awmhNyD/
ysHcsD &Gmuav;wGif 9-&uf? 10-&ufcefY pcef;csNyD;aemuf
a&T a yguf & G m od k Y oG m ;&ef pD r H & jyef \ / OD ; om&um; tawmf y if
0rf;enf;&Smayonf/ odkYaomf ysHcsD&GmrS xGufcGmrnfhaeUwGif OD;om&
ay:rvmacs/ tb,faMumifhenf;/ 0rf;enf;aomaMumifhyifavm?
*krpdkufaomaMumifhyifavm? OD;om&tm; EIwfquf&ef tac:
vTwf vdkufygvnf; OD;om&tdrfwGifr&Sday/ a&Smifrsm;aeava&mh
ovm;[k odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm'dG[ armifvlat;\ pdwfxJ
wGif jzpfrday\/
naecif;av;em&Dxdk;aomtcg armifvlat;wdkY vlpkvnf;
a&Tayguf&GmodkY oGm;&ef avSqdyfodkY qif;Muukef\/ avSrsm;ay:
wGif ypnf;rsm;wifNyD; avSxJodkY armifvlat; qif;rnftvkyf
wGif &GmajrmufbufrS OD;om&BuD; ajy;vmonfudk jrifMu&avonf/
rMumrD armifvlat; tem;odkYa&muf\/ armBuD;yef;BuD;ESifhyif?
vufxJwGifvnf; ykvif;wpfvHk;/ bmykvif;ygvdrfh/ ysm;&nfykvif;
jzpf y gonf / rd w f a qG w pf a ,muf x H r S aiG w pf u syf u d k a cs;NyD ; vQif
eHeufapmapmuyif ajcmufrdkifcefYtuGm ausmufzsm&GmrS aiGwpf
usyaf y;0,fvmaom ysm;&nfyv
k if;jzpf\/
xdkysm;&nfykvif;udk 0efaxmufrif;tm; aus;Zl;wifvSojzihf
vufaqmifay;&efjzpfygonf/ aMomf OD;om& ... OD;om&? aus;
Zl;odwwfygay\/
armif v l a t;onf OD ; om&\ ysm;&nf y k v if ; ud k tod k Y v Qif
,l&ufygtHhenf;/ aus;Zl;odwwfpGmESifh ay;onfudk r,lbJ jiif;y,f
vd k u f r nf q d k v Qif v nf ; OD ; om&BuD ; pd w f r aumif ; jzpf a wmh r nf /
armifvlat;
97
armifvlat; tusyfawGUawmh\/ xdktusyfxJrS vGwfajrmuf&ef

enf;wpfenf;om&Sdavonf/ ,if;um; OD;om&\ ysm;&nfykvif;
udk,lNyD;vQif olYtm; aiGoHk;usyfay;jcif;aywnf;/ OD;om&uvnf;
auseyf? armifvlat;uvnf; tm;& oGm;Muav\/ pm;&rJh
aomuf&rJh 0wf&rJh jzpfaeaom tbdk;BuD;onf tpdk;& vcpm;jzpf
aom 0ef a xmuf t m; ysm;&nf v uf a qmif a y;Ed k i f a vmuf a om
apwemrSm xl;qef;aypG[l pdwful;&if;ESifhyif ysHcsD&GmrS xGufcJho
wnf;/
ae0ifcsdefwGif a&Tayguf&GmodkY a&mufMuukef\/ OD;ausmf'Gef;
\ O,smOftwGif; o&uf? ydEJ? uepdk;yifrsm;atmufwGif &GufxnfwJ
aqmufum pcef;cs aeMujyef\/ vlolta&muftayguf enf;
tvGefacgifvSaom u&if&Gmuav;jzpfaomaMumifh 0efaxmufrif;
a&mufonfMum;vQif wpf&GmvHk;yif vma&mufMunfhIMuukef\/
BuD;BuD;i,fi,f &G,f&G,fvwfvwf ykvkauG;av; ykcufwGif;uav;
rsm;yif ygavonf/ wu,fhyGJBuD;usaeawmh\/
aemufwpfaeU eHeufwGif orm"d av;a,mufESifh armifvl
at; uGif;qif;oGm;avonf/ xdkorm"dtm;vHk;rSm dk;om;vlcsnf;
jzpfaomaMumifh ajrrsKd;cGJ&mwGif trSeftuef &HkrQru vG,fvnf;
vG,fulvSay\/ xdkorm"dav;a,mufteuf touf 60 ausmf
cefY&Sd tbdk;BuD; wpfa,mufvnf;ygavonf/ xdktbdk;BuD;tm;
armifvlat;rsufpdusjyefavNyD/ odkY rsufpdusonfhtwdkif; xdk
tbdk;BuD;tm; awmifar; ajrmufar;ESifh wpfvrf;vHk; avQmuf
ar;vmcJah vonf/
tbdk;BuD;\trnfum; OD;a&TvSatmif jzpfavonf/ emrnf
rSm &ckdifemrnfESifhwlaomaMumifh ar;Munfh&m touf 16 ESpft&G,f
uwnf;uyif &cdkifawmifdk;udk jzwfausmfvmNyD;vQif u&if&Gm
wGif vma&mufaexdkifaMumif; ajymjyojzifh od&Sd&avonf/ &ckdif
awmifdk;rS xGufvmuwnf;u rdrdae&yfodkY wpfcgwpfacgufrQ
jyef ra&muf a wmh N yD / u&if & G m uav;wG i f y if vk y f u d k i f p m;
aomuf BuD;jyif;vmolwnf;/ u&ifpum;udk oGufoGufvufvuf
BuD; ajymqdkEkdifaomaMumifh u&ifyif jzpfaeavNyD/ odkYaomf &cdkif
98
odyHarmif0
pum;udkum; wpfvHk;aumif; ESpfvHk;aumif; rSwfrdayao;onf/

OD;a&TvSatmifum; i,fpOfuyif om;r,m; r,l? vlysKdBuD;
b0ESifhyif aysmfarGUvmolwnf;/ ,cktcgwGif om;axmuf orD;cH
r&SdaomaMumifh rdrd,muav;udk ckwfxGifum wpfa,mufwnf;
aexdkif&&Sm\/ rdrd,mrS xGufaom toD;tESHwdkY\wefzdk;rSm tcGef
aqmifavmufHkom &Sdavonf/ pm;aomuf&efum; a0;aypG/ odkY
jzpfvQif OD;a&TvSatmif tb,fodkY pm;aomufaeygoenf;/ u&if
&G m ol B uD ; ES i f h &G m om;rsm;u apmif r Munf h I apmif h a &S m uf xm;
aomaMumifh tpm;taomuftwGuf rylyif&&Smay/ odkY&mwGif &Gmol
&G m om;rsm;rS m vnf ; csrf ; om <u,f 0 aom ol r sm;r[k w f a om
aMumifh t0wftpm;twGuf rwwfEdkifMuav&um; OD;a&TvSatmif
wGif ykqdk;wpfxnfESifh eHi,fydkif;wpfckom &Sday\/ odkYtxd 'ku
a&mufae&&Smaomfvnf; rdrd&yfxHodkY jyefvdkaom qEum; &Sdao;
onf/ &cdkifawmifdk; rdrd&Gmuav;odkY av,mOfysHpD;um oGm;a&muf
csifonf[k &,fp&m pum;ajymMum;&Smavonf/ rnfolonf rdrd\
csujf rKyaf e&yfukd rjyefcsib
f J &Syd gtHeh nf;/
odkY qif;&JaeonfhtxJwGif vJ&m olcdk;axmif; qdkonfh
pum;ykHt& OD;a&TvSatmif\ O,smOfuav;twGuf ajypmESpf&Guf
xGufvmavonf/ OD;a&TvSatmif todkYvQif xdkajypm ESpf&Gufudk
a&G;EkdifygtHhenf;/ tylrD; avmif&Smawmh\/ odkYaomf pm;p&m r&Sd
apumrl avsmfp&mum;&Sd&rnf/ tcGefraqmifjyefvQif trIa&muf
rnfjzpfjcif;aMumifh &GmolBuD; OD;usm;uyif ol\tpm;pdkuf aqmif
vdu
k af omaMumifh csr;f omcGi&hf oGm;avonf/
taMumif;udk Mum;od&aomtcg armifvlat;vnf; rdrd
0w&m;&Sdonfhtwdkif; trSefodkY a&mufap&ef &Sif;vif; ay;\/
OD;a&TvSatmifum; aus;Zl;wifrqHk;NyD/ OD;om&BuD;uJhodkYyif rjywf
rjywf armifvlat;\ &GufxnfwJ &Sd&modkY vmNyD;vQif armifvlat;
ESifh axG&mav;yg; pum;pjrnfajymavh&Sdavonf/ wpfa,mufESifh
wpfa,muf tuRrf;0if oGm;Muavownf;/
armifvlat; a&muf oHk;&ufajrmufaom naecif;wGif cyf
ysif;ysif; &SdonfESifh wJa&SUxGufum 0wKpmtkyfwpftkyfudk zwfae
armifvlat;
99
cd k u f OD ; a&T v S a tmif a yguf vmav\/ armif v l a t;tem;wG i f

xd k i f u m rd r d \ vH k c snf t d w f a xmif h x J r S Muuf O ajcmuf v H k ; wd k Y u d k
xkwf armifvlat;tem;wGif cs&Sm\/ rdrdarG;xm;aom Muufr
BuD;\ Orsm;jzpfavonf/ xdkOrsm;udk om;azmuf&ef &nf&G,f
xm;aomfvnf; ,ckrSmum; armifvlat;tm; aus;Zl;wifvSaom
aMumifh vma&mufum vufaqmifay;jcif;jzpfavonf/
xd k M uuf O rsm;ud k tod k Y v Qif armif v l a t; ,l & ygtH h e nf ; /
OD;a&TvSatmifudk oem;rd\/ ol\MuufrBuD;udk ukPmoufrdav
onf/ odkY&mwGif rQqif;&Jaeaom OD;a&TvSatmif\ o'gw&m;
udkvnf;aumif;? aus;Zl;odwwfaom w&m;udkvnf;aumif; rcsD;
rGrf;bJ raeEdkifawmhNyD/
avmuwGif qif;&Javav aus;Zl;odwwfavav jzpfonf
rS m "r w myif jzpf o nf [ l vnf ; awG ; rd \ / qif ; &J o l w d k Y u m;
ud k , f c sif ; pmwwf M uavonf / csrf ; omol w d k Y u m; ud k , f c sif ; rpm
wwf[q
k v
kd Qif rSm;rnfrxif/
twd ' k u a &muf a eaom OD ; a&T v S a tmif u aus;Zl ; od w wf
aevQif 0efaxmufarmifvlat;u ydkyif aus;Zl; odwwf&ayrnf/
od k Y j zpf td w f x J r S aiG E S p f u syf E S i f h OD ; a&T v S a tmif t m; aus;Zl ;
jyef q yf H k r Qru ol \ Muuf O rsm;ud k v nf ; jyef ay;vd k u f a v
onf/ OD;a&TvaS tmifum; em;rvnf? rauseyf/ 0efaxmuf tb,f
aMumif h rd r d o ' g ay;aom Muuf O rsm;ud k jyef ay;&oenf ; /
armifvlat;u tusKd;taMumif;udk jyef&Sif;vif;vdkufaomtcg
usrS auseyfoGm;avownf;/ aMomfr&Sdqif;&Jolrsm; w,fauR;csif
arG;csi&f ydS gwum;? aus;Zl;odwwfMuaypG/
({NyDv? 1935)
www
100
odyHarmif0
wayukvm;qdak omtrnfonf qef;\/

xdktrnfum; armifvlat;\e,ftwGif;&Sd wHig&Gmuav;
wpf&Gm\ trnfjzpfavonf/ wayukvm; &Gmomr[kwf? way
uk v m; tif ; [l vnf ; &S d a o;\/ wayuk v m;uG i f ; [l vnf ;
&Sdao;\/ wayukvm;acsmif; [lvnf; &dSao;\/
wayukvm;tif;udk taMumif;jyK wayukvm;&Gm[lyif
ac:qd k o avm? wayuk v m;&G m ud k taMumif ; jyK wayuk v m;
acsmif;? wayukvm;tif;? wayukvm;uGif;[lyif ac:qdkoavm
[k rnfolrQ rajymjyEdkif/ wayukvm; &Gmom;wdkYtm; ar;aom
tcgum; a&S;twdaw ya0PDuyif &SdcJhonf[k ajymMuqdkMuukef
\/ ur m OD ; tcguyif qif ; ouf a y:ayguf v monf [ l rsm;
xifrw
S f aemufava&mhovm;/
wayukvm; qdkaompum;\t"dyg,frnfodkYenf;[k EIdufEIduf
cRwf c Rwf ar;avh & S d o l w d k Y a r;aumif ; ar;Muayvd r f h r nf / &G m wG i f
touftBuD;qHk; tbdk;BuD; OD;aemufwdk;tm; ar;Munfhaomtcg
]wayukvm;} qdkaompum;rSm ]wayukvm;} [k t"dyg,f&aMumif;
ESifh ajymjyavonf/ ol\pum;udk ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sd? OD;aemufwdk;um;
touf 85 ESpfyifausmfNyD jzpfaomaMumifh a&S;rDaemufrD tbkd;BuD;
jzpfavonf/ tcsKdUtawG;aumif;aomolwdkYurlum; wayukvm;
qdkonfrSm wpfaycefY&Sdaom ukvm;ykuav; wpfa,mufu pwif
wnfaxmif xm;cJhaom&GmjzpfaomaMumifh wayukvm;&Gm[k
armifvlat;
101
trnfwGifaMumif; awG;awmaumif; awG;awmMuayvdrfhrnf/ odkY

aomfOD;aemufwdk; ay;aom t"dym,favmuf rBudKuf/
wayukvm; qdkaompum;\ t"dym,fudk &Sif;vif;NyD;onf\
tjcm;rJh wayukvm;[laom tMuifwHig&Gmuav;\ wnf&m
tajcESifh om,myHkudk a&;om;OD;tHh/ xdk&Gmuav;um; tvGefaemuf
usd &THUtwdNyD;aom wayukvm; acsmif;uav;\ ab;wGif wnf&Sd
avonf/ acsmif;uav;rSm wpfyg; tjcm; ab;ywfywfvnfwGif
uGif;jyifv[mBuD;jzifh NcH&Hvsuf wpf&GmvHk;yifukudKyif oHk;av;yif
tjyif tjcm;tyif[lr&Sd/ uGif;acgifacgifBuD;wGif wnfxm;aom
&G m uav;wnf ; / aEG O wk w G i f yl j yif ; vd k u f o nf r S m ajymp&mr&S d /
&GmxdyfwGif bkef;awmfBuD; OD;Z0eausmif;wpfausmif;&Sd\/ tif;om;
rsm; aocgeD;qnf;uyf&m ausmif;aywnf;/ &GmawmifbufpGef;wGif
OD;bdk;xGef; wl;xm;aom a&uefwpfuef&Sdavonf/ &Gmom;wdkY
aomufa& cyf,l&mwnf;/ xdka&uefESifh uyfvsuf tE&m,fuif;
ud;k awmifjynfb
h &k m;uGi;f acgifacgifwiG f wnf&\
dS /
&GmwGif tdrfajcum; oHk;av;q,fcefY/ oufu,frdk;? 0g;uyf
um? 0g;jcrf;cif;? 0g;wdkifawGESifh tdrfrsm;om/ tdrfESpfaqmifNydKif
us,fus,faqmufum xm;aomtdrfum; ewd/ ysOfaxmiftdrf[l
um; r&S d / wpf t d r f v Qif tvG e f q H k ; aiG w pf q ,f c ef Y wef \ /
odkYaomf tif;cH0ef ay;Muaomtcg ig;&mwefonf[k usrf;udkif
um qdkMuavonf/
tdrfatmufrsm;wGif 0ufawG? MuufawG? bJawG tESHUtjym;
vTwf xm;avonf/ qlqlnHnHESifh tdrfa&SUtdrfaemufaz;? tdrf
ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif ig;ydtdk;awG iHjym&nftdk;awG teEESifh eHvdkuf
wJhjzpfjcif;? oif;wdkY &Gmom;awG b,fvdkaeMuonf rod/ a&m*g
vnf;r&/ 'kuvnf; rjzpf/
wpf&GmvHk;wGif tdrfomwpfvHk;rQr&Sd/ wu,fh&Gmom;awG/ &Gm
vrf;um; us,fyg\/ aEGtcgwGif zkefwaxmif;axmif;? rdk;tcg wGif
a&jrKyf/ vrf;csnf;om a&jrKyfonf r[kwf/ tdrfrsm;vnf; a&jrKyf\/
&Gmom;rsm; tdrftay:xyfwGif wuf aeMu&avonf/ Muuf
vnf ; onf r S m ? acG ; vnf ; onf r S m ? 0uf v nf ; onf r S m ? bJ v nf ;
102
odyHarmif0
onfrSm? aMumifvnf; onfrSm? awmfawmfaysmfp&m aumif;\/

tdyfvnf;onfrSm? pm;vnf; onfrSm? xrif;[if; csufvnf; onfrSm
use;f rma&;q&mrsm; twGuf oifcef;pmwpfc&k Ny/D
rdk;wGif;tcgwGif a>rayG;awG aygvdkufonfrSmvnf; ajymp&m
r&Sd/ 0gacgifvtwGif;u armifbdk;aomif ZeD; tay:xyfwGif tdyf
aecdkuf a>rayG;cJ ao&SmavNyD/
rQES i f h wayuk v m; &G m uav;\ om,myH k t aMumif ;
odavmufNyx
D if/h &Gmom;&Gmolwt
Ykd aMumif; a&;om;yg&apOD;/
wpf & G m vH k ; a&ES i f h t ouf a rG ; ol c snf ; / &G m ywf 0 ef ; usif w G i f
tif;aygif; ajcmuftif;cefY &Sd\/ xdktif;wdkYwGif &Sdaom ig;rsm;
tay: tk y f c sKyf u m rif ; vk y f aeMuaom tif ; om;BuD ; um;
ajcmufa,mufcefYyif &Sdavonf/ wayukvm; olBuD;OD;aiGvSvnf;
wpfa,muftygt0ifjzpf\/ xdktif;om;BuD;ajcmufa,mufwdkYrS
tyjzpfaom tjcm;&Gmom;wdkYum; tcscHtif;om;uav;rsm;ESifh
tif;ulvDrsm;omwnf;/ v,form;[l atmifazESifh OD;bdk;qifwdkY
ESpfa,mufom&Sdavonf/ olwdkYESpfa,mufum; wpf&GmvHk;ESifh roifh
ESpfa,mufESifh wpf&GmvHk;jzpfaomfvnf; atmifazwdkYwGif tenf;
i,frQ aMumufpw
d rf &S/d
atmif a z owif ; ay;csuf t & ,pf r sKd ; t&m&S d OD ; barmf
AdkufylBuD; &GmodkY wdwfwqdwfvm arTaESmufoGm;avonf/ olBuD;
om; armifjym; vufxJrS bdef;ig;usyfom;rd\/ olBuD;\wl xGef;wif
\tdrfrS csuft&uf ajcmufykvif;rdavonf/ 'PfaiG 75 usyfpD
tdkufcHMu&\/ armifjym;ESifh xGef;wifwdkYrSm tcJrausMu/ olBuD;
rif; OD;aiGvSrSmvnf; atmifaztay:wGif tcsuf&Smvsuf aeav
awmhonf/ atmifazrSmvnf; acgif;rmolwpfa,mufjzpf\/ vlcGef
udkraqmif?uwfzJhvkyf aeavonf/ olBuD;rif;\ tcsufay:NyD/
NrdKUydkifrif;xH wdwfwqdwfoGm; 0g&rf;pmwpfapmif xkwfcJhav
onf/ n wdwfwqdwf atmifaz\tdrfudk 0dkif; atmifazudk
zrf;Muukef\/ atmifazvnf; rajy;om? tzrf;cH&&Sm\/ olBuD;rif;
vnf; 0g;&rf;pmudkjyNyD;vQif atmifaztm; vufxdyfcwfavawmh
onf/ NyD;vQif rD;wkwfawGESifh &Gmv,facgifwGif avQmufjyav
armifvlat;
103
onf/ wpf&GmvHk; wtkef;tkef;ESifhae\/ atmifaz\ t&Sufum;

qdkp&m r&dSNyD/ ol\ r,m;u aemufwpfaeUwGif vlcGef ig;usyfESifh
p&dwfig;usyf aygif;aiG wpfq,faqmifawmhrS atmifaztm; &Gmol
Bu;D rif; vTwv
f u
kd af vawmhonf/
rdrd\wynfhudk t&SufcGJaomaMumifh OD;bdk;qifrSm tonf;
emvsufae\/ wpfaeUaomf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;NyD; oum
v q,ftdrfacgif; bdk;xifwdkYtdrfwGif zJ0dkif;udk zrf;\/ bdk;xif
um;atmifaztm; olBuD;zrf;pOfu a&SUaqmifjzpfavonf/ xdkzJ
0dkif; zrf;&mwGif tif;om;BuD; xGef;pef;? tif;vufaxmuftcscH
pdefbdk;? olBuD;uawmf a':k\ wl armifatmifwdkYvnf; tzrf;cHMu
&avonf/ w&m;olBuD;u wpfa,mufvQif'PfaiG tpdwfpD dkuf
vdu
k af vonf/
trItwGuf OD;bdk;qiftay: olBuD;rif; pdwfckjyefavNyD/
tcsufudk&Smjyef\/ OD;bdk;qifum; vlcGefvnf;aqmifNyD;NyD/ ajrcGef
vnf; aqmifNyD;NyD/ zJ0dkif; axmifolvnf; r[kwf/ bdef;wdkY t&ufwdkY
udkvnf;ra&mif;/ tMuH& tdkufvsufae\/ odkYaomf tMuHudk ravQmh
OD;bdk;qifrSm opfyif yef;yif pdkufysKd;jcif;udk 0goemyg\/ ol\tdrf
a&SUwGif yef;NcHBuD;udk crf;em;pGm jyKpkysKd;axmif xm;avonf/
xdkyef;NcH twGif;&Sd yef;yif? opfyifuav;wdkYudkomvQif t&dyfw
MunfhMunfhESifhae\/ xdkOD;bdk;qif\ O,smOfrSm &Gmvrf;xJodkY q,f
aycefY usL;vGef aeavonf/
olBuD;rif;\ tcsufay:ayNyD/ OD;bdk;qifonf &Gmvrf;tay:
usL;vGefaeaMumif;udk ta&;ydkifrif;xH tpD&ifcHpm a&;om;quf
oGif;vdkuf\/ rMumrD ta&;ydkifrif;xHrS xdkusL;vGef aeaom ajr
ay:&Sd opfyif yef;yifwdkYudk ckwfypf&ef trdefY a&muf&Sdavonf/
olBuD;rif;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;um; ajymrjyEdkifNyD/ rdrdtdrfOD;cef;wGif
qGJxm;aom armif;uGJBuD;udk tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGmxk\/ &Gmom;
oHk;q,fcefY "m;udk,fpD? wkwfcRefudk,fpDESifh a&mufMuavNyD/ olBuD;
rif;vnf; xdk&Gmom; oHk;q,fausmfwdkYESifh OD;bdk;qif\ tdrfa&SUodkY
oGm; vrf;wGif usL;vGefaeaom O,smOfwGif;&Sd opfyifyef;yif
BuD;wdkYudk aphaphnufnuf aMuatmif zsufqD;vdkufMuavNyD/ OD;bdk;
104
odyHarmif0
qifu wm;\/ olBuD;rif;u ta&;ydkifrif;\ trdefYpmudk jy\/

OD;bdk;qif\ tonf;udk uRJ0ifcwfavNyD/ tb,frSm tcJaMuEdkif
tHeh nf;/
wpfaeYaomf armif[efBuD;ESifh ryef;pdefwdkY\ r*Fvmaqmif
tdrfwGif OD;bdk;qif\ orD; ryef;atmifu olBuD;rif; OD;aiGvSonf
rw&m;aom ol B uD ; ? &G m om;&G m ol w d k Y t m; ES d y f p uf a om ol B uD ; ?
bdef;pm;aomolBuD;[l cyfus,fus,fuav; qdkvsufaeavonf/
ol B uD ; uawmf B uD ; a':k M um;vQif r cH E d k i f ? r*F v maqmif t d r f w G i f
&efyGJBuD;pavawmh\/ a':k\ ta':awmfpyfol a':a&Tcuf xbD
wpfawmifavmufjrifhum olBuD;uawmfbufrS 0iful\/ OD;bdk;
qif\ wlr ryef;&Du ryef;atmifbufrS0if &efawGU\/ &efyGJ
um; rdef;rawGESifhom udpwHk;rlum; aumif;avpG/
a[m a[m olBuD;om; armifyGm;ESifh olBuD;ol xGef;wifwdkY
ayguf vmMuavNyD / armif y G m ; vuf x J w G i f "m;ajr m if E S i f h /
xGef;wif vufxJwGif oHwkwfESifh/ rdef;rtcsKdU r*FvmaqmiftdrfrS
qif; ajy;MuavNyD/ odkYaomf ryef;atmifESifh ryef;&DwdkYum; xDyif
rxD/ *kyif rpdkuf/ ta&;yifrvkyf/ qJNrJwdkif;? wdkif;NrJwdkif;? qdkNrJ
wdik ;f /
armifyGm;ESifh xGef;wifwdkY a':kbufrS ul qJMuavNyD/
&Gmom;rsm; rnfolrQ ruyf0HhMu/ awmfawmfqdk;wJh taumifawG/
ryef;atmif\ a,mufsm; armifomtdu tdrfrS ajy;vmNyD;vQif
xGef;wiftm; "m;ESifh ckwfavNyD/ armifyGm;u omtdtm; "m;ajrmif
ESifh xdk;\/ xGef;wifESifh omtd ESpfa,mufom; yHkvsufvJaeMuav
NyD/ a[m[dkrSm omtdnD uZef;ESifh bdk;usm;wdkY aygufvmMuNyD/
qGJMuygOD;/ qGJMuygOD;/ onfwpfcg cufawmhr,f/ vSHawGudk,fpDESifh
qGJoluqGJ? zufolu zufxm;Mu\? rEdkif/ armifyGm;bufrS ulnD
&ef xGef;atmifESifh xGef;armifwdkY nDtpfudkvnf; rSdef;BuD;awGudk,f
pDESifh/ cufukefNyD ... cufukefNyD? vkyfMuygOD;? olBuD;udk taMumif;
Mum;rSaygh/ olBuD;tdrfrS armif;uGJxkoHBuD; qlnHaeNyD/ wpf&GmvHk;
tkwftkwfusufusuf/ olBuD;vnf; rEdkifawmhNyD/ oludk,fwdkifyif
ppfyGJwGif yg0ifaeovm;rajymwwf/ aqGrsKd;awGtm;vHk; rD;quf
armifvlat;
105
ukefMuavNyD/ tem; teD; &Gmrsm;uyif qlnHaeaom toHBuD;udk

Mum;Mu&ukef\/ &efyGJBuD; rnfrQMumrnfrod/ aemufwpfaeU
wayukvm;&Gmol&Gmom; 20 cefY aq;HkodkY a&muf aeMuav
onf/
wpf&GmvHk; wdwfvsuf aeayNyD/ bkef;awmfBuD; OD;Z0eausmif;
wGif arG;xm;aom atmifeuf? *sKdum? tm0ga'; paom acG;rsm;
vnf; xrif;iwfMuukef\/ bkef;awmfBuD; OD;Z0eudk,fwdkifyif qGrf;
r0w0om bkef;ay;rnf [laom "lwifudk usifh&av\/ qGrf;ydkY
olr&Sd/ qGrf;cH &orQESifhyif wif;wdrf&&Smavawmhonf/ tqdkyg
&efyGJBuD;um; &Gmol&Gmom;wdkYudkom xdckdufonfr[kwf/ bkef;awmf
BuD; OD;Z0eudkyif xdcdkufaom [l\/
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;Z0e wayukvm;&GmodkY a&mufonfrSm oHk;
0gyif &SdavNyD/ ,ckuJhodkY wpfcgrQ acgif;yg;jcif; rjzpfcJhzl;/ rdrd
wayukvm;odkY r<uvmrD xdkausmif;wGif xdkifcJhaom bkef;BuD;
OD ; 0d Z ,u vuf x uf a wmf t cgu wayuk v m; &G m om;rsm;ES i f h
roif h a wmf a omaMumif h awmf a wmf y if acgif ; yg;cJ h a vonf /
taMumif;um; OD;0dZ,udk,fawmfu ig;zrf;jcif;? ig;ydvkyfjcif;wdkYjzifh
toufarG;jcif;onf raumif;aom toufarG;jcif;jzpfonf[l
a[mawmfral omaMumifh jzpfavonf/
bkef;awmfBuD; ODZ0eum; bkef;awmfBuD OD;0dZ,uJhodkYr[kwf/
tif ; om;awG E S i f h qef Y u sif b uf jzpf a om w&m;ud k ra[m/
wpf o uf y wf v H k ; ol w um\touf r sm;ud k owf j zwf
aeaomf v nf ; aocgeD ; aumif ; aomaZmud k 0if v d k u f v Qif
aumif ; &mok * wd o d k Y vm;&onf [l yH k a wG 0w K awG E S i f h
a[mavh&Sd\/ xdkw&m;udk a[mMum;onfh aeUrSp bkef;awmfBuD;
OD;Z0eausmif;wGif qGrf;tkyfawG renf;NyD/ uefawmhyGJawG renf;NyD/
ausmif;om;vnf; renf;NyD/
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;Z0erSm w&m;a[maom ae&mwGifom acwf
qefonfr[kwf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmoifMum;aom ae&mwGif
vnf; acwfqefavonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ pdwfudk csKyfcs,fjcif;
rjyK/ olwdkYtm; vGwfvyfpGm xm;\/ ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;wuf
106
odyHarmif0
csifaom tcsdefwGif ausmif;wufEdkif\/ tvsif;ausmif;rwufbJ

aevdku aeEdkif\/ oifMum;vdkaom pmudk oifMum;Ekdif\/ xifovdk
aeEdik af om ausmif;wnf;/
xdkodkY vGwfvyfcGifhudk ay;xm;aomaMumifh r[kwfavm/
ausmif;om;rsm; xrif;[if; pm;aomufNyD;MuvQif ausmif;
wGif wpfa,mufrQ r&dS/ wayukvm; acsmif;xJwGif a&ul;olul;? ig;
zrf;olu zrf;? *Pef;EdIufolu EIduf? vGwfvyfvdkufwJh ausmif;
om;wpfawG/ tus vHkcsnfqdk ruyfMu/ acgif;wHk;ajymifajymif?
udk,fa&mifrnf;rnf;? o&Juav;awGESifhrjcm; aq;jyif;vdyfawG
yg;pyfxJ cJxm;Muao;/ t&G,fuav;awGu udk;ESpf q,fESpfom/
xdkausmif;om;rsm;teuf aemifESpfaygif; av;ig;q,fvGef
ajrmufvQif wpfa,mufwav jrefrmjynf orw rjzpfbl;[l
rnfol ajymMum;EdkiftHhenf;/ orwqdkonfrSm trsm;oabmwlvQif
jzpfpwrf;/
(Zlvdkifv? 1933)
A
armifvlat;
107
q,fayywfvnf tcef;uav;twGif; pdwfIyf aeolum;

e,fydkifrif; armifvlat;jzpf\/ xdkq,fayywfvnf tcef;uav;
um; e,fydkifrif;\ Hk;cef;jzpfavonf/ xdktcef;ESifh rsufESmcsif;
qdkiftcef;um; e,fydkifrif;\ w&m;cGifjzpf\/ ab;csif; uyfvsuf
aeaom tcef;um; e,fydkif pma&;rsm;\ tvkyfcef;? ausmcsif;uyf
tcef;um; &mbufw&m;olBuD;OD;baomf\ tcef;wnf;/ atmuf
xyf w G i f u m; w&m;cH r sm;csKyf x m;&m tcef ; / bD v pf \ tcef ; ?
a&SUaersm; ae&mtcef;rsm;&Sdavonf/ rQESifh e,fydkifHk;awmf\
yHyk ef;ay:avmufNy/D
armifvlat;onf rdrdHk;cef;twGif; tvkyfIyf? pdwfIyfaecdkuf
wGif &mbufw&m;olBuD; OD;baomfu oufaorsm;tm; aigufae
aom toHudk twdkif;om;Mum;&\/ ]armifrif;udk ar;wmu wjcm;?
armifrif;ajzwmu wpfrsKd;/ igbmudk a&;&rvJ? Hk;awmfudk armifrif;
pdwfxJrSm aps;xifovm;? atmifr,f? NyHK;aejyefNyD/ ighrsm; rif;&nf;
pm; xif a eovm;? ouf a ovd r f N yD ; xG u f r ,f rMuH E S i f h ? tck
axmifusoGm;r,f} paom toHrsm;onf x&HESpfzufudk xdk;azmuf
NyD; oumv armifvlat;\ em;xJodkY pl;0if oGm;awmh\/
tjcm;buf tcef ; wG i f u m; e,f y d k i f p ma&;BuD ; OD ; bwd k ; u
tcGef vmoGif;olrsm; aemufusaomaMumifh qlyGufvsuf ae\/
]cifAsm;wdkYudk csdef;xm;wm av;ig;&uf&SdNyD/ tckrSvmvdkY usKyf
108
odyHarmif0
bmvkyfwwfrSmwHk;? 'PfaiGom ay;ayawmh? cifAsm;wdkY bdk;at

e,fydkifu awmif;yefvdkY &rSmr[kwfbl;} paomtoHrsm;onf vnf;
armif v l a t;\ I y f a eaom em;twG i f ; od k Y csif ; eif ; 0if a &muf
vsuaf e\/
'kwd,pma&; zefuwHk; armifzsefpdefum; rdrda&SUpm;yGJay:wGif
wifxm;aom pm&if;pmtkyfawG trIwGJawG wpfyHkBuD;ESifh tvkyf
Iyfvsufae\/ rQ tvkyfIyfaeapumrl aq;vdyfudkum; vufrS
rcs/ pD;u&ufwpfvdyfNyD;wpfvdyf zGmvsufae\/ wwd,pma&;
buGef;um; bmtvkyfIyfaerSef; rod/ tcef;xJwGif [dkavQmuf
onfavQmufEiS hf ae\/
Hk;jymwm jzpfMuukefaom yef'pfESifh r[m&efwdkYum; e,fydkif
tcef;xJodkY trIwGJawG pm&GufawG,lum 0ifvm? tcef;xJrS ,loGm;
p&m &SdwmawGudk ,loGm;umESifh tvkyfrsm;ae&SmMuukef\/ ck0if
ck x G u f E S i f h ajcanmif ; p&m/ e,f y d k i f p m;yG J a y:um; pm&G u f a wG
trIwGJawGESifh IyfaevdkufonfrSm tyfcsp&myifae&mvyfr&Sd/ pm;yGJ
ay:wGifrQ ruao;? teD;&Sd ukvm;xdkifawGrSmvnf; tvGwfr&Sd/
tem;&S d AD d k a y:wG i f v nf ; tvG w f r &S d ? Murf ; jyif a y:wG i f v nf ;
tvGwfr&Sd/ rsm;vdkufwJh jzpfjcif;? armifvlat; ,if;wdkYudk jrifvQif
pdwf tyifyef;BuD; yifyef;vsufaeawmh\/
odkY pdwfyifyef;pGmESifh tvkyfawGudk MunfhaepOf tjyifbuf
rS jymwm armif b d k ; a&T o nf toH 0 gBuD ; jzif h us,f a vmif p G m
]avQmufvTm avQmufvTm e,fydkifrif; avQmufvTm} [l oHk;Budrf
wdkifwdkif atmfvdkufay\/ ol\ toHBuD;udk Mum;vdkufonfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf wpfHk;vHk; wdwfqdwf oGm;avawmh\/ xdktoH0g
BuD;rSm yJhwifxyfoGm;\/ udkufwpf&m twGif;rSyif Mum;&\/
wu,ft
h oHBu;D jzpfayonf/
jymwm armifbdk;a&T\ ]avQmufvTm} qdkaom yJhwifoHBuD;rSm
rpJrD tusnpfnpf vHkcsnfnpfnpf qHyifpkwfzGm;ESifh avQmufvTm
wpfapmifudk udkifum tcef;wGif;odkY rdef;rwpfa,muf0ifvm\/
tolenf;/ rbkr jzpfygonf/ tb,faMumifhvmygoenf;/ raeUu
ra&Taomif;\ acG;eufBuD;u rdrdtm; udkufaomaMumifh w&m;pGJ&ef
armifvlat;
109
jzpf y gonf / ud k u f w wf a om acG ; ud k a rG ; xm;NyD ; tb,f a Mumif h

aumif;pGm rodrf;xm;ygoenf;/ trIum; vlBuD;Hk;ESifh oifhawmf
\/ vlBuD;Hk;odkY vTJvdkufavonf/
xdk rbkrrSm xGufoGm;rnf rvkyfao;/ acgif;aygif;p axmif
axmif? rsufESmajymifESifh vlwpfa,muf avQmufvTmuav;udkifum
vlBuD; vlus,fwpfa,mufESifh wlavonf/ tb,faMumifh vmyg
oenf;/ t*Fvm olBuD;ESifhywfouf avQmufxm;&ef jzpfygonf/
t*Fvm olBuD;onf rdrdtm; rw&m; 'Pfdkufvdkufojzifh xdkolBuD;
tm; ppf a q;NyD ; tjypf a y;&ef avQmuf x m;jcif ; jzpf a vonf /
armifvlat;vnf; rdrd\ aeYpOfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfudk zGifhMunfh\/
&ufcsdef;awG jynfhaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh qdkif&m NrdKUydkifxH ppfaq;&ef
ydv
Yk u
kd \
f /
xdkvl xGufoGm;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf 0ifvmolum; wkwf
tpefjzpf\/ wpfaeYu tif;r&GmwGif tvkyfr&Sd vlrdkufbGJU& ibdk;
nef u tvum;ouf o uf aeUv,f a Mumif a wmif w G i f vrf ;
avQmufaecdkuf yg;em;dkufojzifh emusifaprIESifh w&m;pGJ&efjzpf\/
xdktrIum; 'kwd,NrdKUydkifuav;ESifh oihfavsmfavonf/ olYtm;
vTaJ y;vdu
k \
f /
atmifr,f? Asif;pGJolBuD; bdk;a&Ttkyf yguvm;/ bmudpygvdrfh/
avQmufvTmBuD;udk qkyfxm;vdkufonfrSm aMurGyif oGm;ayNyD/
aemufem;uvnf; vlav;ig;a,muf? &GmaumfrwDbdk;vS? baomif;?
OD;ukvm;wdkY yguvm;? taMumif;rsm; xl;vmMuovm;/ tif; vlqdk;
bdk;armif&GmxJwGif aomif;usef;aeaomaMumifh wpf&mh wpfq,f
vkyf&ef avQmufxm;Muayoudk;/ avQmufwmuawmh aumif;yg&JU
onftaumif wu,fyJ qdk;ovm; olBuD;rif;&JU? qdk;rSvnf; vkyfMu
yg/ rawmfwq vlaumif;jzpfaeyghr,f/ olwdkYtm;vHk;udk ppfaq;
\/ NyD;vQif bdk;armifudk zrf;&ef 0&rf;xkwfay;vdkufavonf/ olBuD;
vnf; NyHK;vsufxGufoGm;\/ igvdkolBuD;udk b,fvdktaumif rSwf
ovJ [k Budrf;0g; oGm;yHk&avonf/
xd k Y a emuf 0if v mMuol w d k Y u m; 15-a,muf c ef Y & S d a vonf /
touf cyf B uD ; BuD ; vnf ; yg\/ touf c yf i ,f i ,f v nf ; yg\/
110
odyHarmif0
t0wftpm; ajymifajymifESifhvnf;yg\/ t0wftpm; npfax;pGm

ESifh a,mufsm;u trsm;? rdef;ru oHk;av;a,muf? uav;oHk;
a,mufvnf; olwdkY\ rdbrsm;ESifh ygvm\/ bkrod brod aMumuf
&rSef; rod? vefY&rSef;rod? rsufvHk;uav;rsm;aMumifawmifawmif
ESifh e,fydkif armifvlat;tm; MunfhaeMuukef\/ xdkvlpkwGif acgif;
aqmif[l rSwfxif&aom touf ig;q,fcefYvl\ vufxJwGif
avQmufvTmwpfapmifyg\/ xdkavQmufvTmu tjcm;r[kwf? rMumrD
u "m;jywdkYudk rckcHaomaMumifh tpdk;&rif;u 'Pfdkufxm;onfudk
csrf;omay;&ef jzpf\/ tb,f csrf;omay;EdkifrwHk;/ txuftpdk;
&rif;wdkY 'Pfdkufonfudk rdrdu tb,frSmvQif csrf;omcGifh ay;Edkif
ygtHhenf;/ auseyfatmif ajym vTwfvdkuf&\/ xdkvl q,fhav;
ig;a,mufwdkYrSmvnf; rauseyf/ pdwfysufysufESifhyif xGuf oGm;
Muavawmh\/
olwdkYvlodkuf xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf avQmufvTmudkif 0ifvmol
r&Sd/ &Sif; oGm;ayNyD/ oufrBuD;udk csum em&DarmfMunfh\/
awmfawmftcsdefaESmif;oGm;ayNyD/ pm;yGJay:wGif yHkaeaom tvkyf
wdkYudk vkyf&awmhtHh/ 0rf;ajrmufpGm pD;u&uf wpfvdyfudk rD;nd
zGm\/ NyD;rS rNyD;ao;rD jymwm armifbdk;a&T 0ifvmNyD;vQif av;
axmifh pm&Gufuav;wpfckudkay;\/ 0dZmbGJU& armifpHodef;qdkolu
awGUvdkaMumif; pm&Gufuav;wnf;/ 0ifvm&ef trdefYay;vdkuf\/
0dZmbGJU& armifpHodef;0if vmavonf/ 0dZmwdkYbm0 cefYcefY
nm;nm;ayyif/ 0efaxmuf pmar;yGJ 0ifvdkaomaMumifh tusifh
pm&dwaumif;aMumif;vufrSwfawmif;&ef jzpf\/ xdk0dZmuav;ESifh
wpfcgESpfcg awGUBuHKzl;\/ vufrSwfudk a&;ay;vdkufavonf/ rjyef
ao;/ aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymaeao;\/ atmifr,fav;[Jhaemf?
&&ifawmfa&maygh/ pum;&Snfae&ao;/ ightvkyfawG Munfhygay
awmhvm;/ tvkyfawGrsm;aeaomaMumifh pum;&Snf&Snf rajymEdkif
0rf;enf;aMumif; ajym vTwfvdkuf&\/
xGufoGm;avNyD/ tvkyfvkyf&awmhtHh/ tb,frSm vkyf&OD;
rnfenf;/ &mZ0wf0efaxmuf aygufvmjyefNyD/ wpf&mhudk; wpf&mh
wpfq,f vkyf&ef vma&mufwdkfifyifjcif; jzpfavonf/ pD;u&uf
armifvlat;
111
aomuf&ef ay;NyD; awmfawmfMumatmif aqG;aEG;ae&\/ armifvl

at;um; rsm;pGm pdwfrygvS/ rdrda&SUwGif yHkaeaom tvkyfrsm;
b,fodkY ukefatmif vkyf&rnfenf;[lom pdwful;xkwfvsufae&
\/
&mZ0wf0efaxmufrif;ESifh pum;ajymrQrNyD;ao;/ jymwm
yef'pf0ifvm aMu;eef;pmwpfapmifudkay;\/ zGifh zwfvdkuf&m
{&m0wDjrpfa&wdk;ojzifh tpdk;&wmrsm; NydKrSmudk pdk;&drf&aomaMumifh
csufcsif;oGm; pDrH&efjzpfavonf/ tb,fodkY vkyf&tHhenf;/ cuf
awmhwmyJ? reufjzefvnf; trIawG csdef;xm;\/ ,aeUvnf; trI
awGppf&ef &Sdao;onf/ tvkyfrsm;&wJhtxJ 'gawGu vmIyfjyef
NyD/ wmacgif;wdkY? wmAdkvfwdkY? wm0efaxmufwdkY? ta&;ydkifwdkY &Sdyg
vsuf rdrdwdkYvdk bmrqdkif nmrqdkif tvkyfrsm;NyD;om;olwdkYudk
tb,faMumifh tvkyfay;&jyefygoenf;/ reufjzefudk oGm;&ef pDrH
&\/ csdef;xm;aom trIrsm;udk jyef &ufa&TU&jyef\/ odkY tvkyf
Iyfaeonfudk jrifvQif &mZ0wf0efaxmufrif;vnf; tm;emvm
ojzifh EIwfqufum xGufoGm;awmh\/
udpawmhjzifh NyD;oGm;NyD/ a&SUwGifyHkaeaomtvkyfrsm;udk p
vkyf&awmhtHh/ trIwGJwpfckudk zGifh\/ uavmifudkudkif\/ pmwpf
vHk;ESpfvHk;udk a&;\/ a&;rQ rNyD;ao;? NrdKUydkifrif; aygufvmav
onf/ vufxJwGif trIwGJawG wpfyHkBuD;ESifh bmaMumifhvmygvdrfh/
vlcGef ajrcGef udkif;cGef *&efpaom tcGefawmftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf wdkif
yif & ef vmjcif ; jzpf a vonf / tawmf M umatmif E S p f a ,muf o m;
acgif;csif;qdkifum tBuHxkwf PfxkwfaeMu\/ tBuH&cufojzifh
acgif;udu
k v
f rk wwf/
od k Y acgif ; I y f a eMuonf t wG i f ; aMu;eef ; pmwpf a pmif
a&muf v mjyef \ / vef Y oG m ;avonf / azmuf zwf v d k u f & m
ppfuGif;olBuD;tm; "m;jyrsm; owfoGm;aMumif; csufcsif;vdkufoGm;
&ef ygavonf/ ]csufcsif;} qdkaom pum;onf cufvSay\/ trdefY
ay;aomolum; vG,ful\/ vdkufem&aomol\tzdkYum; cufae&
ygoenf;/ ,ck csufcsif;xGufoGm;ygu ,aeUcsdef;xm;aom trIawG?
a&SUwGifyHkaeaomtrIwGJudk rnfodkYvkyf&ygtHhenf;/ reufjzefqdkvQif
112
odyHarmif0
tpd k ; &wmtwG u f oG m ;&OD ; rnf / xd k E S p f r sKd ; pvH k ; ta&;BuD ; \/

tb,f o d k Y vk y f & tH h e nf ; / reuf j zef "m;jyrI jzpf & mod k Y o G m ;vQif
aumif;av&JU/ tu,f wmusKd;oGm;u rcufayavm/ odkY
awG;awm&if; tcsdefukefcJh\/ NrdKUydkifrif;vnf; tMuHray;wwf/
tvdkufodpGm EIwfquf xGufoGm;cJhbd\/ em&DudkMunhfvdkuf&m
ESpfcsufxdk;aeNyD/ bmtvkyfrQvnf; rNyD;ao;/
onfwpfcg taotcsmvkyfawmhrnf[laom rsufESmxm;ESifh
uavmifudk wif;wif;BuD;udkif\/ uavmifvufxJodkY a&mufrQ
rMumao;rD acgif ; aygif ; p waxmif a xmif E S i f h vl E S p f a ,muf
taMumif;rMum;bmrMum; a&SUodkYa&mufvmMu\/ ukvm;xdkif
awGqGJxkdifMu\/ aq;wHBuD;rsm; udkufvdkY? b,folawGygvdrfh/
awmfawmf&JwJh vlawGyguvm;/ atmifr,fvufxJrSmvnf; pmtkyf
BuD;awGESifhyguvm;/ jzwfydkif;pmtkyfawGvnf;yg&JU xDvufrSwf
a&mif;olawGavm? atmifr,fav;[Jh vlawG tvkyfrsm;wkef;rS
a&mufvmMuw,f/ udkif; ...udkif; bmudpvmMuygvdrfh/ BudKUyif
aumuf rdbrJhausmif;twGuftvSLcH yk*dKvfrsm;aywnf;/ aMomf
awmfawmf tm;Muygay&JUaemf/ pum;enf;vdkojzifh csufcsif;yif
aiGESpfusyf tdwfxJrSxkwf ay;vdkuf\/ jyefMuygawmh/ atmif
r,fav;[Jh? armifrif;BuD;om;awG b,fjyefMuOD;rvJ/ ESpfusyf[m
enf;jyefowJh/ tenf;qHk; 10d avmufxnfhzdkY aumif;w,f qdkudk;/
olwdkYuawmh tm;aeMuwJhvlawG? w&m;usatmif ajymEdkifMurayhg/
onfrSm rtm;wJhvlrSmawmh tcufBuD; cufayNyD/ b,fvdkajymvdkY
rSr&/ awmufwJhuyf uyfaeawmhwmyJ/ aemufqHk; tm;rem
yg;rem EkdifawmhbJ ESpfusyf ,lcsif,l r,lcsifae [l cyfqwfqwf
uav;ajymawmhrS aiGESpfusyfudk pm;yGJay:rS aumuf,loGm;Muav
awmhownf;/ jzwfydkif;udk ay;&efyif owdr&Mu/
tif; at;NyD/ tvkyfvkyf&awmhrvm; atmufarhygh tjyif
bufu qlnHqlnHESifh jzpfaeMuwm b,folawGygvdrfh/ tpdk;&\
ajrodrf;vdkY avsmfaMu; vm,lMuolrsm; jzpfavonf/ aiGr&Muao;
vdkY naeav;em&D oabFmrrDvQif cufrnfpdk;aomaMumifh pkHk;pkHk;
ESifh qlnHaeolrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ csufcsif; aiGwdkufwGif aiGoGm;
armifvlat;
113
xk w f a p tvS n f h u s rd r d w d k Y & xd k u f a om aiG r sm;ud k a0ay;\/

avsmhae jyefajymolu ajym? ydkoGm; jyefay;olu ay;? aiGt
aeojzifh jyefvJoluvJ renf;yif tcsdefukef oGm;avawmhonf/
xdktxJ avsmfaMu;ay;wmenf;onf[k usdefqJ oGm;oluvnf;
&Sdao;/ atmifr,fav;[Jh 'ku? aiGawG a0ay;ae onfESifh oHk;em&D
cG
J oGm;\/
vkyfp&mawGvnf; trsm;BuD;&Sdao;/ b,f[mudk pudkif&
rnfudkyif rodawmhNyD/ 0rf;xJwGif [mwmwmjzpf\/ aq;vdyfwpf
vd y f u d k n d r nf t vk y f w G i f t*F v d y f a ,mif a ,mif uk v m;a,mif
a,mif tarmif a bmif ; bD 0 wf wpf a ,muf a yguf vmjyef \ /
armifvlat;um; [pfom idkvdkufcsifawmhonf/ pvdkufonfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf armifvlat; pum;rajym&/ oluom ajymvdkufonf
rSm armifvlat; ai;om ae&\/ tolenf;? touf tmrcHwdkuf
u e,fvSnfhudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfavonf/ ajymvdkufwJhpum; tawm
rowfNyD/ ol\ ukrPDaumif;aMumif;? xdkukrPDwGif toufaygif
xm;vQif twdk;rsm;pGm &rnfhtaMumif;wdkYudk pdwfygavmufatmif
ajym&S m \/ armif v l a t; em;xJ o d k Y wpf c k r Qr0if / tjyif o d k Y o m
xGufawmh\/ aemufqHk; ]toufraygifbl;} [l wpfcGef;wnf;
omajymNyD; rdrdvkyfvdkaom tvkyfudkom aumuf vkyfawmh\/
xdkolvnf; tHhtm;oifhpGm xdkifae\/ aemufrS xGufoGm;avawmh
onf/
av;em&DcGJNyD/ bmtvkyfudkrQvnf; [kwf[kwf [wf[wfrvkyf
&ao;/ pdwfysufrd\/ pdwfwdkrd\? pdwfaumufrd\/ odkYaecdkuf
us,favmifpGmaom oDcsif;oHudk w&m;cGif tcef;qDrS Mum;vdkuf
&\/ pdwfaygufaygufESifh xGufMunfhvdkuf&m bBuD;om;ykvdyf ESpf
a,muftMum;wGif vufxdyfESifh &yfaeonfudk jrif&\/ onfawmh
rS tl; armifatmifvS\ trIudk csdef;xm;aMumif; owd&awmh
\/
tcsdefvnf; aESmif;NyD/ trIudkyif NyD;atmif pD&ifrnf[k
trIwGJudk ,lum w&m;cGifay:wuf\/ a&S;OD;pGm xdkol l; rl;pHk
prf;&ef jzpf\/ atmufygtwdkif; ar;cGef;rsm;udk xkwf\/ atmufyg
114
odyHarmif0
twdkif; tajzrsm;udk &avonf/

ar; / / armifrif; b,folvJ/
ajz/
/ wefaqmifrkef;v rD;xGef;yGJ tvGefpnfum;rSmyJ
aemf/
ar;/ / r[kwfbl;? armifrif;trnfudkar;w,f/
ajz/ / [kwu
f ?hJ yef;NrKd iv
f nf tdak vome,fabG arQmf avwkid ;f /
ar;
/ armifrif; b,folYom;vJ/
ajz/
/ rdbESpfyg;&JUom;aygh/ bmvDudk okBudwfjrifawmh
vdu
k u
f u
kd /f
ar;/ / [kwfNyD armifrif; taz b,folvJ/
ajz/
/ tazayghAsm? ar;ae&ao;ovm;? tdkav awmNrdKif
pGe;f u/
ar;/ / armifrif; tazhemrnfbmvJ/
ajz/
/ OD;atmifaZ,sayghAsm/ bmrSwfvdkY ar;wmwHk;?
usKyf pdwfqdk;vmNyD/ aumif;aumif; oDcsif;rqdk&bl;/ (ykvdyfrsm;u
[efw
Y m;&\/)
ar;/ / armifrif; tazu OD;atmifaZ,sqv
kd Qif armif rif;tar
emrnfbmac:ovJ/
ajz/
/ atmifr,f vmao;&JU?odvdk&if ajymraygh/ vIdif
xd y f a cgif w if r[k w f v m;As/ usKyf t ar[m pH k q ,f j zm yef x G m
OD;wif/
ar;/ /a[h aeygOD;? rif;b,frSm aeovJ/
ajz/ / tck a&odyfBuD;w,fvdkY qdkMuw,f/
ar;/ / armifrif;? bmjzpfvdkY onfudka&mufvmovJ/
ajz/
/ cifAsm; bmvkyfpm;ovJ? [dkar;onfar;ESifh Mum
awmh pdwrf &SnEf ikd af wmhb;l /
ar;/ / armifrif;em;rSm &yfaeMuwm b,folawGvJ/
ajz/
/ wpfcsufawmh BuJvdkufcsifao;w,fuG,fwdkY? tar
raocifu rSmoGm;w,f/
ar;/ / armifrif; toufb,favmuf&SdNyDvJ/
armifvlat;
115
ajz/
/ rif;ESifh bmqdkifovJ? igaewJhtdrf[m ightdrfaygh/
b,fol qdkifao;ovJ/
ar;/
/ aumif;NyD? armifrif; tdrfygyJ/ armifrif; aqGrsKd;
om;csif; r&Sdbl;vm;/
ajz/ / usKyfwdkY i,fi,fu w,faysmfp&maumif;oAsm? [m;
[m; [m; [m;/ (ykvdyfrsm;u wm;&\)
ar;/
/ armifrif;wdkY i,fi,fu aysmfwm xm;vdkufygOD;?
armifrif;udk b,fol tkyfxdef;ovJ/
ajz/
/onf t us o H k ; rwf a y;&w,f / ixl ; wd k Y rif ; wd k Y
0wfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;uG,f/ tdk azmfuGma0;olrdkY/
ajcmufem&Dvnf;xdk;awmhrnf/ wpfHk;vHk;vnf; arSmifaeNyD/
vloH oloHvnf; rMum;&/ rdrdESifhtl; atmifvSwdkYom usefawmh
onf/ tl;rIESifhyif tb,fenf;ESifh NyD;atmifvkyfrwHk;? tl;
atmifvSESifh tvkyfcsif; vTJvdkufcsifaomqE rsm;rsm;BuD;ay:ayguf
NyD;vQif w&m;cGifrS qif;cJh\/ awmifyHk&myHkaom tvkyfwdkYudk tdrf
odkY ,lvm&ef rSmxm;NyD; Hk;qif;vmcJhownf;/
('DZifbmv? 1932)
v
116
odyHarmif0
ajrmif;auGU&Gm ta&SUbuf uGif;jyifBuD;xJwGif v,fxGefvsuf

aeolum; armifaESmif;jzpfavonf/ ol\toufrmS 30 rQom &Sad o;\/
rdk;uvnf; &Gmwkef;? arQmhuvnf; ukduf? jzKwfuvnf; wpfzuf?
xrif;uvnf; qm? crsmrSm 'kua&mufavawmhonf/
xG e f w H k ; ud k k e f ; aeMu&&S m aom EG m ; ES p f a umif w d k Y r S m vnf ;
armifaESmif;\ wHzsmudk aMumufMuaomaMumifhom kef;aeMu&Sm
\/ pdwfum;rygvSay/ wpfcgwpfcg &yfvsuf aeMuao;\/ wpfcg
wpfcg rdrdwdkYa&SUwGif jrif&aom jrufp jrufEkuav;rsm;udk iHkYum
pm;&SmMu\/ csrf;vGef;vSojzifh armifaESmif;a&m EGm;awGyg wkefvsuf
aeMuavonf/
rQ 'kuBuD;pGm v,fxGefae&&Smaom armifaESmif;\ pdwfxJ
wGif rnfodkYaom pdwful;udk xkwfaeygoenf;/ ol\ EGm;ESpfaumif
wdkYvnf; rnfodkYaom pdwful;rsKd;udk ul;aeygoenf; [kar;vQif
rnforl Q ajzEdik rf nfr[kwaf y/
armifvlat;
117
armifaESmif;ESifh reD;ra0;wGif v,fxGefaeMuaom &Gmom;

wdkYvnf; tawmfrsm;\/ aumufpdkufaeMuaom aumufpdkufor
awG ysKd;EkwfaeMuaom olawGvnf; renf;NyD/ oDcsif; waMumfaMumf
ESifh tvGefaysmfaeyHk &Muavonf/
armif a ES m if ; onf pd w f u l ; trsKd ; rsKd ; ud k xk w f a eaomf v nf ;
pdwful; raygufojzifh EGm;rsm;udk acw tem;ay;um uefoif;ay:
wGif xdkif\/ odkY xdkifvdkufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf rdrd\a&SUcyf
vSrf;vSrf;wGif wnf&Sdaom a&TbHkom apwDawmfjrwfudk jrif&av
onf/ armifaESmif; tMuHaumif;wpfck &avNyD/ ol\ rsufESmrSm
&Tifys vm\/
xdktcsdefum; eHeufpm pm;csdefjzpfavonf/ reD;ra0;wGif
aygufaeaom vufyHyifBuD; atmufodkY oGm;um rdrd eHeufu ,l
aqmifvmaom xrif;xkyfudk,l\/ odkYaomf xrif;udk rpm;ao;/
reD ; ra0;wG i f v,f x G e f a eMuaom zd k ; rS e f ; ? oH a csmif ; ? a&T 0 uf ?
abmufwl? armifvSwdkYtm; ]xrif;pm;MupdkYa[h} [k ac:vdkufvQif
xdkolwdkYvnf; toD;oD; EGm;rsm;udk xGefrSjzKwfMu vufyHyifBuD;
atmufoYkd a&mufvmMuuke\
f /
wpfa,mufrQ tusryg/ tm;vHk; carmufawGudk aqmif;xm;
Muavonf/ eHi,fydkif;av;rsm;udk udk,fpD0wfxm;Mu\/ wpfudk,f
vHk;vnf; &THUtvdrf;vdrf;ESifh uyfvsufaeavonf/
a&T0uf\ ajcESpfacsmif;wdkYum; olwpfxl;\ ajcwdkY xufom
\/ tb,faMumifhygenf;? aumufdk;rsm;jzifh ywfxm;aom aMumifh
aywnf;/ arQmhwG,fjcif;? jzKwfudkufjcif; wdkYudk umuG,fonf[k
qdak vonf/
vufyHyifBuD;atmuf EGHwnf;[laom oifjzL;ay:wGif xdkifrd
MuvQif tpnf;ta0;yGBJ u;D udk zGiv
hf pS Mf uavawmh\/
armifaESmif;/
/ udkif; xrif; pm;MupdkY&JU? a&T0uf bm
ygwH;k uG,/hf
a&T0uf/
/ ig;ydESifhwdkYp&muG? xrif;Nrdefvdkufr,fhjzpfjcif;
oHacsmif;aum bmygwH;k a[h/
oHacsmif;/ / iguawmh ig;ydESifh wdkYp&ma[h/ ighrdef;rvuf
118
odyHarmif0
&maygh/ ivSuaum pm;p&mawG bmygwHk;[/

armifvS/
/ iguawmh tqef;? ig;ydESifh wdkYp&mawG rif;wdkY
xuf romvm;? 'gaMumifh igxrif;qmwmaygh/ (0dkif;&,fMu\/)
abmufwu
l aum bmawGvu
J /G
abmufwl/
/ rar;ygESifhawmhuGm? ig;ydESifh wdkYp&myJ/
(nnf;oHESifhajym) igwdkYwpfawG 'D0#ftwGif;u b,fawmhrS vGwf
uif;rvJ rodbl;/ (tm;vHk; em;pdkufaeMu\/) vkyfudkif&wmvnf;
aeylra&Smif rdk;&Gmra&Smif? aexGufu ae0if? pm;aomufae&wm
vnf;? xrif;ESifh ig;yd? aexdkif&wmvnf; wJpkwf?0wf&wmvnf;
eHi,fydkif;? tdyf&jyefawmhvnf; jcifaxmifr&Sd? apmifr&Sd/
zdk;rSef;/
/ igwdkYeJY EGm;? EGm;eJY igwdkY wpfpm;wnf;ygyJuGm?
wd&pmefb0 a&mufaeMuovdyk gyJ/ pdwyf suyf g&JU/
a&T0uf/ / wdkY 'Duavmuf 'kua&mufaeMuayr,fh wpfv
rSm oHk;av;&m &wJhvlawG &Sdav&JU/
oHacsmif;/ / wdkY&Gmudk cPcP vmwJh e,fydkifqdkvm;? NrdKU
ydkifqdkvm;? tJ olwdkYawmh wpfv oHk;av;&m &owJh/ igwdkYavmuf
yifyef;rSm r[kwfygbl;uGm? olwdkYtvkyf[m/
abmufwl/
/ bmyifyef;rSmwkH;uG? armfawmfum;eJYvm
armfawmfum;eJjY yef? aysmpf &mawmif aumif;ao;w,f/
(twGif; armifaESmif; pum;wpfcGef;rQ rajymbJ wdwfvsuf
aeavonf/)
a&T0uf/ /a[h wcsKdUrsm;? wpfv 5000d awmif&owJh/
olwu
Ykd akd wmh b,fEh ,
S q
f rkd vJ/
oHacsmif;/ / igr,HkaygifuGm/ wpfv 5000d &atmif[m
bmtvkyfudk vkyfwHk;? avmurSm b,ftvkyfrS 5000d rwefbl;?
wdkYtvkyfxuf yifyef;wmrsm; &Sdao;&JUvm;/
a&T0uf/
/ ,Hkawmh r,Hkygbl;/ NrdKUoGm;wkef;u aps;xJrSm
Mum;cJ&h vdYk ajymwmyJumG /
abmufwl/ / 5000d qdkwJh aiG[m enf;ovm;uG? wpfv
rajymeJY wpfoufvHk;awmif &zdkY tifrwef cJ,Of;wmyJ/ igjzifh
aiG 5000d udk jrifzl;&if aoaysmfNyD? atmufarhw,f/
armifvlat;
119
zdk;rSef;/
/ aoom aooGm;Mur,f? igwdkYwpfawG aiG
5000d udk jrifzl;MurSm r[kwfygbl;uGm/
armifaESmif;/
/ bmjzpf&rSmvJuGm? jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ow
0gtrsm;udk &if0,fom;vdk oem;w,fuG? b,folYudkrS rydkbl;/
b,folYudkrS ravsmhbl;/ rif;wdkY Mum;zl;Mu&JU r[kwfvm;/
a&T0uf/
/ wdkYausmif;u bkef;awmfBuD;a[mvdkY Mum;zl;
om;aygh/ tJ'g bmjzpfovJ/
armifaESmif;/
/ bmjzpf&rSmvJuGm? igwdkY 'kua&mufaeMu
wm jrwfpGmbk&m;udk owdarhNyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU tem;ruyfMuvdkY
aygh/
zdk;rSef;/ / at; [kwfw,fa[h? qufNyD; ajymprf;ygOD;uGm/
armifaESmif;/ / igwdkYwpfawG jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU tem;ruyf
awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u ru,fbl;aygh/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&JUtem;udk uyf
r,fqdk&if jrwfpGmbk&m;u u,frSmaygh/
a&T0uf/ / b,fvdk u,frSmwHk;? vif;prf;ygOD;? q&maESmif;&JU/
(&,fumar;\)
armif a ES m if ; /
/ igtwnf a jymaewm/ aemuf a ewm
r[k w f b l ; /
tMuH a umif ; wpf c k & xm;w,f /
rif ; wd k Y
vdu
k Ef ikd Mf urvm;/
abmufwl/
/ ig i,fi,fwkef;uawmh awmfawmfwD;wwf
w,f/ tckawmh v,fvkyfaewmeJY arhukefNyD/ armif;qdkif;awGvnf;
b,fa&mufuek o
f vJ rodb;l /
armifaESmif;/
/ udpr&Sdbl;/ enf;enf; xyfusifhvdkuf&if&
rSmayghuGm/ bkef;BuD; OD;*Ermausmif;rSm armif;qdkif;a&m? ESJa&m?
ckoif;a&m &r,f? ckoif;udk b,fol rIwfwwfwHk;/
oHacsmif;/ / ig rIwfwwfw,fuG? bmcufvdkYwHk;/
armifaESmif;/ / aumif;NyD? ae&musNyDa[h/ rif;wdkY wwfwm
awG 'DuaeUpNyD; usifhMuayawmh/
armifvS/ / usifhwmawmh[kwfyg&JU? bmvkyfrvdkYwHk;/
armifaESmif;/ / aemifawmh odrayghuGm/ rif;tomae/ ig
ajymwmudkom vkyfMu? udkif; xrif;qmNyD/ xrif; pm;MuOD;pdkY/
120
odyHarmif0
wGif armifaESmif;wdkY\ tpnf;ta0;yGJBuD; NyD;qHk;avawmh

ownf;/
xdkYaemuf we*FaEG wpfywfcefYMumaomtcg vufyHZifukef;
&GmwGif armifaESmif;wdkY vlpk aMu;pnfawG? armif;qdkif;awG? ckoif;
awG? ESJawGESifh BuJaeMuavonf/
armifaESmif;wdkY ydkufqHcHaom aMu;zvm; wpfvHk;udk udkifvsuf
ydkufqH xnfholwdkYtm; qktrsKd;rsKd;udk ay;ae\/ armifaESmif;um;
OD;*Erm\ ausmif;wGif ig;ESpfcefY pmoifMum;cJhzl;\/ xdktcg EIwf
wuf&xm;aom qkawmif;pmrsm;rSm ,cktcgusrS toHk;0ifav
awmhonf/
armifaESmif;wdkY vlpkum; a&TbHkombk&m;wGif wefaqmif;
wpfaqmifaqmuf&ef ydu
k q
f H aumufcaH eMujcif;aywnf;/
om"k om"k udk,fusKd;udkriJh? omoemawmfBuD; tusKd;udk iJh
ygayonf/
vufyHZifukef;&GmrS aiGav;usyfrQ &&SdcJhNyD;jzpf\/ &GmrS xGuf
cJhMuvQif teD;tem;&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;Muao;\/ xdkaeUwGif aiG tpdwf
cefY &avonf/ wpfaeUvHk; aeylBuJBuJwGif ukodkvfa&;rdkY BudK;pm;
vdkufMuonfrSm armifaESmif;wdkY wpfawG acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifhaeMu
avawmhownf;/
aemufwpfaeUwGifvnf; tem;rae tvSLcH xGufMujyef\/
,cifaeUu uJhodkYyif aiGtpdwfcefY &cJhMuavonf/ &orQaom
aiGwdkYudk armifaESmif;\ vufwGif xm;\/
enf;twdkif; aeUpOf&ufquf eD;onf a0;onfra&G; tvSL
cH xGufMuonfrSm ESpfveD;yg;yif MumcJhavNyD/ wpfcgwpf&H oabFm
rsm;udk pD;yif t&yfwpfyg;odkY oGm;um tvSLcHMuavonf/
a&TbHkom apwDjrwfrSm tenf;i,frQ rxl;jcm;/ a&S;uuJhodkY
yif&Sdao;\/ armifaESmif;wdkY vlpkomvQif ydk;vHkuGif;? ouvwf
tus? aemufyw
d zf ed yfrsm;ESihf jzpfaeMuavonf/
&GmxJwGif wD;wdk;pum; ajymukef\/ a&T0ufwdkY rNzKH? ykvdyf
rsm;vm pHkprf;Muukef\/ abmufwlwdkY raMumuf/
wpfaeYaomf &orQaiGESifh armifaESmif; aysmufoGm;\/ zdk;
armifvlat;
121
rSef;wdkY vlpk vufrIdifcsMuavonf/

armifvSum; a0pktenf;qHk; &oljzpf\/ armifaESmif;vlvnf
vkyfoGm;onfudk rcHEdkifaomaMumifh ykvdyfwdkYtm; tvHk;pHkudk ajymjy
vdu
k af vownf;/
rMumrD armifaESmif;ESifhtwl a&T0uf? abmufwl? oHacsmif;?
zdk;rSef;wdkY armifvlat;\ Hk;odkY ykvdyfrsm;\ vHkYvaMumifh a&muf
vmMu&uke\
f / rMumrDyif axmifeef;pHMu&avonf/
a&T b H k o m apwD a wmf j rwf u rl u m; armif a ES m if ; wd k Y t m;
&if0,fom;uJo
h Ykd oem;wke;f yif/
w w w
122
odyHarmif0
armif v l a t;um; ttd y f B uD ; ol wpf a ,muf j zpf a vonf /

wuodkvfausmif;rSmwkef;u eHeuf vufzuf&nfudk b,ftcgrQ
raomuf&acs/ eHeufpm pm;&ef acgif;avmif;xdk;rS tdyf&mrS xavh
&Sdavonf/ olwum eHeufpm pm;NyD;rS xrif;pm;yGJodkYa&muf\/ rMum
rMum eH e uf p m iwf a vonf / acguf q G J E S i f h o m auseyf & onf
rsm;\/
armifvlat; av;ig;ajcmufwef;rSmwkef;urlum; bGm;a'G;BuD;
oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif EId;rS tdyf&mrSx ausmif;odkYoGm;avh&Sd\/
yxrtBudrf EId;vQif rxao;? udpr&Sd/
'kwd,tBudrf EId;vQif rxbJ rae0HhawmhNyD/ wwd,tBudrf
EId;rS rxbJaevQif bGm;a'G;BuD; pdwfqdk;ojzifh 0g;jcrf;jzifh aqmf
avawmh\/
um; armifvlat;\ ttdyfBuD;aom *kPfxl;0daooay
wnf;/
armifvlat; ausmif;rSxGuf tvkyftudkifESifh jzpfvmaom
tcg xdk*kPfxl;BuD;rSm tenf;i,favsmh oGm;avonf/ ausmif;
om; b0wkef;u wm0efawGrSm rrsm;ao;ay/ ,ckum; wm0efawG
rSm rsm;vmavNyD/ i,fi,fwkef;u bGm;a'G;BuD;\ 0g;jcrf;udk aMumuf
aomaMumifh apmapm tdyf&mrS xcJh&\/ ,ckrlum; wm0ef0g;jcrf;udk
aMumufaomaMumifh apmapmtdyf&mrS xavh&Sdavonf/ wm0ef
0g;jcrf;u bGm;a'G;BuD;\ 0g;jcrf;xuf tqwpf&mru wefcdk;BuD;rm;
armifvlat;
123
ayao;\/ tdyfarmusae&if; qwfceJ vefY Edk;atmifyif wwfEdkif

aom wm0ef0g;jcrf;aywnf;/
reufjzef eHeufapmapm ig;em&D xGufaom oabFmjzifh jrefrm
jynfom&GmodkY armifvlat; oGm;&ayrnf/ eHeufapmapm av;em
&DtcsdefwGif tdyf&mrS x&rnfjzpf apmvGef;vSonf? rxcsif/
odkYaomf oabFm rrDrnfudk pdk;&avonf/
eHeufapmapm av;em&Dxdk;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf em&DEId;puf\
ya,m*aMumifh armifvlat; tdyf&mrS x&\/ tdyf&mrSx rMum
rDrSmyif teD;tem;&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS uvwufoHudk Mum;&
avonf/
toHum; vufO;D wGif cyfav;av;? xdaYk emuf wjznf;jznf; jref
jref vm\/ aemuf q H k ; wpf c suf E S i f h w pf c suf quf oG m ;
avonf/
NyD;jyefvQif av;vHaom toHrsm;ay: vmjyef\/ ,cifenf;
twdkif; jrefjref vmNyD;vQif wpfcsufESifhwpfcsuf quf oGm;
jyef\/
armifvlat;rSm rsufESm ropfEdkifao;bJ xdkuvwuf\ wl&d
,moHudk pdkufum em;axmifae\/ rnfrQ om,maom toHay
enf;/ rnfrQ MunfEl;zG,f aumif;aom toHayenf;/ rnfonfh
wl & d , moH o nf uvwuf o H x uf omEd k i f y gtH h e nf ; [k
awG;awmum aerd\/
,ciftcgu uvwuf toHrsm;udk Mum;cJhzl;onfrSm ra&
wGufEdkifNyD/ odkYaomf rnfonfh tcgurQ uvwufoH om,monf
[k rxifrSwfrdcJhay/ em;NiD;p&m aumif;aom toH[lyif uJh&JU
rdcahJ yonf/
]a'gif a'gif} [laom uvwufoH\ om,mjcif;rSm rqdk
avmufao;/ xdktoHwGif ygvmaom t"dyg,fum; rnfrQeuf
ygoenf;/ rnfrQ av;ygoenf;/ rnfrQ Ekygoenf;/ pOf;pm;Munfh
ygu aumif;pGm od&ayvdrfhrnf/
xdk ]a'gif a'gif} toHum; aerif;\ a&SUawmfajy;BuD;ay
wnf;/
124
odyHarmif0
]aerif;BuD; rMumrDxGufay:vmawmhrnf/ tdk ow0gtaygif;

wdkY xMuavmh ... xMuavmh? aerif;BuD;udk x zl;ajrmfMuygukef
avmh / a&mif j cnf w pf a xmif tvif ; ud k a qmif u m aerif ; BuD ;
xGufay:vmyHkum; qef;Mu,fvSay\/ odkY qef;Mu,fpGm xGuf
ay:vmyHkudk rjrifvdkuf& r&Sd&avatmif xMuukefavmh/ xMuukef
avmh} [l wdkufwGef;aeaom uvwufoHudk Mum;&vQif rnfol
rMunfEl;bJ aetHhenf;/
uvwufoHESifh twl ygvmaom t"dyg,f wpfrsKd;vnf;
&Sdao;\/ ]a'gif
a'gif} [laom toHudk aphaphem;axmif Munfh
Muygbd? odkY qdkaeayonf/
]tdk ow0g taygif;wdkY? xMuavmh ...xMuavmh? tvkyfcGif
odkY 0ifMuavmh? olwumxuf tvsif tvkyfcGifodkY 0ifvQif ol
wumxuf ydk BuD;yGm;wdk;wufayvdrfhrnf/ acwfonf olwum
ESifh tNydKifaqmif&Gufvkyfudkifae&aomacwfjzpf\/ acwfum;
rodolausmfoGm; odolazmfpm;aomacwfjzpf\/ xdkolwdkYom pm;Mu
&ayvdrfhrnf/ xMuavmh? odolrsm;jzpfMuukefavmh/ avmuD tvkyf
udk tm;rxkwfvdkvQif avmukw&mtvkyfudk tm;xkwfMuukefavmh/
edAmefodkY olwumxuf tvsifa&mufatmif BudK;pm;Muukefavmh/
urXmef;udk pD;jzef;Muygukefavmh/ tdyfaejcif;um;tusKd;r&Sd/ usef;
rmjcif;udkvnf; r&? avmuDpD;yGm;vnf; rjzpfxGef;? avmukw&m
pD;yGm;vnf; raqmif? tdkow0gtaygif;wdkY tdyf&mrS xMu tvkyf
cGifodkY 0ifMuukefavmh? 0ifukefavmh}
odkY EdI;aqmfaeonfh uvwufoHudk Mum;&aom armifvl
at;\pdwfrSm vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; xx<u<u jzpfvm\/ armifvl
at;wGif wuf<uaompdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay: vmMuukef\/
a&S;tcgu tcsdefwGif tdyfaysmfaecJhonfrsm;udk ESajrmrday\/
a&S;tcgu tcsdefwGif tdyfaysmfaewkef; jzpfaomaMumifh uv
wufoH\ EId;aqmfcsufrsm;udk rMum;cJh&ay/ wpfcgwpf&H Mum;cJh&
zl;aomfvnf; ]a'gif a'gif} [laom toHudkom Mum;cJh&\/ EId;aqmf
aom t"dyg,fudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; Mum;&ayonf/
]a'gif a'gif} [laom uvwufoHum; t"dym,fuif;rJhaom
armifvlat;
125
toHr[kwf? ajcmufaoGUaom toHvnf;r[kwf/ t"dym,fESifhjynfh

pHk pdkjynfaom toHjzpfavonf/ toHum; pifppftm;jzifh
]edAmefaqmfBuD;} jzpf\/ rnfonfh aw;uAsmonf uvwufoHxuf
av;eufygtHhenf;/ om,mygtHhenf;/ El;nHhygtHhenf;/
xdkuvwufoH\ tay:wGif pOf;pm;cef; xkwfaeonfESifh
yif tcsdeftawmfaESmif;oGm;\/ c&D;oGm;p&m r&SdbJ xdktoHay:
wGifom MumMumuav; pOf;pm;cef; xkwfaernfqdkygrl rnfodkYaom
pdwful;rsKd; ay:vmOD;rnfrod/ odkYaomf oGm;p&mu &Sdaeao;aom
aMumifh pOf;pm;cef;udk jzwfvdkuf&avownf;/
xdkYaemuf t0wftpm;vJ? umzDaomufNyD;vQif oabFmqdyf
od k Y xG u f v mcJ h \ / vrf ; xd y f o d k Y a&muf a omtcg ]aemif a emif }
[laom aMu;pnfoHudk Mum;&avonf/ xdktoHESifh twl cyfav;
av;qGJum &Gwfvdkufaom olwpfa,muf\ toHudk Mum;&ojzifh
pdkufum em;axmifrd\/ bk&m;udk;ql q&m\toHESifh cyfqifqif
wl\/ odkYaomf bk&m;udk;ql\toHvnf; r[kwfay/ eHeufapmapm
tdyf&mrS xum bk&m;&Sdcdk;aom tbdk;BuD;rsm;\ toHrsKd;ESifh vnf;
rwl/
xdkrSm Iavmh? 0wfjzLpifMu,fudk 0wfum avQmufvmav
onf/ vufu aMu;pnfudk qGJxm;\/ EIwfurlum; om,mMunf
El;zG,f&m &Gwfqdk vmavonf/
olum; edAm efaqmfaywnf;/
apmapmpD;pD; av;em&D tcsdefwGif olwum\ tusKd;twGuf
aqmif&Guf aeay\/ aumif;aypG ... aumif;aypG .. om"k
om"k ...
xdktcdkufwGif xdktcg xdkolwGif raumif;aom pdwfxm;
&Sdrnfr[kwf/olonf rnfrQ pdwfMunfEl;aeayrnfenf;/ xdkol\
pdwfxJodkY acwrQ0if MunfhMuygukefavmh/ tvGefMunfEl;ae
onfudk od&ayvdrfhrnf/ olum; taysmfBuD; aysmfaeayvdrfhrnf/
xdkolESifh aMu;pnfwdkY\ EId;aqmfaomtoHaMumifh eHeuf qGrf;
csuf&ef tdyf&mxJrS vl;vSdrfh xMuavNyD/ vrf;axmifhtdrfrS a':
pmOBuD; rsufESmopfae\/ tdrfa&SUtdrfrS OD;a*:&mBuD;vnf; atmf
126
odyHarmif0
us,af tmfus,Ef iS hf bk&m;&Scd ;kd p jyKavNy/D

xdkolESifh aMu;pnfwdkY\ toHum; r*Fvm&Sdaom toHrsm;jzpf
Muukef\/ rMumrDuMum;cJh&aom uvwufoH uJhodkYyif aerif;
BuD;\ a&SUawmfajy;rsm;aywnf;/
olwdkY\ toHrsm;udk Mum;&aomaMumifh tdrfazmufxGif;&ef
BuHpnfaeMuaom olwdkY tdrfjyefMuavNyD/ xdktoHwdkYu raumif;
rIudk wm;qD;aom toHwdkY jzpfMuavonf/ xdkolcdk;avmif;wdkY\
pdwfwGif kwfw&ufaomf iSufqdk;uJhodkY xifrdMuayvdrfhrnf/ odkY
aomf aphaph awG;MunfhrnfqdkvQif xdktoHwdkYudk aus;Zl;wifMu
rnfum; rvGJwnf;/ xdktoHrsm;aMumifhom rdrdwdkY raumif;rI rjyK
rdjcif;jzpfavonf/ xdktoHrsm;u,faomaMumifhom axmifEIwfcrf;
odkY a&mufNyD;rS axmifxJodkY ra&mufbJ &Sd&avonf/
xd k o m,maomtoH w d k Y u m; a0;onf x uf a0;oG m ;avNyD /
armif v l a t;rS m pOf ; pm;&if ; avQmuf vmavonf / jrpf b uf r S
avjynfuav;uvnf; wdkufcwfvsufae\/ tcgrsKd;udk rMuHK
zl;olonf vljzpfusKd; reyf[l pOf;pm;rd\/ odkYESifh oabFmqdyfodkY
a&mufavownf;/
(rwfv? 1934)

armifvlat;
127
armifvlat; bDat atmifonfrSm tawmfyif MumavNyD/

bDat atmifNyD;onfhaemuf 0efaxmuftvkyfudk &aomaMumifh
aiG0ifvrf; rSefvsufaeay\/ 0wfa&;? pm;a&;twGuf ylyef&ef
wpfpHkwpf&m r&Sd/ wifhwifhw,fw,f aexdkifEdkifol wpfa,mufjzpf
avonf/
od k Y a omf v nf ; ,ck x uf w d k i f armif v l a t; om;r,m;r&S d /
wpfudk,fwnf; vlysKdBuD; vkyfaeaomaMumifh rdwfaqGtaygif;u
rMumrMum ajymif a vS m if a vh &S d a vonf / od k Y rd w f a qG r sm;
ajymifMu avSmifMuapumrl armifvlat;rSm trnfESifhvdkufatmif
yif at;at;aq;aq; wpfa,mufwnf;yif tylr&Smao;bJ blwm
uav; vkyv
f suaf eay\/
ynmvnf; jynfhpHk? tvkyftudkifuvnf; vuf&Sd? dk;om;
aMumif;udkvnf; trsm; todyifjzpfaomaMumifh armifvlat;tm;
orufzrf;vdkaom a,muravmif;rsm; tawmftwef ay:ayguf
vmchaJ vonf/
rdbrsm;uvnf; wpfa,mufwnf; &yfa0;wGifvTwfxm;&rnf
udk pdwfrcsaomaMumifh oifhavsmfaomolwpfa,mufa,muf\
orD;ESifh ae&mcsvdkojzifh armifvlat;tm; rMum rMum pmvSrf;
ay;avh&Sd\/ armifvlat;vnf; at;at; aeyg&ap[lom
vQif rdcif zcifwdkYxHodkY pmjyefvdkufav\/ enf;twdkif; armif
vlat;rSm touf 30 eD;yg;a&muf vmavawmhownf;/
128
odyHarmif0
,cktcgwGifum; armifvlat;onf txuftnm {&m0wD

jrpfurf;ay:wGif wnf&Sdaom NrdKUwpfNrdKU 0efaxmuftvkyfjzifh
aexdkifvsuf &Sd\/ {&m0wDjrpfbufodkY rsufESmjyK aqmufxm;
aom tdrfwGif rdrdtapcHrsm;ESifhtwl wpfudk,fwnf; aexdkifvsuf
&Sad y\/
tapcHqdk&mrSmvnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sd/ armifolESifh ol\
r,m; r,fat;? orD;uav; oef;aryg oHk;a,mufom &Sdavonf/
rdrdoGm;av&mygaom aMumifBuD;ESpfaumif? aMumifrBuD;rSarG;aom
aMumifuav; oHk;aumiftjyif tjcm;tdrfom;[l r&Sdacs/ aMumif
uav;rsm;rSmvnf; upm;wwfwkef;t&G,f ESpfv ausmfausmfom
&SMd uao;\/
tdrf toHk;taqmifqdkvnf; rsm;pGmr&Sd/ yufvufukvm;
xdkifwpfvHk;? dk;dk; ukvm;xdkif oHk;vHk;? pma&;pm;yGJwpfck? pmtkyfwif
aom pif u av;wpf c k ? pmxnf h a om pmjcif ; wpf v H k ; ? rd r d
aumvdyfaepOfu rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh a&mdkufxm;aom "gwfyHk oHk;
av;yHkom {nfhcef;xJ&Sd\/
tdyfcef;wGifum; t0wfaowmwpfvHk;? zdeyfrsm; xnfhaom
zmwpfvHk;? acgufckwif wpfckESifh tdyf&mvdyf apmiftp&Sdaom toHk;
taqmifrsm;om &Sd\/
xrif;pm;cef;wGifum; pm;yGJ? ukvm;xdkif [lr&Sd/ opfwHk;
uav; ESpfwHk;ay:wGif ysOfjym;wpfcsyfcif; xrif;pm;yGJjyKvkyfum
xm;\/ xrif;pm;aomufaomtcg Murf;ay:wGif xdkif pm;av
onf/
odkY wpfa,mufwnf; tdrftoHk;taqmif tenf;i,frQ?
tapcH w pf a ,muf ES p f a ,muf r QES i f h aexd k i f & onf u d k rnf o l
ESpfouf ygtHhenf;/ armifvlat;rSmrlum; olwumuJhodkY crf;crf;
em;em; aexdkifjcif;udk rESpfouf/ ,ckvuf&Sd toHk;taqmifwdkYyif
rsm;ao;onf[k xifum jzKwfypfcsifao;\/ vlxl; vlqef; wpf
a,mufaywnf;/
wpfaeYo armifvlat; Hk;rS apmapm qif;vmcJh\/ tdrfodkY
a&muf v Qif tapcH j yif x m;aom umzD c G u f w pf c G u f u d k aomuf ?
armifvlat;
129
abmif;bDwdkESifh &Syftusudk 0wf? wkwfaumufwpfacsmif;udk udkifum

{&m0wDjrpfurf;ajc wpfavQmuf avQmufvmcJ\
h /
rdrdavQmufvmaom vrf;wpfavQmufwGif vlolr&Sd? wdwf
qdwfvsuf &Sdaeay\/ wpf&Hwpfcg jrpfxJwGif ig;zrf;aeMuaom
wHigavSuav; wpfpif;ESpfpif;udk awGUjrif&\/ a&pyfwGif ig;udk
apmifh pm;aeMuaom AsKdif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? 'defnif;iSufrsm;
udk vnf;aumif; awGUjrif&\/ urf;ajcwpfavQmufwGif pdkufxm;
aom ajymif;cif;? yJcif;wdkY pdrf;pdrf;pdkpdk&Sdaeonfudk jrif&onfudkyif
pdwf&Tifvef;vsuf ae\/
xd k c PwG i f avmuBuD ; ud k vH k ; vH k ; arh v suf aeNyD ; vQif
avmu\ty jzpfaomae&modkY a&mufaeouJhodkY xifrSwfrday\/
odkY &Tifvef;vsufaeonfhtxJwGif pdwftwGif; [mwmwm jzpf
ae\/ wpf p H k w pf c k r S m rjynf h p H k o uJ h o d k Y jzpf a eay\/ vG r f ; o
vdkvdk bmvdkvdk? b,fvdk ae&rSef;rod jzpfaeay\/ odkY jzpfNyD;
pOf;pm;&if;yif tdrfodkY jyefvmcJhavownf;/
td r f o d k Y arS m if r S jyef a &muf \ / td r f o d k Y a &muf a&rd k ; csKd ; ?
xrif; [if;pm;aomufNyD;vQif tdrfa&SUtjyifbuf 0&efwmwGif
yuf v uf uk v m;xd k i f u d k xk w f u m xd k i f N yD ; vQif twG i f ; buf r S
xG u f a eaom rD ; a&mif aeY c if ; u a&muf v maom owif ; pm
wpfapmifudk zwf ae\/
vqef; 10 &ufaeUnjzpfaomaMumifh vomvsufae\/ tNrJ
rjywf pD;qif;vsufaeaom {&m0wDjrpfay:odkY va&mifusvsuf
aeaomaMumifh jrpfwpfckvHk; ta&mifawmufvsuf aeay\/ nOfh
OD;,H jzpfaomaMumifhvnf; avnif;u wdkufcwfvsufae\/ teD;
tem;&S d opf y if w d k Y r S yk & pf t p&S d a om yd k ; rT m ;wd k Y u vnf ; jrL;wl ;
atmf [ pf a eMu\/ td r f a &S U wrmyif a y:wG i f v nf ; 'D ; 'k w f w pf
aumifonf wpfrdepfwGif wpfBudrf rSefrSefjrnfvsuf ae\/ tdrfwGif
aygufzGm;Muaom aMumifuav; oHk;aumifrSmvnf; usvsufae
aom vHkcsnfpudk qGJum upm;aeMuavownf;/
armifvlat;onf owif;pmudk wpf&GufNyD; wpf&GufvSefum
vSefum zwfvsufae\/ twefMumvQif rdwfaqG armifaomif;az
130
odyHarmif0
xdrf;jrm;aMumif;udk awGUjrif&\/ taMumif;udk qHk;atmifzwf

NyD;aemuf owif;pmudk Murf;ay:odkY ypfcsvdkuf\/ rdrd&Syftus
tdwfxJrS ydkufqHESpfjym;udk xkwfum ar;aphwGif aygufvsufaeaom
rkwfqdwfarG; twdkuav;rsm;udk nyfum nyfum Ekwfvsufae\/
rsufESmum; Mu,fawGtpHkjzifh xGef;vif;vsufaeaom aumif;uif
odkY armhae\/ odkY&mwGif armifvlat; rsufpdxJum; vudkvnf;
rjrif? Mu,ftaygif;udkvnf; rjrif? rdk;aumif;uifudkvnf; rjrif
bmudpk Of;pm; aeygoenf;/
rdwfaqG armifaomif;azrSm xdrf;jrm;NyD;jzpfayNyD/ rdrdvnf;
tcsdefwef t&G,fa&mufayNyD/ t&G,fa&mufHkrQru t&G,fyif
vGefNyD[l qdkolrsm;u qdkMuavonf/ rdef;r,lvQif tb,fodkY
aom rdef;rrsKd;udk ,l&tHhenf;/
OD;bdk;aomif;\ orD; rvSqifonf kyf&nf lyum, tvGef
vSyaom rdef;uav;jzpf\/ toufvnf; i,f\/ cspfpzG,fvnf;
aumif;\/ odkYaomf OD;bdk;aomif; ydkufqHwpfjym;rQr&Sd/ rdrduyif
pdefem;uyf? pdefvufaumuf? pdefMu,foD;wdkYudk 0,fay;&rnf jzpfacs
onf/ r0wfcsifvQif aumif;\/ r0wfcsifrSmvnf; r[kwf? rdef;r[l
u 0wfcsifolcsnf; jzpfavonf/ wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf *kPf
NydKifaeolrsm;jzpfMu\/ pdef0wfcsif HkrQru armfawmfum; pD;csifay
OD;rnf/ tdrfudkvnf; crf;crf;em;em; qifcsifayOD;rnf/ rdrd&aom
vcrS m vnf ; rsm;vS o nf rqd k E d k i f / xd k v cES i f h avmuf i Ed k i f & ef
taMumif;rjrif/ ]at;apvdkvdkY w&m;em? ylZmptusKd;} qdkaom
pum;uJhodkY rat;&onfhtjyif r,m;twGuf? om;twGuf ylyif
p&mawG rsm;vm&ef taMumif;&Sd\/ odkY tyltyifawG rsm;vm&
onfxuf ,ckvdk vlysKdBuD; vkyfae&onfuyif aumif;ao;\/
OD;a&Tbdkum; tvGefcsrf;om<u,f0aom ajrydkif&SifBuD;wpfOD;
jzpfavonf/ om;orD;qdkvnf; rpdk;cifwpfa,muf wnf;om
&S d \ / Op m yp n f ; twG u f tenf ; i,f r Q pd k ; &d r f & ef r &S d / pd w f a t;
vufat;ESifh vkyfudkifpm;aomufHk &Sdavonf/ odkYaomf rpdk;cifrSm
tvGeftkyfqdk;onf[k Mum;&\/ odkY tkyfqdk;aom r,m;ESifh
twlwl yGJvrf;obifodkY ,SOfwGJ oGm;rnfqdkvQif olwum uJh&JU
armifvlat;
131
p&mtaMumif;jrif\/ armifvlat;rSm aiGrufaom odkuform;ygu

vm; [l qdkrnfudk pdk;&drf&eftaMumif;vnf; &Sdavonf/ olwum
uJh&JUrnfudk pdk;&drf&apumrl aMu;aiGaygrsm;<u,f0ol\ orD;jzpf
aomaMumifh rdrdtay: r,m;u tEdkifusifhrnfudkvnf; pdk;&drf&ef
&Sdao;\/ rdrdMoZmr&SdbJ r,m;\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rnfudkvnf; pdk;&drf
ruif;jzpfr\
d /
0efaxmuf OD;aomfwm\orD; rcifvwfrSm kyfvnf;oifhwifh
\/ OD;aomfwmrSmvnf; aMu;aiG tawmftwef aygrsm;\/ odkY&m
wGif 0efaxmufuawmfBuD; ra&TrSm tvGefpuftvSnfhaumif;onf
[k ausmfMum;avonf/ olYorD;udk ,lvQif olYpuftvSnfhudk cH&
rnfum; rvGJwnf;/
olaX; OD;<u,f\orD; rvSwifrSm kyfvnf;acsm? oabm
vnf;aumif;? tajymvnf; yg\/ qdkp&m r&SdNyD/ odkYaomf rvSwif
\ tpfudk armifwifarmifrSm tvGef&rf;um;aom t&uform;jzpf
\/ taysmftyg; vdkufNyD;vQif olwumESifhvnf; roifhrwifh jzpf\/
vlrsK;d ESihf a,mufzawmf&vQif ae&mrus/
pufolaX; OD;'gvD\ orD; raomif;wifrSm tvGefawmfonf
[l owif;Mum;&avonf/ Opmayg? oabmaumif;? tajymyg
kyfvnf;acsm? tvGefyif oifhwifhvSay\/ odkYaom OD;'gvDonf
rdrdr,m;BuD; aoqHk;NyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD r,m;i,fwpfa,muf
,l\/ xdkr,m;rSm rdrdorD; raomif;wifxufyif oHk;ESpfi,fao;
onf [ k Mum;&\/ od k Y r,m;i,f i ,f u av;ud k ,l x m;aom
tbdk;BuD;tm; a,murawmf ae&mrus/
yGJuawmfBuD; a':odef;arrSm rdrda,mufsm; qHk;oGm;NyD;aemuf
ypnf;tajrmuftjrm;ESifh orD;uav; wpfa,mufomusef&pfcJh\/
orD;a&m ratyg oabmvnf;aumif;\/ olwumudk vnf;cspf
cifwwf\/ t&yfESifhvnf; oifhwifh\/ ajymp&mbmwpfckrQr&Sd?
rat;Munfuav;ESifh&vQif ae&musNyD/ odkYaomf a':odef;ar\
aqGrsKd;wdkYrSm tvGefEIwfoD;aumif; "m;xufonfhtjyif trsKd;vnf;
aumif;aumif;roef[
Y k wD;wd;k pum; ajymoHMum;&\/
odkYawG;awm pOf;pm;aeonf twGif; rdk;aumif;uifwGif
132
odyHarmif0
wdrfwdkufBuD;onf taemufbufrS wuf vmNyD;vQif vrif;udk

zH k ; uG , f v d k u f \ / {&m0wD j rpf t wG i f ; iS u f c wf o G m ;aomtoH u d k
cyfrSefrSef Mum;&\/ tdrfa&SU wrmyiftxufrS 'D;'kwfrSmvnf;
wpfrdepf wpfBudrf tpOftwdkif; rSefrSefyif jrnfvsuf &Sdaeao;\/
awmifbuf&Sd e,fydkif0efaxmuf tdrfrSmvnf; ]OD;uvdefoDcsif;}
"mwfjym; zGifhaeonfudk oJhoJhuav;Mum;ae&\/ xdktoHrsm;onf
armifvlat;\ pdwfxJwGif a0; a0; oGm;Muavukef\/ twef
MumvQif vHk;vHk;yifaysmufoGm;Mu\/ armifvlat;vnf; yufvuf
ukvm;xdkifay:wGif wSL;&SL;ESifh tdyfaysmfvsuf aeawmh onf/
pnf;pdrfxuf tb,fpnf;pdrf omEdkifygtHhenf;/
('DZifbmv? 1930)
p
armifvlat;
133
acwfonf tvkyv
f ufrahJ ygaom acwfBu;D ygwum;/
tpdk;& trIxrf;rsm; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfMu? olaX;wdkufBuD;wdkY
wGif pma&;vkyfaeolrsm; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfMu? ulvDrsm; tvkyfvuf
rJh jzpfMuESifh cGtusBuD; usaeMuavNyD/
tvkyftudkif &NyD;olwdkYyif tvkyfvufrJh jzpfMu&vQif tvkyf
r&ao;aom olwdkY tvkyf&&efum; rnfrQ cJ,Of;ayrnfenf;/ 0dZm
bGJU &olawG? odyHbGJU &olawG tvkyfvufrJhjzpfukefMuNyD/ Oypm
wef;pmar;yGJatmifolawG tvkyfvufrJhjzpfukefMuNyD/ 10-wef;
pmar;yGJatmifolawG tvkyfvufrJh jzpfukefMuNyD/ ckepfwef; atmif
jrifow
l t
Ykd zdu
Yk m; todq
Yk zkd ,
G &f m &Sad wmhtehH nf;/
jrefrmjynf&Sd ausmif;aygif; rsm;pGmwdkYwGif ynmoifMum;vsuf
aeMuonfh aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ausmif;om;wdkY tzdkY tvkyf
um; pOf;pm;yif ray:NyD/ tvkyfvufrJh wnf;[laom yifv,f
aMumwGif arsmyg aeMuukefaom olwdkYtm; tb,farcvmonf
vm u,fwifygtHhenf;/ tvkyf&Sm&if;yif ysufpD;epfrGef;Mu&awmh
rnfavm/
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142
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wdkuf&mwGif ygyg vdkufvmMuukef\/ tcsKdUrSm wpfyifcsif;
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uav;rsm;u NcH&H vdkufvmMuukef\/ aA'gbk&ifrif;jrwftm;
cpm; vdkufvmaom aA'g rSL;rwfrsm;aywnf;/ ,if;wdkY\ tMum;
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uav;om ae&\/
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146
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147
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148
odyHarmif0
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um; qd k i f ; q&mrsm; ql n H p G m qd k i f ; wD ; um yG J M unf h v d k o l w d k Y u d k
zdwfac:aeavonf/ Hkta&SU&Sd yGJaps;qdkif oHk;av;qdkifwdkYwGif xGef;
xm;aom "gwfrD;rsm;aMumifh Hka&SUwpf0dkufwGif tawmfvif;vsuf
ae\/ armifvlat;onf HkyGJteD; ywf0ef;usifwGif ra,mifrvnf
avQmuf oGm;avonf/ vm;vm; Hkab;em;wGif vlwpfa,muf
onf ukef;ukef; ukef;ukef;ESifh bmvkyfaeonf rod? rw&m;usifh
rnfh olrsm;ayavm/ cg;ydkufEIduf&ef apmifhpm;aeaom vlay
avm/ tcif;oGm;&ef pDrHaeaom olayavm/ xdkae&mrSm tawmf
arSmifaom ae&mjzpfavonf/ armifvlat;onf ra,mifrvnf
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armifvlat;
149
xdkae&mrS xGufvmNyD;aemuf Ak'0ifum;rsm;udk a&;qGJxm;

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150
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aMumhaewmyJ} jrif;0goemygolEiS w
hf &l UJ /
xd k Y a emuf touf 20 ausmf vk v if y sKd ES p f a ,muf w d k Y \
pum;udk em;axmifMuygOD;/
wpfa,muf/
/ a[h [dk od'wrif;om; 0wfxm;wJh ykqdk;
tqifuav;[m raumif;vm;a[h/
tjcm;wpfa,muf/ / ig rBudKufaygifuGm? [dkbufem;u
um;rSm ZD0u 0wfxm;wJh ykqdk;tqifuav;uomvdkYaumif;w,f/
tjcm;olwdkYvnf; rdrdBudKuf&m pum;rsm;udk ajymMum;oGm;ukef
\/ xdkolwdkY\ 0goem rnfodkYrnfyHk &Sdonfudk od&Sd&avonf/
tawmfMumrS armifvlat; xdkwefaqmif;rS xGufvmcJhav
ownf;/
(atmufwb
kd mv? 1936)
q
armifvlat;
151
,aeY u m; armif v l a t;tzd k Y tvk y f r sm;aomaeUaywnf ; /

eHeuf 10 em&DrSp Hk;cef;xJwGif xdkifaeonfrSm nae av;em&D
wdkifatmif ae&mrS rx&ao;cs/ tusOf;orm;xufyif qdk;aeay
NyD/ trIwGJrsm;ESifh IyfaxG;aeaomaMumifhayavm/ r[kwfyg/ aeU
um; we*FaEGaeUjzpf\/ dk;dk;tvkyf r[kwfwef&m/ dk;dk;tvkyf
r[kwfvQif tqef;tvkyfjzpf&rnf/ tb,fodkYaom tqef;tvkyf
ygenf;/ jrLeDpDy,f a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rJjym;rsm;udk wHqdyfdkuf
aom tvkyfjzpfygonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ acwfBuD;xJwGif pma&;
udkvnf; r,Hk&? jymwmudkvnf; r,Hk&? udk,fwdkifBuJae&jcif; jzpf
avonf/
'Drdkua&pD acwfxJwGif a&G;aumufyJGawGrSm renf;NyD/ awmf
awmfMum rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJ? awmfawmfMum 'dpBwdwfaumif
pD a&G;aumufyGJ? awmfawmfMum aus;&GmaumfrwD a&G;aumufyGJ
aemiftcgrsm;wGif r,m;,l&mrSm vifae&mrSmyif a&G;aumufyGJ
vkyf&rvm; roday/
,ck a cwf w G i f a&G ; aumuf y G J a wG rsm;oavmuf tvd r f t
aumuf a wG v nf ; rsm;avonf / tvd r f t aumuf a wG u d k
aMumufvSaom armifvlat;onf eHeuf 10 em&DrS nae 4 em&D
wdkifatmif we*FaEGaeYwGif rdrd\ Hk;cef;twGif; tvkyfrsm;vsuf
aeawmh\/ rJjym; 6000 ausmfwdkYudk wHqdyfdkuf&onfrSm awmf
awmfESifh rNyD;Edkif/
152
odyHarmif0
nae 4-em&D xdk;NyD;rS aetdrfodkY jyef&\/ tdrfjyefa&muf

vuf z uf & nf a omuf N yD ; vQif cyf a t;at;uav; tarmajzum
ae&vQif aumif;ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf rae&/ awmoGm;&ef&Sdao;
\/ pdwfysufp&m pdwfIyfp&m vGefpGmrSyif aumif;vSayawmhonf/
odkYaomf ]olYqefpm; &JrS} qdkaom pum;twdkif; a&TUqdkif;xm;
rjzpf/ ,aeUnaeyif oGm;&ayrnf/ a&rdk;csKd;? t0wftpm;vJ?
jyifp&m&Sdonfudkjyif? xkyfp&m &Sdonfudk xkyf? ,lp&m&Sdonfudk,l?
rSmp&m&Sdonfudk rSmNyD;vQif aetdrfrS xGufcJhavownf;/ aeum;
0ifawmhrnf/
aetdrfESifh jrpfqdyfum; ra0;vS/ ay 200 cefYom&Sdayvdrfh
rnf/ jrpfqdyfwGif tA'l&mref\ oref apmifhaeavonf/ oref
jzif h c&D ; oG m ;jcif ; onf oabF m jzif h oG m ;jcif ; xuf ae&mus\/
av,mOfjzifh oGm;jcif;xuf pnf;pdrf&Sd\/
armifvlat;onf rdrd\wynfhrsm;ESifh orefqdyfrS xGufvm
rMumrDyif ]uRDuRD tD; zwfzwf ...uRDuRD tD; zwfzwf} qdkaom
wl&d,moHudk Mum;&avawmhonf/ xdktoHum; em&D\ pufoH
uJhodkY raES;rjref rayghrav; rSefvsufae\/ uJhodkY rSefvsuf
aejcif;onfvQif armifvlat;\ em;t&omudk wdk;yGm;ap\/ ]uRDuRD
tD;} um; tA'l&mref\ wufoH jzpfavonf/ ]zwfzwf} um;
wuf a&ay:usaom toHwnf;/
uRDuRD tD; zwfzwf toHudkyif wl&d,m toH[l qdk&rnf
avm[k &,farmaumif; &,farmMu ayvdrfhrnf/ toHudk wpf
&Hwpfckom Mum;zl;Muaom olwdkY\em;wGifum; cg;aeayvdrfhrnf/
tMum;& uwfaeayvdrfhrnf/ em;NiD;aeayvdrfhrnf/ toHudk
tzefzefMum;ae&aom armifvlat;\ em;xJwGif om,mvsuf
aeavawmhonf/
wl&d,mtoH rnfonfum; Mum;&zef rsm;rSomvQif om,m
jcif; t&omay:\/ ]ukvm;AHkoHudk jrefrmrsm; cHr&/ jrefrmhqdkif;
oH? ESJoHwdkYudk t*Fvdyfrsm; Mum;r&? wkwfESJoH? qdkif;oHwdkYudk
ukvm;rsm; rcHEdkif/ wpf&Hwpfcgom Mum;&aomaMumifh jzpfav
onf / Mum;aeus jzpf a om rd r d w d k Y \ wl & d , mtoH r sm;ud k u m;
armifvlat;
153
em;axmif rNiD;? Mum;NyD;&if; Mum;csif&if; jzpf\/ wl&d,m wpfrsKd;

u tjcm;wpfrsKd;xuf omonf[l tb,frSm qdkEdkiftHhenf;/
BudKuf&m aumif;pNrJ/ em;&nf0&maumif;pNrJ jzpfavonf/
wl&d,m taMumif;ESifh ywfouf &Sif;vif; vdkuf&onfrSm
tawmfyif tcsdefukefoGm;avNyD/ armifvlat;wdkY pD; oGm;Muaom
ore&f &dS modYk jyefMuOD;pd/Yk
orefOD;wGif xdkifaeMuaom olESpfa,mufum; pma&;armif
zsefpdefESifh jymwm armifbdk;a&TwdkY jzpfMuavonf/ pum;wpfcGef;
udkrQ rajymMu/ rnfonfh taMumif;awGudk awG;awmaeMuonf
roday/ ormef\ yJhbuf tA'l&mref\ tem;wGifxdkifaeolum;
armifvlat;\ wynfh xGef;azwnf;/ wpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajym
azmf r&SdaomaMumifh olvnf; wpfckckudk pOf;pm; aeayvdrfhrnf/
oref0rf;xJ cif;xm;aom yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGif xdkifae
olum; armifvlat; jzpfavonf/ ol\ vufxJwGif rMumrDu
a&mufvmaom t*Fvdyfpmtkyfwpftkyfudk jrif&\/ xdkpmtkyfudk
rzwfEdkif/ ai;vsufaeavonf/ ]uRDuRD tD; zwfzwf} wl&d,m\
toH? naecif;\ om,maom tajctae? jrpfa&\Munfvif
Nidrfoufaeaom tjcif;t&m? avjynf\ jznf;nif;pGm wdkufcwf
aeaom t&omwdkYudk cHpm;umaeaom armifvlat;um; xdkpm
tkyfukd tb,frSmvQif zwf&efowd &EdkifygtHhenf;/ aerif;vnf;
0ifvSNyD jzpfaomaMumifh aea&mifjcnf a&jyifudk [yfojzifh wzsyf
zsyfESifh aeonfrSm I rNiD;Edkifatmif jzpf\/ tjzLa&mif wdrfwdkuf
wdkYudk aea&mif zsef;vdkufojzifh r&rf;a&mif wpfvSnfh? t0ga&mif
wpfcg? tjyma&mifwpfrsKd;? rD;cdk;a&mif wpfoG,f wifhw,fbdawmif;/
jrif&oltaygif;rSm tb,frSm ESpfaxmif;tm;& wif;wdrf EdkiftHh
enf;/
xdktcdkufxdktcgwGif urm avmuBuD;udk at;jrjcif;wnf;
[laom uGefcsmjzifh tkyfxm;ay\/ rnfolrQ rMunfEl;bJ raeEdkif/
rnfolrQ rESpfoufbJ raeEdkif/ pdwfyljcif;? pdwfaemufjcif;? pdwfIyf
jcif;wdkY aysmufuif;&rnfyif/ ]uRDuRD tD; zwf zwf} wl&d,mq&m
BuD; tA'l&mrefyifvQif pdwfxJwGif MunfEl;&Tifys aeayvdrfhrnf/
154
odyHarmif0
ppfwaumif;wGif usef&pfcJh&Smaom ZeD;crsmudk owd&um yDwd

aomreawGyGm; aeayvdrfhrnf wum;/
]uRDuRD tD; zwfzwf ...uRDuRD tD; zwfzwf} ESifhvm&m vrf;
wpfavQmuf urf;ajcwGif a&qif;csKd; aeMuaom olwdkYudk tquf
rjywf jrifoGm;\/ uav;? vlBuD;? a,mufsm;? rdef;r? tysKd? ttdk
ukvm;? jrefrm? jzLjzL? rnf;rnf;? ydefydef? 00? jrifhjrifh? ykyk trsKd;rsKd;
tpm;pm; tm;vHk;yif aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif a&qif;csKd;aeMuavonf/
olwdkYwpfawGrSm oDcsif; qdkolqdk? pum; rsm;olrsm;? vdkufwrf; ajy;
wrf; upm;ol upm;? a&ul; aeolawGuvnf;trsm;? uRrf;ypfae
olawGuvnf; r&Sm;ay/ tcsdef tcg ae&mrsKd;wGif tb,f
olonf raysmf&TifbJ aeEdkifygtHhenf;/ xdkurf;ajcwGif aysmfyg;pGm
&SdaeMuukefaom olwdkY\ pdwfxJodkY pdwfnpfp&mawG r0ifEdkif?
pdwfysufp&mawG rvmEdkif? pdwfIyfp&mawG rwdk;Edkif/ tjyifbuf
wGif acwrQ ai;rIdifum aeMu&&Smayonf/ xdkolwdkY\ pdwftwGif;
odkY Munfvifjcif; pdwfwdkYomvQif 0ifEkdifay\/
xdka&csKd; aeolwdkYudk vGefvQif NrdKUjyifodkYa&muf\/ ]uRDuRD
tD; zwfzwf} q&mBuD;uvnf; wuRDuRD wtD;tD; wzwfzwfESifh
tawmyif rowfNyD/ rMumrDyif yJ? ajymif;? aq;? rkefvmOwdkYudk
pdkufysKd;xm;&m ,mcif;rsm;odkYa&mufvm\/ urf;ajc aomifpyf
wGif pdrf;pdrf;vef;vef; Ircef;ay? txufaumif;uifjyifwGifvnf;
wdrfwdkufwdkYrSm trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJum rsufvSnhfjyaeMuukef\/
0g&mrSeD? eD&mrSjym? jym&mrS rD;cdk;a&mif ]wdrfawmif ozG,f rif;a&;
us,f} qdkaom a&S;vlBuD;wdkY\ pum;twdkif;yifwnf;/
tvd k [d k r S m I a vmh ? aq;wH B uD ; ud k cJ u m vuf y d k u f v suf
,mcif;rsm;udk tm;yg;w& Munfh aeayonf/ rdrd\,mcif;rsm;
udk MunfhNyD;vQif tm;& rqHk;Ekdif? ESpfouf rqHk;Edkif/ oabmus
rqHk;EdkifNyD/ rdrd\ ,mtjyif rnfonfh t&mudkrQ rcifrif/ xdk
,morm;\ pdwfxJwGif rdrd\ ,mtjyif rnfonhft&mudkrQ rpHk
ruf? rdrd\ ,mtjyif rnfonfht&mudkrQ rjrwfEdk;ay/ e,fydkif
tvkyfudk tvdkr&Sd? ta&;ydkif tvkyfudkrvdkcsif? rif;BuD; tvkyfudk
rESpfouf/ bk&ifcH tvkyfudk rpGJvrf;/ bk&ifrif;jrwfjzpf&efukdyif
armifvlat;
155
pufqkyf ae&ayvdrfhrnf/ yk*HawmifolBuD;tm; wdkif;jynfudk tkyf

csKyf rif;vkyfygrnfhtaMumif;awmif;yefMuaomtcg acG;rBuD;\
EdkYudk acG;om;uav;rsm;0dkif;pdkYMuouJhodkY wGJ&&GJ pD&&D oD;aeMu
aom ocGm;cif;udk ypf tb,frSmvQif rif;vkyfygtHhenf;[k aiguf
vdkuf&m rSL;rwfrsm;u 0dkif; axmif;umrS rif;vkyfaom awmifol
BuD ; rif ; \ taMumif ; ud k armif v l a t; owd & rd a yonf / xd k
taMumif;udk &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;wGif zwfcJhpOfu tvGeftaom
awmifolBuD;ygwum; [k rsm;rsm;BuD; uJh&JUrdcJhay\/ IwfcsrdcJhay
\/ &,frdcJhay\/ ,ckum; ruJh&JU rIwfcs r&,fvdkNyD/ awmifol
BuD; rif;bufuyif a&SUaevdkufayOD;rnf/
(Zefe0g&Dv? 1934)
w
156
odyHarmif0
armifvlat;onf eHeufwdkif; 7-em&Dxdk;vQif tdyf&mrS xavh

&Sd\/ 7- em&DcGJ? 8-em&DcefYwGif pmwdkufrS Hk;pmrsm;udk jymwmyef
'pfu ,lvmavonf/ xdkHk;pm? Hk;tvkyfrsm;udk jrif&vQif armif
vl a t; pd w f n pf p NrJ / od k Y a omf rwwf E d k i f / xd k t vk y f r sm;ud k
xdkif vkyf&onfrSm 11 em&D wdkifawmh\/ 11- em&DcGJrS Hk;wuf&av
onf/
xdkrsm;vSpGmaom Hk;pmawG Hk;tvkyfawG Mum;wGif rdwfaqG
rsm;? aqGrsKd; rdbrsm;xHrS pmwpfapmifwav ygvmwwfavonf/
xdkYaMumifh eHeufwdkif; jymwmyef'pf tvmudk arQmfvifh\/
,aeUeH e uf yef ' pf ta&muf aemuf u savonf / pmyd k Y
oabFm ta&mufaemufusaomaMumifhayavm? yef'pfyifvrf;
wGif pum;rsm;aomaMumifah yavm[k [dEk ,
S o
f nfE,
S f pOf;pm; vsuaf e
\/ od k Y pOf ; pm;awG ; awmaecd k u f aiG a Mu;usyf w nf ; aom
acwfqdk;taMumif;odkY tb,fokdU a&mufoGm;onfrod/ a&muf
oGm;onfum; trSef/
acwfonf vlwumudk xdcdkufaom acwf? wpfurmvHk;udk
xdcdkufaom acwf? bkef;BuD; OD;0dpdw ausmif;wGif tNrJaeaom
uyd, OD;wdk;udkyif xdcdkufaom acwfjzpfavonf/
xdkpmrsm;udk yef'pfxHrS ,lNyD;vQif wpfapmifudk azmufzwf
\/ xd k p mum; aiG w d k u f r if ; BuD ; H k ; rS vmaom pmjzpf a vonf /
pmwGifygaom taMumif;um; tjrwfawmfaMu;tay:wGif tGefY
armifvlat;
157
awmfaumuf&ef taMumif;wnf;/ tjrwfawmfaMu; tay:wGif

tGefY wufvdkufvQif tcufyif/ odkYaomf jiif;csufxkwfae
tusKd;r&Sd/ ray;rae& ay;&rnfomwnf;/
'kwd,pmudk azmufum zwfjyef\/
jrefrmhaq;Hk wpfHkudk aqmuf&ef pDrHaeaom toif;rS tvSL
aumufcHaompmjzpfavonf/ aq;Hkaqmufjcif;onf aumif;yg
\/ wd k i f ; ol j ynf o l w d k Y tusKd ; rsm;yg\/ uk o d k v f & yg\/od k Y a omf
aMu;aiGusyfwnf;onfh tckdufwGif qdkif;xm;u rjzpfygavm/
rjzpfyg/ vufiif;ta&;BuD;aom t&mjzpfygonf/ vlrrm
wdkYrSm aMu;aiGaygaom acwfwGifvnf; &Sd\/ aMu;aiG&Sm;aom
acwfwGifvnf;&Sd\/ aMu;aiG&Sm;aom acwfwGif rzsm;remNyD[k
qdkif;xm; r&yg/ xdkYaMumifh aq;Hkaqmuf&ef tvSLaiGudk twif;
aumufc&H jcif; jzpfygonf/
aumif;yg\/ aumif;yg\? tvSLaiGudk xnfhcsifyg\/ odkYaomf
rwwfEdkifyg/ qdkif;xm;yg&apOD;? tGefYawmfaMu;uJhodkY qdkif;xm;
r&aom t&mrsKd;vnf; r[kwfyg/
acwfBuD;wGif ydkufqH enf;enf;ESifh ukodkvfrsm;rsm;&aom
tvSLrsKd;udk a&G; vSL&ygonf/ t&rf;rJh rvSLEdkifyg/ anmifaph
avmuf vS L aomf v nf ; apwemaumif ; vQif anmif y if a vmuf
ukodkvf&rnf/ anmifyifavmufvSLaomfvnf; apwemraumif;
vQif anmifaphavmuf ukodkvfudkom &rnf[l jrwfpGmbk&m; a[m
Mum;xm;awmf rlcyhJ gonf/
wpfaeYu tdrfaemufaz;wGif ajy;aeaom acG;0Jpm;uav;
tm; xrif;wpfyef;uefjym;udk apwem aumif;aumif;ESifh auR;yg
onf/ acG;uav;rSm tNrD;weefYeefYESifh 0rf;om rqHk;NyD/ xrif;
wpf y ef ; uef j ym;um; anmif a ph r Qyif tzd k ; wef y g\/ od k Y a omf
apwem aumif;aomaMumifh anmifyifavmuf ukodkvf&rnfrSm
rvGw
J nf;/
odkYaom anmifaph tvSLuav;awGudk pdkufysKd;xm;cJhaom
aMumifh anmifyif ukodkvfBuD;awG &aeavNyD/ acwfqdk;BuD;wGif
anmifyif tvSLawGudk acwqdkif;xm;OD;rnf/
158
odyHarmif0
wwd,pmudk azmuf zwfjyef\/

owif;pmwdkuftkyf wpfa,mufu a&;vdkufaompmjzpfav
onf / aqmif ; yg;awmif ; aom pmr[k w f / owif ; pmud k tcrJ h
vufaqmifay;rnf [laompmvnf; r[kwf/ ol\ owif;pmudk
zwfrnfhol r&SdaomaMumifh wdkufysufrnfpdk; owif;pm wpfapmif
udk wpfESpftwGuf ESpfq,fhav;usyfESifh a&G;,l&ef pmwdkufrS ay;ydkY
vdu
k af ompmjzpfavonf/
rnfonhftcgurQ ,if;owif;pmudk rrSm,lzl;? xdkowif;
pmwdkufESifh tquftoG,fvnf; r&Sd/ acwfqdk;twGif; tb,f
rSmvQif ESpfq,fhav;usyfESifh xdkowif;pmudk a&G;,lEdkifygtHhenf;/
ra&G;Edkif? dkif;onf[k qdkcsifvQif qdkEdkifonf/
pifppfum; rdkif;? ydkYvdkufolomvQif dkif;avonf/ a&S;OD;
owif;pm wpfapmifudk vufaqmifay;&ef oifh\/ xdkYaemuf wpf
ESpfwefonf ajcmufvwefonf owif;pmudk 0,f,lMunfhI&ef
pmay;oifhavonf/ taMumif;rodao;cifu aiGawmif;aom pmrsKd;
rydkYoifh/ aiGrsKd; w&m;pGJ rawmif;Ekdif? rawmif;EdkifvQif ray;NyD/
owif;pmwdkuftkyfrSm vrf;vGJudk vdkufrdaomaMumifh wHqdyf
acgif;zdk; ydkufqHig;jym;ESifh pmwdkufrSae aiGESpfq,fhav;usyf
awmif;aom p&dwf ;IH avNy/D
acwfqdk;BuD; twGif;wGif trsKd;rsKd; prf;Mu\/ trsKd;rsKd;
a&Smif&avonf/ ta&Smifaumif;ygrS oufomrnf/
pwkw pmudk azmuf zwfjyef\/
touftmrcH wdkufwpfwdkufrS udk,fpm;vS,f wpfa,muf\
pm jzpfavonf/ pmrsKd;udk &cJhzl;onfrSm 10 apmifxufrenf;
NyD/ ,if;wdkYtm;vHk; trIdufusKH;ukvm;\ vufwGif toufxGuf&
&Smonf/ ,cka&mufvmaom pmonfvnf; ,if;\ aemifawmf
rsm; oGm;&mvrf;odkY jref;&&Sm\/ trIdufjcif;twGif;rS oem;p&m
rsufESmuav;ESifh pdkuf Munfhaeavonf/
acwfqdk;BuD;twGif; aiGpk&ef rqdkxm;bd? vufxJwGif aiG
ylatmif ae&efudkyif rsm;pGm acsmharmh xm;&avonf/ aemiftcg
vmaemiftcgaps;? jzpfvdk&mjzpf? toufudkum; raygifNyD/ touf
armifvlat;
159
tmrcHukrPDrsm;onf twdk;r,lbJ wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYtm; aiGacs;

aom ukrPDrsm; jzpfoGm;ygu rnfrQ aumif;vdrfhrnfenf;/
udk,faorS tjrwfrsm;rsm;&rnfh tvkyfrsKd;udk pdwful;xJyif
rxnfhrdacs/ xDxdk;onfu aumif;ao;\/ pdwfxJwGif trsKd;rsKd;
wdkuftdrfaqmufEdkifavonf/ rdrdxdk;xm;aom xDaygufvmvQif
rnfodkY vkyfrnf? rnfodkY oHk;rnf? rnfodkY vSLrnf pojzifh rdrdxdk;
xm;aom xD aygufygap? aygufygap[k qkawmif; aeonfu
[efao;\/
toufudk taygifxm;NyD;vQif txufyg pdwful;rsKd;udk rul;0Hh
acs/ rdrdukd,fudk rdrd aorMunfh0Hh/ w&m;vufvTwfonf[kqdkcsif
qdkEdkifonf/ rdrdaovQif rdrd touftmrcH ukrPDu &aomaiG
udk rnfodkYvkyfrnf? rnfodkY oHk;rnf? rnfodkY vSLrnf [l pdwful;
jcif;um; pnf;pdrfr&Sday/ rdrdaorS tusKd;aumif;aumif;BuD; cHpm;
&aom tvkyfrsKd;twGuf aiGtukefrcHEdkifNyD/ xdktouftmrcHukr
PD udk,fpm;vS,fum; ydkufqH ig;jym;udk a&xJypfvdkufonfESifh wl
vSayonf/ touftmrcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm; owdxm;&ef aumif;
vSayonf/
yr pmudk azmufjyef\? zwfjyef\/
um; pmr[kwf? rdwfaqG udkoef;armif\ r*Fvmaqmif
zdwfMum;pm jzpfavonf/ 0rf;ajrmufzG,f aumif;vSay\/ udkoef;
armifrSm ydk;yef;ae&aom vlysKdb0rS ajE&aom vlBuD;b0odkY
a&muf&awmhrnf/ r*Fvm&Sdaom zdwfMum;pm jzpf\/ 0rf;ajrmuf
rqHk;NyD/
pdwfxJwGifom 0rf;ajrmufae udprwHk;ao;? 0rf;ajrmufHk
ESifh udpwHk;rnfjzpfrlum; wpfoufvHk; 0rf;ajrmufaeyg\/ om;awG
orD;awG &wdkif; 0rf;ajrmufaeygrnf/ om;awG &SifjyKwdkif;? orD;
awG em;xGif;wdkif; 0rf;ajrmufaeygrnf/
,ckum; vufuyg 0rf;ajrmuf&ygrnf/ rnfodkYaomr*Fvm
aqmifrsKd;jzifh 0rf;ajrmuf&ygrnfenf;/ aiGzvm; BuD;BuD;udkvnf;
ray;Edkif/ acwfu raumif;? aiGzvm; i,fi,fqdkvQifvnf; ay;
olawG rsm;aeayNyD/ aiGaq;vdyfbl;? aiGuvyf? aiGvufzuf&nfZGef;
160
odyHarmif0
wd k Y u d k xm;p&myif ae&m&S d r nf r xif / ol w um ray;aom

t&m0wKrsKd;udk ay;rS ae&musayrnf/ qef;vnf; qef;&rnf/ aiG
ukev
f nf; oufom&rnf/
udkoef;armifum; ygVdpmayudk xHk;vdkarT a&vdkaESmufEkdifol
wpfa,mufjzpf\/ v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m; a&;xm;aom edAme
'DyeDpmtkyf wpftkyfudk 0,f vufaqmifay;rnf[k a&S;OD;pGm
MuH\/ tBuHudk zsufvdkuf&avonf/ taMumif;um; owdkYorD;
BudKufrnf rxifaomaMumifhwnf;/ udkoef;armifonf edAme'Dyef
udkzwfNyD;vQif nDawmf eErif;om;uJhodkY awmxGuf oGm;avrSjzifh
b'uvsmPD uJhodkY warQmfarQmfESifh aecsifrnf r[kwfay/
avmuk w & mtwG u f tusKd ; rsm;rnf j zpf a om pd y f y k w D ; wd k Y ?
aMu;pnfwdkYudk vufaqmifay;rnfMuH\/ ,if;tMuHvnf; ysufjyef
avonf/ ,if;wdkYudk olwum ay;rnfr[kwfaomaMumifh xl;vnf;
xl;\? qef;vnf; qef;\? tzdk;vnf; oufom\/ odkYaomf ,if;wdkY
rSm ppfudkif;acsmifESifh eD;vGef;avonf/
a&S;tcgu r*FvmaqmifvQif vufzGJUMuaom r*Fvmvuf
aqmifrsm;taMumif; pOf;pm;rdao;\/ xdktcg vSnf;wpfpD;? EGm;
jym wpf&SOf;? zsmwpfcsyf? rsKd;pyg; wpfwif;? BudwfqHkwpfvHk; pojzifh
ay;Muavonf/ ,ckacwfwGifum; xdkypnf;rsKd;udk ay; ae&m
usrnfr[kwaf y/
odkY r*FvmvufaqmifawG taMumif; awG;&if;yif tcsdef
rsm;pGm aESmif; vmcJh\ rdrdpma&;pm;yGJ a&SUwGif csdwfxm;aom
em&Dudk Munfhvdkuf&m 11 em&DcGJ aerSef;udk od&avonf/ r*Fvm
vuf a qmif u d k v nf ; ra&G ; &ao;? H k ; wuf & ef v nf ; &S d a o;aom
aMumifh pma&;pm;yGJrS xvm&avownf;/
(ZGefv? 1933)
z
armifvlat;
161
odyHarmif0onf armfvNrdKif Zmwdjzpfonf/ jrefrmESpf 1260

(c&pfESpf 1899) wGif zGm;jrifonf/ i,femrnfrSm armifpdefwif
jzpf o nf / i,f p Of u yif rk y G e f & yf q&mOD ; cspf v S ausmif ; wG i f
ynmoifcJhonf/ 1920 jynfhESpfwGif q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk jrefrm
ESifh ygVdbmom *kPfxl;jzifh atmifcJhonf/ xdkpOfuyif ]0ZD&mwifh}
trnfjzifh owif;pmrsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;aeavNyD/
&ef u k e f a umvd y f w G i f ynmoif , l a eqJ yxrausmif ; om;
oydwf ta&;awmfyHkBuD; ay:aygufvm&m 1923 ckESpftxd trsKd;
om;ausmif;q&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif aypm
pmar;yGJudk jrefrmESifh ygVdbmomtwGuf qkrsm;&&SdatmifjrifcJh
onf/ 0dZmwef;wGif jrefrmpm *kPfxl;wef;\ yxrqHk; ausmif;om;
jzpfum *kPfxl;wef;udk yxrtqifhrS atmifjrifcJhonf/ ]ae&yf
acsmifu? vlrnf armif0} [k uavmiftrnfcH&mup armif0
trnfwGifcJhonf/ bGJU&tNyD;wGif EkdifihH0efxrf;ynmawmfoiftjzpf
t*FvefatmufpzdkY wuodkvfodkY apvTwfjcif;cH&onf/ atmufpzdkY
wuodkvfrSwfwrf;wGif ynmawmfoif b0tawGUtMuHKudk rdrdwdkif;
jynf\ ynma&;ESifh ,SOf rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
OD;pdefwifonf odyHausmif;om; armifjroGif? odyHarmif0?
wifarmifjrifh? armifoHacsmif;? aumvdyfcifcif paom uavmif
trnf trsKd ; rsKd ; jzif h *E a vmu? '*k e f ? ol & d , ? BuD ; yG m ;a&;ES i f h
162
odyHarmif0
aumvdyf r*Zif;ponfwdkYwGif aqmif;yg;? jyZmwf? ay;pmponfh

pm[ef trsKd;rsKd;a&;cJhonf/ OD;pdefwif\ tBuD;qHk;aom qEwpf&yf
rSm jrefrmpmay wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Gufvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ a&S;dk;
jrefrm tBudKufjzpfaom um&ef eab pm[ef&Snfonfh pum;ajy
ta&; tom;rsKd;rS vrf;cGJxGufum 0guswdkrsm;jzifh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
&SdvSaom oGufvufonfh pum;ajyta&;tom;rsKd;jzifh ]acwfprf;
pmay} udkOD;aqmifcJholjzpfonf/ udkvdkeDacwfwGif arS;rSdefaeaom
jref r mpmud k a&S U wef ; a&muf v matmif jyef v nf a zmf x k w f c J h o l
wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
OD;pdefwifonf tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmif
&if;pmaywdk;wufrIudk r&yfrem; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ uG,fvGefonfh
tcsdeftxd tqufrjywf pma&;cJholjzpf\/ 'kwd,urmppftwGif;
ppfajy;b0jzifh jrefrmESpf 1304 ckESpf ( c&pf 1942) wGif a&Tbdk
cdkif uefYbvlNrdKU teD; *g;'g;qnfBuD; &Gm uG,fvGefcJhonf/
odyHarmif0onf NAdwdoQwdkY\ EkdifiHh0efxrf;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
apumrl rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf rysufol jzpfonf/ a&mufav&m&m t&yf
wdkif; awGUjrif Mum;odorQwdkYudk xdkrsKd;cspfpdwftajccHum a&;om;
avh&Sdonf/ a&muf&m t&yfwdkif; jrefrmrI jrefrmh"avh jrefrmh
&mZ0ifwdkYudk pdwftm; xufoefpGm avhvmazmfxkwfavh&Sdonf/
ola&;orQ pmwdkY rsKd;cspfpdwf taiGUtoufrsm; wpfenf;enf;
jzifh yg0ifaewwfayonf/
xdkYtjyif vlYoabm? avmuoabmudkvnf; qifjcifavh&Sd
onf/ avvHyGJ 0wKwdkwGif rcHcsifpdwf\oabmudk wifjya&;
zGJUxm;onf/ vlYobm0 okyfjy 0wKwdk wpfyk'f[k qdkEkdifonf/
q&mBuD; yDrdk;eif;u 0wKwdkuav;ESifh ywfouf *Eavmu
r*Zif;wGif ]armifpdefwif a&;aom tif;avvHyGJBuD;taMumif; zwf
&onfrSm awmom;vnf;r[kwf? 0wKvnf; r[kwf? aqmif;yg;
vnf; r[kwf? zwf rNyD;rcsif; vufu rcsEkdifatmif aumif;aom
pmrsKd;jzpfonf} [k csD;usL;pum; a&;om;cJhzl;onf/ a0zef oHk;oyf
MunfMh uapvdo
k nf/
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armifvlat;
163
,aeY u m; tif ; avvH y G J a eY jzpf \ / tif ; om;BuD ; wd k Y tzd k Y

aeUxl;aeUjrwfBuD; jzpfavonf/ armifvlat;\ e,fy,ftwGif;
&Sd ig;rsm; tzdkYum; aeYqdk; aeY,kwfBuD;aywnf;/
eHeufapmapmuyif e,fydkifHk;awmf 0if;twGif;odkY tif;om;
BuD;? tif;om;vwf? tif;om;uav;? tif;om;rBuD; (0g) tif;orD;
BuD;? tif;om;rvwf (0g) tif;orD;vwf? tif;om;ruav; (0g)
tif;orD;uav;? vufaxmuftif;om;? vufaxmuftif;orD; (0g)
vuf a xmuf t if ; or? tcscH t if ; orD ; (0g) tcscH tif ; or?
tif;om;a,mif? tif;orD;a,mif (0g) tif;ulvDrSp tif;ESifh
toufarG;olwYkd a&mufEiS Mhf uavNy/D
wpf N rd K UvH k ; vnf ; ol w d k Y c snf ; [d k o G m ;vnf ; ol w d k Y E S i f h a wG U ?
onfoGm;vnf; olwdkYESifhawGU? aps;xJrSmvnf; olwdkY? wkwfacguf
qGJqdkifrSmvnf; olwdkY? ukvm;xrif;qdkifrSmvnf; olwdkY tjyefY
t&ufqdkifrSmvnf; olwdkY? ukvm;rlqm\ uapmfqdkifrSmvnf; olwdkY
armifwl\ zJ0dkif;rSmvnf; olwdkY? wpfNrdKUvHk;tESHUtjym; tif;om;
awG vGwf aeMuavonf/
tif;om;BuD; wpfa,mufrSm aemufvdkufu taxGaxG? acgif;
aygif;pBuD;awGu waxmifaxmif [dkoGm;onfoGm;? tdwfxJrSm aiG
oHawG wcRifcRif? r,m;crsmrSmvnf; tyg;u rcGm rsufESmxm;
cyfrmrm? tcsKdUrSm toif;tyif; tpkta0;ESifh e,fydkifHk;0if; twGif;
ukudKyifBuD; atmufwGif aumfaZmawG cif;vsuf xrif;pm;yGJBuD;
usi;f yaeMuavawmhonf/
udkomvlum; tif;cGef rausaomaMumifh tif;qGJ&ef vufrSwf
r&Edkif/ rdwfaqG armifbdk;atmiftm; axmif tif;tqGJcdkif;&ef
MuH\/ odkYaomf armifbdk;atmifvnf; vufrSwfr&Edkif/ ypnf;&Sdol
r[kwf/ udkomvlum; tenf;i,frQ rpdk;&drf? tif;rolBuD; OD;bdk;&Sif
xH oGm; armifbdk;atmif ypnf;&SdaMumif; vufrSwftxdk;cdkif;
&ayrnf/ udk,fawmfjrwf olBuD;rSm rsufESmxm; wnfwnfESifh tjrif
uwf p &m/ od k Y a omf ol Y a e&mES i f h ol ? atmuf r usKd U u rjzpf ?
awmif;yefpum; oGm; ajym\/ tzufrvkyf? awmfawmfvlyg;0
wJh olBuD;/ olYudk,fol odMum;rsm;rSwfaea&mhovm;/ odkYaomf
164
odyHarmif0
udkomvlwdkY rnfodkY vkyfvdkufonfrod/ cPMumvQif olBuD;vnf;

NyHK;NyHK;&Tif&TifESifhyif vufrSwfudk xdk; ay;vdkuf\/
armifbdk;atmif vufrSwf&oGm;avNyD/ tu,fyif udpwHk;
NyDavm? rwHk;ao;/ NrdKUydkifrif;xH ajy;&OD;rnf/ olBuD;vufrSwfum;
ypnf;&SdaMumif; vufrSwfomwnf;/ tif;qGJ&ef vufrSwfum; NrdKU
ydkifrif;? tif;cGef0efrif;? e,fydkifrif;wdkYuom ay;Edkifavonf/ NrdKU
tkyfrif;xH 0if&efrSmvnf; rvG,ful? tif;vufrSwftwGuf apmifh
pm;aeMuaom vlxkBuD;um; renf;/ armifbdk;eD? armifom[ef?
armifNrdKU? armifeDwmwdkYvnf; acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifh/ tif;om;BuD; armif
BudKifvnf; vlxkxJwGif [dkwdk;onfwdk;ESihf aeyguvm;/ onfaumif
rESpfu tif;zdk;aiG rauswmawmif rsufESmajymifwdkufNyD; vmao;
oudk;? wu,fhtaumif/
NrdKUydkifrif;um; apmapmuyif Hk;odkY a&mufaeavonf/ ol\
tcef;xJwGif &Sd\/ NrdKUydkifrif;xuf aMumuf&olum; NrdKUydkifrif;\
,yfqGJol armifcifjzpfavonf/ udk,fawmfjrwfrSm NrdKUydkifrif; xuf
yif t0wftpm;ajymifao;\/ pD;u&ufufdk vufMum;nyf? zdeyfjzLudk
pD;vsuf [dkvlYudkatmf? onfvlYudkrmefESifh tifrwef *dkufxkwf ae
avonf / ol E S i f h oif h o l u m; a&S U uae&\/ roif h o l w d k Y u m;
aemuf o d k Y qk w f & avonf / ol Y u d k , f o l Nrd K Uyd k i f r if ; xif a ea&mh
ovm;? tif;udkyif rqGJ&ao;? i&JodkY a&mufMu&ayNyD/
armif c if u rsuf E S m om ay;vd k u f o l w d k Y wpf a ,muf N yD ;
wpfa,muf tpOftwdkif; Hk;cef;xJodkY 0ifMu&\/ NrdKUydkifrif;ESifh
awGUNyDavm? rawGU&ao;yg/ Hk;pma&;BuD;? Hk;pma&;uav;? toifHk;
pma&;rsm; Hk;pma&;BuD;\vufaxmufrsm;? tul Hk;pma&;rsm;ESifh
wpfqifhwpfqifh awGU oGm;&avonf/ olwdkY vnf; trsKd;rsKd;aom
ar;cGef;awG bmawGESifh taESmifht,SufjyKMu avonf/ aMomf? 'ku
usm;BuD;vnf; aMumuf&? usm;uav;vnf; aMumuf&? b,fae&mrS
[efrusyguvm;aemf/
aemuf q H k ; Nrd K Uyd k i f r if ; xH o d k Y a&muf M u\/ Nrd K Uyd k i f r if ; vnf ;
ar;cGef; trsKd;rsKd;xkwfvsuf aeavawmhonf/ 0dZmpmar;yGJwGif
ar;aom ar;cGef;wdkYxufyif tif;om;BuD;wdkY tzdkY cufao;\/
armifvlat;
165
tm;vHk; rrSefonfudkcsnf; ajzMuavonf/ ESpfq,fwef tdrfudk

ESpfaxmifwefonf[k usrf;udkif qdk\/ ig;usyfwefaom avS wpf
pif;udk wpf&mwefonf[k usrf;udkif qdk\/ usrf;udkifpl;onfqdk
aom pum;ud k rMum;zl ; ouJ h o d k Y nmEd k i f o rQ nmaom[l \ /
aoaocsmcsm ususee ppfaq;aom oludkyif a,mifvnfvnf
jzpfatmif ajzMuavonf/ awmfvnf;awmfMuygay&JU/
aemufqHk; NrdKUydkifrif;vnf; tcsKdUudk y,f tcsKdUudk vufrSwf
xkwf ay;vdkufavownf;/ vufrSwf &vmolrsm;teuf bdk;
atmif? xGef;pdef? pHOD;? armifjr? vHkaxmfwdkYvnf; ygMuavonf/
vufrSwfuav;awG udk,fpDESifh xGufvmMuukef\/ rsufESmawG um;
rId&ovdk/ udkpHyBuD;um; armifcifESifh roifhol jzpfaomaMumifh Hk;
tjyifbufwGif [dkxdk; onfxdk;jzifh ae&&Sm\/ oem;p&m? crsmrSm
vufrw
S rf &rSjzift
h cuf/
tif;om;BuD;a[mif; OD;aiG&? OD;pHzl;? OD;bdk;xGef;? OD;bom
wdkYum; apmapmuyif vufrSwf&xm;olrsm; jzpfaomaMumifh wdk;a0SU
aeMuol r sm;wG i f ryg0if / cyf a t;at;yif uk u d K yif & d y f w G i f
aq;vd y f z G m um uG r f ; pm;umES i f h xd k i f a eMuonf / ol w d k Y \
aemufvu
kd rf sm;um; 0dik ;f vsu/f
armifjrum; vufrSwf &vmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf tif;om;
BuD; OD;aiG&wdkY xdkifae&modkY a&mufvmavonf/ rsufESmxm; &Tif
yspGm xm;vsufae\/ armifjr &vmaom vufrSwfum; yef;vdIif
a&ausmftif;twGuf vufrSwfjzpfavonf/ yef;vIdifa&ausmf tif;
om;BuD;a[mif; OD;aiG&um; vufrSwfudk armifjrvufxJ jrifvdkuf
onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf rsufESmysufvsuf oGm;awmh\/ xdktif; rdrd
vufrS vGwfoGm;u cufavawmhrnf/ OD;aiG&\ r,m; a':kum;
rsufESmBuD; plvsuf/
armifjrum; yef;vIdifa&ausmftif;udk ESpfaxmiftxd wufay;
rnf[k OD;aiG& rMum;wMum; ajymvsufae\/ OD;aiG&rsufESmeD
vmavNyD/ rdrdu wpfaxmifxufydk ray;Edkif/ wpfaxmifESifh &rS
aiGESpf&mavmufjrwfrnf/ armifjrum; ypnf;r&SdolrSef\/ odkYaomf
tif;qGJ&ef vufrSwf&xm;ol jzpfavonf/ aemiftcgrS jzpfcsif&m
166
odyHarmif0
jzpfawmhrnf/ tcufBuD;BuHK&ay\/ armifjrum; vufrSwfudk 0ifh

um 0ifhumESifh pum;rsm;vsuf aeavawmhonf/ OD;aiG&wdkY vif
r,m;u acR;NzdKifNzdKif,dkum usavNyD/
aemufqHk; OD;aiG&um; armifjrtm; tif;odkY0if rqGJ&ef
awmif;yef&Smonf/ armifjrum; awmif;yef r&/ c&D;p&dwfaiG
tpdwfudkom xkwfom ay;\/ enf;ao;onf r,l/ oHk;q,f
ay;onfr,l/ ig;q,fay;rS auseyfavawmhonf/ ig;q,f&vQif
armifjrvnf; armifwl\ zJ0dkif;odkY oGm;avNyD/ OD;aiG&um; tif;
rqGJ&ao;rD aiGudkvnf; ig;q,f xGuf&&Sm\/ enf;twdkif;yif
bdk;eDESifh om[efwdkYvnf; tif;om;BuD;a[mif; OD;bdk;aeESifh OD;bom
wdkYxHrS aiGoHk;q,fpD &cJhMuavonf/ wkwftjyefY\ t&ufqdkif
odYk ajcOD;vSnMhf uavNy/D
&efukefrS ,aeUeHeufwGif a&mufvmaom ig;yGJpm; armifuef
rSmvnf; acgif;aygif;p waxmifaxmifyif/ ol\ aemufrS tif;om;
BuD;a[mif;rsm; waumufaumufESifh rcGmEdkifMu/ olYtdwfxJwGif
aiGESpfaxmif ygvmonf[k Mum;&\/ pay:aiGay;&ef olYxHrS
rsufESmaouav;rsm;jzifh aiGawmif;aeMuavonf/ tif;*&efudk
aygifxm;rnf qdkoluqdk? tif;rSxGufaom ukefrsm;udk aygaygESifh
ay;rnf h o l u r&S m ;? trsKd ; rsKd ; acsmh u m armh u m armif u ef x H r S
aiGxGufatmif npfaeMuukef\/ tcgwGif armifuefum; ewfod
Mum;xufyif wefcdk;BuD;ayao;\/ ,yfcyfay;oluay;? a&,lay;
olawGuvnf; trsm;? awmfawmfyif crf;em;ayonf/
odkYjzifyif e,fydkifHk;0if; wpf0if;vHk; [dkpkHk; onfpkHk;? [dkvl;
vmcwf ? onf v l ; vmcwf / [d k a jym onf a jymES i f h waomaom
aeMu&avawmhonf/ Hk;atmufu vufzuf&nfqdkif&Sif a':odef;
cifrSmvnf; ta&mif;&wGifaomaMumifh wNyHK;NyHK;? vufyif rvnf
Edkif/ e,fydkifHk;wGif wpfESpfywfvHk; tcguJhodkY vlpnfum;jcif;
wpfcgrQ r&SdcJhzl;/ tif;qGJ&ef vufrSwf&olwdkYum; w&Tif&Tif? r&ol
wdkYu wrIdifrIdif? armifukvm;wdkY vlpkum; tif;qGJEdkifolawGvnf;
r[kwf? vufrSwf&olawGvnf; r[kwf? aiGaMu;qdk wpfjym; wpfcsyf
rQ &SdolawGvnf; r[kwf/ odkYygvsuf ckepfrdkifc&D;rSvm olwum
armifvlat;
167
tif;avvHqo
JG nfukd oGm;&nf,Mkd uonfrmS tHMh oyg&JU/
odkYESifhyif q,fem&D xdk;\/ xdkYaemuf q,fem&D cGJ\/ e,fydkif
armifvlat; vmavNyD/ tm;vHk;0dkif; MunfhMu\/ ]wu,f qdk;wJh
e,fydkif }? ]w,fMurf;wJh e,fydkif} ponfjzifh wD;wdk;pum; ajymMu
avonf/ (armifvlat;um; a&S;tcgu vlat;jzpfonfrSef\/ ,ck
vlo&rf;awGEiS hf vkyaf e&aomaMumifh vlMurf;jzpfaeavNy/D )
ta&;ydkifum; ol\ oabFmxJwGif &Sdao;\/ ta&;ydkifvmrS
avvHqGJrnfholrsm;\ pdwfxJwGif wxdwfxdwfESifh aeavawmh
onf/
avvHypfrnfh ae&mum; e,fydkifrif; Hk;atmufwGifjzpf\/
ta&;ydkifrif;xdkif&efESifh cHkjrifhuav; jyKvkyf xm;avonf/ tjcm;
t&m&Sdrsm;um; ajrjyif ukvm;xdkifrsm;ay:wGif xdkifMu&rnf/
q,fhwpfem&Dxdk;onfESif hwpfNydKifeuf ta&;ydkifrif;ayguf
vmavonf/ e,fydkifarmifvlat;vnf; c&D;OD;BudK jyK cHkjrifh&Sd&m
odkY ac:cJh\/ a&mufvQif ESpfa,mufom; cHkjrifhay:&Sd ukvm;xdkif
ESpfvHk;wGif ,SOfum xdkifMuavonf/ NrdKUydkif? tcGef0ef? tif;cGef0ef
wdkYvnf; toD;oD; rdrdwdkY ae&mrsm;wGif xdkifMuavonf/
tif;qGJrnfholrsm;ESifhwuG rdrd\ aemufvdkufrsm;yg xdkae&m
odkY 0dkif;vmMu\/ xdkolwdkY a&mufonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf tcGef0ef
rif; tif;trIwGJwpfwGJudk udkifNyD;vQif ]yef;vIdifa&ausmftif;} [l
atmfvdkufavonf/ tem;wGif xdkifaeMuaom olwdkYvnf; [dkMunfh
onfMunfhESifh vkyfaeMu\/ twefuav;MumvQif axmifhwpf
axmifhrS OD;aiG&BuD; xvmavonf/ tm;vHk;aom y&dowfwdkY
olYtm; pdkuf MunfhaeMuavonf/ tjcm;rnfolu xrnfenf;?
rnfolwpfOD;rS rx/ OD;aiG& pdwfat;oGm;avawmhonf/ armifjr
tm; aiGig;q,f ay;vdkufNyD r[kwfygavm/
OD;aiG&vnf; ta&;ydkifrif;wdkYa&SUodkY a&mufavNyD/ tcGef0ef
qGJ&ef vufrSwfudk tcGef0efrif;tm; urf;ay;vdkuf\/ tcGef0efrif;
vnf; trIwGJESifh vufrSwfudkyg ta&;ydkifrif;xH urf; ay;jyef\/
ta&;ydkifrif;/ / onftif;udk b,favmufay;rvJ OD;aiG&/
OD;aiG&/ / ig;&m ay;ygrnf bk&m;/
168
odyHarmif0
ta&;ydkifrif;/ / ra&mif;Edkifbl;? rESpfu wpfaxmifESifh

a&mif;w,f/
OD;aiG&/ / rESpfu IH;ygbk&m;/
e,fydkif/ /rESpfu IH;ayr,fh onfESpfjrwfr,f/
OD;aiG&/
/ jrwfrSm r[kwfygbl;? qm; aps;awGu wufae
ygbk&m;/
tif;cGef0if/ /cifAsm;wpfaxmifESifhawmif jrwfao;wm? usKyf
odom;ESifh? vm nmaejyefNyD/
OD;aiG&/ / IH;ygbk&m;? b,fusdefrsKd;yJ ay;ay;/
tcGef0ef/ / onfxuf wufray;Edkifbl;vm;/
OD;aiG&/
/ ckepf&mhig;q,f ay;ygr,fbk&m;/ onfxuf
wufray;awmhyg/ 'g trsm;qHk;ygyJ/
ta&;ydkif/ / onfaps;ESifhra&mif;bl;? enf;w,f/
OD;aiG&/
/ renf;ygbk&m;? rsm;awmif aeygao;w,f/
(y&dowfu &,fMu\/)
e,fydkif/
/ rsm;w,fxif&if avvH csKd;xm;vdkufr,f/
wufrvm;? ray;bl;vm;/
OD;aiG&/
/ &Spf&m ay;ygr,fbk&m;? onfxufawmh ray;
Edik af wmhyg/
ta&;ydkif/ / aumif;NyD? &Spf&mESifh wpfESpfa&mif;r,f? tif;
om;BuD;a[mif;jzpfvdkY avQmhay;r,f odvm;? pay:aiG &Spfq,f
ay;&r,f/
OD;aiG&/ / ay;ygr,f/
qdk tcGef0efudk aiGxkwfay;\/
tcGef0efu aiGwdkufwGif oGm; toGif;cdkif;avonf/ OD;aiG&
uvnf; NyHK; xGufoGm;avawmh\/ rESpfuxuf ESpf&mawmif
oufomavonf/ ol\ om;r,m; aqGrsKd;aemufvdkufawG wpfpk
vnf; wNyHK;NyHK;ESifh aemufu vdkufvmMuavonf/ txufyg enf;
twdkif; vkolr&SdbJ avQmhaps;ESifh a&mif;vdkuf&aom tif;aygif; 10
tif;cefY &SdavNyD/
tcGef0efrif;u ]wayukvm;tif;} [k atmfvdkufonfESifh
armifvlat;
169
wpfNydKifeuf bdk;atmifESifh ukvm;BuD;wdkY axmifhwpfaxmifhpDrSx

vmMuonf/ y&dowfuvnf; tkwftkwfusufusuf jzpfoGm;\/
vufrSwftoD;oD; urf;ay;Mu\/ ukvm;BuD;um; tif;om;a[mif;/
olwdkY\ trnfrsm;udk ta&;ydkifrif; trIwGJwGif rSwfavNyD/ NyD;onf
ESifh wpfNydKifeuf avvHypfawmhrnf vkyf ukvm;BuD;u ]avQmuf
yg&ap} [k qdk\/
ta&;ydkif/ / bmavQmufvdkovJ/
ukvm;BuD;/ / tckavvHrSm 0ifvkwJh armifbdk;atmif[m
tcGefrauswJh tif;om;BuD;a[mif; udkomvlu axmifqGJol jzpfyg
w,fb&k m;/
(txufygtwdkif; armifukvm;BuD;u ykwfvdkufvQif y&dowf
BuD;vnf; tkwftkwfusufusuf jzpfoGm;\/)
ta&;ydkif/ / armifukvm;BuD; ajymwJhtwdkif; rSefovm;
armifb;kd atmif/
bdk;atmif/ / r[kwf&yg bk&m;/
ukvm;BuD;/ / r,HkvQif olBuD;udk ar;yg/
olBuD;udkac:\/ olBuD; OD;bdk;&Sif ae&mrS x\/
ta&;ydkif/
/ armifukvm;BuD; ajymwJhtwdkif; rSefovm;
olBu;D rif;/
olBuD;/ / rSefygw,f bk&m;/
(cufNyD? cufNyD? acG;rom; olBuD;? ighudkowfNyD/ apmapmu
awmh vufrSwfay;NyD; tcktcsuf xJusrS cGvkyfavw,f? aeESifhOD;/
wpfaeUawmh awGU&ry/)
ta&;ydkif/ / armifbdk;atmif avvH rqGJEdkifbl;/
armif b d k ; atmif v nf ; ol B uD ; tay:wG i f tcJ r aMubJ
rsufESmaouav;ESifh avvHyGJrS xGufcGm oGm;avNyD/ y&dowf
xJrS wcsKdUu 0rf;om\/ tcsKdUu 0rf;enf;avonf/
wayukvm;tif;udk armifukvm;BuD;tm; wpfaxmifhajcmuf
&mESifh a&mif;vdkufavNyD/ ukvm;BuD;wdkYvlpk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omESifh
xGuf oGm;Mu\/
NyD;vQif tcGef0efrif;u ]]rufcif;BuD;tif;}} [l atmfvdkuf\/
170
odyHarmif0
armifyef;OD;ESifh armifodef;armifwdkY wpfaxmifhpDrSx vmMu

onf/ toD;oD; vufrSwfrsm;udk urf;ay;\/ armifyef;OD;u
ajE&&? armifodef;armifum; t&ufrl;vsuf ,dkifwd ,dkifwdkif/
ta&;ydkifrif;vnf; xdkolwdkY\ emrnfrsm;udk trIwGJwGif a&;
NyD;aemuf yef;OD;bufodkY vSnfhvsuf ]onfbuftif;udk b,favmuf
ay;rvJ} [kar;\/
yef;OD;/
/ 2500d ay;ygr,f bk&m;/
ta&;ydik rf if;/
/ odef;armifaum/
ode;f armif/
/ 2750d ay;yghr,f/
yef;OD;/
/ 3000d/
ode;f armif/
/ 3500d/
yef;OD;/
/ 4000d
ode;f armif/
/ 4500d/
ta&;ydkifrif;u ]rESpfu 2500d ESifha&mif;w,f/ pOf;pm;NyD;
qGJMu? tjrwfr&SdbJ rcHcsifvdkY qGJ&if tvum;yJ} [kqdk\/
yef;OD;/
/ 5000d/
ode;f armif/
/ 5500d/
yef;OD;tm; ol\ rdwfaqGrsm;u qGJ xm;Mu\/ kef;x\?
rxEdik /f
ta&;ydik rf if;/
/ 5500d/
5500d/
yef;OD;/
/ 6000d (qGJxm;&mrS)
ode;f armif/
/ 6500d/
yef;OD;um; rl;aeolr[kwf/ odkYaomf rcHcsifaompdwfrdkufu
aoG;aqmifvsufae\/ rdrdr,m; rdrd\ vkHcsnfpudk qGJxm;av
onf/ tu,f 6500d xufydk ay;vdkufvQif 3000d ausmfHI;ay
vdrfhrnf/ rdrd pdkufp&maiG oHk;axmifvnf;r&Sd/ 6500d xufwuf
ay;vQif rdrdaxmifusrnfrSm {uE? axmifusHkomru rdrd\ om;
r,m;wdkYvnf; twd'kua&mufMuayvdrfhrnf/ rsufpdwpfzufwGif
axmifBuD;udk jrifvsufae\/ tjcm;wpfzufwGifum; odef;armifu
rd r d t m; vl a Mumuf [ k ac:aeonf u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? y&d o wf u
armifvlat;
171
owdaMumifol[l ac:aeonfudkvnf;aumif; jrifvsufaeav

onf/
axmifudk aMumufaom pdwfaumif;ESifh rcHcsifaom pdwfdkif;
wdkY\ tMum;wGif yef;OD;um; rIdifawGawGBuD; aeavawmhonf/
ta&;ydik rf if;/
/ 6500d - wpfcg?
6500d - ESpfcg?
6500d - oHk;cg/
yef;OD;/
/ 7000d/
odef;armifum; rxEkdifNyD/ ol\ yg;pyfudk r,m;ESifhaqGrsKd;awG
u ydwf xm;Muavonf/
ta&;ydik rf if;/
/ 7000d - wpfcg?
7000d - ESpfcg?
7000d - oHk;cg?
yef;OD; rufcif;BuD; tif;udk 7000d ESifh &oGm;avNyD/ tusKd;
&Sdaom &jcif;rsKd;r[kwf/ {uef axmifusrnfh&jcif;jzpfavonf/
rcHcsifaom pdwfdkif;u jc,fvS,faomaMumifh tif;om;BuD;awG
axmifeef;pHz;l MuonfrmS rsm;avNy/D
y&dowftxJrS tcsKdUu yef;OD;\ owdudk csD;rGrf;Mu\/ tcsKdU
u vlrdkuf? tl;[k ac:qdkMuavonf/ yef;OD;um; tif;udk&aomf
vnf; 0rf;romNyD/ rdrd\ ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; tif;BuD;ay
wnf;/ wpfoufvHk; pkaqmif;xm;aom aiGuav; 15 rdepf
twGif; ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&muf&ayawmhrnf/ ypnf;ysufpD;jcif;um;
raxmif;wm? axmiftwGif;odkY a&mufjcif;um; rcHEdkifp&m/ ajE
ysufaMumif; oufaocHvsufyif/ um; rcHcsifaom pdwf\ wm
oGm;yHw
k nf;/
ta&;ydkifrif;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm;vnf; tpOftwdkif; tif;rsm;udk
avvHwifvsuf oGm;Mu\/ av;em&Dxdk;vQif tif;aygif; 90 NyD;av
NyD/ rQESifh avvHyGJBuD; NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&mufawmhownf;/
(arv? 1933)
z
172
odyHarmif0
EGm;od;k rsm;onf qd;k 0g;aom ow0grsm;jzpfMuavonf/ ocifukd

ocif [ l rrS w f M u/ ocif h p um;ud k em;raxmif ? tcsuf
xJusvQif ocifudk t&GJUwdkufavh&Sdonf/ ocifu tpmauR;ae
wkef; jzpfaomfvnf; aemufrSae a0SUavh&Sd\/ EGm;odk;rsm;\ pdwfudk
b,ftcgrQ r,Hk&/ ocifrsm;onf vGefpGm owdxm;aeMu&av
onf/ pdwfaumif;onfhtcg awmf\/ pdwfESifhtcefYroifhvQif ocif
aom t&Sifaomum; ra&G;? aoonfhwdkifatmif a0SUavh&SdMuukef
\/ EGm;odk;rsm; a0SUaomaMumifh EGm;&Sifrsm; aoonfudk rMum rMum
Mum;od&avonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]EGm;odk;ESifh rdk;? tpdk;r&} [l a&S;
vlBuD;wdkY pum;yHk xm;cJhMu[efwlavonf/ rnfonfhwd&pmefrqdk
rdrdtm; *kpdkufumMunfhIauR;arG;aom ocifwdkYudk cifrifMuav
onf/ EGm;odk;rsm;um; rdrdwdkY\ocifudk tenf;i,frQ cifrifjcif;
r&Sd/ BudrfvHk;udk aMumufaomaMumifh ocif\ cdkif;ap&mudk vkyfudkif
aeayonf/ EGm;odk;rsm;wGif tqdk;qHk;trlt&mrSm rIefawaw trl
t&mjzpfavonf/ armif;vdkufaywJh vmcsifrS vm\/ dkufvdkufay
wJh emcsifrS em\/ tawmfyif qdk;&Gm;vSayonf/ rnfolYudkrS *k
rpdkuf/ rIefawawBuD; &yf jrifae&vQif rnfolonf a'gorxGuf
bJ aethHenf;/ xdkYjyif EGm;odk;\ teHYrSmvnf; pdrf;pdrf;a&Ta&TnDpdkY
pdkYESifh tvGefyif qdk;avonf/ rQ qdk;&Gm;aom EGm;odk;onf tvkyf
tudkifwGif tpGrf;owd&Sdyg\avm? r&Sdyg/ v,fxGef&mwGif toHk;
jyKvQif rIefawaw rkef;csif kef;csifESifh kef;\/ vSnf;wGifwyfrl
armifvlat;
173
um; c&D;oHk;av;rdkif oGm;vQif vQmxGufatmif armawmh\/ aeyl

vnf; rcHEdkif/ rdk;&Gmvnf; toHk;rus/ EGm;odk;bufrS ae a&SUae
vdkuf&ef taMumif; bmwpfckrQ r&Sd/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh EGm;ydkif
&Sifrsm;onf EGm;odk;wdkYudk EGm;odk;b0ESifh MumMum rxm;/ av;ig;
ESpfom; avmuf&vQif EGm;oif;b0odkY ajymif;vdkufMuavawmh\/
tu,f txuftqdkyg tjypfrsm;om r&SdygvQif 4if;wdkYrSm EGm;
od;k b0ESiyhf if td;k xkwMf uayvdrrhf nf/
armifvlat;um; EGm;jzifh toufarG;olr[kwf/ rdrdtdrfwGif
EGm;wpfaumifrQvnf; r&Sday/ odkYaomf EGm;odk;wpfaumifESifhum;
rMum rMum &efjzpf&avonf/ 4if;EGm;odk;\ yHkyef;udk tenf;i,f
a&;om;&ayrnf/ ol\ ta&mifrSm rjzLrndK? EGm;jym[kqdkMupdkY/
csKdESpfacsmif;rSm wpfxGmcefY &SnfMuayvdrfhrnf/ tawmfyif Munfh
aumif;\/ rsufvHk;wpfzufrSm uef;aeayonf/ ajcwpfzufum;
aumif;pGm roef/ vuf0JbufaygifwGif "m;ckwf&m wpfcsuf &Sdav
onf/ vuf,mbuf aygifwGifum; trmbkBuD; wpfck&Sdavonf/
4if ; EG m ;rS m EG m ;od k ; uvnf ; jzpf j yef ? t*F g uvnf ; ysuf j yef ?
tifrwefrSyif pdwfysufp&m aumif;avonf/ EGm;\ ydkif&Sif
rnfol[l armifvlat;ESifh wuG tdrfem;eD;csif;wdkY rod&ay/ t*Fg
csKdUwJh toHk;rusaom EGm;odk;jzpfaomaMumifh ydkif&Sifrsm;u ab;rJh
ay;xm;[ef wlavonf/
armifvlat; aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom tpdk;& tdrf\0if;rSm us,f
0ef;aomfvnf; NcHrSm aumif;pGmrvHk/ oGyfBudK;rsm;jzifh 0dkif;xm;aomf
vnf; tcsKdUae&mrSm vlcg; omomavmufom jrifhavonf/ 4if;
0if;twGif;yef;yif trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk pdkufysKd; xm;\/ armifvlat;
ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkYonf naewdkif;? eHeufwdkif;? yef;NcHxJavQmufum
yef;yifrsm;udk t&dyfwMunfhMunfhESifh aeMuukef\/ yef;yifuav;
rsm;rSmvnf; rdk;a&\ wefcdk;aMumifh tawmfyif pdrf;pdrf; vef;vef;
aeMuavonf/
yef;yifuav;rsm; yGifhcgeD;wGif aMumifrsufuef; EGm;odk;onf
aygufvmNyD;vQif 4if;yef;yifwdkYudk tm;&yg;& yGJawmfwnfav\/
cifoef;jrifhESifh armifvlat;wdkY\ tonf;udk uRJ0ifcwfavNyD/
174
odyHarmif0
tdrftwGif;rS ae ESpfa,mufom; oHNydKifatmfum armif;Muav

awmh\/
tMuif EGm;odk;um; wpfcsufrQ apmif;iJh MunfhNyD;vQif pm;NrJ
wdkif; yef;yifwdkYudk pm;jyef\/ armifvlat;u a'goxGufavNyD/
tdrfxJrS ajy;xGufNyD;vQif tkwfeDcJESifh ayguftHh[k tkwfeDcJudk
aumuf\/ armifvlat; teD;odkY a&mufrS xGufajy;jyef\/ armif
vlat;u tkwfcJESifh vSrf; aygufygaomfvnf; rxd/ armifvlat;
tdrfxJodkY jyef0ifvm\/ EGm;odk; rsufuef;vnf; armifvlat;aemuf
rS jyef 0 if v mjyef \ / armif v l a t; a'goxG u f o jzif h tk w f c J u d k
aumufum vdkufjyef\/ xGufajy;jyefavonf/ armifvlat;\
tkwfcJum; EGm;odk;udk rrSef/ 0if;tjyifodkY a&mufoGm;aom tcg
um; armifvlat; &yfvdkuf\/ EGm;odk; udk,fawmfjrwfvnf; &yf
vdkufonfyif/ armifvlat;? rcHcsifatmif wrifoufouf t&GJU
wd k u f o nf E S i f h wl a vonf / rd r d t d r f x J o d k Y jyef 0 if v Qif ol v nf ;
jyef0if rnfudk odaom armifvlat;onf xGef;az? xGef;usifwdkYudk
ac:NyD ; vQif twif ; ajy;vd k u f M uuk e f \ / rd M uaomtcg
tawmfpyfatmif yif aqmfvdkufMuavonf/ puf&Sifrif;BuD;tdrf
vG e f r S jyef v mcJ h \ / armif v l a t;um; rI e f a wawEG m ;od k ; tm;
qH k ; rvd k u f a omaMumif h auseyf B uD ; auseyf u m td r f x J o d k Y
jyefcJhavonf/ rsufuef; EGm;odk;&efudk atmifavNyD/
noef;acgifausmf armifvlat; tdyf&mrS wpfa&;Edk;aom tcg
tdyfcef;tjyifbufwGif uRDuRD [laom toHudk Mum;&avonf/
tdrfwHcg;udk vGefylESifhazmufaom toHayavm[k awG;awmum
pd k u f em;axmif M ujyef \ / acsmif ; [ef Y M u\/ 4if ; toH u m;
raysmuf/ wHcg; zGifhMunfhaomtcg bBuD;om;EGm;odk;rsufuef;rSm
tjyifbufwGif yef;yifrsm;udk pdwf&Sd vuf&Sd tm;&yg;& pm;awmf
ac:aeay\/ armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkY a'goBuD;pGmESifh atmf
[pfum armif;Muukef\/ bBuD;om;u wpfcsufarmfMunfhNyD; pm;
NrJwdkif; pm;aeavonf/ tb,fjzKHthHenf;/ xGuf rarmif;orQ
oGm;rnfh EGm;odk;r[kwf/ xGufarmif;&rnfuvnf; tcsdefrawmf/
rxGufjyefvQifvnf; yef;yifawG ukefawmhrnf/ aemufqHk;um;
armifvlat;
175
vufESdyf"gwfrD;udk &Sm\/ rawGU/ b,fa&mufaeonfrod/ tdrf

ajymif;pOfuyif aysmufoGm;[efwlavonf/ EGm;udk dkuf&ef wkwf
udk &Smjyef\/ wkwfudkvnf; rawGU/ odkYaomf 4if;EGm;odk; yef;yif
rsm;udk tm;&yg;& pm;aeonfudk rMunfhEdkif/ tjyifodkY xGufNyD;vQif
cJESifhayguftHh[k arSmifarSmifrnf;rnf;wGif cJudk vdkufaumuf\/
vufOD;prf;vdkuf&m ausmufcJudk rudkifrd/ zm;wpfaumifudk prf;rd
avojzifh kwfw&uf a,mifatmfNyD; vTwfvdkufygaomfvnf; zm;\
ao;um; vHkcsnfwGif pdkoGm;avonf/ tjcm;bufwGif oGm;prf;
awmhrS ausmufcJwpfvHk;udk &avonf/ tm;&yg;& ajy;oGm;NyD;vQif
tm;uk e f v T w f ayguf \ / wif y g;uk d x d a vonf / NzKH y if rNzKH /
tawmfacgif;rmaom EGm;odk;aywnf;/ armifvlat; pdwftdkufvsuf
aejyef\/ tkwfcJBuD;wpfvHk;udk &ojzifh tm;&yg;& aygufrnfvkyf
awmhrS a&Smifwdrf; xGufajy;oGm;\/ armifvlat; tawmfyif
pdwfnpf oGm;avonf/
eHeufapmapm tdyf&mrS xaomtcg tdrfcef;teD; yef;yif
rsm;rSm ajymifaeonfudk awGU&ojzifh armifvlat;wdkY vifr,m;
rSm pdwftysufBuD; ysufaeMuavawmhonf/ armifvlat;ESifh EGm;
odk; rsufuef;wdkYrSm urmh&efBuD;jzpfavawmh\/ nae Hk;ujyefvm
NyD;aemuf 0&efwmwGif cifoef;jrifhESifh pum;ajymaecdkuf 0if;NcH
t0if0wGif acgif;armhum tdrfwGif; vl&Sdr&Sdudk Munfhaeaom EGm;
odk;rsufuef;udk jrifMu&av\/ armifvlat;\ tcsufay:avNyD
onfwpfcg ememaqmf&awmhrnf/ EGm;odk; jrifoGm;rnf pdk;aom
aMumifh tomuav;uG,fum aevdkufMuavonf/ EGm;odk;vnf;
vlav;yg;udk rjrifvQif &J&ifhpGm [efygygESifh 0if;txJodkY 0if
vmavonf/
EGm;odk; 0if;xJodkY a&mufaomtcg xGef;usif? xGef;azwdkYudk
tomac:NyD;vQif EGm;xGufajy;Edkifaom taygufrsm;u oGm;
apmifhaeMu&ef ajym\/ xGef;azwdkYvnf; taygufrsm;wGif wkwf
udk,fpD udkifum oGm; apmifhaeMuukef\/ EGm;odk;um;rod&Smay/
taygufrsm; ae&mwus jzpfvQif xGef;az aeUcif;u ckwfxm;aom
0g;&if;wkwfqGJum EGm;&Sd&modkY dkuftHh[k ajy;oGm;\/ tem;odkY
176
odyHarmif0
a&mufaomtcg bBuD;om; EGm;odk;onf NcHayguf0odkY pdkif; 4if;

NcH tayguf&Sd&modkY ajy;\/ xdktaygufwGif xGef;usifudk jrifjyef
ojzifh &yfwefY ae\/ armifvlat;vnf; 'DEGm;odk;udk qHk;r&awmh
rnf[laom taersKd;ESifh tauseyfBuD; auseyfum wkwfudk ajrmuf
ajy;oGm;\/ armifvlat;teD;odkY a&mufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
wpfvSrf; ESpfvSrf; ajy;vdkufNyD;vQif umxm;aomoGyfBudK;udk ckefum
xGufoGm;\/ tjyifodkYa&mufvQif armifvlat;tm; oa&mfaom
taeESifh rxDav;pm; Munfhaeao;\/ armifvlat;rSm rdrdtm;
EGm;odk;u tl;vkyfoGm;aomaMumifh rcHcsd rcHom jzpfaeavNyD/
xGef;azwdkYtm; tvdkufcdkif;rS xGufajy;oGm;awmh ownf;/
wpfBudrfvnf; EGm;odk;u armifvlat;udk EdkifoGm;jyef\/
naeu EGm;odk;udk vdkuf&onfhtwGuf cyfarmarmESifh tdyf&m
0ifaomaMumifh rajymwwf/ wpfnvHk; wpfa&;rQ rEdk;awmhNyD/
eHeuf tdyf&mrS x wHcg;zGifhvdkufaomtcg tdrfa&SUzdeyfcRwfwGif
EG m ;acs; yH k B uD ; oH k ; yH k u d k awG U jrif & H k r Qru td r f 0 if ; twG i f ; &S d
yef ; yif r sm;vnf ; wpf y if r Q rusef a wmh N yD / armif v l a t;rS m
vuf r I d i f c sum EG m ;od k ; rsuf uef ; tm; tI H ; ay;vd k u f & avawmh
ownf;/ EGm;odk;\ &efukd aMumufvSaomaMumifh aemufvnf;
yef;yifrsm;udk xyf rpdkuf0Hh awmhNyD/
(atmufwb
kd mv? 1935)
w
armifvlat;
177
uBuD;&&pf uowf Muuf? uBuD;&&pf iowf Muif/

ESpfwpfvDESpf? ESpf ESpfvDav;? ESpfoHk;vDajcmuf/
oa0xdk; ia&;cs uowf aiguf? oa0xdk; ia&;cs iowf
aigif/
uBuD ; a&u? uBuD ; a&;csum? uBuD ; a& vH k ; BuD ; wif ud ?
r&&pfvHk;wifacsmif;iifuowf NrdKuf? r&&pf vHk;BuD;wif acsmif;iif
iowf NrdKif/
{0H ar okwH? {uH oH r,H/
uBuD;? cacG;? *i,f? CBuD; tp&Sdaom toHrsm;onf rdk;oH
ESifh vHk;axG;NyD; oumv ukudK0 olBuD;rif; OD;zdk;xHk\ tdrfajrmuf
buf t&yfwGif x<uaomif;usef;vsuf aeMuavonf/ tcsdef
um; eHeuf 6-em&DcefYom &Sdao;\/ tqdkyg qlnHvSpGmaom toH
wYdkum; ukudK0&Gm tzdkY r*Fvm&Sdaom toH? om,maomtoH?
usufoa&&SdaomtoHrsm; jzpfMu\/ &GmolBuD;\ tdrfwGif rdk;at;
at;ESifh auG; tdyfaysmfaeaom armifvlat;tzdkYum; iSufqdk;\
toHESifh cyfqifqif wlvsuf aeavonf/
xdktoHrsm;\ ydkif&Sif ausmif;om; ausmif;oluav;wdkY pka0;
&m &Gmausmif;um; 'dpBwdwf aumifpD\ taxmuftyhHcHausmif;
r[kwf/ tpdk;&rif;u todtrSwfjyKaom ausmif;vnf; r[kwf?
trsKd ; om; ynma&;tzG J U tm;ay;aom ausmif ; vnf ; r[k w f ?
xdkausmif;om; ausmif;oluav;rsm;u wpfa,mufvQif wpfESpf
178
odyHarmif0
twG u f pyg; oH k ; wif ; rQaom taxmuf t yH h u d k o m cH , l u m

wnfaxmifxm;aom ausmif;jzpfavonf/
odkY ausmif;om;uav;rsm;? ausmif;oluav;rsm;rSwpfyg;
tjcm;rnfol\ taxmuftyHhudkrQ cH,laom ausmif;r[kwfaom
aMumifh ynmtkyf? ynm0efaxmuf? ynm0ef? 'dpBwdwfaumifpD
vlBuD;rif;wdkY\ ppfaq;jcif;rS vHk;vHk;uif;\/ xdkausmif;udk tkyfcsKyf
um rif ; vk y f a eaom q&mapmyif ynmtk y f ? ol y if ynm0ef
axmuf? olyif ynmrif;BuD;? olyif ynma&; trwfcsKyfBuD; jzpfav
onf/
aEGtcg arNrdKU (,ck-jyifOD;vGif) Hk;pdkuf rdk;tcg &efukef
NrdKUwGif kH;pdkufawmfrlaom ynma&; trwfcsKyfBuD;xufyif q&m
apmrSm vGwfvyfcGifh&ao;\/ ynma&;trwfcsKyfBuD;rSm rif;wdkif
yiftrwfwdkY\ tar;rsm;udk ajzMum;&avonf/ ukudK0&Gm q&m
apmum; rnfol\ tar;udkrQ ajzMum;&ef rvdk/ rdrdpdwfxifwdkif;
oifMum;Edkifaom *kPfxl;&Sd\/ rdrdoifMum;vdkaom pmaywdkYudk
oifMum;Edkif\/ rdrdausmif;vTwfcsifaom tcsdefwGif vTwfEdkif\/
rdrdausmif;ydwfcsifaom tcsdefwGif ydwfxm;Edkif\/ olYtm; rnfol
urQ vm 'kuray;Edkif/ ynmtkyfrif;rsm; vmvQif qif;BudK&
aom 'ku? olwdkYtwGuf vSnf;wdkY? avSwdkYudk pDrHay;&aom 'kursKd;
rSvnf; vHk;vHk;uif;ay\/
ausmif;\ yHkyef;udk tenf;i,f a&;yg&apOD;/
q&mapm\ ausmif;rSm "edum? "edrdk;? 0g;vHk;wdkif? 0g;vHk;Murf;
cif ; ? jywif ; ayguf ES p f a yguf ? wH c g;ayguf ES p f a yguf r Qom
&Sdavonf/ rQESifh ausmif;\ yHkyef;ay:avmufNyD/
q&mapmum; txufom; Zmwd? bkef;BuD;vlxGuf jzpfav
onf / rnf o nf N rd K U? rnf o nh f t &yf r S a&muf v monf [ l um;
rnfolrQ rajymjyEdkif/ &[ef;b0u rnfonhfpmtxd aygufcJhonf
[lvnf; rnfolrQ rod/ q&mapm\ tajymtqdktwdkif;um;
oifdk;aygufcJhol wpfa,mufjzpfavonf/ &[ef;b0wGif raysmf
ydkuf vlxGuf&onf r[kwf/ 0denf;twdkif; rusifhEdkifaomaMumifh
om vlxGuf vm&jcif;jzpfavonf/
armifvlat;
179
q&mapm\ yHkyef;um; tom;eufeuf? rsufvHk;us,fus,f

EIwfcrf;wGJwGJ? ESmwHaumufaumuf/ odkYaomf aMumufp&mum;
raumif;ay/ wpfxGmcefY&Snfaom qHwdkrsm;udk odrf;Hk;um rsufESm
okwfy0gjzifh aygif;xm;\/ tusum; r&Sd/ vHkuGif;rSm vufESD;
a&mif? zmax;&mawGrSm teE? atmufbuftpwGif tuGJu ESpfuGJ
vufxJwGifum; BudrfvHk; wpfvHk;udk udkifvsuf/ yg;pyfurl aq;wH
BuD;udk cJxm;avonf/ xdkaq;wHrSm tdk;usKd;aeayNyD/ ]opfr&Sd
cif pyfMum;0g;aygif;uGyf} qdkaom pum;ESifh tnD usKd;oGm;aom
opfom;dk;\ ae&mwGif 0g;ydk;udk wyf xm;\/
xdkaq;wHBuD;udk zGmum zGmum q,ftdrfacgif; OD;vlarmfESifh
wJGa&; cGJa&;taMumif; aqG;aEG;aeMuavonf/
od k Y aqG ; aEG ; aumif ; aeMucd k u f w G i f armif w if E S i f h
r,fat;wdkYonf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf qJa&; aeMuav
onf/
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em;xJodkY vTwfoGif;ojzifh aemufwdk;ESifh ixGef;wdkY wpfa,muf ESifh
wpfa,muf pum;rsm;MuNyD;aemuf wpfa,mufwpfcsufpDxdk;aeMu
avNy/D
pdefazum; azoef;ESifhtwl ausmif;aemufaz; uGif;jyifxJ wGif
ajy;vTm;upm;wm zm;uav;rsm;udk zrf;vsuf aeMuavonf/
aemufaz; tdrfomwGif;um; bxGef;? omat;? aiGvIdif? pHjrwdkY vlpk
OD;wmaw\ uRJrsm;udk zrf; pD;&ef wdkifyifaeMuavonf/
xGef;a0ESifh pHodef;wdkYum; ausmif;atmufwGif eyef;vHk;aeMu
ukef\/ omxGef;ESifh nGefYarmifwdkYu 'dkifvkyfMuavonf/
a0vif;um; rdrd\ ausmufoifykef;ay:wGif acG;kyf? aMumif
kyf? Muufkyfrsm;udk a&;NyD;vQif wifat;tm; jyvsufaeavonf/
wifat;u a0vif;tm; csD;rGrf; rqHk;NyD/ rdacG;ESifh r,fodef;wdkY
axmifhwpfaxmifhwGif c&m;aph awmufwrf; upm;aeMuavonf/
q&mapmum; pum;ajym aumif;wkef;yif/
odkYESifh ,cifu qlnH aeaom pmtHoHBuD;rSm wpfp wpfp
wdk; wdk; oGm;avawmhonf/ aemufqHk; pmtHoH[l rMum;&
180
odyHarmif0
awmhNyD/ aqmhaeMuaom toH? &efjzpfaeMuaom toH? &,faeMu

aomtoHwu
Ykd kd Mum;&avonf/
xd k t cgusrS q&mapmvnf ; rd r d \ nmbuf w G i f ud k i f
xm;aom BudrfvHk;jzifh Murf;jyifudk bef;bef; jrnfatmif oHk;av;
csuEf u
S af v\/
ausmif;om; ausmif;oltaygif;wdkYvnf; &rd&&mudk em;uGJ
vkatmif [pfatmfjcif;jyKMuavonf/ tdrfomwGif wdkifyifaeol
wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;atmufwGif eyef;vHk;aeolwdkYonf
vnf;aumif; ae&mrsm;odkY a&mufMuavNyD/ olwdkYvnf; xifrd
xif&mudk aumufum atmf[pfaeMuuke\
f /
q&mapmum; wd k i f ; a&; jynf a &; taMumif ; quf v uf
aqG;aEG;vsuf aejyefavonf/
twefMumvQif pmtHoHBuD; wdwfvsufoGm;jyef\/ q&mapm
\ BudrfvHk;ESifh ausmif;awmf\ Murf;jyifwdkY pum;ajymMu&jyef\/
enf;twdkif; wdwfcsnf qlcsnfESifh aeavawmhonf/
pmtHjcif; oHk;Budrfajrmuf wdwf oGm;aomtcg at;armifESifh
vlvSwdkY ausmufwHvk&mrS &efjzpfMu\/ at;armifu ausmufwH
jzifh xdk;vdkuf&m vlvSvufrS aoG;zsef;zsef; xGufavonf/ vlvSu
jyef ausmufoifykef;apmif;jzifh ckwfvdkuf&m at;armif\ ezl;wGif
uGrf;oD;vHk;cefY zl;vm\/
tcsKdU at;armif vGefonf[k qdkMuavonf/ tcsKdUurlum;
vlvS vGefonf[k qdkMu\/ tcsKdUu at;armiftm; oem;Mu\/
tcsKdUurlum; vlvStm; oem;Muavonf/ wdk;wdk; pkHk; pkHk;ESifh
aeMuukef\/ at;armifwdkY vlvSwdkY usdwfum idkae&&Smonf/ ESpf
a,mufpvHk; vGefolcsnf; jzpfonf/ q&mapmodoGm;rSjzifh BudrfvHk;
"gwfpm auR;rnfukd aMumufMuavonf/
atmifodef;um; olwum tdkufcH&onfudk jrifvdkoljzpf\/
ol\ya,m*aMumifh at;armifwdkY &efyGJtaMumif; q&mapm\
em;odkY aygufoGm;\/
at;armifESifh vlvSwdkYtm; q&mapm ac:avNyD/ a&mufMu
ukef\/ taMumif;udk ar;avNyD/ [kwfonfhtwdkif; ajzMuukef\/
armifvlat;
181
at;armif\ ausmay:odkY q&mapm\ BudrfvHk;pMumig;csufcav

NyD/ at;armifrSm awmfawmfESifh rxEkdif/
vlvS\ vuf0g;jyifay:odkYvnf; xdkBudrfvHk;pMumyif ig;Budrf
wdkifwdkif qif;oufavNyD/ vlvSvnf; pmtkyfudkyif rudkifEdkif/
atmifodef;um; pkwfwoyfoyfESifh 0rf;enf;vsuf ae\/ odkY
aomf ol\ pdwfxJwGifum; 0rf;om rqHk;NyD/ tvGefnpfaom
atmifoed ;f ygwum;/
[d k r S m Munh f M uygOD ; ? vm;vm; ... pH a tmif w d k Y vl p k
ausmif;ajy; zdk;atmifudk zrf;vmMuavonf/ zdk;atmifum; rvdkuf
csif vdkufcsif vdkufygvm&&Sm\/ olYtm; BudK;rsm;jzifh wnf;xm;
aomaMumifh ygvm&jcif;jzpfavonf/ olwdkY wpfudk,fvHk;vnf;
&TJ &TJpdkaeawmh\/ zdk;atmifudk rdk;a&xJwGif qGJvmMuavonf/
zdk;atmif ausmif;ajy;tdrfajy;vkyfaeonfrSm av;&ufyif
MumavNyD/ bkef;awmfBuD; OD;0drv\ ausmif;wGif cdkuyfum aeav
NyD/ pHatmifwdkYvlpk zdk;atmifudk oGm; tzrf;wGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;
om;rsm;ES i f h ppf j zpf c J h M u&ao;onf / pH a tmif w d k Y u rd k u f t m;
aumif;aomaMumifhom bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm; vufavQmhMu&
avonf/
q&mapm\ ausmif; wpfausmif;vHk;wGif pHatmifxuf rdkuf
aomol r&Sd/ pHatmiftm; Adkvfwif xm;Mu&avonf/ wpf
ausmif;vHk;wGif q&mapmtjyif olYudk taMumuf&qHk;jzpf\/ q&m
apmudk,fwdkifyif pHatmiftm; cyf&GHU&GHU/ olYtm; tvdkvdkufxm;
avonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; rkefY0,fpm;vQif pHatmiftm; wpf0uf
a0iS pm;Mu&\/ pHatmif wnf;[laom ewfqdk;udk ryo rwif
ajrm ufbJ rpm;0HMh uacs/
pHatmifwdkY vlpkvufwGif kef;uef kef;uefESifh ygvm&aom
zdk;atmifum; q&mapma&SUarSmufodkY a&mufvmavNyD/ q&mapm
a'goxGufcdkuf q&mapm\ BudrfvHk;pMumrSmvnf; aoG;pGef;cdkuf?
zdk;atmifudkvnf; rd vmcdkufESifh MuHKBudKufavNyD/ ausmif;om;
taygif;wdkY wkefvsuf aeMuukef\/ &ifxJwGif wxdwfxdwfESifh
aeMuavonf/ atmifodef;rSm zdk;atmifudk oem;a,mif aqmifae
182
odyHarmif0
\/ odkYaomf pdwfxJwGifum; 0rf;om rqHk;NyD/ olwum tdkufcH

&vQif atmifodef; 0rf;romonf r&Sd/
zd k ; atmif ausmif ; ay:od k Y a&muf o nf E S i f h w pf N yd K if e uf
rar;rjref;bJ q&mapmonf rdrd\BudrfvHk;pMumjzifh vSrf;ESuf
awmh\/ tcsufaygif; ra&wGufEdkifNyD/ zdk;atmifvnf; q&mapm\
&ifcGiftwGif;odkY wdk;0ifaomaMumifh tenf;i,f oufom&m&av
onf/
aemufqHk; zdk;atmifvnf; arm? q&mapmvnf; armav
awmhonf/ onfawmhrS dkufyGJBuD; NyD;oGm;avownf;/ ausmif;
om;taygif;wdkYu zdk;atmif a&Smifwdrf;yHkudk oabmusMuukef\/
atmifoed ;f wpfa,mufom rausreyf jzpfvsuf aeavonf/
q&mapmrS m arm txd k i f v d k u f ? tif ; om;BuD ; uawmf
a':omtdvnf; om;uav; a&TvSESifh a&TpwdkYudk vufqGJ a&muf
vmcdkufESifh wpfNydKifwnf; usavonf/
a':omtdfum; om;uav; a&TaoG; ESpfa,mufwdkYtm; qef
ESpfjynf? aiGESpfrwfwdkYESifh ausmif;tyf&ef vmjcif;jzpfavonf/
q&mvnf ; NyH K ;&T i f p G m pum;ajymNyD ; vQif a&T v S E S i f h a&T p wd k Y t m;
vufcHvdkufavonf/ a':omtdrSm om;uav;ESpfa,mufwdkY tm;
ausmif;wGif xm;cJhNyD;vQif qif;oGm;\/
a&T v S E S i f h a&T p wd k Y v nf ; uRuf u Ruf n H a tmif id k a <u;Mu
avonf/ ridkbJ aeMurnfavm/ a&TvSrSm ajcmufESpf? a&TprSm
av;ESpfrQom &SdMuao;\/ tdrfwGif aqmhMuvGef; wpfa,muf
vQif qef w pf j ynf a iG w pf r wf E S i f h q&mapmtm; uav;vm
txdef;cdkif;jcif;jzpfavonf/ a&TvSESifh a&TpwdkY idkaumif;wkef;yif
a':omtd rdrd\ tdrfodkY jyefa&muf\/
a&TvSwdkY idkcsif;rqHk;ao;? q&mapm\ BudrfpMum ausmif;
awmf\Murf;jyifodkY bef;bef;[laom toHjzifh usqif;vmrS a&TvS
wdkY idkcsif; qHk;avNyD/
xdkYaemuf a':omtdf ylaZmf oGm;aom qefESpfjynf? aiGESpf
rwfwdkYudk tyf&ef q&muawmfBuD;tm; q&mapmu ac:avonf/
xl;om xl;Ekdifonf/ rvmEdkifao;/ tb,fvmEdkiftHhenf;/ ausmif;
armifvlat;
183
om;ausmif;olwdkYtm; a&mif;&ef yJavSmfudk avSmfvsuf aeavonf/

q&mapm\ ausmif;om; ausmif;olwdkYum; q&muawmf BuD;
a&mif;aom yJavSmftjyif rnfonfh rkefYudkrS 0,fpm;jcif; rjyK&/
ausmif ; om;rsm;ES i f h oih f a vsmf a vatmif txl ; pD r H x m;aom yJ
avSmfjzpfavonf/ (um; q&muawmfBuD;\ tqdkwnf;/)
q&muawmfBuD; yJavSmfaecdkuf jrpdefu xrif;tdk; wnf\/
oef ; jru ig;vk y f \ / r,f o if u uif y G e f ; &G u f a>c\/ ol w d k Y
oHk;a,mufum; oifykef;BuD;udkyif ukefatmif roifMu&ao;/ odkY
aomf q&muawmfBuD;\ tcspfawmfrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ q&m
uawmfBuD;\ tcspfawmfqdkvQif q&mapm\ tcspfawmfvnf;
jzpf&ayrnf/ q&mapmESifh q&muawmfrSm ESpfudk,fhwpfpdwf jzpf
aomaMumifah ywnf;/
q&muawmfBuD;\ tvdktm;jzifh rdef;uav;wdkY rnfonfrSm
pmwwf&efrvdk/ pmwwfvQif &nf;pm;xm;avh&SdMuukef\/ uBuD;
cacG;ESifh bk&m;&Sdcdk;wwfvQif awmfNyD/ rdrdrSm q&muawmfyif jzpfap
umrl pmzwf rwwf/
rdef;uav;[lu tcsuftjyKwf wwf&rnf? tcsuftjyKwf
rwwfygu &Sufp&maumif;avonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrd\ tcspfawmf
r,foif? oef;jr? jrpdefwdkYtm; csufjyKwfenf; trsKd;pHkatmif oifMum;
jyovsuf aeavonf/
q&muawmf B uD ; \ vH k Y v aMumif h jrpd e f w d k Y oH k ; a,muf r S m
xrif;csufvnf; wwfMuavNyD/ csOfaygif[if;? uifyGef;&Guf[if;?
uefpeG ;f &Gu[
f if; csuef nf;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; wwfMuavNy/D
Muufom;? bJom;? 0ufom; [if;csufenf; wdkYudkum; roif
Mum;&ao;acs/ q&muawmfBuD; rcsufwwfaomaMumifh r[kwf
yg/ Muufom;? bJom;? 0ufom;wdkYudk r0,fEdkifaomaMumifhom
roifMum;&jcif;jzpfavonf/
a[m ... a[m q&muawmfBuD; xGufvmNyD/ qHyifrSm
qDr&Sd? acgif;yGBuD;ESifh jzpf\/ tusrSm vufESD;a&mif? xbDrSm zmax;
&mawG teE ? npf a x;awmf r l v S a om q&muawmf B uD ; jzpf a v
onf/ tif;om;BuD;uawmf a':omtd ylaZmfcJhaom qefESpfjynf
184
odyHarmif0
ESifh aiGESpfrwfwdkYudk odrf;um aemufaz;odkY 0ifoGm;\/

q&mapmvnf; ausmif;vTwfvdkufNyD? ausmif;om;taygif; wdkY
vnf; ESpfaxmif;tm;& tdrfodkY jyefMuavownf;/
ausmif ; om;rsm;ud k Munf h u m ]'D a usmif ; q&m oif y H k r sKd ; eJ Y
ausmif;om;awG pmrSwwfyghrvm; olBuD;rif;} [k armifvlat; u
olBuD;rif; OD;zdk;xHktm; ar;\/
]wwfoifhoavmufawmh wwfwmygyJ} [k OD;zdk;xHku ajzav
onf/
]wwfr,f rxifygbl;Asm} armifvlat; qdkjyefavonf/
od k Y rS w f c suf c saom armif v l a t;rS m rd r d i ,f p Of u
ausmif;rsKd;rSmyif ynmoifMum;NyD;aemuf wpfp wpfp wdk;wuf
um ,cktajctaeodkY a&mufaeonfudk trSwf&[ef rwl/ aemif
ESpfaygif;av;q,f ig;q,fcefYMumvQif &Gmausmif;rSyif jrefrm
jynforw xGufcsif xGufaernfudkvnf; pOf;pm;rdyHkray:/
(Zlvdkifv? 1933)
'''
armifvlat;
185
wpfaeUo txuftnm NrdKUwpfNrdKU&Sd e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;

Hk;tem;odkY rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm; a&mufoGm;avonf/ A[kokwudk
pmzwfrS &onfr[kwf/ Hk;wGif trItcif;taMumif;rsm;udk em;
axmifvQifvnf; &Edkif\/ pOf;pm;rdonfESifh Hk;0if;twGif;odkY 0if
um Hk;0&efwmrS &yf trIwpfrI taMumif;udk em;axmif\/
tcsdefum; nae 5 em&D? 6 em&DcefY&SdNyD/ Hk;cef;twGif;wGif
cyfarSmifarSmif aeavonf/ NrdKUydkifHk; tp&Sdaom tjcm;Hk;cef; rsm;udk
yd w f x m;NyD ; avNyD / e,f y d k i f H k ; wG i f v nf ; vl r sm;pG m r&S d a y/ H k ;
tjyifbuf0&efwmwGif &yfol&yf? xdkifolxdkif? zufjzLvdyfrsm;udk
zGmolzGmESifh NidrfoufpGm trItaMumif;udk em;axmifaeMuaom vl
10 a,muf? 15 a,mufcefYom&Sdavonf/
e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;um; w&m;cGifay:wGif xdkifaeavonf/
ol\ toufum; 35 ESpfcefY &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ ol\ yHkyef;um; cyf
ykyk cyfrnf;rnf;jzpf\/ qHyif&Snf&Snf xm;olwnf;/ a&S;qefvS\/
jrefrmyDovS\/ cyfarSmifarSmifjzpfaeaom Hk;cef;twGif;&Sd w&m;cGif
ay:wGif xdkifum rdrd t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom pD&if
csufudk bmomjyefum &Sif;vif;vsufaeavonf/ xdktrIum; "m;
jyrIwnf;/
w&m;olBuD;\ w&m;cGifa&SU cif;xm;aom ukvm;xdkifrsm;
ay:wGif xdkifaeolwdkYum; jrefrm trdefYawmf& ESpfa,mufteuf
186
odyHarmif0
wpfa,mufrSm tom;jzLjzL? cyfykykjzpf\/ wpfa,mufum; cyfjrifh

cyfydefydef? tom;um; vwfavonf/ Hk;trIvdkuf &mZ0wftkyf
rSm acgif;aygif;teDudk aygif;xm;\/ umuDa&mif ukwftusESifh
vHkcsnfwdkYudk 0wfxm;avonf/ ol\tom;rSm cyfrnf;rnf; ol\
t&yfrSm cyfykykwnf;/
xdkifp&m ukvm;xdkifr&SdaomaMumifh w&m;olBuD;\ ,mbuf
Murf;jyifay:wGif &yfaeMuaom trdefYawmf&um; ESpfa,mufjzpf
\/ ESpfa,mufpvHk; txufom;rsm; jzpfMuavonf/ olwdkY\ kyf
rsm; oufaocHMu\/
w&m;cGif\ 0JbufMurf;jyifay:wGif &yfaeMuolwdkYum; yk
vd y f o m;ES p f a ,muf j zpf a vonf / wpf a ,muf r S m yef c smyD ?
wpf a ,muf u m; jref r mjzpf o nf / yef c smyD yk v d y f B uD ; rS m cef Y c ef Y
nm;nm; rkwfqdwfzm;zm;ESifh rm;rm;BuD; &yfvsufaeavonf/
w&m;cGifESifh 10 aycefY tuGm? w&m;cHwdkYudk xm;&mwGif
vnf; "m;jyrIESifh w&m;pGJcHaeMu&aom w&m;cHig;a,muf &yfvsuf
aeMuuk e f \ / w&m;ol B uD ; &S i f ; vif ; vsuf a eaom pD & if c suf u d k
em;pGifhum em;axmifaeMuavonf/ xdkw&m;cH ig;a,mufteuf
rnf;rnf;vnf;yg? jymjymvnf;&Sd? tom;vwfolum; wpfa,muf
ESpfa,muf/ aMumufp&mvnf;aumif;? oem;p&mvnf;jzpf? tcsKdU
rSm ajE&&ESifh &yfaeMu\/ tcsKdUum; rsufESmaoum iHkYaeMu&Sm
avonf/ wpfa,mufaomolrSm rsufESmajymifwdkufum w&m;ol
BuD;udk taMumifom; Munfhae\/
acgif;wGif rsufESmokwfy0g aygif;xm;olvnf; &Sd\/ vHkcsnf
udk aygif;xm;olu wpfa,muf ESpfa,muf? y0gudkaygif;xm;olrSm
wpfa,mufrQom &Sdavonf/ olwdkY 0wfxm;aomtusrSmvnf;
pkwfpkwfvnf;&Sd? npfnpfvnf;yg? jzLwmudk rjrif&ay/ olwdkY\
vHkcsnfawGrSmvnf; pkwfpkwfjywfjywf npfywfonfcsnf; jzpf\/
w&m;cHig;a,mufpDwef; &yfae&m wpfzufwGif ukvm;
ykvdyfwpfa,mufrSm rwkefrvIyf ajE&pGmESifh &yfaeavonf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGifum; touftm;jzifh 18 ESpfcefYom &Sdao;aom
jrefrmykvdyfuav;rSm w&m;olBuD; &Sif;vif; zwfjyaeaom pD&if
armifvlat;
187
csufudk em;pGifhum em;axmifae\/ ol\pdwfxJwGif rnfodkY &Sdonf

udk rnfolrQ ajymEdkifrnfr[kwfay/
w&m;cH ig;a,muf &yfae&m\ ,mbuf Murf;jyifay:wGif
yqpfwkyfum xdkfifaeMuaom rdef;rESpfa,mufwdkYum; w&m;cHr
ESpfa,mufjzpfMuavonf/ touf 18 ESpf? 19 ESpfcefYom &SdMu
ayvdrfhOD;rnf/ toD;oD; apmifpdrf;rsm;udk NcHKxm;Mu\/ tom;ndK
ndK rsm;aywnf;/ acgif;rsm;udkvnf; rNzD;EdkifMu? qHyifudk aemufaph
wGif ukvm;rrsm; xHk;ouJhodkY xHk;Muavonf/ w&m;olBuD;tm;
vuftyk cf su
D m pD&ifcsuu
f kd em;axmifaeMu\/
w&m;cHr ESpfa,mufteuf tBuD;um; w&m;cHwpfa,muf
\ r&D;jzpf\/ ti,frSmum; w&m;cH a,mufsm;i,fi,fESpfa,muf
teuf wpf a ,muf a omol \ r,m; jzpf a vonf / xd k r d e f ; r
ESpfa,mufwdkY\ vufwGif wdkuf&myg ypnf;rsm;udk awGUaom aMumifh
wd k u f & myg yp n f ; vuf c H r I E S i f h w&m;tpG J u d k cH & ol r sm; jzpf M u
avonf/ ESpfrIpvHk;wdkYudk a&mpyf pD&ifjcif;jzpf\/
xdkcyfi,fi,f w&m;cHr\ aygifay:wGifum; touf wpfESpf
ausmfausmfcefY&Sdao;aom om;a,mufsm;uav; xdkifvsufae\/
olYwGif tusr&Sd? acgif;udkajymifatmif &dwfxm;av\/ xdkuav;
rSm w&m;olBuD;\ rsufESmudkMunfhum NyHK;vdkuf? vufnKd;xdk;um
aevdkuf? Murf;jyifudk vuf0g;jzifh ykwfvdkuf? tjyifbufwGif trIudk
vma&mufem;axmifaeMuaom olwdkYbufvSnfhum &,fvdkufESifh
taysmfBuD; aysmfvsufaeavownf;/ rdcif? zcifwdkY\ qif;&Jae
onfh ta&;? qif;&J&rnfh ta&;wdkYum; vm;vm;rQ rod&Smay/
w&m;olBuD;vnf; trIudk &Sif;vif;vm\/ trIrSm xif&Sm;
onfxuf xifSm;vmav\/ w&m;cHrsm;\ pdwfxJwGif igwdkY
awmh axmifusawmhrSmyJ [k toD;oD;awG;awmvsuf aeMu[ef
wlavonf/ tvif;a&mifvnf; rSdefonfxuf rSdef vmavNyD/
vmorQ em;axmifaeolrSmvnf; tjyifbufwGifpum; wpfcGef;rQ
rajymbJ oufrBuD;rsm;udk csum em;axmifvsuf aeMuukef\/
wpfHk;vHk;wGif rnfonfhtoHudkrQ rMum;&acs/ w&m;olBuD; &Sif;
vif;aom toHuo
kd mvQif Mum;&avonf/
188
odyHarmif0
tcdkuf w&m;cHrav;rSm rdrd\ aygifay:wGif aysmfyg;pGm

xdkifaeaom om;uav;udkMunfhvdkuf? w&m;olBuD;buf Munfhvdkuf
ESifh ae&Sm\/ rsufpdrS rsuf&nfwdkYvnf; wawGawG pD;qif;vsuf
aeMuavonf / tu,f f rd r d w d k Y vif r ,m;axmif u soG m ;ygu
om;uav;udk rnfodkY vkyf&ygrnfenf;/ axmifqdkonfudk jrifrQ
rjrifzl;acs/ aMumufzG,f aumif;vSay\wum;/ rdrdwdkY vifr,m;
rSm rdrdwdkY\ tjypftavsmuf axmifusvQifawmfayao;\/
om;uav;rSmum; bmrQrod? pifppf tjypfuif;ygvsuf axmif
twGif;odkY rdrdwdkYESifh vdkufyg&acsawmhrnfwum;/ rdrdvnf; xdk
om;uav;udk axmiftjyifbufwGif xm;cJh&ufrnf r[kwfay/
pifppftm;jzifh rdrdrSm tjypfuif;onf[k xifrSwfrd\/ vif
a,muf s m;u wd k u f c d k u f a omaMumif h o m oH k ; pG J r d a vonf /
vifa,mufsm;om rwdkufvmrlum; uJhodkY tzrf;cH&rnfr[kwf
ay/ rdrd\a,musfm;udk pdwfqdk;& rvdkvdkjzpf\/ rdrdwdkY\ pm;aomuf
a&;twGuf toufudk pGefYum cdk;auR;? wdkufauR;ygwum;[k pOf;
pm;rdjyefvQif aus;Zl;wifrdjyefavonf/ pdwfqdk;jcif; aysmufoGm;
NyD;vQif oem;pdwf? cspfcifpdwfwdkYrSm yGm;rsm; wufvm\/ vif
jzpfol axmifusvQif rdrd tb,faMumifh axmifxJ rvdkufbJ aetHh
enf;/ vifESifh uif; axmiftjyifbufwGif ae&jcif;onf tb,f
tusKd;&SdtHhenf;/ om;uav;rSmum; bmrQrod/ axmiftwGif;odkY
a&muf&acsawmhrnf? pojzifh awG;awmum om;uav;ESifh vifudk
wpfcsufpD tjyeftvSefMunfh&if; rsufpdrS rsuf&nfrsm; pD;qif;
aeonfukd okwu
f mae\/
vifjzpfol w&m;cHrSmvnf; r,m;ESifh om;uav;udk rMum
rMum Munfhvsuf aeavonf/ a,musfm;jzpfaomaMumifh rsuf&nf
rxGufap&ef wif;vsufxm;\/ rdrdaxmifus&rnfrSm &Sdapawmh/
rdrd tjypftavsmufcH&jcif;jzpfavonf/ r,m;ESifh om;uav;
wdkYrSm rlum; rdrdaMumifh axmiftwGif;odkY toGif;cH&acsawmhrnf/
rdrd aqmif,loGm;aomaMumifhom rdrdr,m;oHk;pGJjcif; jzpfavonf/
rdrd raqmif,loGm;ygrlum; odkY oHk;pGJrnfr[kwfay/ om;uav;
rSmrlum; rddrd,laqmifoGm;aom aiGudk oHk;pGJonfudk rqdkxm;bd?
armifvlat;
189
od y if rod & S m ay/ axmif t wG i f ; od k Y a &muf j yef v Qif v nf ; rd r d r S m

a,musfm;jzpfaomaMumifh onf;cHEdkif\/ rdrd\ r,m;rSmrlum; rdef;
rom;jzpfaomaMumifh tb,frSmvQif onf;cHEdkiftHhenf;/ rdrd r,m;
tay:wGif oem;pdwfrsm;jzifh jynfhvQrf;vsuf aeavownf;/
odkY toD;oD; rdrdwdkY xif&mudk awG;awmaeMuwkef;rSmyif
w&m;olBuD; zwfae &Sif;aeaom pD&ifcsufrSm tqHk;em;odkY eD;
vm\/ qHk;aomtcg w&m;cHa,mufsm;ig;a,mufpvHk; tay:wGif
jypfrI xif&Sm;aomaMumifh tvkyfMurf;ESifh axmif'Pf oHk;ESpfpD
tuscHap? w&m;cHr ESpfa,mufrSm rdkuf'Pf tvkyfMurf;ESifh oHk;v
pD axmiftuscHap[k trdefYay;\/ pD&ifcsufudk cs\/
pD&ifcsufNyD;vQifNyD;csif; w&m;cGifay:rS qif;oGm;\/ wpfcef;
vHk;vnf; arSmifavNyD/ w&m;cHtm;vHk;vnf; rsufESmysufoGm;Mu
avownf;/
w&m;cH vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk;rSm wpfa,mufrsufESm wpf
a,muf p d k u f Munf h M u\/ ol w d k Y rsuf p d r sm;rS rsuf & nf a wG r S m
wawGawG pD;qif; aeMuavonf/ om;uav;rSmrlum; vufudk
pHkajrmufum 0rf;omvSojzifh vufckyfvuf0g;wD;\/ vma&muf
em;axmifaeolwdkYvnf; NidrfoufpGm xGufoGm;MuavNyD/ ykvdyf
rsm;vnf; w&m;cHudk tcsKyfcef;odkY aqmifoGm;Muavownf;/
(azazmf0g&Dv? 1931)
'''
190
odyHarmif0
0ef a xmuf a rmif v l a t;onf H k ; wG i f aeY c if ; u trI u d k

ppfaq;&m ESpfzufpvHk;uyif oufao cdkifvHkaeojzifh pOf;pm;&
usyfvSaomaMumifh pdwftkdufae\/ xdkaeYyif pD&ifcsufu rSm;
rnfpdk;aomaMumifh aemufwpfaeUrSm pD&ifcsuf csrnf[l trI
onfwdkYtm; ajymNyD;vQif w&m;cGifrS qif; tdrfjyefvmcJhav
ownf;/
wpfvrf;vHk;wGif trItaMumif;udkom odkYavm odkYavm awG;
awmvsuf vm\/ tdrfodkY a&mufjyefygvnf; trItaMumif;udk
yifawG;awm\/ naevufzuf&nf aomufaom vufzuf&nf
pm;yGJwGifvnf; trItaMumif;udkom awG;\/ xdkifaeonfjzpfap?
xaeonfjzpfap? vrf;avQmufaeonfjzpfap? ,if;trItaMumif;
rSm &pf0J &pf0JESifh pdwfxJwGifae\/ odkYaomfqHk;jzwfcsufudkum;
awG;awm r&ojzifh tcufESifh awGUBuHK&\/
tBuHaumif;rsm; &vdk&jim; aeapmif;oGm;vQif tdrfrSxGuf
{&m0wD jrpfurf;ajcodkY vrf;avQmufxGufoGm;\/ xdktcgonfum;
{&m0wD j rpf x J w G i f a&enf ; aom waygif ; vuk e f c gptcgwnf ; /
urf ; ajcwpf a vQmuf w G i f aomif j yif B uD ; xG e f ; vsuf a e\/ xd k o d k Y
xGef;vsufaeaom aomifjyifBuD;rSm urf;ajcrS ayoHk;&mcefY jrpfxJ
bufodkY xGef;vsuf ae\/
urf ; em;wpf a vQmuf t a&S U rS taemuf o d k Y tpOf t wd k i f ;
avQmufoGm;&m tpdk;&aq;Hk? atbDtrf rdef;uav;ausmif;?
armifvlat;
191
puf&Sifrif;BuD;tdrf? ta&;ydkifrif;tdrf? AdkvfwJ? q&m0efBuD;tdrf?

t&m&Sdrif;rsm;\ toif;Hk;wdkYudk tpOftwdkif; ausmfvGefvmcJh
\/ toif;Hk;odkYa&mufvQif urf;em;vrf; qHk;awmh\/ urf;yg;
atmufodkY qif;um taemufbufodkYqufvuf avQmufoGm;jyef
\/ twef i ,f u av; oG m ;rd v Qif urf ; em;vrf ; cH w yf y suf o d k Y
a&muf\/ cHwyfum; jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu aqmufvkyf
xm;aom cHwyfjzpfavonf/ ysufpD;vsuf aeayNyD/
vrf;avQmuf&if; wpfvrf;vHk; trItaMumif; pOf;pm; vm
aomaMumifh bmtaMumif;udkrQ rawG;awmEdkif/ bmtaMumif;udk
rQ owdr&Edkif/ trItaMumif;ESifhom tcsdefukefcJh\/ odkYaomf
cHwyfa[mif;odkY a&mufaomtcgrlum; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf
jrefrmrif;wdkY\taMumif;rsm;udk jyefvnfum pOf;pm;rd\/ ppfjzpf
pOfu rnfodkY wdkufcdkufMurnfh taMumif;? rnfodkY usqHk;Murnfh
taMumif ; wd k Y u d k pd w f u l ; rd \ / tcgusrS ,cif p Of ; pm;ae&if ;
trItaMumif;rSm pdwful;xJrS aysmuf oGm;awmhownf;/
cyf a rmarm&S d o jzif h cH w yf tpG e f e m;&S d tk w f r sm;ay:wG i f
wufxdkifum {&m0wDjrpfbufodkY vSrf;Munfh\/ xdkifae&m
taemufbuf reD;ra0;&Sd &GmrSqif; aysmfyg;pGm a&cyfaeMuonf
udkjrif&vQif pdwfaysmf &Tifvmav\/
a&tdk;udk &Gufolu&Guf? qdkif;ESifh OD;yJh xrf;olu xrf;? a&tdk;
ESpfvHk;udk qifhNyD; &Gufolu &Guf? vlESpfa,muf tdk;BuD;BuD; wpfvHk;
udk xrf;ydk;ESifh xrf;olawGuxrf;/
touf t &G , f r S m vnf ; BuD ; BuD ; vnf ; yg? i,f i ,f v nf ; &S d ?
a,mufsm; rdef;r rusef tm;vHk;yif ysm;yef;cwfbd ouJhodkY aomif
jyifBuD;wGif qif;olqif;? wufolwuf aeMu\/ touft&G,f
i,f o l w d k Y t euf oH k ; av;ES p f r Q &S d a o;aom uav;rsm;yif y g\/
toufBu;D olwt
Ykd eufvnf; ckepfq,fausmw
f yYkd if ygavownf;/
vltrsm; wufqif;MuonfrSm rsm;vSaomaMumifh aomif
jyifwpfjyifvHk; zkefwaxmif;axmif; xvsufae\/ aqmif;wGif;
jrLrsm; tkyfaeouJhodkY jzpfavonf/ oDcsif; atmfqdkoluvnf;
qdk? pum;atmfajymoluvnf; ajym? wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf
192
odyHarmif0
atmfNyD; ac:olawGuvnf; ac:? aysmfvdkufMuonfhjzpfjcif;/

a&ul;olwdkYuvnf; r&Sm;? upm;aeolwdkYuvnf; tyHkyif?
ckefaygufaeoluvnf; teE? ajy;vTm;olwdkYuvnf; pHr&atmif
rsm;vSpmG \/
yJGtaMumif;vnf; ajymMu? kyf&SiftaMumif;vnf; ajymMu?
rD;avmifonfh taMumif;vnf; ajymMu? "m;jywdkufonfh taMumif;
vnf;ajymMu? qlnH aeayonf/
tcsKdUu oJxJwGif awmifyHkvkyfMu\/ tcsKdUu oJyHkapwDwnf
xm;Mu\/ uav;rsm;uvnf ; bk & m;zl ; oG m ;[ef ql n H ae\/
vlrsm; qlnHaeonfhtMum;wGif acG;rsm;uygaysmfyg;&SmMuvGef;
[dkajy; onfajy; wajy;wnf; ajy;vsufaeMu\/
xd k a omif j yif a y:wG i f wH i g vk y f p m;Muaom wH i gawG \
wJuav;rsm;rSmvnf; oHk;av;q,fcefY? &Gmuav;wpf&Gmyif/ xdkwJ
uav;wdkYtem;wGif aysmfyg;pGm upm; aeMuaom uav;wdkYu
vnf; oHyHk;rsm;udk qlnHpGm wD;aeMu\/ vHkuGif;rsm;? tuspkwfrsm;
udk tvHxlum bk&m;yGJawmfvSnfhouJhodkY pdwfxif&m vkyf aeMu
uk e f \ / t&yf x J w G i f oH y H k ; wD ; oH u d k Mum;&vQif a'goxG u f a y
vdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf tcsdef tcg ae&mum; oHyHk;wD;oHudk
yif om,mouJhodkY xifrSwfrd\/
a&ul;olwdkYrSmvnf; dk;dk; ul;Muonfr[kwf/ vdkufMu? ajy;
Mu? oDcsif;qdkMu? apmif;ajrmif; ajymqdkMu? tcdkufwGif avSBuD;
avSi,f iSufuav;rsm;vnf; rMumrMum pkefoGm;Mu\/ qef
vnf; vmMu\/ xdkavSwdkYwGif ygvmaom olwdkYtm; aomifjyif
ay:wGif &SdaeMuaom olwdkYu vSrf; pum;ajymMu\/ vSrf;
aemufawmufawmuf ajymMu\/ vSrf; apmif;ajrmif;um oDcsif;
qdMk u\/
avSay:wGif ygvmolwdkYuvnf; pdwfqdk;jcif;r&Sd/ jyefvSefum
aysmyf g;pGm oDcsi;f qdMk u? aemufMu? aysmpf &mBu;D jzpfavonf/
teD;tem;wGif avSrsm;jzwfoGm;jyefvQifvnf; a&ul;aeol
wdkYrSm avSem;odkY a&mufatmif ul;oGm;MuNyD;vQif avSwGif wG,f
vd k u f o G m ;Mu\/ avS w G i f ygvmol w d k Y u vnf ; xk d ; 0g;jzif h
armifvlat;
193
dkufra,mif vkyfum upm;Mu\/ tcsKdUu avSay:odkY wuf

0d k i f ; 0ef ; um avS xd k ; Muuk e f \ / tawmf a 0;a0;usrS avS a y:rS
ckefqif;um urf;ajc odkY ull; vmMuukef\/
tcsKdU avSwdkYrSmvnf; rdrdwdkYwGif ygvmaom c&rf;csOfoD;
tp&SdonfwdkYjzifh aomifjyifay:wGif aysmfyg;pGm upm;aeMuolwdkY
tm; ypfcwfum upm;Mu\/ aomifjyifrSvnf; jyefvSefypfMu\/
aysmpf &mBu;D wpf&yfjzpfayonf/
odkY aysmfyg;pGm upm;aeMuaom olwdkYum; xdktcdkufwGif
tyltyif r&Sd? jyefa&mufoGm;MujyefvQifvnf; tyltyifr&Sd? rdrdwdkY
tdrfodkY vkyfudkif &orQaomypnf;OpmwdkYjzifhom wif;wdrf
aeMuukef\/ tpm;taomufrSmvnf; xrif;ESifh yJjyKwf? yJ[if;udk
&vQif auseyfMuayNyD/ oGm;vm&efrSmvnf; rdrdwdkYwGif&Sdaom ajc
ESpfacsmif;udkyif tm;udk;Mu\/ zsm;emjyefvQifvnf; q&m0efac:&ef
aiGaMu;rsm;pGm rvdk/ t&yfxJwGif &Sdaom aq;NrD;wdkESifhyif aysmuf
Mu\/
odkY MunfhIae&if; xdkolwdkY\ aysmf&Tifjcif;udk tm;usrd\/
rdrdvkyf&aom tvkyftudkif\ wm0efBuD;jcif;? pdwfyifyef;p&m
aumif;jcif;wdkYudk awG;awmrd\/ odkYawG;awmae&if;yifvQif
rd k ; csKyf vm\/ aevnf ; 0if oG m ;awmh r nf h q J q J a e\/ ae\
eDaom ta&mifonf jrpfwpfjrpfjyifvHk;wGif usaeaomaMumifh
jrpfwpfjrpfvHk; eDeD&J&JBuD;jzpfae\/ aomifjyifESifh oJrsm;ay:odkY
usaeaom aea&mif \ yH k y ef ; ud k u m; ajymrjyEd k i f a tmif & S d \ /
pdwfMunfEl;p&mBuD;yif/ pdwfMunfEl; aepOfyif ae0ifoGm;\/
arS m if vm\/ a&cyf o l r sm;vnf ; yg;oG m ;\/ xd k t cgusrS
xdkifae&mrS xNyD;vQif tdrfodkY jyefcJh\/ trItaMumif; pdwfxJwGif
jyef ay:\/
(Edk0ifbmv? 1932)
3
194
odyHarmif0
]rtlyif axmifBuD;udk ausmfum iaomif;? zdk;aw? a&Tatmif?

ius,f ? atmif v S qd k o l ig;a,muf w d k Y o nf 0gacgif v qef ; 4
&ufaeU eHeuf rdk;rvif;rD xGufajy;Mu&m qdkif&m t&m&SdwdkY vdkufvH
zrf ; qD ; aeMuaMumif ; / ,ck o wif ; a&;om;aeonf h tcsd e f t xd
axmifajy;rsm;udk rrdao;/ rMumrDjyef zrf;qD;rdvdrfhrnf[k arQmf
vifah Mumif;}
txufyg owif;xl;rSm emrnfBuD;aom aeYpOf owif;pm
wpfapmifwGif ygvmavonf/ owif;rsKd;udk rBudKufolwdkYu
rzwfbJ ausmf oGm;Muukef\/ tcsKdUum; xdkowif;udk zwfMuyg
\/ rSwfcsuf rcsMuacs/ tcsKdUurlum; tawmfyif tHhMo oGm;Mu
avonf/ ]tifrwef wwfEdkifwJh vlawGyJ} [k rSwfcsufcsum tjcm;
owif;rsm;udk quf zwfoGm;Muukef\/ NyD;vQif taMumif;udk
arhvu
kd Mf uavawmhownf;/
txuf y g owif ; uav;rS m owif ; pm zwf o l w d k Y tzd k Y
ta&;rBuD;vSaomfvnf; qdkif&mt&m&Sdrsm; rnfrQ acsmufcsm;
oGm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? rtlyife,f wpf0dkufwGif rnfrQ qlyl
oGm;onfudk vnf;aumif;? rqdkifol? &yfa0;aeolwdkY odMurnf
rxif/ odcsifMuvQif atmufwGif qufvuf zwfMuygukef/
armifvlat;
195
iaomif;wdkY vlpk axmifrS xGufajy;aom eHeufwGif axmif

wpfckvHk; qlyGufoGm;\/ axmift&m&Sdrsm; [dkta&; onfta&;?
[dkajy; onfajy;? [dkaMu;eef;dkuf onfaMu;eef;dkuf? ta&;ydkif
&mZ0wf0efESifh tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm;vnf; uRufpDuRufpDESifh jzpfukef
MuNyD/ ykvdyfrsm;vnf; acgif;csif;qdkif ajccsif;IyfaeMuavNyD/
twefuav;Mumaomf NrdKUxJwGif ]axmifom; ig;a,muf
xGufajy;MuowJh [Jh} [laom owif;BuD;rSm ysHUESHU oGm;av
ownf;/ odkY ysHUESHU&mrS owif;axmufxHodkY a&muf? owif;
axmufxHrS owif;pmwdkufodkY a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
armifvlat;\ Hk;cef;xJwGif pum;ajymaeMuaom toHudk
em;axmifMuygOD;/
][kwfvm;? cufNyD? b,fhES,fMuHrvJ? b,fvdk owif;&ovJ}
um; armifvlat;\ toHjzpf\/
]reufu pum;ajymaMu;eef;&w,f? 'DaumifawG uRefawmf
wdkY e,fbufudkajy;r,f? wjcm; ajy;p&m r&Sdbl;}
um; &mZ0wf0efaxmuf OD;a&T\ toHjzpfavonf/
]tif ; qd k p rf ; ygOD ; ? b,f t aumif a wG v J ? uRef a wmf w d k Y
e,fbufu taumifawGvm;}
][kwfw,f 0efaxmufrif; axmifwpfESpf csvdkufwJh zdk;awu
acgif;aqmifaygh}
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aoewfuv
kd nf; tifrwef tvkyaf umif;w,fAs}
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J xGuaf jy;Edik w
f maygh}
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ygOD;}
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Edkifbl;As? wjcm;roGm;cif ydkufqH,lzdkY? olwdkY&JU aqGrsKd;awG&Sd&m
vmrSmyJ? tJ'D&GmawGudk vlcGJNyD; vTwfvdkufNyD}
]aumif;w,f? 'Dvdkta&;rSm udk,fu OD;xm;rS? rOD;xm;&if
olwdkY ajy;zdkYtcsdef &oGm;r,f}
]'DaumifawGudk rrdrSjzifh uRefawmfwdkY e,f qlOD;rSmyJ}
196
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][k w f w ,f ? uRef a wmf u vnf ; uRef a wmf w d k Y ol B uD ; awG ?

q,ftdrfacgif;awGqD trdefY xkwfvdkufOD;r,f? rouFmolawGudk
awGU&if zrf;NyD; ydkY&r,fvdkY}
]tJ'g tifrwef aumif;w,f? tm;vHk;ulnDrS jzpfawmhrSmyJ
uRefawmf tck a&Tanmifyif &Gmbuf vdkufOD;r,f? trdefYudkom
xkwv
f u
kd pf rf;yg}
]aumif;NyD? pdwfcs? uRefawmf csdef;xm;wJh trIawGudk ppfNyD;&if
olwv
Ykd mr,fh &Gmbufu oGm;Ny;D apmifrh ,f}
onf w d k Y u m; armif v l a t;\ H k ; cef ; xJ r S xG u f v maom
toHwaYkd ywnf;/
awmfao;NyD? zdk;awwdkY rnfodkY xGufajy;Muonfudk MunfhMu
OD;pdkY/
a[m[d k r S m zd k ; awwd k Y ig;a,muf axmif \ tjyif b uf o d k Y
a&mufukefMuNyD/ tcsdefum; eHeuf 2-em&Dom &Sdao;\/ csrf;u
vnf;csrf;? arSmifuvnf;rdkuf? ig;a,mufom; ukef;ukef; ukef;ukef;
ESifhwdkifyif aeMuavonf/ rnfonfh taMumif;rsm;udk wdkifyifae
Muygoenf;/
a&Tatmif/
/ xGufvmvdkY tjyifa&mufMuNyD b,fudk oGm;
MurSmwH;k uG,/hf
iaomif;/
/ axmifxJuawmif xGufvmvdkY tjyifa&muf
awmhrSyJ oGm;zdkYawmh rcufygbl;uG,fh/
ius,f/
/ rcufbl;rajymESifh q&ma&? tcufom;/
axmifxJ xGufwmawmh vG,f&JU? ajy;zdkYu cufw,f? rawmf ykvdyf
u aoewfESifh ypfNyD; zrf;rSjzifh rcufaybl;vm;/
zdk;aw/
/ aMumuf&ifbmvdkY vdkufvmao;ovJ? rif;wdkY
'DvdkaMumufaeMu&if ykvdyf ypfrowfcif ighvufESifh owfr,f?
od&JUvm;? awmfawmf vQm&Snf/
ius,f/
/ vQm&Snfw,f r[kwfygbl; tusKd;taMumif;udk
ajymwmyg/
atmifvS/ / udkif;Asm? pum; rsm;raeMuygESifhawmh? oGm;
p&m&Sdwmudk oGm;MuygpdkY? b,fudk oGm;rSmwHk;/
armifvlat;
197
iaomif;/
/ aomifu&Gmudk oGm;r,f? anmifESpfyif&Gm
OD;csrf;at;wdkY tdrfu wdkufxm;wJh aiG 400d udk jrKyfxm;w,f?
tJ'DaiGudk,lNyD; ,dk;',m;udk ajy;wmaygh/ ydkufqHr&Sd&if b,fudkrS
ajy;vdkY rjzpfbl;? iwfwmESifh rdukefr,f/
ius,f/
/ aomfu&Gmudk oGm;wmuawmh aumif;yg&JU?
ykvdyfu qD;NyD;zrf;&if rcufaybl;vm;/
zdk;aw/
/ w,f rif; tifrwef Pfenf;wJh taumif
aeUudk udkif;awmxJrSm ykef;? nrS &GmxJ 0ifwmaygh/
iaomif;/ / a[h &SnfraeMuESifh oGm;r,f/
odkY ajymMu qdkMu aqG;aEG;Mu NyD;aemuf arSmifxJwGif cyf
okwo
f w
k f avQmufvmMuuke\
f / pdwx
f w
J iG f wxdwx
f w
d Ef iS yhf if/
ywfwa&mifawG b,foGm;aeMuygvdrfh/ a[m[dkrSm ykvdyf ESpf
a,muf ? ywf w a&mif vS n f h v mMuavonf / zd k ; awwd k Y vl p k
vrf;ab; ajrmif;xJodkY a&mufukefMuavonf/ ykvdyfrsm; vGefoGm;
rS iaomif;wdkY ajrmif;xJrS xGufNyD;vQif qufvuf oGm;Mujyef\/
rMumrD {&m0wDjrpf urf;ajcwGif qdkufxm;aom avSuav;
wpfpif;udk jrifMuavonf/ xdak vSukd pD;um wpfzufurf;odYk ul; Mu\/
xdkrSm bufurf;wGifum; udkif;awmBuD;rsm; &Sdavonf/
tqdkyg udkif;awmBuD;rsm;udk jzwfausmfum oGm;Mu&avonf/
a&um; aygif a vmuf cg;avmuf euf \ / csrf ; uvnf ; csrf ; ?
jcifuvnf;udkuf? a>rayG;vnf; aMumuf&ao;onf/ a&TatmifESifh
ius,fwdkYu nnf;Mu\/ iaomif;ESifh zdk;awwdkYu rmefMuav
onf/ a&TatmifwdkY wdwfvsuf oGm;Muavownf;/
a& aygifavmuf cg;avmuf eufaom udkif;awmBuD;rsm;udk
jzwfvm wpfrdkifcefY oGm;rdvQif rdk;vif;awmh\/ c&D;quf oGm;
MurnfqdkvQif vlwum jrifrnfpdk;aomaMumifh teD;tem;wGif pHk
prf;Mu&m tif;wJuav; wpfwJudk jrifMuavonf/
xdktif;wJodkY ig;a,mufom; oGm;MuNyD;vQif tif;orm; vif
r,m;wdkYtm; tEkMurf; pD;Muukef\/ teD;tem;wGif vlol av;yg;
r&Sd? wJuav;ESifh teD;qHk;wJum; ay 3000 cefYa0;avonf/
atmfaomfvnf; rnfolrQ Mum;rnfr[kwf/ tif;orm; vifr,m;
198
odyHarmif0
wdkYvnf; zdk;awwdkY ig;a,muftm; xrif;csufauR;Mu&&Smavonf/

zdk;awwdkY ig;a,mufom; xrif;udk ig;yd&nfqrf;NyD; pm;vdkufMu
onfrSm xrif;tdk; ESpfvHk; ajymifawmh\/ tif;orm; vifr,m;
pm;zdkYyif rusefNyD/
pm;aomufMuNyD;vQif zdk;awESifh iaomif;wdkY tdyfMu\/ ius,f?
a&TatmifESifh atmifvSwdkYu apmifhu&avonf/ zdk;awwdkYtdyf&mrS
Edk;aomtcgusrS ius,fwdkY tdyfMu&\/
odkYESifh rdk;csKyfavawmhonf/ c&D;qufMujyefonf/ 'l;avmuf
aygifavmuf? cg;avmufeufaom a&xJwGif udkif;awmBuD;rsm;udk
jzwf a usmf u m vmMu&jyef o nf / a>rayG ; wd k Y a>ra[muf w d k Y u d k
raMumufEdkifNyD/ udkif;&GufawG &Sxm;ojzifh olwdkY\ udk,frSmvnf;
&p&m r&Sd? jcifawG udkufonfrSmvnf; rcHEdkifp&m jzpfavonf/
odkYaomf rwwfEdkif/ axmifBuD;udkyif ausmfvmcJhMuavNyD/
(tvG e f o w d a umif ; aom ol w d k Y a ywnf ; / ow d r sKd ; ES i f h
w&m;ojzifh vkyfudkif pm;aomufMurnfqdkvQif olaX; jzpfEdkifMu\/
olwdkYum; rdrdwdkY\ owdudk tvGJoHk;pm;aom olwdkYjzpfavonf)
eHeuf 4 em&Dxdk;vQif aomfu &GmpGefodkY a&mufMuukef\/
zdk;awwdkY av;a,mufudk &GmtpGef udkif;awmBuD;wGif xm;cJhNyD;vQif
iaomif; wpfa,mufwnf; rdrd\ tdrf&Sd&modkY xGufcJh\/ tdrfodkY
a&mufvQif aemufaz;aygufrS wufavonf/
iaomif;ESifh ol\r,m; awGUqHkaom tcef;um; vGrf;zG,f?
aqG;zG,frsm;ESifh jynfhvsufae\/ idkMu ,dkMu tHhtm;oifhMuESifh
aeavonf/ odkYaomf pm&Snfrnf pdk;aomaMumifh taMumif;udk
csecf &hJ ayrnf/ pOf;pm;MunfMh uukeaf vmh/
jrKyfxm;aom aiG 400d udk ,ck wl;azmf r&ao;/ &Gmom;
tcsKdU tdyf&mrS Edk;ukefMuNyD/ nvlajcwdwfrS vmazmfrnf/ rvmrD
ig;a,mufpm xrif;udk &GmtpGef udkif;awm&Sd okmefZ&yfodkY
rdk;csKyfvQif vmydkY&ef r,m;tm;rSmxm;cJhNyD;vQif iaomif;onf
rdrdtdrfrS xGufcGmcJh\/ udkif;awmodkY jyefa&mufvQif rdk;vif;avNyD/
axmifajy;ig;a,mufum; ajrBuD;udk arGU&m? udkif;awmudk jcif
axmif? jcifawGudk tazmfjyKum tdyfMuukef\/ jciftaygif;wdkYrSm
armifvlat;
199
aysmfyGJ pm;yGJBuD; cHaeMuavNyD/ ius,fESifh a&TatmifwdkYum; jcifrsm;

udk onf;rcHEdkif? qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;udk onf;rcHEdkif? ykvdyfrsm;
\ tzrf;udk cHvdkufcsif\/ odkYaomf iaomif;ESifh zdk;awwdkYudk ykvdyf
rsm;xuf aMumufMu&avonf/ yg;pyfrsm;udkyif r[0Hh&SmMuay/
n 10 em&Dxdk;vQif iaomif;\ r,m; r,fodef;onf ig;
a,mufpm xrif;udk ,laqmifum &GmtpGef udkif;awmxJodkY xGuf
vmcJh\/ tonf; at;ceJ at;ceJ ae\/ MuufoD; zsef;ceJ? zsef;
ceJx\/ wapudkaMumuf\? a>rudk aMumuf\? odkYaomf vifudk
cspaf vonf/
twefuav; MumvQif &GmtpGefodkY a&muf\/ &GmtpGefxdef
yifteD; a&mufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf xdefyifatmufrS vlESpfa,muf
xGuf vmMuonfudk jrif&avonf/ xdkolwdkYum; ykvdyfom;
awG wnf;/
cufNyD ... cufNyD tb,fodkYrQ rnmEdkif? nOfhEkdufoef;acgif
wGif xrif;xkyfESifh vufyl;vufMuyfrdae\/ rvdrfomNyD?[kwfrSef
&mudk ajymvdkuf& &Smavownf;/
iaomif;wdkYum; udkif;awmpyf okomef Z&yfrS ae r,fodef;
\ tvmudkom arQmfum aeMuukef\/ xrif;qmvdkufMuonfrSm
vnf; qdkp&mr&SdNyD/ rdrdwdkYu xrif; rpm;Muaomfvnf; jcifawGrl
um; rdrdwdkY\ aoG;rsm;udk yGJawmfwnfum taysmfBuD;aysmfaeMu
uke\
f /
twef M umvQif vl a ,mif u d k jrif & ojzif h tm;&0rf ; om
jzpfaeMuavonf/ xrif; pm;Muawmhrnf/ xrif;yGJudk jrifa,mif
aeMuukef\/ xdkvl&dyfrSm eD;onfxuf eD; vmaomtcg iaomif;
wdkYrSm 0rf;omonfxuf 0rf;om vmMuavonf/
odkY 0rf;omaecdkufwGif 'def;qdkaom toHBuD;udk aomfu
&Gmol&Gmom;wdkY tdyfae&mrS Mum; vefYEdk;Muukef\/ iaomif;
vnf; okomefZ&yfab;wGif cyfauG;auG;uav; vJaeawmh\/
zdk;aw? a&Tatmif? ius,f? atmifvSwdkY wuGJwjym;pD ajy;
ukefMuavNyD/ ykvdyfrsm; iaomif;vJae&modkY ajy;vmMuukef\/
r,foed ;f vnf; ygvmavonf/
200
odyHarmif0
iaomif;\ &ifudk rSef\? csufaumif;yif/ odkYaomf iaomif;

raoao;/ aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; uyfvsufaeavonf/ r,fodef; todkY
aernfenf;/ rsufvHk;rsm;rS rsuf&nf toG,foG,f pD;qif; vm\/
tm;&yg;& idkcsifvS\/ ridk0Hh? ykvdyfrsm;udk aMumuf&avonf/
iaomif;um; vl;vSdrfhae&mrS rdrd\ r,m;udk jrifvQif pdkuf
Munfhum tHBudwfvsuf a'gooHjzifh ]rif; tifrwefawmfwJh rdef;r?
qkaiGuav;udk rufwmESifh ighaoaMumif;BuHwmayghav} [k qdk
um rsufpdukd rSdwfvdkufavownf;/
iaomif;um; toufr&SdawmhNyD/ r,fodef;um; txifvGJjcif;
udk cH&&Sm\/ jyef acsy&Sif;vif;&ef rwwfEdkif/ iaomif; rjyefaom
vrf;odkY jref;avNyD/ r,fodef; todkYaernfenf;/
wpfa,muf udpwHk;avNyD? av;a,muf usefayao;\/ olwdkY
&SmMuOD;pd/Yk
a[m[dkrSm ius,fESifh atmifvSwdkY yef;vIdifjrpf wpfzufodkY
ul;ajy;MuavNyD/ ykvdyfrsm; rjrifvdkuf/ iaomif;udk rdvdkufojzifh
tauseyfBu;D auseyfaeMuavonf/
jrpfwpfzufodkY a&mufvQif pyg;yifrsm;tMum; jzwfajy;
Muukef\/ ykvdyfrsm;\ toHum; a0;onfxuf a0;oGm;avNyD/
odkYESifh rdk;vif;awmhrnf/ rdk;vif;aomtcg c&D;quf roGm;Edkif
Muacs/ xrif; rpm;Mu&onfrSm ESpf&ufeD;yg;/ tm;vnf; tenf;
i,frQ r&Sd? reD;ra0; v,fwJ wpfwJwGif xrif;0if awmif;pm;
Muuk e f \ / v,f w J y d k i f & S i f w d k Y u m; q,f t d r f a cgif ; OD ; vl y k w nf ; /
xrif ; auR;NyD ; vQif ius,f w d k Y ae&yf r S p ar;p&m&S d o nf u d k
ar;\/ ius,fvnf; pdwfysufysufESifh taMumif;pHkudk ajymvdkufMuav
ownf;/ OD;vlykvnf; &Gmom;rsm;udk ac:NyD;vQif ius,ftm; olBuD;
rif;\ tdrfodkY ydkYvdkufavonf/ xdkae&mrSyif olBuD;rif;\ tdrfrS
ykvdyfXmeodkY ius,fwdkY ryifyef;bJ a&mufoGm;Muavownf;/
oHk;a,muftwGufum; udpat;oGm;NyD/ zdk;aw? a&Tatmif
wdkYESpfa,muf usefayao;\/olwdkYum; iaomif;udk ykvdyfrsm; zrf;
aom nrSmyif a&Tanmifyif &GmbufodkY ajy;Muavonf/ rdk;vif;
vQif Muufawm\ v,fwJodkY a&muf\/ MuufawmESifh zdk;awrSm
armifvlat;
201
toda[mif;rsm; jzpfMuaomfvnf; vufrcH0/hH zd;k awtBuaH y;csuf t&

ol B uD ; rif ; xH o d k Y oG m ; taMumif ; Mum;\/ ol B uD ; rif ; OD ; &S d e f ;
vdu
k v
f mavNy/D
a&mufaomtcg zdk;awu odkYqdk\/
]bBuD;? uRefawmfwdkYudk zrf;NyD; &mZ0wf0efBuD;qDodkY ydkYygawmh
rydkYcif xrif;0atmif auR;yg/ uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf xkwfxm;wJh
qkaiGudkvnf; bBuD; &rSmygyJ}
olBuD;rif; OD;&Sdef;um; r,m;oHk;a,muf&Sdolwnf;/ touf
um; 70 ausmfNyD/ qkaiGpum;udk Mum;&vQif 0rf;ajrmuf rqHk;NyD/
zdk;awwdkYtm; xrif;0atmif auR;NyD;vQif ykvdyfXmeodkY ac:oGm;
rnfjyK\/ zdk;awu odkY qdkjyef\/
]nBuD; tck ac:oGm;&if vlwum jrifygr,f? aemufNyD;awmh
vnf ; yk v d y f a wG u ol z rf ; w,f ? igzrf ; w,f q d k N yD ; bBuD ; &wJ h
aiGuav;udk wpf0ufpD ,lukefMur,f/ nOfhoef;acgifavmufrS
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tm;vHk;udk bBuD; wpfa,mufwnf;&r,f/ ykvdyfawG &mZ0wftkyf
awG? wdkufydkifawGudk ay;p&mrvdkbl;/ ykvdyfqdkwJh taumifawG[m
tif rwef Pfrsm;wmuvm; uRefawmfwdkY b,fudkrS rajy;ygbl;
bBu;D &,f}
zdk;aw\ pum;udk olBuD;rif; ,HkavNyD/ nOfheufoef;acgif
wGif zdk;awwdkYtm; avSuav; wpfpif;ay:wGif wifaqmifoGm;
\/ OD;&Sdef;ESifh avSavSmfol ESpfa,mufom ygavonf/ zdk;aw wdkY
udk vufxdyfrcwf? vrf;wpf0uf a&mufvQiftcif;oGm;csifonf[k
ajymum avSudk qdkufcdkif;\/ avSqdkufvQif zdk;awwdkY ukef;ay:odkY
wufoGm;Muavonf/ tawmfMumatmif apmifhaeaomfvnf; zdk;
awwd k Y ay:rvm? onf t cgusrS ol B uD ; rif ; tcuf B uH K awmh o
wnf;/
rMumrD ykvdyfrsm; odoGm;MuaomaMumifh olBuD; OD;&Sdef;w&m;
pGJcH&&Smavonf/ OD;&Sdef; crsmrSm w&m;cHudk vTwfaom trItwGuf
axmifav;v tusc&H avonf/
tif; zdk;aw ... zdk;aw tvGefwwfEdkifaom zdk;awyJ/ olY
202
odyHarmif0
twGuf olBuD;rif; OD;&Sdef; touf 70 ausmfrS 'kua&muf&&Smav

onf/
twef M umatmif y if zd k ; awwd k Y \ owif ; ud k rMum;&acs/
od k Y a omf ig;vcef Y M umvQif ol w d k Y ES p f a ,muf o m;ud k ,d k ; ',m;
e,fpyfrS rdvmavownf;/
({NyDv? 1934)
w
armifvlat;
203
]jrif;awG .. jrif;awG} [l ausmif;ukef;&Gm&Sd uav;awG

rSm qlnHpGm atmf[pfum aeMuavonf/ rdbrsm;tm; ac:jyvdk
jy? tcsif;csif; vufndK;xdk;um jyvdkjy? vrf;ab;rS tdrf0if;twGif;
0if ajy;olajy;? vrf;xJwGif ajy;vTm; upm;aeMuaom uav;rsm;
udk rEdkifhwEdkifEdkifESifh csDayGUoGm;oloGm;? aysmfvnf;aysmfMu? tHhvnf;
tHhMoMu? aMumufvnf; aMumufMuavonf/ xdkuav;awG\ pdwf
xJwGif rnfodkYaerSef; roday/
xdkjrif;awGum; av;aumifrQomwnf;/ tm;vHk;jrif;eDcsnf;
jzpfavonf/ a&SUqHk;wGif cyfrSefrSef ajy;vmaom jrif;um; tawmf
yif t&yftarmif; aumif;\/ ajy;yHk cyfMurf;Murf;? OD;acgif;BuD;udk
armh vmavonf/ xdkjrif;BuD;um; jrefrmjynfzGm;r[kwf/ tdEd,
jynfzGm; r'&yfjrif; tpm;xJu jzpfavonf/
xdkjrif;BuD;ay:wGif ygvmolum; wkwfabmif;bD teuf?
umuDa&mif? &Syftus? AavZmteufwdkYudk 0wfxm;\/ OD;acgif;
wGifum; umuDa&mif OD;xkyfudk aqmif;xm;avonf/ vufxJ wGif
rnfonfht&mrQ ryg/ yg;pyfwGif pD;u&uf wyfxm;aompGyfwHudk
cJxm;\/ rD;rnd&ao;/ jrif;ay:wGif jzpfaomaMumifh rD;nd
r&aomaMumifh jzpf[efwlavonf/ xdkolum; rdrdjzwf oGm;aom
ausmif;ukef; &Gmom;rsm;udk trIrxm;? cyfwnfwnfjrif;udk pD;
oGm;\/ &Gmom;wdkY\ pdwfwGifum; xdkolonf 0efaxmufavm?
204
odyHarmif0
NrdKUtkyfavm? bmavm? nmavm pojzifh trsKd;rsKd; awG;awm BuHq

vsuf aeMuavonf/
xdkjrif;BuD;\aemuf jrif;ruav;ay:wGif ygvmolum; &Gm
olBuD;rif; armifzdk;&if jzpf\/ ol\ vufwpfzufu ZufBudK;udkqGJ
usefwpfzufu ESpfvHk;jyL; aoewfBuD;udk udkifvmavonf/ rnfol
udkypfrnfrod/ ,cifuyif vlwpfa,mufudk aoewfjzifh ypf
tcsKyfcH&\/ uHaumif;aomaMumifh vGwf oGm;avonf/ ol\
rsufESmrSm vGefpGmyif aMumufp&maumif;? tom;u rnf;rnf;?
qHyifu wdkwdk?ol0wfxm;vdkufonfrSmvnf;wkwfabmif;bDteuf?
umuD a &mif &S y f t us r sm;jzpf a vonf / vl u vnf ; Murf ; Murf ; ?
pdwfuvnf; xefxef? tifrwefrS wefcdk;BuD;aom olBuD;jzpfav
onf/
olBuD;rif;\ aemufrS jrif;ay:wGifum; armifzdk;a&Tjzpfygonf/
armifzdk;a&Tum; e,fydkifrif;\ Hk;jymwm jzpf\/ ol\t&yfum;
ajcmufayeD;yg;? ol\ udk,fvHk;rSm ao;ao;? ol\tom;rSmrnf;
rnf;jzpfavonf/ bdkaurSm zdk;dk; zm;&m;? 0wfxm;aom vHkcsnf
rSm teuf? vG,fxm;aom vG,ftdwfrSmvnf; teufyif/
armifzdk;a&Tum; rnfolYudkrQ trIrxm; 0efaxmufESifh olBuD;
wdkY\ a&SUrS ajy;roGm;&onfudkomvQif rausreyfjzpfvm\/
a&S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpfwdkYudk awG;awm&if; jrif;ay:wGif aoG;BuD;
um vmavonf/ rdrd yckuLwGif aexdkifpOfu yckuLNrdKU jrif;NydKif
yGJwGif 0if ETJcJhonfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? olpD;aomjrif;? yxr&
jrif;&Sifu qk aumif;aumif;ay;ojzifh ,if;aiGESifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg;
oGm;oGm;vmvm vkyfcJhonfrsm;udkvnf;aumif; pOf;pm;rd\/ a&S;
tcgu olwum\a&SUrS pD;cJh&zl;aomfvnf; auseyfzG,f&m r&Sday/
rdrdjrif;udk pdkif;um olBuD;wdkY? 0efaxmufwdkY a&SUudk wufoGm;csif\/
odkYaomf rwuf0Hh&Smay/ olwdkYrSmum; olBuD;jzpf\/ 0efaxmufjzpf
\/ rdrdum; jymwmrQom jzpfavonf/ odkY&mwGif jrif;pD;&mwGif
olwdkYxuf rdrduom\/ rdrdESifhNydKif pD;0HhMurnfr[kwf pojzifh
awG;awmum pdwBf u;D 0ifvsuf vdu
k yf gvmavownf;/
armif z d k ; a&T \ aemuf r S vd k u f v mol u m; e,f y d k i f H k ; pma&;
armifvlat;
205
armifzsefpdef jzpfavonf/ olum; wkwfujym;? dk;om;oljzpf\/

aMumufvnf; aMumufwwf? pum;vnf;enf;? aES;vnf; aES;auG;
olwnf;/ armifzsefpdefrSm rdrdjrif;udk EdkifatmifomvQif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfum ae&&Sm\/ 0gawmf 60 &NyD;om; bkef;awmfBuD;uJh
odkY puKajEudk csum jrif;\ OD;acgif;udkomvQif pdkufMunfhvmcJh
\/ jrif;\ ZufBudK;udkvnf; vufESpfzufjzifh pHkudkifum cyfwif;wif;
qGJxm;avonf/ ezl;rS acR;vHk;BuD;rsm; pD;qif; aeonfudkyif
vufjzifh rokwfEdkif&Sm/ tu,f jrif;qGJajy;rSjzifh cufavawmh
rnf/
armifzsefpdefum; jrif;ausmay:odkY wpfcgrQ ra&mufzl;acs/
,ckrSomvQif 0efaxmufudk aMumufaomaMumifh t&JpGefYum vdkuf
ygvm&jcif;jzpfavonf/ jrif;\ pdwfwGifum; rdrd\ausmay:
ygvmolrSm rnfodkYaom olenf;[k awG;awm ae\/ rdrdudk pD;zl;
ol rsm;vSayNyD/ uJhodkY wpfa,mufrQ rMuHKzl;ay/ ZufBudK;udk
wif ; wif ; BuD ; qG J x m;aomaMumif h toG m ;&cuf v S a yonf /
pdwfaygufayguf &SdvSojzifh ZGwftwif; uyf&yfae\/ armifzsef
pdefum; rnfodkYrQ rvkyfwwfay/ jrif;&yfaeaomtcg teD;tem;
wGif &SdMuaom uav;rsm;tm; armif;cdkif;rnfMuHao;\/ tu,f
rdrd\jrif; wtm;ukefvTwf ajy;rnfqdkygu cufavawmhrnf/
jrif;ESifh zsefpdef? zsefpdefESifh jrif;? ppfcif;MuavNyD/ MumvQif rwwf
Edkif? a&SUu pD;oGm;aom jymwm armifzdk;a&Ttm; [pf ac:&&Sm\/
armifzdk;a&Tvm ZufqGJudk qGJoGm;awmhrS udk,fawmfjrwfjrif;rSm
vdu
k yf g oGm;avawmhonf/
odkYESifhyif &Gmtjyifbuf uGif;BuD;xJodkY a&mufoGm;Muukef\/
tcsdefum; eHeufcif; 8 em&DcefYom &Sdao;onf/ rdk;wGif;tcgjzpf
aomaMumifh rdk;tHkYvsufae\/ rat; ryl? ae aumif;Hkuav;
jzpfavonf/ uGif;xJwGif jrif;av;pD;udk pD;um jzwfoGm;&m cyfvSrf;
vSrf;wGif aumufpdkufaeMuaom rdef;uav;wpfawGudk jrif&ay\/
olwdkYum; oDcsif;waMumfaMumfESifh aysmfvSay\/ eHeuf 6 em&DrS
nae 5 em&Dwdkifatmif wukef;ukef;ESifh aumufpdkuf&SmMu/ wpfaeU
vHk;rS wpfem&Dtem;&Mu\/ tc usjyefvQif wpfaeYrS ig;rl;rQom
206
odyHarmif0
&Muavonf / ol w d k Y w pf a wG r S m ranmif ; Mua,mif w um;/

wpfudk,fvHk;vnf; &THUawGay? xdkifp&mvnf; ae&mr&Sd? xdkaumufpdkuf
orawGum; aysmfvSayonf/ uHpDrH&m aysmfMupNrJ jzpfaomaMumifh
olwdkYtwGuf 0dkif;0efum ylay;aomfvnf; olwdkYurlum; trIyif
xm;Murnfr[kwaf y/
xdk aumufpdkuforwdkYonf rdrdwdkY teD;em;wGifjzwfoGm;Mu
aom jrif;av;pD;udk jrifvQif aysmf&TifMuaomaMumifh vufwdkYum
jyMu? &,fMu? armMu? w[m;[m;ESifh aeMuavawmhonf/ xdkjrif;
&Sif av;OD;wdkYudk apmif;um oDcsif; qdkvdkufao;\/ armifzdk;a&Tu
vufoD;jyavonf/ olBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufwdkY ajErysuf oGm;NrJ
wdkif;omvQif oGm;Mu\/ armifzsefpdefum; rdrd\jrif;udkrEdkifhwEdkif?
jrif;ay:rS rusap&ef rsm;pGm BudK;pm; ae&&Smavonf/
odkY &THUawG? AGufawG? EGHawG xlxyfvSaom uGif;jyifBuD;
twGif; jrif;av;pD;ESifh wjznf;jznf; vmaeMucdkuf aumif;uifwGif
rdk;om;awG qdkif; wufvmMuukef\/ cufavNyD/ xdkwpf0dkufwGif
rdk;cdkp&mr&Sd/ &GmESifhvnf; reD;? opfyifBuD;BuD;[lvnf; rjrif? pdk;&drf
ruif; jzpfrdMuukef\/
rMumrD rd k ; BuD ; onf ; xef p G m &G m oG e f ; csvd k u f a vonf /
aygu&PDrdk; jzpfvQif aumif;avpG[k awmifhwrdMuukef\/ aygu&
PDrdk;wdkY\ oabmum;pdkpGwf vdkolwdkYudkom pdkpGwf rpdkpGwf vdkol
wdkYum; rpdkpGwfbJ aeavonf/ rdk;um; aygu&PDrdk; r[kwf
aomaMumifh rpdkpGwfvdkaom jrif;eD&Sif av;OD;wdkYrSm wpfudk,fvHk;
&TJ&TJpdk oGm;Muukef\/ rdk;csnf; &Gmonfr[kwf? avvnf; tjyif;
txef wdkufcdkufjyefavaomaMumifh jrif;rsm;ay:rSyif usra,mif
a,mif aeMuonf/ pma&; armifzsefpdefum;jrif;pD; rwwf&onfh
txJwGif rdk;BuD;uvnf; onf;? avuvnf; wdkufvSojzifh rsm;pGm
tcH&cuf\/ rdk;u&Gm? avuwdkufaomaMumifh crsm jrif;eDav;pD;
wdkYvnf; csrf;&SmvGef; cdkufcdkufwkefaeMuavawmhonf/ em;&Guf
xJ a&0ifrnfpdk;MuaomaMumifhvnf; em;&Gufrsm;udk ukyfum cyf
jznf;jznf; avQmufvmMuuke\
f /
&THUawG pifvSaomaMumifh abmif;bD teufawGrSm &THUAGufawG
armifvlat;
207
xlxyfaeavawmhonf/ tuswdkYrSmvnf; qdkp&mr&Sd/ OD;xkyfrsm;rSm

yif &THUAGufawG ruif;ay/ jrif;awG wpfudk,fvHk;rSmvnf; &THUawG
tvdrf;vdrf; uyfaeay\/ jrif;a&m vlyg e*dkkyfray:/ awmfawmf
yif tMunfh& qdk;avonf/ e*dkkyfray:onfu rcuf? csrf;vSo
jzifh cdkufcdkufwkefaeonfu cufavonf/
vltrsm;um; 0efaxmufrif; w&m;cGiaf y:wGif ykq;kd opf? tuso
pf?
zd e yf o pf w d k Y u d k 0wf ? acgif ; aygif ; ud k aMumh a Mumh u av;
aygif;um w&m;pD&ifaeonfudk awGUzl;? jrifzl;? BuHKzl;Muayrnf/
eHeuf 10 em&DcGJ? 11 em&DrS Hk;wuf? nae 4 em&DrwdkifrD pwdkif
wif;wif;ESifh Hk;rSqif;vmonfrsm;udkom jrifzl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ &yfxJ
&GmxJ NrdKUxJwGif yGJvrf;obif &Sdu a&SUqHk; ae&mwGif cefYcefYnm;
nm; xdkifaeonfrsm;udkom MuHKzl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ olBuD;wpfawG
u ]rSefyghbk&m; .. rSefyghbk&m;} ESifh jym;jym;0yfum aeMuonfudk
om jrifzl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ 0efaxmufrif; ,ckBuHK&aom tjzpf
tysufrsKd;udkum; jrifzl;Murnfr[kwf[l armifvlat;onf rdrd\
tjzpftysufudk awG;awm&mrS izsif;acsmif;&GmodkY a&mufrSom vQif
pOf;pm;cef; jywfomG ;avownf;/

(atmufwb
kd mv? 1932)
f
208
odyHarmif0
wpf&Ha&mtcg bdvyfa&TNrdKUawmfBuD; jrefrmjynf rsufESmpHk

nD tpnf;ta0;BuD;udk usif;yavonf/ wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif
[l tac:cHMu&aom olwu
Ykd kd zdw\
f / oGm;vdu
k Mf uonfrmS wpfaysmf
wpfyg;? tm;usp&mBuD;jzpfavonf/ tpdk;&aiGESifh t*FvefjynfodkY
oGm;a&mufonfudk rnfol oabmrusbJ aetHhenf;/
xdkrsufESmpHknD tpnf;ta0; wdkif;a&;jynfa&; taMumif;
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;Muavonf/ jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,jynfrS cGJxGuf&ef?
tdEd,jynfESifh wGJxm;&efwdkYudkvnf; wdkifyifMuavonf/ aemufqHk;
t*Fvefeef;&if;0ef trwfBuD;u cGJa&;wGJa&; qdkonfrSm acgif;
aqmifwdkY\ t&mr[kwf/ wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ t&mom jzpfonf
[l xkwfjyefaMunmjcif;udk jyK\/
acgif;aqmiftaygif;wdkYvnf; jrefrmjynfodkY cyfokwfokwf
jyef <uvmMuukef\/ olwdkYwpfawG jrefrmjynfokdU a&mufonfh
aeUrS tpjyK cGJa&;? wGJa&; pcef;xavawmhonf/ owif;pm?
r*Zif;wdkYwGif cGJa&; wGJa&; taMumif;rygvQif rNyD;awmhNyD/ NiD;
avmufatmifyif a&;om;Muavonf/ cGJa&; w&m;a[mq&mawG
vnf; renf;NyD/ wGJa&; w&m;a[mq&mawGvnf; teE? MuHMu
pnfMu yvDMuukef\/
21-OD;acgif;aqmif OD;babESifh OD;apmwdkYu cGJa&;w&m;udk
a[mvdkufMuonfrSm NrdKUwum &Gmwum ESHUavawmhonf/ a'guf
wmbarmfESifh OD;ausmfjrifhwdkYu wpfpifaxmifNyD;vQif wGJa&;w&m;
armifvlat;
209
udk a[mMujyef\/ ,if;wGJa&;bufrSmyif ESpfoif; uGJjym;NyD;vQif

OD ; cspf v I d i f E S i f h OD ; ay:xG e f ; wd k Y u wpf p if a xmif M ujyef a vonf /
cGJa&;bufrSmvnf; qma*satwdkYu wpfoif;axmifMujyef\/ odkY
ESifh wGJa&;u ESpfoif;? cGJa&;u ESpfoif;? toif;BuD; av;oif;ay:
vmavonf/ awmifwGif;BuD;rSmrsm; ayyifav;yifaygufovm;
rajymwwfay? pHkprf;&ef oifh\/
uH 'Gm& uGJMuonfESifhvnf; wl\/ iSufwGif;? ok"rm uGJMu
onfESifhvnf; wlavonf/ cGJa&; wGJa&;taMumif; a[mvdkuf?
ajymvdkufMuonfrSm waomaomESifh aeawmh\/ xdkcGJa&; wGJa&;
w&m;yGJ? pum;yGJwdkYrSm a&S;OD;NrdKUrsm;wGif acwfpm;\/ aemuf awmodkY
a&muf\/ wpfv ESpfvtwGif; wpfEdkifiHvHk; ESHU oGm;av ownf;/
tcG J o rm;uvnf ; tcG J a umif ; aMumif ; ? twG J o rm;uvnf ;
twG J a umif ; aMumif ; a[mMuuk e f \ / rnf o l Y u d k ,H k & rnf rod /
awmol awmif o m;wd k Y \ em;wG i f 0g;wm;wm; aeavonf /
tcGJorm;wdkY\ pum;udkMum;&vQif tcGJuyif aumif;Edk;Edk;? twGJ
orm;wdkY\ pum;udkMum;&jyefvQif twGJuyif aumif;Edk;Edk;/ xdkodkY
aom wEdk;Edk;wdkYESifhyif &ufawG vawG tawmfanmif; vmcJh\/
&yfxJ &GmxJwGif cGJa&; wGJa&;taMumif; tjiif;tcHkjzpfMuonf
rsmvnf; qlnH aeawmhonf/ uHESifh 'Gg& tjiif;tcHkjzpfwkef;u
vdkvdk? urmppfBuD; twGif;u t*FvdyfEdkifrnf? *smreDEdkifrnf po
jzif h jiif ; Muovd k cG J a &;wG J a &; tjiif ; yG J r sm;wG i f &ef y if j zpf M u
avonf/ tazu wGJa&;? om;u cGJa&;? taru cGJa&;? orD;u
wGJa&;? tdrfwGif;rSmyif tjiif; rpJNyD/
uH 'Gg& tjiif;tcHkonf &[ef;awmfrsm;rS pvdkuf&m vl0wf
aMumifrsm;odkY ESHUoGm;av\/ cGJa&; wGJa&;rSm vl0wfaMumifrsm;rS
pvdkuf&m &[ef;awmfrsm; a&muf oGm;avonf/
cGJa&; wGJa&;ppfyGJrsm;wGif &[ef;awmfrsm; 0if ETJvdkuf
onf E S i f h wpf N yd K if e uf xd k t a&;rS m a&S ; uxuf y if BuD ; us,f
vmavonf/ bkef;BuD;ESifh ausmif;'umrsm;pGm tjiif;yGm;Muav
onf/ awmifwvkyf&Gm bkef;awmfBuD; OD;*Ermu uGJa&;? ol\
ausmif;'um OD;vlvSu cGJa&;udk toD;oD;BudKufMuukef\/ OD;vlvS
210
odyHarmif0
u bk e f ; awmf B uD ; OD ; *E r mtm; ausmif ; ay:rS E S i f cs\/ AvD

ausmif ; rS m ausmif ; oG m ;xd k i f a cs[k qd k a vonf / bk e f ; awmf B uD ;
OD;*Ermu OD;vlvStm; oydwfarSmufavawmh\/ awmifwvkyf
&Gmom;rsm;um; taeusyfvS\/ tcsKdUu bkef;BuD;bufu 0if? tcsKdU
rsm ausmif;'umESiw
hf /JG
cGJa&; bkef;BuD;rsm;tm; wGJa&;orm;wdkY qGrf;ravmif;? wGJa&;
bkef;BuD;rsm;tm; cGJa&;orm;wdkYu rvSL? tvGef pdwfysufp&maumif;
onfh ta&;Bu;D jzpfavonf/
vuform;q&m OD;atmifvSu tdrfaqmuf&if; cGJa&; w&m;
udka[mavonf/ tdrf&Sif a':ndrf;r,fu rBudKufaomaMumifh
wGJa&;aumif;aMumif; ajymjyef\/ OD;atmifvSu ukvm;ESifhwGJvQif
jrefrmrdef;rawG tm;vHk; ukvm;r,m;awG jzpfukefrnf[k a[m\/
jrefrmrdef;rawGu ukvm;udk ,lrS ukvm;r,m; jzpfrnf[k a':ndrf;
r,fu jyef acsavonf/
armfawmfbkwf armif;orm; armifrif;[efu jrefrmjynfudk
tdEd,ESifh wGJxm;vQif ukvm;awG trsm;tjym; jrefrmjynfodkY vm
aomaMumifh jrefrmrsm; tvkyfvufrJhjzpfrnf[k ajym\/ armfawmf
bkwfay:wGif pD;um vdkufygvmol armifomvlu jrefrmjynfudk
tdEd,rS cGJxkwfvQif t*FvdyfawG oabFmBuD;rsm;ESifh vmMuaom
aMumifh jrefrmawG ,ckxuf qd;k rnf[k ajymavonf/ armifrif; [efu
][m; ...[m; ...[m;} [l &,f u m armf a wmf b k w f u d k
&yf N yD ; vQif armif o mvl u d k ES i f c s\/ armif o mvl v nf ; rqif ; ?
vrf;ckvwfrSm rqif;Edkif[k qdkum xdkifaeavonf/ ydkufqHvnf;
ay;NyD;NyD? tjcm;olrsm; awmif;yefMu&ukef\/
OD;y@dESifh OD;zdk;armifwdkYonf {&m0wDoabFmay:wGif cGJa&;
wGJa&; jiif;Mu&mwGif cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;Mu\/ axmif;rnf? Budwfrnf
vkyfMu\/ OD;y@du oif;ydkifudk r\? OD;zdk;armifu cg;awmif; usKduf
avonf / OD ; y@d \ vuf x J w G i f v nf ; bd v yf & nf y k v if ; rsm;ud k
jrif&avonf/ wpfoabFmvHk; qlnH qlnH/
,leDbmpDwD jroef;MunfwdkY\ tNidrfhyGJwGif "gwfpHESifh OD;aA'g
BuD;wdkY cGJa&; wGJa&; jiif;Mu\/ cGJa&; wGJa&; ysufvHk; xdk;Mu\/
armifvlat;
211
wke;f ke;f ESiahf eavonf/ w[m;[m;ESihf aeavonf/

ig;pdrf;onf romtdonf [if;&Gufonf a':pmOtm; yg;em;
dkufaeonfudkjrif& wpf&GmvHk;u 0dkif;zsOfMu&avonf/ tb,f
aMumifh yg;em;dkufygoenf; [k olBuD;rif;u ar;aomtcg cGJa&;
wGJa&; jiif;Mu&mu jzpfaMumif; ajymMu\/ romtd 'PfaiG oHk;usyf
twyfc&H \/
umumuav; qdkifwGif vlysKdacgif; armifyef;atmifwdkY vlpk
wGJa&; pum;awGudk ajymNyD;vQif vufzuf&nf ta<u;0,faomuf
Muavonf/ crsm umumuav;rSm ta<u;usvGef; qdkifudk ydwf
xm;&ravmufjzpf\/ wpfaeYu a&TrsufrSefESifh udk,fawmfwpfyg;
onf umumuav;qd k i f w G i f umzD a omuf & if ; wG J a &;w&m;ud k
a[mMum; aeavonf/
usKH u ef & G m od k Y wG J a &; w&m;a[mq&mrsm;a&muf v mMu\/
olwdkY\ w&m;yGJudk oGm;MuolawGrSm renf;ay/ jyefvmMuaomtcg
&G m om;tcsKd U u cG J v d k u f v Qif csOf a ygif wpf y if v Qif tcG e f w pf y J
aumufrSmudk pdk;onf[k nnf;Muavonf/ q,ftdrfacgif; armif
omvSu ]'gjzifh b,fol csOfaygif pdkufrSmwHk;} [kqdk\/ olBuD;rif;u
tcGo
J rm;vdv
k kd twGo
J rm;vdv
k kd tae&usyv
f o
S nf/
rMumrD u twG J o rm;awG o&uf y if & G m od k Y w&m;a[m&ef
vmMu&m cJESifh taygufcHMu&onf[k Mum;&\/ armifatmifZHwdkY
vlodkufudk aiGwpfq,fusyf ay;vdkufrS at;oGm;avawmhonf/
armifatmifZHwdkY vlpk wGJa&;buf ygawmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufMu
avonf/
v,form; armifatmifNzdK;wdkY vlpk cspfwD;wdkufwGif aiGoGm;
acs;&m wGJa&;buf rJxnfhrS acs;rnf[k ajymaomaMumifh &efjzpfNyD;
jyefvmMu\/ armifeDwm wpfa,mufom wGJa&;buf rJay;rnf[k
0efcaH omaMumifh aiGwpf&musyf &cJah vonf/
wpfaeUu vGJusKd;&GmwGif bkef;awmfBuD; OD;0dZ,u rdrd\
wynfhrsm;tm; wGJa&;buf rJjym;xnhf&ef opma& wdkuf\/ bkef;
awmfBuD;udk aMumufMuaomaMumifh aomufcJhMuavonf/ wpf&Gm
vHk; qlaeavNyD/
212
odyHarmif0
,if;cGJa&; wGJa&; ay:vdkufonfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif tawmf

yifIyfayG oGm;avonf/ &efolrjzpfoifhbJ jzpfMu\/ pum;
rrsm;oifhbJ rsm;Mu\/ tjiif;ryGm;oifhbJ yGm;Mu\/ trIra&muf
oif h b J a&muf M u\/ tb,f a Mumif h od k Y jyKMuonf r od /
at;at;aq;aq; cGJvdkufvQif rnfrQ aumif;rnfenf;/
e,fydkif armifvlat;um; rdrde,ftwGif; rnfonfht&yfwGif
ckduf&efjzpfyGm;rnfenf;? rnfonfhae&mwGif tBuD;tus,f t"du
kP;f jzpfrnfenf;[lomvQif em;pGiu
hf m em;axmifae&avonf/
rd r d u m; tpd k ; &trI x rf ; jzpf a omaMumif h tmap;rd v suf a e
awmh\/ cGJa&;buf ryg? wGJa&;bufvnf; ryg&/ cGJa&;udk vnf;
tm;ray;Edkif? wGJa&;udkvnf; tm;ray;om/ odkYaomf pdwfxJrlum;
cGJa&;bufudk pdwfoefaeonfum;rSef\/ pdwfxJ cGJa&; wGJa&;buf
ygonfudkum; tpdk;&rif;\ ydwfyifjcif;rjyK/ tpdk;& rif;\ tjypf
vGwfHk pdwfxJwGifom cGJa&;bufygvsufaeavonf/ odkYaomf EIwf
urlum; rSm;rQrxGuf/ wGJa&;orm;wdkY a[morQudkvnf; em;
axmif\/ cGJa&;orm;wdkY a[morQudkvnf; em;axmif\/
,if;cGJa&; wGJa&;wGif 0ifpGufjcif; rjyK&aomfvnf; ,if;ta&;
wdkYESifh ywfouf aqmif&Guf&onfrSm tm;vSonfr&SdNyD/ a&G;
aumufyGJudk rusif;yrD av;ig;&ufyif a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&m ae&m
rsm;udk pDrH&\/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif BuD;Muyfrnfh olrsm;udk ae&mcs
\/
t*Fvdyf c&pfESpf 1932 ck? Edk0ifbmv 7 &ufaeU 12 em&D
tcsdefwGif a&G;aumufyGJwGif BuD;Muyf&rnfholrsm;udk ae&mcs&\/
NrdKUydkifHk;wGif pka0;Mu\/ NrdKUydkifrif; OD;bvIdifum; armifvlat;
xufyif tvkyfrsm;ao;\/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif vdkufem&ef pnf;urf;
rsm;udk &Sif;vif; jy&&Smavonf/
&mbufBuD; OD;baomfonf OD;bvIdif&Sif;vif; jyaeonfudk
rauseyf? txyfxyf &Sif;vif;[k us,favmifpGm ajym\/ Adkufu
yl&onfhtxJwGif olYtoHuvnf; em;uGJvkrwwf us,favonf/
rnfolonf olYtm; raMumufbJ aetHhenf;/ [dkar; onfar;ESifh
om aeavawmhonf/
armifvlat;
213
,pfrsKd;t&m&Sd OD;barmfum; OD;bvIdif &Sif;vif; jyaeonf

udk em;raxmifEdkif/ rdrdwGuf,l&ef &Sdaom rJpuLrsm;udk omvQif
ususee a&wGufae\/ rJjym;oHk;jym; vdkao;onf[k qdkavonf/
NrdKUydkifOD;bvIdifrSmvnf; &Sif;vif; aumif;wkef;yif/
ynmtkyf OD;wifarmifum; rJpuLrsm;udkvnf; ra&wGuf? NrdKU
ydkifrif; &Sif;vif; jyaeonfudkvnf; em;raxmif? ukvm;xdkifay:
wGif tdyfidkufvsuf aeavonf/
e,f y d k i f H k ; pma&; armif z sef p d e f E S i f h armif b uG e f ; wd k Y u m;
armifvlat;\ tem;wGif rJpuLrsm;udk a&wGuf aeMuavonf/
bdvpf armifbqef;ESifh ajrpm&if; tifpydwfawmf OD;zdk;Hk
wdkYrSm OD;bvIdif zwfjy &Sif;vif;jyaeaom pnf;urf;rsm;udk em;r
vnfEdkifMuojzifh acgif;udk ukyfaeMuukef\/
'kwd,NrdKUydkif OD;vlcifum; rdrd\ pma&;rsm;ESifh twl rJpuLrsm;
udk a&wGuaf eavonf/
pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;NyD;vQif rJyHk;rsm;udk OD;bvIdifu
xkwf ay;avonf/ wpfa,mufvQif ajcmufvHk;us jzpf\/ u&if
twGuf oHk;vHk;? jrefrmtwGuf oHk;vHk;jzpfavonf/
rJyHk;rsm;udk &aomtcg t&m&SdwpfodkufrSm wnnf;nnf;
wnLnLESifh NrdKUydkifrif;\ Hk;rS xGufcGm vmMuavownf;/

(Zefe0g&Dv? 1933)
o
214
odyHarmif0
wpf&Hcgaomf armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkYonf npmpm;

NyD;aemuf tdrfa&SU 0&efwm vomcef;wGif xGuf xdkifMuavonf/
olwdkY\ aemufqufwGJ armifvlarT;vnf; olwdkYESifh twlwl ygvm
\/ cifoef;jrifhonf aeUcif;u a&mufvmaom r*Zif;wpftkyfudk
ywfvufukvm;xdkifay:wGif vSJ zwfaeavonf/ armifvlat;
rSm vufzuf&nfMurf;udk ajryJqm;avSmfjrnf;&if; tvkyftaMumif;
pOf;pm;cef;xkwfae\/ aumifuav; armifvlarT;um; rdbESpf
a,muf tem; Murf;jyifay:wGif tkyfuav;rsm;ESifh upm;aeav
onf/ olwdkYoHk;a,mufwdkYESifh nonf at;jr om,maomn jzpf
avonf/
armifvlarT;onf rdrd upm;ae&mrS rMum rMum xoGm;NyD;
vQif "mwfrD;atmuf Murf;jyifwGif ajy;vTm;aeMuaom ydk;aumif?
yvlaumifuav;rsm;udk zrf;um upm;\/ olYtm; acsmhac:r&?
cufavawmh\/ armifvlat;onf vnf;aumif;? cifoef;jrifhonf
vnf;aumif; xdkifae&mrS xNyD; qGJac:vmrSomvQif kef;uefkef;
uefESifh ygvmavonf/ olYtm; xxNyD; qGJac:ae&onfESifhyif
cifoef;jrifhrSm r*Zif;udk aumif;aumif; rzwf&/ armifvlat;rSm
vnf; pOf;pm;cef;udk aumif;aumif;rxkwf&ay/ awmfawmfawwJh
aumifuav;/
twefMumvQif cifoef;jrifhonf 'if;uav;tm; pdkufMunfh
NyD;vQif yDwdoHjzifh ...
armifvlat;
215
]arT;uav;[m wpfaeYwjcm; BuD;vmvdkufwmaemf? tm;&

p&mBuD;} [kqdk\/
]arG;pwkef;u qdk&if i,fi,fuav;&,f} [k armifvlat;
u axmufcHvdkuf\/
]pum;ajymr,f rBuHao;bl;? aemufzdkYu t&ifyJ}
]b,faemuf&rSmwHk;? [kwfwmudk ajymwm? [kwfwmudk ajym&if
Opmaygqdk r[kwfvm;? EdkYayr,fh xDraygufwmu cufw,f}
]'gawG xm;vdkufygOD;? arT;uav;udk ausmif;xm;zdkY pDrH&
awmhr,f}
]atmifr,fav;[Jh tckrS wpfESpfcGJ &Sdao;w,f? b,fuvm
ausmif;xm;zdYk pDr&H rSmvJ}
]tckuwnf;u pDrHrS awmfumusr,f? t*Fvefu emrnf
ausmf ausmif;awGrSm xm;zdkY rarG;cifuwnf;u emrnfoGif; xm;&
w,fqdk r[kwfvm;}
]'guawmh v nf ; vG e f v G e f ; tm;BuD ; ygw,f A sm? ud k i f ; ol Y u d k
b,fvdk pDrHcsifovJ ajym}
]jrifh oabmjzifh i,fi,fuav;xJu bdvyf tDwefwdkY? [mdk;
wdkYvdk ausmif;awGrSm oGm;csifwmyJ}
][m ud k , f u awmh oabmrwl a ygif ? onf a usmif ; awG u d k
0ifcGifh&zdkY[mvnf; tifrwefcuf? 0ifcGifh&apOD;awmh rxm;csifyg
bl;Asm}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ olaX; OD;EkwdkY? 0efaxmuf OD;pm;wdkY om;awG
onfvdk i,fi,fuav;yJ bdvyfu ausmif;awGrSm oGm;xm;w,f
r[kwfbl;vm;? *kPfvnf;&dSw,f? t*FvdyftavhtxawGudkvnf;
ususee wwfvmw,f? t*Fvdyfpum;udkvnf; t*FvdyfeJYrjcm;
ajymwwfw,f/ udkif; raumif;bl;vm;}
]rwlaygif? OD;Ekom; jyefvmawmh t*Fvdyfr ygvmvdkY OD;Ek
BuD; &ifuGJaeawm rjrifbl;vm;? OD;pm;om; jyefvmawmh t*Fvdyf
pum;awmh ususee ajymwwfyg&JU jrefrmpum;usawmh [dkrus
onfruseJYajym? vl&,fp&mBuD;jzpfaew,f? jrefrmu jrefrmpum;
rajymwwf b l ; qd k w m &S u f p &mtaumif ; qH k ; r[k w f v m;/ ol w d k Y
216
odyHarmif0
&Sufr&Sufawmh rajymwwfbl;?udk,fjzifh &SufvGef;vdkY aemufNyD;awmh

jrefrm awGudkyJ oleJY tzufrwefovdk? jrefrm tavhtxawGudkyJ
uJh&JU &jyefNyD/ udk,fhom;uav; 'DtaumifeJY wlrSmudk aMumufoAsm;}
]'gjzifh&ifvnf; armifarT; ig;ESpf? ajcmufESpfom; t&G,fa&muf
&if pdefaygrSm jzpfjzpf? 'dkiftdkrSm jzpfjzpf xm;&atmif oabmwl
ovm;}
]rwlaygif}
]vkyjf yefNy?D bmjzpfvv
Ykd }J
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awG[mvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh [dkrus onfruseJY vdarmfoD;zGifhvdkuf
ygvdkY qdkvdkqdk? 0rf;bJO rSnhfyvm;vdkY ar;vdkar;? a&csrf;csrf;wpfcGuf
ay;ygvdkY awmif;vdkawmif;ESifh b,fvdkieJawGvJ rajymwwfygbl;
Asm}
]tm;vHk;vnf; 'Dvdk [kwfr,frxifygbl;? jrefrm rdbawGu
arG; NyD; jrefrmjynfrSm BuD;vmMuwmyJ? onfavmufawmif qdk;rSm
r[kwfygbl;? udku uJwm}
]wcsKdUuawmhvnf; jrefrmpum;udkawmh aumif;aumif; ajym
wwfayr,fh t*Fvdyf qefqefuav;ajymvdkuf&&if *kPf&Sdw,f
xifNyD; ajymMuwmyJ? udkwdkY aumvdyfrSmwkef;u onfvdk ieJawG
eJY aumif;aumif;awGU&w,f/ udk,fwdkYwpfawG csOfvGef;vdkY rajymyg
ESiahf wmh}
]udkudkwdkY vufxufwkef;u 'Dvdkjzpfayr,fh tckawmh onfvdk
[kwfr,f rxifygbl;}
]udkjzifh t&ifuvdkyJ aer,fxifwmyJ? tckrS ajymif;oGm;&if
awmh rajymwwfbl;? jrefrmqdk&ifvnf; jrefrmyDyD BudKufw,f?
t*Fvdyfqdk&ifvnf; t*FvdyfyDyD BudKufw,f? [dkrus onfrus cGpm
awGuakd wmh csOv
f eG ;f vd}Yk
]udkif;?'gjzifh&if &Sdapawmh &efukefNrdKUrausmif;rSm oGm;xm;&if
raumif;bl;vm;? q&mOD;bvGifBuD;vnf; &Sdw,f? q&m udkatmif
rif;wdkY udkat;oG,fwdkY? udkpHxGm;wdkYvnf; &Sdw,f? udkwdkYrdwfaqGawG
r[kwfvm;? olwdkY vufatmufrSmawmh pdwfvnf;csw,f? i,fay
armifvlat;
217
r,fhvdkY udpr&Sdbl;}
]aumif;awmh aumif;yg&JU}
]bmaumif;awmh aumif;yg&JUvJ? [dkrus onfrus ausmif;
rSm rxm;csifbl;qdk? NrdKUrausmif;[m jrefrmyDwJh ausmif;r[kwfbl;
vm;? OD;aZmf*sDwdkY ocifEkwdkY[m NrdKUrausmif;xGufawG r[kwfbl;
vm;? olwdkYxuf jrefrmyDwmrsm; &Sdao;vdkYvm;}
]tif; aumif;awmh aumif;yg&JU? ausmif;udk bGdKufaumuf cP
cP vkyfwmu cufw,f}
]bG d K uf a umuf vk y f w muawmh onf a usmif ; wpf a usmif ;
wnf;rS r[kwfbJ wjcm;ausmif;awGvnf; vkyfwmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;?
wuodkvfausmif;awmif cP cP bGdKufaumufvkyfaewm rjrif
bl;vm;}
]jrifom;aygh}
]jrif&if bmqifajcay;aep&m vdkao;ovJ? bGdKufaumuf
vkyfwmudkaum tjypf qdkcsifao;ovm; uJav}
]tjypfuawmhrqdkcsifygbl;Asm? EdkYayr,fh bGdKufaumuf vkyfNyD;
tpmtiwfcHMu? bmMueJY? rdbvkyfolawG[m b,fhuavmuf pdwf
ylMur,fqdkwm pOf;pm;Munfhav? armifarT;udk NrdKUrausmif;rSm xm;
ygNyDwJh? armifarT;u bGdKufaumufrSm acgif;aqmifvkyfygNyDwJh? olwdkY
awmif;wmudk r&awmh tpmiwfcHae&ygNyDwJh? udkif; jrifh b,fhES,f
aervJ? b,fvv
kd yk rf vJ}
]onfvdkqdk&ifawmh ausmif;udk jrefjref vdkufoGm;NyD; bdkau
uav;udk qGaJ c:cJrh mS aygh}
]tckvdk ac:vdkYvdkuf&if aumif;yg&JU? arar&,f jyefrvdkufyg
&apeJ Y a wmh ? wd k i f ; jynf B uD ; twG u f touf t aocH a wmh r ,f ?
uRefawmfhudk oem;&ifjzifh tdrfudk jyefrac:ygeJYawmhvdkY om;u
qD;Ny;D ajym&if b,fEh ,
S v
f yk rf vJ}
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S v
f yk rf vJ}
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rSm r[kwfbl;? rdbaqGrsKd;awGu 0dkif;NyD; awmif;yef&if &rSmygyJ?
218
odyHarmif0
owif;pmawGuvJ jzef;oef;NyD; 0dkif; awmif;yefMurSmaygh? tmPm

&Sif udkvSa&TwdkYudkyJ Munfhawmh}
]tif; 'gawmhvnf; [kwfwkwfwkwfyJ? EdkYayr,fh remvdkwJh
bufu ieJawGu trsKd;rsKd;pGyfpGJNyD; armifvSa&Tudk qJovdk udk,fhom;
udk qJ&ifaum cHcsifyghrvm;}
]'guawmh bmud p & S d v J ? remvd k v d k Y qJ w m qJ y gapvm;?
awmfawmfMum&if aysmufomG ;rSmyJ}
]EdkY wcsKdU ausmif;om;awG ausmif;olawGeJYjzpfysufNyD; xGuf
ajy;Mu&ifawmh b,fEh ,
S v
f yk rf vJ}
]'guawmh b,fwwfEdkifrvJ? b,fausmif;rSmyJ xm;xm;?
bGdKufaumuf vkyfcsifvkyf? rvkyfcsifae jzpfwmrsKd;yJ 'gawGudk awG;
NyD; ylraeprf;ygeJY}
]yl&oAsm? tckuwnf;u ylxm;rS tawmfusr,f}
]udkif; onfavmufawmif tpdk;&drf BuD;vSw,f? b,fausmif;
rSm xm;r,f pdwful;ovJ}
]udkuawmhjzifh tdrfruGm Murf;ruGm tdrfa&SUu rSefomausmif;
rSm xm;r,f pdwful;wmyJ}
]vkyfNyD? ol ajymvdkufrSjzifh onfvdkcsnf;yJ? twnfajymae&if
twnfayguf ajymprf;yg? taemufawGudk rnyfprf;ygeJY}
]Ed k Y twnf ajymaewmyJ [ m ? rS e f o m ausmif ; wd k u f r S m
qdkawmh tdrfeJYvnf;eD;w,f? ydkufqHvnf; tukefoufomw,f?
ukodkvfvnf; &w,f? pmvnf;wwfw,f}
]r[kwfwJh pum;udk rajymprf;ygeJY? tckacwfxJrSm bkef;BuD;
ausmif; xm;r,fqkdwm aep&mvm;}
]ausmif;xm;w,fqdkwm pmwwfwmvdk&if; r[kwfbl;vm;?
tajrmftjrif wdk;yGm;wm vdk&if;r[kwfvm;? vdrma&;jcm; &Sdwm
vdk&if;r[kwfvm;? tJonf vdk&if;tcsufawGudk &&if ausmif;xm;&
usKd; eyfNyDvdkY rqdkEdkifbl;vm;? rSefomausmif;rSm xm;&if tckajym
wJh vdk&if; tcsufawGudk r&ygbl;vdkY ajymEdkifrvm;}
]udkudk ajymvdkufrSjzifh abmufcsnf;yJ? onfbkef;BuD;ausmif;
rSm xm;vdkY BuD;vm&if bmvkyfpm;rvJ uJ}
armifvlat;
219
]tdk 'guawmh olYukodkvfeJY ol jzpfvmrSmaygh? pmbufu

wjcm;? tvkyftudkifu wjcm;yg? pmwwfwdkif;vnf; tvkyftudkif
aumif;aumif;&wmr[kwfygbl;? tvkyftudkifaumif;aumif;&wJh
vlwdkif;vnf;pmwwfwm r[kwfygbl;/ yGJpm;BuD; OD;csrf;om[m b,f
avmuf ydkufqH&SdvJ? t*Fvdyfpm at? bD? pD? 'D wwfvdkYvm;? olaX;
BuD; OD;<u,f[m b,favmuf csrf;omovJ? bDat atmifvdkYvm;}
]onfvdk abmufpum;awGudk rajymeJYav? a&S;acwfeJY rwl
bl;? tckacwfrSm acwfpmayawGudk wwfrS tvkyfaumif;aumif;
&r,f od&JUvm; udkabmufBuD;&JU}
][m tvkyf aumif;aumif;&wmu wjcm;? pmwwfwmu
wjcm;yJ? tvkyfaumif;aumif; vkdcsifwJh oabmeJY pmoifMum;
MuwJhtwGuf wdkif;jynfrSm qlylaeMuwm r[kwfbl;vm;? tvkyfvuf
rJh ynm&SdawG rsm;aeMuw,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'DpdwfawGudk azsmuf
vdkufrS ae&musr,f? tvkyfvufrJhawG aysmufukefr,f}
]bmawG avQmufajymaew,f rodygbl;}
]tvkyf aumif;aumif;&atmif qdkNyD; pmoifMua&m? pmwwf
vdkY tvkyfaumif;aumif; r&awmh b,ftvkyfudkrS rvkyfcsifMu
awmhbl;? [dkvwfvsm; 'Dvwfvsm;eJYjzpfaeNyD; vlav vlawawG
jzpfuek yf ga&m? wdik ;f jynfvnf; qluek yf ga&m}
]'gawGudk em;rvnfbl;? udkudkajymwJhtwdkif;yJ xm;ygOD;? bkef;
BuD;ausmif;rSm xm;NyD; aemifbkef;BuD;ausmif;u xGufawmh bmvkyf
pm;rvJ}
]udkY oabmjzifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm pmoifvdkY pmwwfawmh
ouFef; 0wfapcsifawmhwmyJav? ouFef;0wfeJY omoemh0efudk
xrf;oGm;&ifvnf; aumif;wmyJr[kwfvm;? omoemh0efudk rxrf;
csifvdkY wdkif;a&;?jynfa&; vdkufpm;oGm;r,f qdk&ifvnf; aemifudk
Bu;D yGm;zdYk trsm;Bu;D jrifw,f}
]raemufeJY twnfajymwm? tckyJ Munfhygvm;? &[ef;ysKd
awG b,favmuf wefcdk;BuD;MuovJ? wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifawGudk
olwdkY BudK;udkifaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;? trwfcsKyfBuD;awG? eef;&if;0ef
awGawmif olwdkYbufu b,favmufaMumufMu&ovJ? tckacwf
220
odyHarmif0
rS m &[ef ; ysKd a wG onf a vmuf wef c d k ; BuD ; rm;ae&if aemif

armifarT;wdkY acwfus&if b,favmufwefcdk;BuD;r,fqdkwm pOf;pm;
Munf h a yawmh ? a&S ; wk e f ; uawmh bD a t? trf a t 0wf v H k q d k & if
tifrwef wefcdk;BuD;ayr,fvdkY tckb,frSm wefcdk;BuD;awmhvdkYvJ?
aemifarmifarT;wdkY vufxufus&if t*FvdyfpmwwfawG tvum;
jzpfukefr,fqdkwm rSwfyg/ &[ef;ysKdawGu t*FvdyfpmwwfawGxuf
tqt&mru wef c d k ; BuD ; rS m trS e f y J ? onf a wmh armif a rT ; ud k
t*Fvdyfausmif;xm;wm rSefayr,fh? tusKd;xl;rSm r[kwfbl;? a&SU
a&;udk jrifrS ae&musr,f? armifarT;wdkY vufxufus&if &[ef;ysKd
wifwJh bkef;BuD; ausmif;om; rif;wdkifyiftrwfawG? &[ef;ysKdwifwJh
bkef;BuD; ausmif;om; 0efBuD;csKyfawG? &[ef;ysKdwifwJh bkef;BuD;
ausmif;om; eef;&if;0efawG jzpfcsifjzpfaerSm/ armifarT;[m yxr
BuD;wdkY? yxrausmfwdkYudk atmifNyD; jrefrmjynfrSm yxrOD;qHk; &[ef;
ysKdwifwJh bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; eef;&if;0efBuD; rjzpfbl;vdkY ajymEdkif
rvm;/
]awmfygawmh? ol pum;&SnfaewmeJY 11 em&Dawmif xdk;oGm;
NyD?onfvdk r[kwfu [kwfu abmufpum;awGudk ajymaer,fqdk
&if rd k ; vif ; wmawmif qH k ; rS m r[k w f b l ; ? ol a bmuf p um;awG
ajymaewmeJ Y y J 0w K wpf y k ' f a wmif zwf v d k Y rNyD ; bl ; } [k qd k u m
aygifay:wGif tdyfarmusaeaom uav;udk csDum tdrfxJodkY 0if
oGm;avownf;/

(pufwifbmv? 1939)
armifvlat;
221
tdkifpDtufpfrsm; aps;aumif;vSaom acwfBuD;wGif tdkifpD

tufpfqdkvQif orufzrf;&ef trsKd;rsKd; BudK;pm;Muaom a,mur
avmif;wdkY aygrsm;vSonfh acwfBuD;xJwGif tdkifpDtufpfqdkvQif
ESpfaomif;? oHk;aomif;? ig;aomif;txd ay;0,fMuaom acwf
BuD;xJwGif tdkifpDtufpf OD;rsKd;uGefYrSm ,ckxufwdkif Muif,m r&ao;
onfrSm xl;qef;tHhMozG,f aumif;vSay\wum;/
orufzrf;vdkaom a,muravmif;rsm;r&SdaomaMumifh OD;rsKd;
uGefY crsmrSm vlysKdBuD; jzpfae&&Smonfr[kwfyg/ Opmayg? kyfacsm?
*kPf&Sd? ynmwwfaom rdef;uav;rsm; xGef;um;aom &efukefNrdKU
BuD;wGif OD;rsKd;uGefYtm; orufzrf;vdkaom a,muravmif;rsm; ay:
aygufcJhay\/ OD;rsKd;uGefYwnf;[laom ausmufrsuf&wemudk ]tzkd;
BuD;pGm ay; 0,fvdkMuaom a,muravmif;wdkYrSmvnf; trsm;
yif/ &efukefNrdKUcsnf;rSm r[kwf? OD;rsKd;uGefYa&mufav&m t&yfwdkif;
rS m yif OD ; rsKd ; uG e f Y o nf tysKd a csmacsmrsm;\ avmuBuD ; wG i f
vnf;aumif;? a,muravmif;wdkY\ avmuBuD;wGif vnf;aumif;
tvGefacwfpm;\/ avmuBuD;wGif rif; acwfpm;\/ rsufESm&Sd\/
odkYygvsuf OD;rsKd;uGefYrSm vlysKdBuD; b0rS rvGwfajrmufao;ay/
tcsKdU aom a,muravmif;wdkY pdwfavQmhMuavNyD/ tcsKdUaom
rdef;rysKdav;wdkY pdwfysufp jyKMuavNyD/
OD ; rsKd ; uG e f Y \ aumif ; usKd ; ud k vd k v m;aom rd w f a qG w d k Y o nf
vnf;aumif;? OD;rsKd;uGefYtm; orufzrf;vdkMuaom a,mur avmif;
222
odyHarmif0
wdkYonfvnf;aumif;? OD;rsKd;uGefYtm; rSef;xm;Muukefaom tysKdjzL

jzL? tysKdndKndK? cifcif? wifwif? &if&if? EkEk? pkpk? pdefpdef wdkYonf
vnf ; aumif ; ? OD ; rsKd ; uG e f Y ,ck x uf w d k i f Muif , mr,l a o;onf h
taMumif;rsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;awG;awm aqG;aEG;ajymqdkMuukef\/ olwdkY
taMumif;jycsuw
f u
Ykd m; odw
Yk nf;/
tcsKd U u OD ; rsKd ; uG e f Y i,f & nf ; pm; wpf a ,muf & S d a Mumif ; ?
xdk&nf;pm;ESifh rdbaqGrsKd;rsm; oabmrwlaomaMumifh ESpfOD; ESpf
zufpvHk;udk nmwmum ,ckxufwdkif vlysKdBuD;b0ESifh&Sdaeao;
aMumif; ajymqdkMuukef\/ tcsKdUuvnf; OD;rsKd;uGefYonf bdvyf
wGif ynmoifMum;aepOf t*Fvdyfrav; wpfa,muftm; ,lxm;
aMumif;/ xdkt*Fvdyfrudk ,lonfudk rdbaqGrsKd;rsm;u oabm rwl
aomaMumifh jrefrmjynfodkY rac:xm;&aMumif;? xdkt*Fvdyfr oHk;pGJ
&ef twGuf vpOfyHkrSef aiG 300d ay;ydkY&aMumif; ajymqdkMuavonf/
wcsKdUurlum; OD;rsKd;uGefYonf odkuform;jzpfaMumif;? odkufaumif;
aumif;ESifh rawGUao;aomaMumifhom Muif,m r,lao;aMumif;
ajymqdMk uavonf/
odkY trsKd;rsKd; awG;xifMuonfrSm wpfckrQ rrSefacs/ OD;rsKd;
uGefY i,f&nf;pm;vnf; r&Sd? t*Fvdyfr r,m;vnf; r&Sd/ OD;rsKd;uGefY
onf odkuform;vnf; r[kwfay/ OD;rsKd;uGefY Muif,mr,ljcif;\
taMumif;&if;udk odolwdkYum; avmuwGif oHk;a,mufom &Sdav
onf/ olwdkYum; armifvlat;? &efukeftpdk;& [dkufpul;ausmif;
q&mud k [ k w f x d e f ? 0uf v uf t*F v d y f j ref r m ausmif ; tk y f B uD ;
0uf v uf w if w d k Y jzpf M u\/ OD ; rsKd ; uG e f Y vl y sKd B uD ; jzpf & jcif ; \
taMumif;&if;udk OD;rsKd;uGefYtm; orufzrf;vdkMuaom a,mur
avmif;rsm;ESifh OD;rsKd;uGefYtm; rSef;aeMuaom olZmr,fwdkY\ tusKd;
iSm atmufwiG af zmfjyvdu
k yf gonf/
OD;rsKd;uGefY? armifvlat;? 0ufvufwif? udk[kwfxdefwdkYonf
wpfNrdKUwnf;ae wpfa&wnf; aomufMuaom rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ wpfESpfwnf;rSm &efukefwuodkvf ausmif;wdkufodkY a&mufMu
\/ xdkESpfrSmyif &efukefwuodkvf tufOya'udk rESpfoufMuojzifh
wuodkvfausmif;udk ausmif;om;rsm;oydwfarSmufavonf/ OD;rsKd;
armifvlat;
223
uGefYwdkY av;a,mufpvHk; oydwfarSmufum ausmif;rS xGufoGm;

Muavonf/ oHk;ESpfvHk;vHk;yif trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;
q&mrsm; vkyfaeMuukef\/ oydwfarSmufoHk;ESpfMumNyD;aemuf
trsKd ; om;ausmif ; rsm;ud k tpd k ; &u tod t rS w f j yKaomtcgusrS
rdwfaqGav;a,mufom; wdkifyifndEIdif;um ausmif;odkY jyef0ifMu
avonf/ bk&m;oGm; twlwl? ausmif;wuftwlwl? yGJoGm;twlwl
yl;wGJ yl;wGJESifhaeavh&SdMuaomaMumifh olwdkY av;a,muftm; tjcm;
aom ausmif;om;wdkYu ]ol&Jaumif;av;a,muf} [l ajymif
avSmifum ac:qdkavh&SdMuavonf/ OD;rsKd;uGefYwdkY av;a,muf yl;wGJ
yl;wGaJ eMuonfukd ,ckwikd f jrifa,mifa,mif aeMuayvdrOhf ;D rnf/
nxrif; pm;aomufNyD;aemuf pmusufcsdefodkY a&mufaom
tcg olwdkY av;a,mufrSm pm;yGJa&SUwGif 0dkif;xkdifMuNyD;vQif pm
udkum; rusuf? pum;udkom twGifom ajymMuavawmh\/ q&m
vS n h f vmcsd e f u srS o m acw & yf e m;NyD ; vQif pmzwf [ ef a qmif
aeMuukef\/ q&m tcef;xJrS xGufoGm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
pum;yGJBuD;udk usif;yMuonfrSm OD;rsKd;uGefYwdkY\ npOftvkyfjzpf
avonf/ OD;rsKd;uGefY? 0ufvufwif? udk[kwfxdefwdkYrSm pmusufcsdef
wGif pmrusufMu&aomaMumifh eHeufapmapm xum pmusufavh
&S d M uavonf / armif v l a t;um; ol w d k Y u J h o d k Y apmapmtd y f & mrS
xEdkifol r[kwfaomaMumifh olwdkY tdyf&mxJ 0ifaomtcgusrS
za,mif;wdkifuav;udk xGef;um nOfheufoef;acgif pmusufavh
&Sad vonf/
wpf n aomtcg rd w f a qG a v;a,muf pum;aumif ; aeMu
cdkuf OD;rsKd;uGefYavmif;jzpfaom armifrsKd;uGefYu uRefawmfwdkY bDat
pmar;yGJawG atmif? tvkyftudkifawG &MuwJhtcg om;r,m;,l&if
b,fvdkrdfef;rrsKd;udk ,lr,f pdwful;MuovJ} [k pum;udk pvdkuf\/
0ufvufwif/ / atmifr,f? tckrS tdkifatrSm &Sdao;w,f
om;r,m; taMumif;awGudk ajymvdkY? r,m;vdkcsifvSNyDvm;As/
armifrsKd;uGefY/
/ tck vdkcsifw,fvdkYajymwmr[kwfygbl;
Asm? aemif,lwJhtcg b,fvdkrdef;rrsKd;udk ,l&rvJvdkY pOf;pm;wmyg?
cifAsm;u wvGrJ xifygeJ/Y
224
odyHarmif0
armifvlat;/
/ aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;ayghAsm? tvkyf
tudkif&awmh udk,fBudKufwmudk qGJ,lvdkufwmaygh? tckuwnf;u
rpOf;pm;Edik yf gbl;? 0efav;vSw,f/
udk[kwfxdef/ / wdkYawmhuGm rdbu ay;pm;wJh rdef;rudk
,lrmS yJ/
armifrsKd;uGefY/ / onfvdkvnf; r[kwfao;bl;av/ rdbay;
pm;wJh rdef;rudk rBudKufawmh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ? wpfoufvHk; pdwfr
qif ; &J aeaybl ; vm;? tck t cguwnf ; u ud k , f B ud K uf w mud k
a&G;xm;r,fqdk&if aemiftvkyftudkif&wJh tcgusawmh ,lvdkufwm
aygh? tckvdk ra&G;xm;zl;qdk&if aemifawmh tifrwefcufaer,f/
(OD;rsKd;uGefYum; i,fi,fuwnf;uyif a&SUa&; aemufa&;udk tvGef
awG;ylwwfaom olwpfa,mufjzpfavonf/)
wif/ /onfvdkqdk&if rcufygbl;Asm? ausmif;rSm rdef;uav;
awGtrsm;om;yJ? wpfa,mufa,mufudk a&G;NyD; tqufvkyfxm;
ygvm;/
uGefY/
/ [mAsm? ausmif;u rdef;uav;awG[m tifrwef
t*Fvyd q
f efMuw,f? 'grsK;d awGuakd wmh rBuKd ub
f ;l q&m/
xdef/ / EdkYb,fvdkrdef;rrsKd;udk BudKufovJ/
uG e f Y / / t*F v d y f v nf ; rqef & bl ; ? vS v nf ; vS & r,f ?
vdrma&;jcm;vnf; &Sd&r,f? *kPfvnf;&dS&r,f? ydkufqH&Sd r&Sduawmh
ta&;rBuD;ygbl;/ tJonfvdk tpm;xJu rdef;uav;rsm; cifAsm;wdkY
t&yfrSm r&Sdbl;vm;/
xdef/ / cifAsm;ajymwmrsKd; r&Sdbl;/
uGefY/ / udkwifwdkY t&yfrSmaum r&Sdbl;vm;/
wif / / b,f u vm &S d & rS m wH k ; ? &S d & if v nf ; cif A sm;&rS m
r[kwb
f ;l ? uReaf wmf,rl mS aygh/
uGefY/ / [m cifAsm; tifrwef wpfudk,faumif;BuHw,f/
udk,feJY cspfcifwJh rdwfaqGtwGuf qdk&if toufawmif taocH&
w,fqdk r[kwfvm;/
wif/
/ touf taocH&ifom cHr,f? rdef;reJYusawmh
oabmrBu;D Edik b
f ;l As/
armifvlat;
225
uGefY/ / atmfonfvdkudk;? 'gjzifhvnf; &Sdapawmh? udkvlat;

wdt
Yk &yfrmS aum r&Sb
d ;l vm;/
at;/
/ tif; cufawmhwmyJ? aemufqHk;usawmh uGrf;NcH
blwmBuD;udk a&mufvmrSudk;? &Sdawmh &Sdwmayhg? EdkYayr,fh ...
uGefY/
/ EdkYayr,fh raeygeJYav? cifAsm;twGuf rSef;xm;
w,f r[kwfvm;/
at;/ / r[kwf&ygbl;Asm? &Gmem;u bk&m;? &Gmom;rdkao
qdkovdk udk,hft&yfxJuvl tcsif;csif;qdkawmh wpfa,mufeJY wpf
a,muf w,fNyD; rdkaoMubl;? aemufNyD; tdrfem;eD;csif;qdkawmh
vnf; armifESrvdk jzpfaeMuw,f? cifAsm; vdkcsifw,fqdk&ifjzifhvnf;
oifhovdk pDrH ay;&awmhrSmayghAsm/
uGefY/ / 'grS wdkYvluG? EdkY uRefawmf ajymwJh *kPft*FgawG
eJY jynfhpHk&JUvm;? tJ'D rdef;uav;[m/
at;/ / jynfhpHkvdkY ajymwmayghAsm/ rjynfhpHk&if ajymyghrvm;/
uGefY/ / 'gjzifh aumif;NyD? olYemrnfu bmwJhwHk;/
at;/ / ra&TjrwJh? b,fuavmuf ,OfwJhemrnfav;vJ?
Munfph rf;/
uGefY/
/ emrnfudk Mum;uwnf;u BudKufNyD? BudKufNyD? olY
rdbawGu bmvkypf m;MuovJ/
at;/ / olYrdbawGuawmh oli,fi,fuav;u ao&SmMu
NyD? olYtpfudkBuD;u apmifha&SmufNyD; xm;w,f? tpfudkBuD;tzt&m
ayghAsm/ ajrydkif&Sifav/
uGefY/ / ajrydkif&SifrS oabmusw,f? rdbawG r&Sdwmvnf;
aumif;wmyJ/
wif/ / uRefawmfwdkYzdkYaumAs? cifAsm; w,frsufESmvdkufwm
udk;/
at;/ / 'guawmhAsm wpfa,mufNyD;rS wpfa,mufaygh/
wif/ / aumif;ygNyDAsm? udkrsKd;uGefY pGHatmifom vkyfay;
vdu
k yf g/
odkY qdkMuNyD;aemuf pum;jywfoGm;avownf;/
aEGv ausmif;ydwf ae&yf armfvNrdKifodkY jyefMuaomtcg
226
odyHarmif0
rdwfaqG av;a,mufom;rSm wpfa,mufa,muf\ tdrfwGif pka0;

um pum;rsm;avh&MdS uavonf/
wpfaeY armifvlat;wdkYtdrfwGif pka0;Muaomtcg armifrsKd;
uGefYu ]t&if ausmif;rSmwkef;u cifAsm;ajymwJh ra&TjrwdkYtdrf[m
b,ftdrfvJ} [k armifvlat;tm; ar;\/
at;/ / [dk rsufapmif;xdk; tdrf[mav/
uGefY/ / oGm;vnf& raumif;bl;vm;/
at;/ / [m oGm;vnfvdkY b,fjzpfrvJ? cifAsm;wpfa,muf
vnf; cufawmhwmyJ/
wif/ / [kwfyg&JUAsm? bmrodnmrodeJY oGm;vnfvdkY b,f
jzpfrvJ/
uGefY/ / oGm;rvnf&if olYudk b,fhES,fjrif&rvJ/
at;/ / cifAsm;uvJAsm? csufcsif; jrifcsif awGUcsifvdkY
b,fjzpfrvJ? rdef;uav;u tifrwef &Sufwwfw,f? tdrfxJu
tdrfjyifawmif rxGufbl;? wpf&yfxJaewJh vlawGawmif olYudk
oHk;av; &ufaevdkY wpfcg rjrif&bl;/
uGefY/ / onfavmufyJvm;Asm/
at;/ / onfavmufygyJ/
uGefY/ / olYudk rjrif&bJeJY b,fBudKufvdkY jzpfrvJ/
at;/
/ wpfp wpfpawmh jrif&rSmayhg? cifAsm;wpfa,muf
vnf; w,favmwmudk;? ausmif;jyef rzGifhcifawmhjzifh awGU&atmif
vkyfay;r,f? tdrfudkom rMum rMum vmcJhayawmh? wpfcgrawGU
wpfcgawGU&rSmaygh? a,mufsm;wdkY vHkYv aocgrS avQmh&r,fqdk
r[kwv
f m;/
xdef/ / r*FvmvufzGJUawGudk tckuwnf;u pDrHxm;&awmh
rvm;/
uGefY/ / rvkyfMuygeJYOD;Asm? vludkawmif rjrif&ao;bl;/
wif/ / jrif&aum ,lawmhrSmvm;/
uGefY/ / onfvdkvnf; r[kwfao;bl;? tvkyftudkif&rS
ajymwmyg? tckuwnf;u toifjh zpfaeatmif csed x
f m;&wmyg/
odkY wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf aemufajymifMuNyD;aemuf
armifvlat;
227
toD ; oD ; rd r d w d k Y a etd r f o d k Y jyef o G m ;Muavonf / aemif u d k v nf ;

armif r sKd ; uG e f Y w d k Y o nf armif v l a t;wd k Y \ td r f o d k Y rMum rMum
a&mufMu\/ a&mufwdkif; ra&Tjr taMumif;udkom ajymMum;avh&Sd
Muavonf/
odkYESifh &ufawG tawmfyif anmif; vmcJh\/ armifrsKd;
uGefYrSmvnf; aemuf&mrS vludkyif rjrif&ao;aom ra&Tjrtm;
pGJovdk rufovdk jzpf aeavNyD? armifvlat;wdkYESifh pkrd pum;
ajymMuaomtcg ra&Tjr taMumif;rygvQif rNyD;/
ausmif; zGifhcgeD;aomtcg armifvlat;wdkY tdrfwGif rdwfaqG
av;a,mufom; pka0;Mujyef\/ armifrsKd;uGefYu ra&TjrtaMumif;
pjyef\/ odkY rdwfaqGav;a,muf pum;ajymaeMucdkuf tom;
rnf;rnf; qHyifjzLjzL cg;udkif;udkif; touf 60cefY ta':BuD; wpf
a,mufonf ra&TjrwdkY tdrfrSxGuf vmonfudk jrifMu&ukef\/
uGefY/ / a[m[dku xGufvmwJh tr,fBuD;[m ra&TjrESifh
bmawmfovJ/
at;/ / ra&Tjr bGm;av;ayghAsm? olwdkY armifESrudk csufjyKwf
auR;arG;wm olaygh/
uGefY/ / olYudk uyf&&if raumif;bl;vm;/
at;/ / at; aumif;aumif;yJ? onftwGuf ylraeygeJY?
uReaf wmfMunfph rD aH y;yghr,f/
uGefY/ / cifAsm;ajymwmuawmh aumif;yg&JU? olYudk wpfcgrS
rjrif&wmu cufw,f? oHk;av;&ufMum&ifyJ ausmif;jyef&awmh
r,f/
odkY ajymqdkaeMucdkuf xdktr,fBuD;onf armifvlat;wdkY
tdrfxJodkY NyHK;NyHK;&Tif&TifESifh 0ifvm\/ armifrsKd;uGefY\ rsufESmum;
rId&aom rsufESmESifh rjcm;NyD/ tr,fBuD;vnf; armifvlat;wdkY
tem;a&mufaomtcg ...
]aMomf 'Doli,fawGu armifvlat;&JU rdwfaqGawGvm;} [l
ar;\/
][k w f y gw,f a':a&T j r? uRef a wmf w d k Y td r f u d k rvmwm
MumoGm;ygyaum}
228
odyHarmif0
]tif; tvkyfursm;vdkY ra&mufwmbJ armif&ifa&}

od k Y q d k u m td r f a emuf a z;od k Y 0if o G m ;avownf ; /
ta':BuD ; uG , f o G m ;onf E S i f h wpf N yd K if e uf armif v l a t;ES i f h
wpf Pf w nf ; jzpf a om 0uf v uf w if E S i f h ud k [ k w f x d e f w d k Y o nf
]0g;ceJ} &,farmMuuke\
f /
armifrsKd;uGefYum; cJavorQ oJa&us jzpfHkru &Sufvnf;
&Suv
f o
S jzifh toHwek w
f ek &f &D ED iS hf
][m cifAsm;wdkY bmaumif;ovJ? tifrwef nmwJhvlawG?
uRefawmfu taumif;rSwfvdkY} [k qdkum pdwfyJ qdk;&aumif;Edk;Edk;?
a&m &,fvdkuf& aumif;Edk;Edk;jzpfae&&Sm \/
xdkaeUrSp armifrsKd;uGefY rdef;rtaMumif; rajymawmhNyD/ rdrd
vufOD;qHk; aqmufvkdufaom aveef;awmfuav;rSm ysufpD;oGm;
avNy/D
aumvd y f a usmif ; om;b0 uwnf ; u OD ; usKd ; oG m ;vmvd k u f
onfrSm ,ckxufwdkif jzpfawmh\/ xdktcgu armifrsKd;uGefY? ,ck
tcg OD ; rsKd ; uG e f Y td k i f p D t uf p f r S m wpf o uf w G i f Muif , m
&SmygOD;rnfavm/
a':a&TjrBuD;um; tedp a&mufoGm;onfrSm ig;ESpfcefY &Sdav
NyD/ aemifb0rS aygif;&ygapom;vdkYrsm; OD;rsKd;uGefY qkawmif;ae
ovm; rajymwwf/

(Zlvdkifv? 1941)
w
armifvlat;
229
armif v l a t;wd k Y ausmuf q nf r S m wk e f ; u armif v l a t;\

tpfrBuD; rcifarESifh armifvlat;\ wluav; armifjrodef;wdkY
tvnf a &muf v mMuonf / armif j rod e f ; um; armif v l a t;\nD
armifvlaxG;\ om;axG;uav;jzpf\/ ol\rdcif rat;onf olYudk
arG;NyD; ajcmufv &aomtcg tedpa&mufoGm;&Smonf/ ol\ rdcif
ted p a &muf u wnf ; u armif v l a t;\ tpf r BuD ; rcif a ru
om;&if;uJhodkY xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufvm\/ tysKdBuD;rsm;onf wl
uav;rsm;tm; toufay; cspfMuvmonfrSm "rwmyifjzpfav
onf/ rcifarESifh armifjrodef;wdkY armifvlat;wdkYtdrfodkY tvnf
a&mufpOfu armifjrodef;rSm oHk;ESpfom;cefYom &Sdao;\/
tbdk;tbGm; vufwGifBuD;aom uav;? BuD;awmfta':vuf
wGif BuD;aom uav;wdkYonf pnf;ysuf urf;ysufjzpfwwfonf[k
qdkprSwf&Sdavonf/ odkY qdkprSwf&Sdonfhtwdkif;vnf; [kwfrSef
vSay\/ armifjrodef;onf rcifar tay: qdk;csifovdk qdk;vsuf
aeavawmhonf/ aeylxJ xGufum ajy;vTm; upm;aeaomaMumifh
rcifaru ae&dyfxJodkY ,loGif;&ef oGm;csDayrifh vdkufcsifrS vdkuf\/
xGufajy;vdk xGufajy;? atmfNyD; idkvdkidk? tvGefawaom aumifu
230
odyHarmif0
av;jzpfonf/ tjcif;t&mudk armifvlat;jrifvQif rsufapmif;

xdk;um Munfhrd\/ rausreyfjzpf\/ tpfrBuD;vufwGif u
av; ysufawmhrnfwum;[k awG;rd\/ wpfcg wpfcg aumifu
av;udk aigufvdkufcsifaompdwf aygufvm\/ tpfrBuD; pdwfqdk;
oGm;rnf pd;k aomaMumifo
h m tomMunfah evdu
k &f avonf/
nae a&csKd;csdefus rcifaru a&csKd;ay;&ef ac:aomfvnf;
r&? wdkifudk ywfum ajy;\/ 0&efwmwGif avQmufum ajy;\/
aemufqHk; olYudkzrf; rdoGm;aomtcg idkvdkidk? rcifarudk xkvdkxk?
dkufvdkdkuf? a&csKd;cef;xJ a&mufoGm;aomtcgvnf; ol\ idkcsif;
rwdwf? wpftdrfvHk;qlnH aeavawmhonf/ wpfcg wpfcg t&GJU
wdkufum rcifarudkyif a&ESifh yufaomaMumifh rcifarrSm wpfudk,f
vHk; &TJT&TJpdk jzpfoGm;avh&Sd\/ tjcif;t&mudkjrifvQif armifvlat;
\pdwfxJwGif ]onfuav;awmh ysufawmhrSmyJ .. ysufawmhrSmyJ}
[k awG;rdavonf/ atmfvdkuf aigufvdkufcsif\/ odkYaomf rcifar
pdwfqdk;rnf pdk;aomaMumifh rdrdqEudkom rsKdodyfum xm;vdkuf&
avonf/
xrif;pm;csdefus xrif;auR;aomfvnf; aumif;aumif; rpm;?
ajy;vT m ; ck e f a yguf u m aeavh & S d \ / xrif ; wpf v k w f pm;vd k u f ?
ajy;vTm; ckefaygufvdkufESifh vkyfaeawmh\/ rcifar crsmrSm acsmh
um armhum auR;ae&Smavonf/ wpfcg wpfcgvnf; wpfvkwf
ESpfvkwf pm;NyD;vQif r0cifyif awmfvdkuf\/ rcifar rnfodkYyif
acsmah rmhum auR;&Smaomfvnf; rpm;awmhNy/D
vlBuD;rsm; xrif;pm;aomtcg aumifuav;udk wpfvkwf
cGHUavonf/ uav;udk cGHUae&onfESifhyif ol xrif;aumif; aumif;
rpm;&awmh N yD / armif v l a t; rauseyf ? onf w pf c g t&J
pGefYajymawmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfNyD;vQif armifvlat; odkYqdk\/
]rruvnf; uav;udk odyftvdkvdkufwmyJ? tvdkvdkufwmu
awmh aumif;yg&JU? aumifuav;u pnf;ysuf urf;ysufjzpfaeNyD/
uav;qdkwmrsKd;[m olYtcsdefeJYol tdyf? olYtcsdefeJYolpm;rS aumif;
w,f/ tckawmh jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeawmhwmyJ}
odkYqdkum armifvlat;onf uav;bufodkY apmif;iJh
armifvlat;
231
Munfhvdkuf\/ aumifuav;u aumif;aumif;em;vnfavonf/

rsuEf mS twefysuo
f mG ;\/
]onfvdkayghuG,f? uav;qdkwm awwmrsKd;ayhg? aemifBuD;
jyif;vmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; pnf;eJY urf;eJY jzpfvmwmrsKd;yJ? tckt
&G,frSm pnf;urf;r&Sdayr,fh udpr&Sdygbl;} [k rcifaru jyef
ajym\/
][m i,fi,fuav;xJu pnf;urf; rao&if BuD;vm wJhtcg
vnf; pnf;urf;aozdkY cJ,Of;w,f}
odkY ajymqdk&if;yif xrif;pm; NyD;Muojzifh tm;vHk;yif
{nfhcef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;Muavonf/ armifjrodef;um; auseyfyHkr&/
rcifartem;rS rcGmawmhNyD/ armifvlat;tm; tawmfcsOfoGm;yHk
&avonf/ armifvlat;onf trIrJh trSwfrJh aevdkuf\/
aemufwpfaeU xrif;pm;yGJwGif vlBuD;rsm; xdkifMuaomtcg
armifjrodef; aygufvmjyef\/ odkYaomf ,cifuJhodkY [dk[mpm;r,f?
onf[mpm;r,f rqdkawmhNyD/ rcifar tem;wGif tomuyfxdkif
aeNyD;vQif ]a[m[dk[m bmvJ rrBuD;? a[monf[m bmvJrrBuD;}
[k [if;rsm;udk vufnKd;xdk;um jyvsufae\/ rcifarum; auR;
csifvSNyD/ armifvlat; uJh&JUrnf pdk;aomaMumifhom rwkefrvIyf
aevdkufavonf/ armifvlat; tvpfwGif [if;rsm;? taMumfrsm;
udk aumifuav; yg;pyfxJodkY xnfhvdkufavh&Sd\/ armifvlat;um;
taMumif;udk &dyfrdojzifh xrif;udk jrefjrefpm;NyD;vQif rcifarESifh
rcifoef;jrifhwdkYudk rapmifhbJ {nfhcef;xJodkY xGufoGm;avonf/
tcgusrS armifjrodef;ESifh rcifarwdkY xifovdk usJaeMuav
awmhownf;/
xdktcg armifvlat;wGif om;orD;wpfa,mufrQ r&Sdao;/
,cktcgwGifrlum; armifvlat;\ om;OD;uav; armifvl
arT;rSm toufwpfESpfESifh ajcmufv&SdavNyD/ ajy;wwf? vTm;wwf?
atmfwwf? [pfwwf? ckefwwf? aygufwwf? cspfp&maumif;wkef;
t&G,f jzpf\/ pum;udkum; rajymwwfao;ay/
eHeufrdk;vif; umzDaomufNyD;vQif tdrfa&SU pma&;pm;yGJwGif
rdrd\ Hk;tvkyfrsm;udk vkyftHh[k armifvlat; xdkifaeonfudkjrif
232
odyHarmif0
vQif tdrfatmuf yef;NcHxJodkY qif;&ef twif; ylqmawmh\/ avS

um;bufodkY vufndK;xdk;um ]tif; ... tif;} [kqdkvsuf armif
vlat;tm; qGJac:awmh\/ olodkY qGJac:ygvsuf rvdkufemaecJh
aomf ajcudkaqmifhum atmf[pfum idkavawmh\/ armifvlat;
raeEdkifawmhNyD/ Hk;tvkyfrsm;udk tomacgufxm;cJhNyD;vQif om;u
av;udk csDum yef;NcHxJodkY qif;&avawmh\/
yef;NcHxJodkY a&mufaomf vufay:wGif NidrfNidrfrae? vufay:
rS twif;avQmqif;NyD;vQif ajy;vTm; ckefayguf upm;\/ oJrsm;
udk usKH; yufupm;\/ ausmufp&pfcJrsm;udk aumufum aygufum
upm;\/ yef;yifBudK yef;yifMum;xJ ajy;vTm;0ifupm;\/ *Pef;
wGif;? ckwGif;uav;rsm;udk EIdufMunfh\/ wrmyifrsm;rS a<uus
aom wrmoD;? anmifyifrS a<uusaom anmifoD;rsm;udk aumuf
pm;\/ armifvlat;rSm om;uav;aemufu aumufaumufyg
atmifvu
kd af e&avawmhonf/
rajym&uf rqdk&uf ratmf&uf raiguf&uf? dkuf&efum; a0;
vSavonf/ yef;NcHxJwGif ajy;vTm; twefMumrS tdyfay:odkY jyef
wufavonf/ armifvlat; rtm; txdef;ESifhqif;vnf; qdk
r&/
tdrfay:odkY a&mufjyefuvnf; pm;p&mrsm; xnfhxm;aom
ADdkudkomvQif vufndK;xdk; ]tif;tif - tJtJ} qdkum tzGifhcdkif;
awmh\/ om;i,ftvdkudk rjiif;y,f&uf? rjiif;y,fEkdifaomaMumifh
ADdkudkzGifhNyD;vQif xef;vsuf? qD;oD;? acsmuvuf? oMum;vHk;BudKuf
&mudk,lay;\/ armifvlarT;u,layrifh vlBuD;u BudKuf&mudk r,l?
rdrdBudKuf&mudkrS auseyfavonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif idkav\/ olESifh
oifhaomtpmudk ay;rdvQif awmfygao;\/ olESifhrwnfhaom tpm
udk ,lay;rdjyefvQif cifoef;jrifhu qlaomaMumifhwpfcuf/
armifvlat; atmufxyfodkY xrif;pm; qif;aomtcgrsm;
wGifvnf; rMum rMum idkvdkuf\/ cifoef;jrifhwdkY uav;xdef;vuf
wGif xm;cJhaomfvnf; armifvlat;urlum; atmufxyfodkY ac:
qif;cJhavh&Sdonf/ xrif;pm;yGJ em;wGif ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ESifh ae&m
csxm;\/ aumifuav;u rdrdxdkifae&mrSae jrif&m[if;rsm;udk
armifvlat;
233
vufndK;xdk;um ]tif; tif; tif;} ESifhawmif;\/ awmif;

ray;vQif idkavawmhonf/ armifvlat; onf;rcHEdkif? tmvl;aMumf
yJoD; ponfwdkYudk auR;av\/ om;uav;ESifh oifhaomtpmudk
auR;rdvQif awmf\/ roifhaom pmudk auR;rdonfjzpftHh? armifvl
at;tm; 0dkif; qlMuavonf/
]uav;udk roifhwJhtpmawGudk auR;? awmfawmfMum wpfck
ckjzpf&if yl&OD;r,f? w,fcufwmudk;} [k cifoef;jrifhu qdk\/
][m jzpfawmh aq;auR;wmaygh? ol pm;csifwm pm;ygapAsm}
[k armifvlat;u ajz\/
naecif; OD;rdk;eufwdkY? udkcspfwifwdkY tvnftywfa&mufvm
oH y k & m&nf ? vd a r m f & nf r sm;ud k wd k u f a omtcg armif v l a rT ;
ayguf v mjyef N yD / {nf h o nf r sm;xH r S tcG e f a umuf u m azsmf & nf
rsm;udk aomuf\/ {nfhonfrsm;yif aumif;aumif;raomuf&/
ol a omuf o nf E S i f h y if uk e f a vawmh \ / armif v l a t;vnf ;
wm;qD;jcif;udk rjyK? Munfhom aeavonf/ tjcif;t&mudk
jrifvQif cifoef; jrifhu rauseyf/
]onfuav;[m olYtaz zsufwmESifh pnf;ysufurf;ysufjzpf
aeNyD} [k nnf;\/
]uav;qdkwm bmodwmrSwfvdkY? BuD;vmawmh pnf;aourf;
ao jzpfvmrSmaygh? tckuwnf;u pnf;awG urf;awGudk ay;ae
p&mrvdkygbl;Asm} [k armifvlat;u om;uav;bufu axmufcH
ajymqdak vonf/
]i,fi,fuwnf;u pnf;raovmwJh uav;[m BuD;jyif;vm
&ifb,fawmhrS pnf;aorSm r[kwb
f ;l rSwyf g}
]i,fi,fu pnf;aovmayr,fh BuD;vm&if arhukefwmyJ}
]tckrS onfpum;rsKd;udk ajymw,f? t&ifrcifarESifh armifjr
odef;wdkY tvnfvmwkef;uawmh uav;[m pnf;urf;aorSav;
bmav;eJY ajymw,f r[kwfbl;vm;? tck arhukefNyDayghav}
]b,farhrwHk;? [dktcgwkef;uawmh udk,fhrS om;orD;r&Sdao; bJ
om;orD;taMumif; rodao;bl;aygh? onfawmh olwum om;
orD;udk uJ&h UJ wwfwmaygh}
234
odyHarmif0
]tif; aumif;w,f? tckrS aumif;aumif; 0#fvnfawmhwmyJ

onfom;tz jzpfysufaeyHkudk vmMunfhMuygOD; vdkY rcifarqDudk
wpfaeU pma&;vdkufr,f? rSwfua&m}
]oabmygyJ} qdkum armifvlarT;udk ayGUcsDNyD; erf;Iyfvdkufav
ownf;}
Oya'/ / om;orD; r&Sdao;aom olonf olwum\ om;
orD;wdkYtm; uJh&JU Iwfcsjcif;udk rjyK&m? 0#fvnfwwfonf/

(Mo*kwfv? 1939)
q
armifvlat;
235
tpdk;& trIxrf;rsm; aexdkif&ef tpdk;&rif;u aqmufvkyfay;

xm;aom tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;cef; bk&m;aqmif[l woD;wjcm;
r&Sday/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh Ak'bmom0if tpdk;& trIxrf;rsm;
wpfNrdKUrSwpfNrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TU& tpdk;& tdrfopfrsm;odkY a&mufMu
aomtcg bk & m;pif a e&mud k a&G ; &onf r S m warmyif ? tcsKd U u
tdrfa&SU 0&efwmwGif bk&m;pifudk xm;Mu\/ tcsKdUu {nfhcef;
axmifhwpfaxmifhwGif xm;Mu\/ tcsKdUurlum; tdrfcef;twGif;
wGif xm;Muavonf/
tdrfrsm;udkaqmufuwnf;u bk&m;aqmif woD;wjcm; ryg
aomaMumifh bk&m;pifudk rnfodkYyif MuHzefum xm;Muapumrl
ae&mwusum; r&SdvSay/ bk&m;pifudk ae&mwus rxm;&aom
aMumifh Ak'bmom0if tpdk;& trIxrf;wdkif; vdkvdkyif nnf;avh
nnf;x &Sdavonf/
,ck armifvlat;wdkY aexdkifvsuf &Sdaom tdrfrSmvnf; ol\
nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;\ enf;wl bk&m;aqmif ryg/ bk&m;cef;ryg
aomtdrf jzpfavonf/ armifvlat;wdkYum; tdrftay:xyf {nfh
cef;axmifh wpfaxmifhwGif bk&m;pifudk jyKvkyfxm;Muavonf/
ae&mrusvSay/ bk&m;pif teD;rSmyif taemuftajymifawGudk
ajymMu? olwpfyg;tm; uJh&JUpum;awGudk ajymMu? Murf;wrf;aom
236
odyHarmif0
pum;awGudk ajymMuESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; rdkao&musavonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ udk,fpm; kyfwkawmfrsm;um; onf;cHawmf rl&Sm
Muayonf/
xdkkyfwkawmfrsm; oDwif; oHk;awmfrl&mum; oHk;aycefYjrifh
aom pm;yGJjzpfavonf/ kyfwkawmfrsm;\a&SUwGif yef;tdk;rsm;?
a&csrf; zefcGufrsm;jzifh a0qmvsuf &Sdaeawmh\/
armifvlat;wdkY tdrfodkY a&mufpOfu olwdkY\ om;uav;
armif v l a rT ; rS m ES p f v om; eD e D & J & J u av;jzpf \ / ,ck u m;
vrf;avQmufEdkifaom t&G,f? upm;ckefrifaomt&G,f? 18 vom;
jzpfvmavNyD? eHeufwdkif; bk&m;pifwGif cifoef;jrifhu qGrf;uyf?
a&csrf;uyf? naewdkif; bk&m;rD;xGef;onfudk armifvlarT;onf
pdkuf Munfhavh&Sd\/ olYtaru ]&Sif..&Sif ...&Sif} [kqdk um
ol\ vufESpfzufudk ,SufapNyD; OD;cscdkif;vQif OD;csavh&Sd\/ odkYaomf
ol Y t "d y g ,f u d k em;rvnf ? ol \ pd w f x J w G i f xl ; qef ; onf [ k
xif[efwal vonf/
wpfaeYaomf armifvlarT;onf olYrdbrsm;\ tdyfcef;xJwGif
tkyfuav;rsm;ESifh aqmhvsufae\/ armifvlat;rSm a&csKd;NyD;cgp
Hk;oGm;tHh[k rSefa&SUwGif tus t0wftpm;vJaeavonf/ cifoef;
jrifhuvnf; 0wKwpfyk'fpGJae\/ xdktcdkuf armifvlarT; Nidrfcsuf
om; aumif;aeavonf/ uav;tm; armifvlat;wdkY owdr&Mu/
tawmfuav; Mum t0wftpm;vJNyD;aomtcg armifvlarT;
upm;&mbufodkY olYtazu vSrf;Munfhvdkufonf &Sdaomf aumif
uav;udkrjrif? tkyfuav;udkom Murf;jyifay:wGif jyefYusJum
aeMuukef\/ tcef;xJwGif &Smaomfvnf;r&Sd/ cifoef;jrifhtm; ajym
jyNyD;vQif ESpfa,mufom; ysm,D;ysm,m avSum;bufodkYom ajy;Mu
avawmh\/ aumifuav; avSum;ay:rS vdrfhusonfrSm ESpfcg
&SdavNyD/ tckvnf; vdrfhusNyD;vQif arhrsm; aeava&mhovm; [k
awG ; awmum ES p f a ,muf o m; Nyd K if w l ajy;xG u f M ujcif ; jzpf \ /
avSum;odkY a&mufaomtcg rawGUojzifh tawmfpdwfat; oGm;Mu
NyD;vQif {nfhcef;wGif &SmMujyefavonf/
vm;vm; udk,fawmfuav;onf {nfhcef;axmifh&Sd bk&m;pif
armifvlat;
237
wGif qGrf;awmfwifxm;aom rkefYrsm;udk opfoD;rsm;udk tm;& yg;&

,lpm;NyD;vQif a&csrf;zefcGufrS a&udk armhaomufae\/ xdkYaMumifh
Nidrfcsufom; aumif;aeonf r[kwfwkefavm/ tjcif;t&mudk
jrif&aom armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkYrSm &,fyJ&,f&awmhrvdk
0rf;yJ om&awmhrvdk a'goyJ xGuf&rvdkESifh ra0cGJEdkifatmifjzpfae
Muavawmhonf/
aemufrS cifoef;jrifhonf uav;vufxJrS zefcGufudk vk,l
NyD;vQif Budrf;armif;a&&Gwf\/ aumifuav;um; em;rvnfEdkif?
pOf;pm;awGa0um rsufESmi,fuav;ESifh ae&Sm\/ cifoef;jrifhu
vnf; pdwfrausEdkif? aemif odkY bk&m;pifrS rkefYrsm;? opfoD;rsm;
udk ,lpm;vQif dkufrnf ykwfrnf[k Bufdrf;armif;vsufaeaomfvnf;
aumifuav;rSm awGa0vsufom ae&Smavonf/ ol em;rvnf
Edkif/ xdkrkefYrsm;? opfoD;rsm;rSm t&om&SdaMumif;udk olem;vnf
avonf/
][m onfavmufrBudrf;ygeJYAsm? bk&m;pifu rkefYEdIufpm;wm
tjypf&rdS ,f rxifygbl;}
armifvlat;u NyHK;vsufajymum cifoef;jrifhvufxJrSuav;
udk vk,lvdkuf\/
]b,fhES,faMumifh tjypfr&Sd&rSmvJ? pGefYrSrpGefY&ao;bJ [m}
]rpGefY &ao;ayr,fh? uav;[m bmem;vnfrvJ? pm;yGJay:
rS m rk e f Y a wG ? opf o D ; awG ? a&awG a wG U awmh pm;&aomuf & w,f
rS w f v d k Y pm;aomuf w maygh ? tpd k ; & Oya'rS m awmif touf
ckepfESpfom;u b,fOya'udkyJ usL;vGef usL;vGef tjypfr&Sdbl;qdk
r[kwv
f m;}
]Oya'awG bmawG em;rvnfaygif? wu,fvdkY tjypfr&Sdbl;
xm;OD; uav;rSm tmpuf vQmpuf nhHukefrSmaygh? oxHkrEk[mrif;
udMk unfyh gvm;}
][m armifarT;[m 18-vom; &Sdao;w,f? b,fu tmpuf
vQmpufawG &Sd&OD;rSmwHk;? rEk[mrif;u toufBuD;vSNyDAs}
]touf BuD;csifBuD;? i,fcsifi,f? bkef;eJY uHeJYvl[m arG;u
wnf;u bkef;uH[m ygvmwmyJ? udkajymvdkufrSjzifh abmufcsnf;yJ}
238
odyHarmif0
]abmuf r[kwfbl;av? EdkY uav;awG vefYoGm;wJhtcg xdwf

oGm;wJhtcg bmvdkY bk&m;pifu a&udkwdkufovJ}
]bmaMumifh jzpfjzpf em;rvnfbl;? aumifuav; aemufwpf
cg bk & m;pif u EI d u f p m;&if a wmh taqmf y J [if ; } [l qd k u m
tdyfcef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;NyD;vQif rqHk;ao;aom 0wKudk qufvuf
zwfaejyef\/ armifvlat;wdkY om;tzom {nfhcef;xJwGif usef&pf
cJMh uavonf/
xdkYaemuf aumifuav;onf vlBuD;rsm; vpfwdkif; vpfwdkif;
qGrf;awmf wifxm;aom rkefYrsm;?opfoD;rsm;udk EIdufpm;\/ bk&m;
pifrS a&udk ,laomuf\/ bk&m;rD;xGef;&ef xm;aom za,mif;wdkif
rsm;udk ,l upm;\/ cifoef;jrifhu jrifwdkif; jrifwdkif; Budrf;armif;
avonf/ armifvlat;uvnf; cifoef;jrifh Budrf;armif;wdkif; om;
bufu a&SUaevdkufavonf/ odkY a&SUaevdkufwdkif; vifr,m;
ESpaf ,muf tjiif;yGm;Mu&avonf/
odkY tjiif;yGm;zef rsm;vwfaomf bk&m;cef;? bk&m;aqmif
uif;rJhaom tpdk;&tdrfudk tjypfjrifpjyKvm\/ tu,fom tpdk;
&tdrfrsm;wGif woD;wjcm; bk&m;cef;? bk&m;aqmif &SdrnfqdkvQif
armifvlarT;onf bk&m;pifrS rkefYrsm;? opfoD;rsm;udk EIdufpm;rnf
r[kwf/ odkY rEIdufpm;vQif cifoef;jrifhonf om;uav;udk Budrf;
armif;rnfr[kwf/ odkY pOf;pm;rdum bk&m;aqmif bk&m;cef;
rygaomtpdk;&tdrftay:wGif vHk;vHk;BuD; tjypfcs avawmho
wnf;/
odkYtjypfcsaeHkESifh rNyD;ao;? jyKjyifp&m&SdvQif jyKjyif&rnf/
qlay;p&m&SdvQif qlay;&rnf/ txufem;aygufatmif xdxda&muf
a&muf aqmif&Guf&rnf/ ]idkwwfaom uav;EdkY0onf} [laomxHk;
udEk v
S ;kH oGi;f um atmufygpmudk a&;om;aeavownf;/
tpdk;& trIxrf; armifvlat;xHrS
jrefrmjynf v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&;ESihf opfawma&;XmecsKyf
twGif;0ef OD;vS&dSef (bDtufpfpD? bDt,fvf? tdkifpDtufpf)
xHodkY jynfa&Tbkd
armifvlat;
239
4?7?39/
0efrif;cifAsm; .. ..
tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; aexdkif&ef aqmufvkyfxm;aom tdrfrsm;
rSm 0efrif;wdkY\ XmevufatmufrSm &SdaomaMumifh tdrfrsm;ESifh
ywfouf wdkifwef;p&m tBuHay;p&m &Sdygojzifh 0efrif;wdkYodkY
pmudk a&;&jcif;jzpfygonfcifAsm;/ 0efrif; odawmfrlonfhtwdkif;
uRefawmfwdkYtpdk;&trIxrf;rsm; aexdkif&m tpdk;& tdrfrsm;rSm bk&m;
aqmif bk&m;cef;rsm;udk woD;wjcm; pDrHay;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
bk&m;ausmif;aqmif bk&m;cef;r r&SdonfhtwGuf Ak'bmom0if
r[kwfMuaom tpdk;& trIxrf;wdkYtwGuf ta&;rBuD; raxmif;wm
vSaomfvnf; uRefawmfrsKd;wdkYuJhodkY Ak'bmom tpdk;& trIxrf;wdkY
twGufrSm vGefpGmrSyif ta&;BuD;ygonf/
a&S;tcgu txuftpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;rSm Ak'bmom0ifrsm;
enf;yg;vSaomaMumifh tpdk;&tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;ausmif;aqmif
bk&m;cef;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; pDrHxm;jcif; rjyKcJh[ef wlygonf/ odkY
jzpfaomaMumihf tpdk;&tm; tjypfqdk&ef wpfpHkwpf&mrQ r&Sdyg/ odkY
aomf ,ckacwfwGif Ak'bmom0if tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; wpfaeYwpf
jcm; rsm;jym; vmNyDjzpfaMumif;udkvnf; 0efrif;ESifhwuG 0efrif;wdkY
pHaysmf&m twGif;0efHk;BuD; wpfHk;vHk;u todyifjzpfygawmhonf/
tpdk;& t&m&Sd qdk&mrSmvnf; ti,fpm; tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;
om r[kwf? tBuD;pm; tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm; txJrSyif Ak'bmom0if
rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm;yg0ifaeaMumif;udkvnf; 0efrif;wdkY todyifjzpf
ygonf/
odkY acwftcg ajymif;vJaeonfhtavsmuf tpdk;&rif;u
aqmufvkyfay;aom tdrfrsm;\ yHkpHudk jyKjyifay;&ef tcsdefwefNyD
[k xifygonf/ tpdk;&tdrfrsm;udk aqmufvkyfaomtcg xdktdrfrsm;
wGif aexdkifrnfh tpdk;& trIxrf;\ vdktifqEtwdkif;vdkufum
aqmuf v k y f a y;xm;jcif ; omvQif taumif ; qH k ; jzpf o nf [ k
uReaf wmf,q
l ygonf/
,ck vufiif; uRefawmfwdkY trIxrf;rsm; tvdk&SdaeonfrSm
tpdk;&tdrfrsm; bk&m;aqmif bk&m;cef;rsm;jzpfygonf/ odkYrSom
240
odyHarmif0
uRefawmfwdkY pdwfat;csrf;ompGm bk&m;udk 0wfjyKMunfndKMu&yg

rnf/ ,ckrSm bk&m;aqmif bk&m;cef; woD;wjcm;r&SdaomaMumifh
tdrf0&efwm? tdrf{nfhcef;? tdrfeH&Hcef;rsm;wGif bk&m;pifudk xm;Mu&
ygonf/ bk&m;udk rdkao&mvnf;us? bk&m;udk 0wfjyK&mwGifvnf;
wnfMunfjcif;? orm"dr&bJjzpfaeMu&ygonf/
xdkYtjyif bk&m;aqmif woD;wjcm;r&SdaomaMumifh 0&efwm
bk&m;pif? {nfhcef; bk&m;pifwdkYwGif qGrf;awmf wifxm;aomtcg
usD ; waomaomES i f h aeonf u d k v nf ; rMum rMum awG U jrif z l ;
ygonf/ 0efrif;vnf; BuHKzl;ygvdrfhrnf/
tpdk;&tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;aqmif bk&m;cef; woD;wjcm; rvkyf
ay;onfhtwGuf uRefawmfudk,fwdkif tBuD;tus,f'kua&mufae&
ygonf/ touf wpfESpfcGJcefY t&G,f&Sd uRefawmf\ om;uav;
armifvlarT;onf vlBuD;rsm; tvpfwGif bk&m;pif qGrf;awmfwif
xm;aom rkefYrsm;? opfoD;rsm;udk rMum rMum EIdufpm;avh&Sdygonf/
odkYtwGuf olYudk rsufpd rjywfatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
&aom 'kurSm i,faom 'kur[kwfyg/ odkY apmifha&SmufMunfh
Iae&aomaMumifh wpftdrfom;vHk; tvkyftudkifysufvSygawmh
onf/ odkY wif;usyfpGm apmifhMuyfygvsuf tvpftvpfwGif EIduf
,l pm;aomufavh&Sdygonf/ ta&;ESifhywfouf uRefawmfESifh
uRefawmfhZeD;wdkYrSmvnf; rMum rMum tjiif;yGm; tcsif;rsm;&jcif;
rsm;&SdMuygonf/ tu,fom tpdk;&tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;aqmif
bk&m;cef;rsm; woD;wjcm; pDrHxm;ygvQif ,ck uRefawmf azmfjy
aom 'kursKd;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY awGUMuHK&rnfr[kwf/ 'kursKd;udk
uRefawmfwdkY vifr,m;om awGUBuHK&rnfr[kwf/ tjcm;Ak'bm
om0if tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;vnf; awGUMuHKcHpm;&onf[k uRefawmf
,Hk Munfygonf/ tu,fom tpdk;&tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;aqmif
bk&m;cef; woD;wjcm; pDrHxm;rnfqdkvQif txufwGif azmfjyxm;
aom 'kursKd;udk rBuHKawGU&aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY tpdk;&trI
xrf;rsm;rSm tpdk;&rif;\ trIawmfudk ydkrdk aumif;rGefpGm xrf;&Guf
EdkifrnfrSm trSefyifjzpfygonf/ ,ckrSm uav;qGrf;awmfcGufudk
EIdufrnf pdk;aomaMumifh owdxm;ae&ojzifh uRefawmfhrSm tpD&if
armifvlat;
241
cHpm pD&ifcsufrsm;udkyif ajzmifhajzmifhwef;wef; ususee ra&;Edkif

bJ jzpfaeygawmhonf/
xdkYtjyif tpdk;&tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;aqmif bk&m;cef;rsm;udk
woD;wjcm; pDrHay;xm;rnfqdkvQif tpdk;&trIxrf;wdkYonf ,ck
xuf yd k r d k N yD ; vQif bk & m;? w&m;ud k Munf n d K av;pm; vm&ef
taMumif;&Sdygonf/ xdktcg bk&m;rBudKufaom vmbfpm;jcif;?
trIrsm;vnf; wpfp wpfp yaysmufoGm;&ef taMumif;&Sdygonf/
tpdk;& trIxrf;rsm; t*wdav;yg; vdkufpm;jcif;rsm;vnf; wpfaeU
wjcm;aysmuf u G , f o G m ;ygvd r f h r nf / trI t cif ; rsm;tay:vnf ;
wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYu tMunfndK wdk;vmygvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg wdkif;
jynfwGif qlyla&;rsm; yaysmufoGm;NyD;vQif om,mat;csrf;0ajym
jcif;rsm; a&mufvmygvdrfhrnf/ xdktcg jrefrmjynfBuD;rSm ewfbHk
ewfeef;Bu;D ozG,f jzpfomG ;ygvdrrhf nf/
tcsufudk axmufxm;NyD;vQif tpdk;&tdrfrsm;wGif bk&m;
aqmifbk&m;cef; woD;wjcm; tjrefpDrHay;&ef ,ckvuf&Sdopfawm
a&; 0efBuD;csKyftm; wdkufwGef;ay;&ef awmif;yefvdkuf&ygawmhonf/
uRefawmhfawmif;yefcsuftwdkif; aqmif&Gufay;ygvQif uRefawmfwdkY
Ak'bmom0if tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u xdkaqmif&Gufay;aom 0efBuD;
csKyftm; bk&m; &Sdcdk;wdkif; &Sdcdk;wdkif; touf&mausmf&Snfygap? &mxl;
NrJ y gap [l qk a wmif ; Murnf r S m trS e f y if j zpf y gonf / Ak '
bmom0ift&m&Sdrsm;\ arwmudk cH,l&aom trwfcsKyfBuD;rsm;rSm
touf & mausmf & S n f &mxl ; NrJ r nf r S m rvG J E d k i f a wmh y g/ od k Y
pD r H a y;onf h 0ef B uD ; csKyf & mxl ; jyKwf a p&ef twd k u f t cH b uf u
rnfodkYyif BudK;pm;apumrl uRefawmfwdkY\ arwmudk cH,l&rnf
jzpf a omaMumif h &mxl ; jyKwf r nf r [k w f y g/ t,H k t Munf r&S d
tqdkrsm;udk wifoGif; aomfvnf; tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
,cif u opf a wma&; 0ef B uD ; csKyf r sm; &mxl ; rNrJ M uonf r S m
ta&;ud k vspf v sLI c J h a omaMumif h jzpf o nf [ k uRef a wmf
t,l&ydS gonf/
ajrvufrJh awmifolrsm; wpfa,mufvQif v,f{u 10 pD
&zdkY&ef udprSm ta&;BuD;onf rSefyg\/ *VKefwyfom;rsm;? ocif
242
odyHarmif0
taygif;wdkYudk ESdrfeif;&ef udprSm ta&;BuD;onf rSefyg\/ odkYaomf

uRefawmf azmfjyNyD;jzpfaom bk&m;aqmif bk&m;cef; aqmufvkyf
ay;jcif; udprSmvnf; xdkta&;rsm;avmufyif ta&;BuD;onf[k
uRefawmf ,HkMunfygonf/ odkYjzpfaomaMumifh udpudk tjrefqHk;
pDrHay;&ef ,ckvuf&Sd 0efBuD;csKyftm; wdkufwGef;ay;ygcifAsm;/
armifval t;
odkY a&;NyD;vQif cifoef;jrifhtm; zwfjy\/ cifoef;jrifh
u rJhavonf/
ol&d,? wGJ-22? rSwf-19?

(pufwifbmv? 1939)
w
armifvlat;
243
armif;oHrSm tpm;pm;&Sd\/ aumif;aom armif;oH? qdk;aom

armif;oH? raumif;waumif; rqdk;wqdk; armif;oH/
w&m;yGJ aMumfjimaom armif;oH? tcGefawmf avQmhaygha&;
twGuf tpnf;ta0;usif;y&eftaMumif; aMumfjimaom armif;oH
wdkYum; aumif;aom armif;oH/
eHeuf apmapm bDvpfHk;rS xkaom armif;oH? tjcm;avvHyGJ
wd k Y xk a om armif ; oH w d k Y u m; raumif ; waumif ; rqd k ; wqd k ;
armif;oHww
Ykd nf;/
&Sif;&OD;rnf/ w&m;a[myGJtwGuf aMumfjimaom armif;oH
onf Mum;&olwdkY\em;wGif om,m\? MunfEl;\? ESpfouf\? oHo
&mtwGuf tusKd;rsm;aom armif;? tcGefawmf avQmhaygha&;twGuf
pnf;a0;&ef aMumfjimaom armif;um; Mum;&olwdkY tm;wuf\?
0rf;ajrmuf\? olYxufig tvsifa&muf&ef ajy;csifMu\/ avmu
a&;twGuf tusKd;rsm;aom armif;? xdkYaMumifh armif;oHrsm;udk
aumif;aom armif;oH[l qdk&\/
&GmolBuD;tdrfrS xkaom armif;oHudk Mum;vdkufvQif &Gmom;
wdkY\ pdwfxJwGif xdwfoGm;\/? vefYoGm;\/ aMumufoGm;\/
bmaMumifhygvdrfh/ tcGefawmf awmif;&eftwGufyJvm;? em;udk ydwf
244
odyHarmif0
xm;csif\/ r0Hh? a&Smifwdrf;csif\/ r&J/ oGm;jyeftcuf roGm;jyef

tcuf? roGm;u 'PftdkufcH&rnf/ oGm;u tcGefawmf awmif;
rnf/ ay;p&mvnf; r&Sd? xdkYaMumifh &GmolBuD;tdrfrS xkaom armif;
oHudk raumif;aom armif;oH[k qdk&avonf/
eHeufapmapm bdvpfHk;rS xkaom armif;oH? tjcm;avvH
a&mif;aom ae&mrsm;rS xkaom armif;oHudk Mum;vdkuf&vQif 0,f
&ef tacsmifapmihfaeaom olwdkYtwGuf edrdwfaumif;BuD;jzpf\/
r*Fvm&Sdaom armif;oHBuD;jzpf\/ olYxufig tvsifOD;atmif ajy;
Mu\/ rdrd wpfOD;wnf;&Sdu aygaygESifh &rnf/ odkYaomf avvH
ta&mif;cH&aom olwdkYum; xdkarmif;oHrSm r*Fvmr&Sdaom toH?
iS u f q d k ; xuf y if qd k ; 0g;ao;\/ em;xJ o d k Y pl ; 0if o G m ;avawmh
onf/ rdrdwdkY\ ypnf;ESifh rdrdwdkYrSm tdk;pm;uGJ&acsawmhrnf/ idkol
idkMu? a&Smif&Sm; oGm;oloGm;Mu? &Sufp&mBuD;jzpfayonf/ odkY
tcsKdUudk 0rf;ajrmufapvdk tcsKdUudk 0rf;enf;aponfhtwGuf 4if;
armif;oHrsKd;udk raumif;waumif; rqdk;wqdk; armif;oH[k qdk&ay
onf/
a&ayguf&GmolBuD; tdrfrS nOfhoef;acgiftcsdef xkvdkufaom
armif;oHum; tqdk;wumh tqdk;qHk;aom armif;oH[k qdk&rnf/
ol B uD ; td r f r S v nf ; xk j yef ? tcsd e f u mvuvnf ; oef ; acgif , H ?
xdkarmif;oHudk Mum;&aomtcgwGif 0efaxmuf armifvlat;ESifh
,pfrsKd;t&m&Sd OD;barmfwdkYonf a&ayguf&Gm? ukvm; rlol;tdrfwGif
pcef;csaeMuavonf/ nOfhOD;,HurS a&aygufodkY a&mufMuav
onf/ olBuD;tdrfwGif jrif;awG EGm;awG arG;xm;av&um; jrif;acs;
apmf? EGm;acs;apmf eHvSojzifh olBuD;tdrfwGif pcef;rcs? rlol;tdrf
teHUtapmf tenf;i,fuif;\/
wpfaeYywfvHk; c&D;yifyef; vmMuavonf/ qmavmifvm
Muavonf/ xrif;pm;yGJwGif ESpfa,mufom; 0if xdkifvdkufMu
onfrSm awmfawmfMumrSxMuavawmhonf/ OD;barmfum; Adkuf
ylyl? cyfykyk? cyf00? pum;tajym cyfaumif;aumif;? xrif;pm;NyD;
MuvQif "m;jytaMumif;? vlqdk;taMumif;? olykeftaMumif; aqG;Mu
aEG;Mu? vufzuf&nfMurf;cGufuav; wpfcGufpDESifh xef;vsuf yef;
armifvlat;
245
uefjym; wpfckvnf;&Sd? aomufNyD;Mu aqG;aEG;NyD;MuvQif tdyf&m

0ifMuavawmhonf/ wynfh bdk;a&T? xGef;az? armifyk? pma&;zsef pdef
wdkYvnf; tdyfMuavNyD/
armyef ; vmMuaomaMumif h v m;rod ? rMumrD wpf t d r f v H k ;
wdwfqdwfvsuf oGm;avawmh\/ OD;barmf\ jyif;jyvSpGmaom
a[mufoHrS wpfyg; tjcm;toH[l rMum;&/ armifvlat;vnf;
tdyfavNyD/ rnfrQMumatmif tdyfaysmfaeonfudk rod&/ olBuD;
tdrfbufu armif;oHudk Mum;rS Edk;vmawmhonf/
vufOD;wpfcsufMum;\? em;pGifhum axmifavonf/ ESpfcsuf
Mum;\? xxdkifavonf/ oHk;csufMum;\? OD;vlarmfudkac:av
onf/ av;csufMum;\/ OD;vlarmf xl;avonf/ ig;csufMum;\/
tdyf&mrS xavonf/ ajcmufcsuf Mum;\/ wpftdrfvHk; Edk;avonf/
aemufarmif; tcsufaygif; rsm;pGmyif ta&;rvkyfEdkif? aoewf
xkwfolxkwf? abmif;bD0wfol0wf? ,rf;awmifh&Smol&Sm? rD;xGef;ol
xGef;? zdeyf pD;olpD;? tdrfwdkifESifh wdkufrdol wdkufrd? vufESdyf"mwfrD;
xkwo
f x
l w
k /f
armifvlat;um; tdyf&mrS xonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf abmif;bD
twdkuav;udk pGyf\/ tjzLa&mif &Syftusudk 0wf\/ tjzLa&mif
bavZm tusudk xyf0wf\/ teufa&mifzdeyfudk pD;NyD;vQif ao
ewfudk&Sm\/ rawGU? tdrfrS ygrvm? ta&;xJusrS arhvmawmh
onf/ cufvdkufygbdawmh? OD;barmfwGif ESpfvHk;jyL; wpfvuf? awmfNyD?
udp r&Sd? "m;jyawG vkyfaoewf tjyifryg/ ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk
,rf;xd;k \/
at;/ /udkif; oGm;MupdkY/
armf/
/ aeygOD; ... aeygOD;? tjzLawGESifh ae&mrus?
tjzLawGcRwyf g/
armifvlat;onf OD;barmf\ pum;twdkif; vdkufem\/ tjzL
awGudk cRwf? umuDawGudk0wf? tcsdeftenf;i,f aESmif;oGm;\/
rauseyf? udkif; oGm;MupdkY? bdk;a&TESifh armifykwdkY vdkufcJhMu/
zsefpdefum; axmifhwpfaxmifhwGif ukyfaeavawmhonf/ olY
udkac:rnfpdk;aomaMumifhxifh? xGef;azum; armifvlat;tm; tus
246
odyHarmif0
abmif;bD xkwfay;&onfESifhyif tcsdefukef\/ armifykESifh bdk;a&T

wkdY rsm;pGm rvdkufcsifMu/ e,fydkifESifh ,pfrsKd;rif;wdkYudk aMumufMu
aomaMumifo
h m vdu
k Mf u&avonf/
armifvlat;um; a&SUqHk;? 4if;aemuf OD;barmf? 4if;aemuf
armifyk? 4if;aemuf bdk;a&T? armifvlat; vufwGif ajcmufvHk;jyL;
OD;barmf vufwGif ESpfvHk;jyL;? armifykvufwGif OD;barmf\ ajcmuf
vHk;jyL;? bdk;a&TvufwGif vufESdyf"mwfrD;/
ol B uD ; td r f u m; rl o l ; td r f r S ud k u f w pf & mcef Y ? a&umwmud k
rsufESmjyKvsuf Mum;wGif oHk;av;tdrfrQom &Sdonf/ cyfusJusJyif/
4if;tdrfrsm; aemufwGif uGif;jyifBuD;? ab;ywfvnfwGif ajrvyf/
a&umwmay:rS vlav;a,muf avQmufoGm;Mu? cyfjznf;
jznf;? cyfjznf;jznf;? "m;jyrsm;ESifh yufyif;yg awGUrnfaMumuf&?
t&rf; pdkif;oGm; rjzpf/ udk,fu rOD;rD olwdkYu OD;oGm;rSm pdk;&?
udk,fuOD;rS tawmfusrnf/ vvnf;r&Sd? arSmifrdkufwkef;? vufESdyf
"mwfrD;udkvnf; rxdk;0Hh? "m;jyrsm;u vSrf;NyD; ypfvdkufrSjzifh&if
tcuf/ cyfvSrf;vSrf;udk jrif&ef wmay:rS 0yf Munfh&\/ vm;
vm; a&SUem;wGif vloHk;a,muf? armifvlat;wdkY wmab; qif;
0yfMuonfhtcg "m;jyom; pm;awmhrnf/ {uE "m;jyrsm;\ uif;
ESifhwl\/ aoewfrsm;ESifh csdefxm;? ypfawmhrnf? aeOD;? vlrSm;rnf/
csdefae&if; 4if;wdkYrSm a0;onfxuf a0; oGm;Mu\/ "m;jyawG\
uif;r[kwf/ &Gmom;awG tultnD oGm;Mu[efwlonf/
wmab;rS wGm; qufvuf oGm;Mujyef\/ a>rudk aMumuf&
arSmifxJrSm a>rayG;rsm;udkifrdrS tcuf? "m;jy vufeufxufyifqdk;
OD;rnf/ ajccs&rnfudk cyfaMumufaMumuf/ vufcs &rnfudk cyf
aMumufaMumuf/ pdwfxJwGif at; at; oGm;awmh\/ a>rayG;
uvnf; aygbdoESifh/ ql;uvnf; pl;vdkufwm ajymp&mr&Sd/ 'l;awG
aygifawGrmS jcpf&mcsn;f /
odkYjzifh olBuD;tdrfbufodkY ppfcsD wufvmMuaom [l\/
c&D;wpf0ufcefY a&mufvQif aemufodkYvSnfh Munfhrdonf/ OD;b
armfESifh armifykwdkY awmfawmf vSrf;vSrf;wGif usef&pfcJhMuavonf/
]jrefjrefvmMuyg} [k avoHESifh vSnhf ac:\/ a[m ... a[m
armifvlat;
247
OD;barmfBuD;? wmay:rS vSdrfh csavNyD/ cufygbdawmh/ bmjzpf

wmygvdrfh/ vmNyDvdkY Mum;xifyg&JU/ tem;odkY oGm; jrefjrefvm&ef
ac:&\/
tjcm; tcgrlum; [uf[ufyufyuf &,f&rnfrkcs/ ,ckvdk
tcgrlum; a'goyif xGufrdawmh[l\/
av;a,mufom; wmab;rS wGm;oGm;Mujyef\/ aoewfrsm;
jzifh csdefvsuf/ odkYjzifh olBuD; tdrfem; a&mufMuavonf/? olBuD;
ywf0ef;usifwGif rD;wkwfrsm; 0dkif; pdkufxm;\/ olBuD;tdrfwGif;
qlnH qlnHESifh {uE "m;jywdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/ olBuD;udkrsm;
owfvu
kd Mf uNyaD vm/
wpfaeUuyif ppfuGif;olBuD;tm; owfoGm;MuNyD/ twefMum
vQif olBuD;tdrf wnfhwnfhodkY a&muf\/ wmESifh olBuD;tdrfum;
ra0;vS/ ayig;q,f? ajcmufq,fcefYyif uGmavonf/ wmay:rS
0yfypf&ef csdef&G,fxm;Mu/ csufaumif;ESifh wdk;rdayNyD/ armifvl
at;\ rsuf p d x J w G i f bk & if c H u ay;vd k u f a om 0rf ; ajrmuf p m
csD;rGrf;pmudkjrifa,mifa,mif/ OD;barmf rsufpdxJwGif ol&Jaumif;
aiG"m;&rif;wnf;[laom bGJUxl;BuD;udk jrifa,mifa,mif/ armifyk
rsufpdxJwGif aiGwpf&mESifh *kPfxl;aqmifvufrSwf/ bdk;a&T\ rsufpd
xJwGif aiGig;q,fESifh aiGem&DwpfvHk; toD;oD; jrifa,mifa,mif/
]ypfawmhr,f}
]aeygOD;}
]AdkufudkrSefrS ae&musrnf/ ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifaeolum; Adkvf
ESifhwl\/ olpum; trsm;qHk;? olYudk rSefatmifypf? csdefxm;/ tcsuf
ay;vdkufu ypf? aeygOD;? olBuD;\ toHESifh rwlbl;vm;}
][kww
f ,f? em;axmifprf;}
]tppfaygh olBu;D toHy}J
]armifyk aoaocsmcsmMunfph rf;}
]olBuD;ygyJ? rvGJygbl;? bmjzpfaeygvdrfh? olBuD; tl;xovm;
rl;aeNyx
D ifw,f}
]bdk;a&T ar;prf;}
bdk;a&T/ / olBuD; bmjzpfwmvJ bmvkyfaeovJ/
248
odyHarmif0
olBuD;/ / odcsif&if vmMunfh? rif;b,folvJ? vlyg;0csif

ovm;? tckaooGm;r,f/
bdk;a&T/ / 0efaxmufrif;ygw,f/
ol B uD ; /
/ eif h b d k ; at0ef a xmuf v m;? ygcsif y g?
ig*krpdu
k b
f ;l /
armifvlat;wdkY aoewfawGudk,fpDESifh olBuD;tdrfodkY qif;
oGm;MuNyD/ armifvlat;\ rsufESmudk jrifvQif olBuD;rsufESm rnfodkY
jzpfoGm;rSef; rod/ Muufao aoaeavNyD/ pum;wpfcGef;rQ rxGuf/
&Gmom; 15 a,mufcefY ajrBuD;ay:wGif rvIyfr,Suf xdkifaeMuav
onf/ armifval t;\ rsuEf mS xm; eDjref;vsu/f 4if;vnf; pum; rxGu/f
ol B uD ; pum; rxG u f j cif ; um; aMumuf ? armif v l a t;
pum; rxGufjcif;um; pdwfqdk;? twefMumaomf ...
at;/ / bmjzpfvdkY armif;xk&wmvJ? tcsdefrawmf/
BuD;/
/ w&m;cH zrf;vmvdkY bk&m;? uif;apmifholudk ac:
wm/
w&m;cH bdk;jzLum; ajcvufawG BudK;ESifhwkyfvsuf? wdkifwpf
wdkifwGif auG;auG;av; rsufESmaoESifh/
at;/
/ uif;orm; ac:csif&if q,ftdrfacgif;udk qifh?
tcsdefrawmf taMumif;xl; r&Sd&if armif;rxk&bl;qdkwm rodbl;
vm;? cifAsm;rl;aew,f}
olBuD;/ / rrl;ygbk&m;? rrl;ygbk&m; (t&ufoHESifhajym)
at;/ / awmf awmf awmf? tdyf tdyf tdyf reufjzef
xkacsvTmeJY vmcJh/
armifvlat;wdkY xGufvmcJhMu\/ olBuD;vnf; NidrfoGm;av
NyD/ &Gmom;wdkYvnf; xjyefMu\/ w&m;cHbdk;jzLum; wdkifwGif
auG;vsuf rvIyfom/ tm*olBuD; OD;xGef;0if;wJh? rSwfMua&mh/

(azazmf0g&Dv? 1933)
a
armifvlat;
249
armifvlat; aexdkiftkyfcsKyf&mjzpfaom NrdKU\ tpGeftzsm;

wG i f p@mvaygif ; 80 eD ; yg;wd k Y o nf t&yf w nf u m td r f a wG ?
,mawGESifh aexdkifMuukef\/ NrdKUwGif; aexdkifMuukefaom olwdkY
um; xdkp@mvrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f r&Sd/ olwdkYaexdkif&modkY
tvnftywfrQ roGm;Muacs/ Zmwfr&Sdaom jrefrmrsm;yifvQif
p@mvrsm;udu
k m; txl;ojzifah &SmifMuOfMuavonf/
xdkYaMumifh p@mvydkif;wGif jzpfysufaeyHk? p@mvawGaexdkif
pm;aomufMuyHk? olwdkY oGm;vm aygif;oif;MuyHkrsm;udk NrdKUwGif;
aexdkifolwdkY aumif;aumif;rodMuacs/ umvay: 0wKrsm;wGif
vnf; p@mv0wK? p@mv Zmwfvdkufrsm;taMumif; rzwf&zl;ay/
0w K a&; q&mawG u ayrif h p@mvrsm;ud k cyf a &S m if a &S m if y if /
pifppfum; p@mvvnf;vl? p@mvvnf; jrefrm? a&Smifwdrf;
aep&m taMumif;rjrif/
armif v l a t;um; od M um;vnf ; r[k w f ? r[w r *E D v nf ;
r[kwfaomaMumifh p@mvrsm;udk cyfa&Smifa&Smifae\/ olwdkYESifh
qufqHjcif;udk rjyKvdkay/ odkYaomf tpdk;&urlum; p@mvaom
omuD0ifaom cGJjcm;jcif;udk rjyK? vlaumif;aom vlqdk;aom cGJjcm;
jcif;udk rjyK? olaX;om;aom qif;&Jom;aom cGJjcm;jcif; r&Sd? Oya'
wpfrsKd;wnf;udk owfrSwf xm;avonf/ ,ckum; armifvlat;
rSm tpdk;&trIawmfudk 0ifa&mufum xrf;&Gufaerdvsuf jzpfaom
aMumifh p@mvrsm;udk rvGJra&SmifomNyD/ olwdkYESifh qufqH&av
ownf;/
p@mvrsm;ESifh armifvlat; a&S;OD;pGm qufqH&onfum;
odw
Yk nf;/
250
odyHarmif0
p@mvydkif;wGif aqmufvkyfxm;aom wJtdrfuav;rsm;rSm

wpftdrf\ aemufaz;udk wpftdrfu rsufESmjyK? rdvmvrf;vnf;
uif;rJh? tdrfom qdkonfrSmvnf; ewd? npfywfvdkufonfrSm qdkp
&mr&Sd/ jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeMuawmhonf/ rnfolrQ *krpdkuf/ a&m
*gvnf; r&Mu/ olwdkYtvdkuftxdkuf aysmf&TifpGm aeMuavonf/
rdrdwdkY\ ae&yfudk ewfjynfESifhyif vJcsifMurnfrxif/
odkY aysmf&TifpGm aeMucdkuf wpfaeYo ta&;ydkifrif;onf
e,f v S n f h & if ; xd k p @mvyd k i f ; od k Y a&muf o G m ;\/ p@mvyd k i f ; \
jzpfysufaeyHk tjcif;t&mudk jrifaomf tawmfyif pdwfysufoGm;
avonf/ ta&;ydkifrif; jyefoGm; rsm;rMumrD p@mvydkif;&Sdtdrf
rsm; zsufapNyD;vQif wnDwnm ae&mwus tuGufrsm;udk csay;
rnf[laom trdefYpmonf armifvlat;xHodkY a&mufvmavawmh
ownf;/ armifvlat;um; rvTJom ra&SmifomNyD/ ta&;ydkifrif;
\ trdefYudk emcH&awmhtHh/
ta&;ydkifrif;\ trdefYpmtaMumif;udk Mum;&vQif p@mv
wpfydkif;vHk; qlnHoGm;\/ pdwfnpfolnpf? pdwfysufolysuf? qlyGuf
olawGuvnf; trsm;? ta&;ydkifrif;tm; usdefqJolawGuvnf;
r&S m ;/ od k Y a omf ta&;yd k i f r if ; \ trd e f Y u m;rvG e f q ef 0 H h M uaom
aMumifh rdrd\ tdrfrsm;udk wpftdrfNyD;vQif wpftdrf zsufqD;ypfvdkuf
Mu&ukef\/ tjcif;t&mudkjrif&aom armifvlat;um; oem;
p&m rqHk;awmhNyD/
p@mvrsm;um; todkYvQif tdrfopf wJopfrsm;udk jyef
aqmufvkyfEdkifygtHhawmhenf;[k awG;awm pOf;pm;rd\/ odkYaomf
rdrd\ wm0ef&Sdonfhtwdkif; ajrpm&if;XmerS vlrsm;ESifh ajr,muGuf
wdkYudk ae&mwus pDrH ay;&avonf/
p@mv taygif;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkYvdk&m tuGufrsm;udk
awmif;Muukef\/ olwdkYvdkaom tuGufrsm;udk ay;cJhaomfvnf;
vlrsm;um; tb,frSmvQif wJopf tdrfopfwdkYudk xyfrHaqmuf
vkyfEdkifawmhtHhenf; [laom pdwfxm;ESifhomvQif olwdkY\ae&mrS
xGucf mG cJah vownf;/
xdkYaemuf ESpfvcefYMumcJh\/ wpfaeYaomf tdrf&muGufrsm;udk
armifvlat;
251
oGm;a&muf ppfaq;aomtcg ,cif wJukyfrsm; ae&mwGif ysOfaxmif

ysOfcif;? opfwdkif oGyfrdk;ESifh tdrfrsm;a&mufaeMuonfudk jrif&ojzifh
rsm;pGm tHhMo oGm;\/ ae&mvyf[lvnf; wpfuGufrQ r&SdawmhNyD/
p@mv wpfydkif;vHk;wGif tdrfopf tdrfaumif;wdkYESifh jynfhESufvsuf
aeawmh\/
tjcm;t&yf jzpfygvQif tdrfudk tzsufcdkif;ygu wJukyfom
jyef jzpf a wmh r nf ? wJ u k y f u d k tzsuf c d k i f ; vQif ajruG u f o m
usefawmhrnfrSm rvGJwnf;/ p@mv ydkif;wGifum; wJukyfrsm;udk
tzsufcdkif;&m xdkae&mwdkYwGif tdrfaumif;rsm; a&mufvmMuukef
\/ onfudk jrif&aom armifvlat;\ pdwfxJwGif ]aMomf 'DaMu;
aiG &Sm;yg;aom acwfBuD;wGif p@mvawGom ae&mtusqHk;yg
wum;} [k awG;awmum rdrd\ tdrfodkY jyefvmavownf;/
p@mvydkif;odkY armifvlat; 'kwd,tBudrf a&muf&jyef\/
tBudrf a&muf&jcif;um; vlcGefawmftwGuf jzpfavonf/
p@mvrsm; acgif;cyfrmrm vkyfaeMuaomaMumifh qdkif&molBuD;
rif;u tultnD awmif;ojzifh a&mufoGm;&jcif;jzpf\/
olwdkY\ tdrfrsm;twGif; MunfhIprf;ygavmh/ ADdkawG? "mwfyHk
awG? cef;qD;awG? ukvm;xdkifawG? pm;yGJawGESifh tcefYpm; aexdkif
vsuf &SdMuay\/ olwdkY\ taMumif;rodolrsm; vmjrifrnfqdk
vQif xdktydkif;udk p@mvydkif;[k xifrnfr[kwfay/
aMu;aiG usyfwnf;aom acwfBuD;twGif; awmif;pm;aom
tvkyfuyif [efygao;vm;[k armifvlat; awG;awmrd\/ tvGef
ydkufqH&acsmifaom olwdkYygwum; [k olwdkYwpfawGtodkY ydkufqH
&SmMuygoenf;/ todkY aexdkif pm;aomufMuygownf;/ ar;
cGef;rsm;rSm armifvlat;\ pdwftwGif; ay:ayguf vmMuav
onf/ ay:ayguf vmonfhtwdkif; pHkprf;jcif;udk jyK\/ pHkprf;onfh
twdkif;vnf; odavonf/ armifvlat; odovdk odvdkMuygvQif
atmufwGif qufvuf zwfMuygukef/
oDwif;uRwfonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf udka&TarmifESifh udkzdk;axmif
wdkYonf avSwufrsm;udk jyifum txuftnmokdU qefwuf oGm;
Muavonf/ olwdkY\ avSrsm;twGif; ig;yd ig;ajcmuf iHjym&nfwdkY
252
odyHarmif0
ESifh jynfhvsufyif/ a&mufav&m t&yf rdrdwdkYwGif ygvmaom

ukefrsm;udk a&mif;cs oGm;Muukef\/ rdrdwdkYtm; wu,fhukefonf
BuD;rsm;[l xifrSwfMuap&ef acgif;aygif;p cyf&Snf&Snfcsum NrdKU
ay:odkY wuf a&mif;avh&Sdonf[k ajymoHudk Mum;&\/ odkYaomf
vltvpfwGif kyfzsufNyD; NrdKUay:wuf awmif;avh&Sdonf/ wpf&Gm
wpf a us;wG i f ol w d k Y \ Zmwd u d k rnf o l ar;MutH h e nf ; / rnf o l
odygtHeh nf;/
OD;a&Tzdk;ESifh armif&ef&Sif;wdkYum; &orQaom jyifopfausmuf?
jrwk? ywjrm;wk? pdefwk? eDvmwkrsm;udk pkaqmif;NyD;vQif ,leDazmif;
aowm opfopfwGif xnfhvsuf tNrdKUNrdKUodkY vSnfhvnfum a&mif;
csMuukef\/ OD;a&Tzdk;u ausmufukefonf? armif&ef&Sif;u ausmuf
ukefonf aemufvdkufjzpfavonf/ tvGefyif aoaooyfoyf &SdMu
ay\/ a&muf&mt&yfwGif rdrdwdkY rdk;ukwfrS vmMuaMumif; rdrdwkdU
wdkYwGif ygvmaom ausmufrsm;rSm tzdk;wefawG jzpfaMumif;? olcdk;
"m;jywdkYtm; aMumufaomaMumifh vljrifwdkif;udk rjy0HhaMumif; tp
&Sdojzifh 0ga,m"gwfudk zGifhum oGm;Muukef\/ tvdrfcH&olawG
renf;Ny/D
armifausmfESifh armifcifwdkY ESpfa,mufum; ukudKjrpf? o&uf
jrpfrsm;? acG;dk;? aMumifdk;rsm;? ckcGHrsm;udk rdk;wGif;tcgu pkaqmif;
xm;NyD;vQif oDwif;uRwfonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf vG,ftdwfwpfvHk;pD
udk vG,f tNrdKUNrdKU t&Gm&GmodkY vSnfhvnfum oGm;Muavownf;/
armifausmfu &Srf;q&muav; [laom bGJUxl;udk ,l\/ armifcif
rSm ol\ wynfhom;wnf;/ armifausmf\ a&SUwGif armifcifrSm
jym;jym;0yfvsuf aeavh&Sdavonf/ armifausmfum; &Srf;pum; wpf
vHk;p ESpfvHk;pudk b,ftcgu wwfxm;onfrod/ pum;ajym&m
wG i f &S r f ; pum;ud k a&mpyf u majymavh & S d o nf / jref r mpum;ud k
ajymaomtcgwGifvnf; &Srf;oH0Jvsuf ajymavh&Sdonf/ olwdkYESpf
a,mufrSm &GmpOfwpfavQmuf ya,m*a&m*gudk ukvmMuav
onf/ armifausmf tNrJudkifaqmifavh&Sdaom xm;0,f BudrfvHk; um;
rnf o nf h vl e mud k r Q oem;n m wmjcif ; r&S d a y/ tvG e f M urf ;
aom tl;rsm;yif armifausmf\ BudrfvHk;ESifh awGUvdkufvQif Nidrf0yf
armifvlat;
253
oGm;avh&SdMuukef\/ armifausmfwdkY xGufoGm; wpfvrQ rMum

rD tedpa &mufMuonfom rsm;avonf/
armifEIef;um; armifausmfwdkYuJhodkY tazmfr&Sm/ wpfa,muf
wnf; pyg;BuD;onf;ajc? rdausmif;onf;ajc? usm;pG,f? qifNrD;?
ausmuf*Pef;? awmqdwfcsKd? BuHhaoG;wdkYudk vSnfhvnfum a&mif;
avh&Sdonf/ xdkypnf;wdkYum; wpfckrQ trSefr[kwf/ tm;vHk; twk
csnf; jzpf\/ rsufESmyGifhaq;? odrf0ifoydwfuGJ? yD;aq;? ayg&dom'
aq;wdkYudkvnf; armifEIef;xH &Edkif\/
OD;rGef;BuD;um; rsufpdukd aMumifawmifuef;aom oluJhodkY jyK
vkyfwwfolwnf;/ oDwif;uRwfonfESifhwpfNydKifeuf ol\ ajr;u
av; armifat;ESifhtwlwl tNrdKUNrdKU t&Gm&GmodkY xGufavawmh\/
OD;rGef;BuD;u ajr;uav;tm; wGJ vrf;wum avQmufNyD;vQif
Mum;&olwdkY usavmufatmif wwforQ rSwforQwdkYudk &Gwfum
awmif;avh&Sd\/ rsuf&nfusoifhonfh ae&mwGif rsuf&nfus? atmf
idkoifhonfhae&mwGif atmfidk? tawmfudk yGJusaom tbdk;BuD;ay
wnf;/ wpfaeUvQif tenf;qHk; wpfusyfpD\/
zdk;aqmifESifh jrarmifwdkYum; tqdktuudk tm;udk;Muaom
olwdkYjzpfavonf/ zdk;aqmifu tqdkaumif;\/ jrarmifu tu
aumif ; avonf / ol w d k Y E S p f a ,muf aygif ; vd k u f a omf OD ; zd k ; pd e f
wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ OD;pdefuwHk; wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfEdkif
\/ OD;atmifAv wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ olwdkYESpfa,muf
a&mufaom t&yfwdkif;rSmyif olwdkYtm; rESpfoufol r&Sday/
txufwGif azmfjyNyD;aom olrsm;om r[kwf? tjcm;tjcm;
aom a,mufsm;? rdef;rwdkYvnf; toD;oD; tou tou ydkufqH
awmif;&ef ydkufqH&Sm&ef xGufoGm;Muojzifh p@mvydkif;uav;rSm
wpfaEGywfvHk; aoGUajcmufvsuf aeawmh\/ OD;wapwdkYvifr,m;
om;trdom usef&pfavonf/ olwdkYum; &yfa0;odkY oGm;&efrvdk
ocsKi ;f wGif wGi;f wl;jcif;jzifh aiG0ifvrf;ajzmifah eolww
Ykd nf;/
odkY wpfaEGywfvHk; ajcmufaoGUaeNyD;aemuf rdk;OD;ayguf
aomtcg p@mvydkif;uav;rSm touf0ifouJhodkY jzpfvm\/
qlqlnHnH jzpfvm\/
254
odyHarmif0
ud k a &T a rmif E S i f h ud k z d k ; axmif w d k Y v nf ; jyef a &muf M uavNyD /

tdwfxJwGif aiGoHwcRifcRifESifh tifrwefrSyif aysmf&TifaeMuav
onf/
ausmuf u k e f o nf OD ; a&T z d k ; u ol \ r,m;[k q d k a vonf /
armif&ef&iS ;f u axmufc\
H /
&Srf;q&muav; armifausmfESifh ol\wynfhwdkYvnf; aiG 200d
ausmfESifh aygufvmMuNyD;vQif t0wfopf tpm;opfawGESifh <um;
vm; 0gvm; vkyfaeMuavNyD/
armifEIef;um; rdrd&aomaiGjzifh pufoDcsif;wpfvHk;udk 0,fav
onf/
OD;rGef;wdkY ajr;tbdk;wGif aiG 300d ausmfygvmonfudkMum;
&\/ ae&yfodkY jyefa&muf rMumrDyif ajr;uav;udk &SifjyKav
onf/
zdk;aqmifESifh jrarmifwdkYum; pufbD;wpfpD;pDESifh aygufvm
MuNyD;vQif NrdKUwGif; avQmuf pD;aeMuavonf/
tjcm; tjcm;aom p@mv taygif;wdkYvnf; jyefa&muf Mu
avNy/D
p@mv wpfydkif;vHk; qlnHqlnHESifh jzpfae\/ rdrdwdkYBuHKawGU
&aom taMumif;rsm;udk ajymMum;um w[m;[m;ESifh [m;aeMu
avonf/ &SifjyKolawGu jyK? tvSLay;olawGuay;? upm;0dkif;
axmifolawGu axmif? aysmfyGJBuD;rsm; cHaeMuukef\/
wpfaEG&Sm &aomaiGjzifh wpfrdk;vHk; xdkifpm;Edkifavonf/
tjcm; tydkif;rsm;wGif aexdkifMuolwdkYum; wpfaeYvkyfpmudk wpfaeY
yifpm; ravmufEdkifMuaomaMumifh ta<u;ruif;Muay/ p@m
v rsm;um; wpfaEG&Sm &aomaiGjzifh wpfrdk;vHk; xdkifpm;EdkifMuonf
rS m jref r mrsm;\ tvS L &uf a &maomaMumif h y if r[k w f y gavm/
jrefrmrsm; ,HMk unfv,
G af omaMumifyh if r[kwyf gavm/

('DZifbmv? 1934)
l
armifvlat;
255
avmuwGif trnf;&SdvQif tjzL&Sd&rnf/ qif;&J&SdvQif csrf;om

&Sd&rnf/ aoaomw&m; &SdvQif raoaomw&m;&Sd&rnf/ rkef;aom
ol&SdvQif? cspfaomol&Sd&rnf/ wGJa&;&SdvQif cGJa&;&Sd&rnf/ wusuf
usuf & S d v Qif wouf o uf & S d & rnf / oabmuG J v G J j cif ; &S d v Qif
oabmnDw
G jf cif;&S&d rnf/
um; avmu"Hw&m;wdaYk ywnf;/ rnforl QrvGwEf ikd /f
,cif v u vif r ,m;rsm; wusuf u suf t aMumif ; ud k a &;cJ h
NyD;? 4if;wdkYwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oabmuGJvGJaMumif;udk a&;om;cJhNyD/ ,ck
4if;wdkY woufoufaeonfudk a&;&awmhrnf/ 4if;wdkY oabm
nDw
G Mf uaMumif;udk a&;&awmhrnf/
udkif; a&;awmhrnf? a&;NyD/
armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhuav;wdkYudk uavmifpm auR;
awmhrnf? auR;NyD/ armifvlat; pcef;xap/
armifvlat;um; rdrdHk;cef;xJwGif trIwGJawG wpfyHkBuD;ESifh
tvkyfrsm;vsufae\/ 4if;\ a&SUpm;yGJay:wGif wifxm;aom trI
wGJwdkYrSm wpfrINyD;vQifwpfrI Murf;jyifay:&Sd pmjcif;xJodkYa&GUavsm
oufqif; usoGm;Muavawmhonf/ armifvlat;\ uavmifrSm
oGufoGuf vmcJh\/ armifvlat;\rsufpdrSm pm;yGJa&SUeH&HwGif
qGJxm;aom em&DodkYom a&muf a&muf oGm;Muukef\/
256
odyHarmif0
twefMumvQif pm;yGJay:wGif&Sdaom trIwGJ? pm&Gufpmwrf;

tm;vHk; pmjcif;xJodkY oufqif;ukefMuavNyD/ 'if-'if-'if-'if-'if
qdkaom toHig;csufudkvnf; armifvlat;\em;rsm;u Mum;Muav
NyD/ armifvlat;onf ae&mrSxavNyD/ Hk;rSqif;avNyD/ tb,f
aMumifh rQ tvsifvdkfygvdrfh/
cifoef;jrifh pcef; xap/ cifoef;jrifhum; aemufab; 0&ef
wmwG i f yef ; xd k ; vsuf a e\/ "r p Mum&G w f v suf oH k ; em&D x d k ; NyD ?
vufzuf&nfyGJudk xrif;pm;cef;wGif jyifvsufae\/ av;em&Dxdk;
jyefNyD/ armifvlat;tvmudk arQmf\/ ra&mufvm/ armifvlat;
ajcoHudkem;axmif\/ rMum;ao;/ rapmifhEdkif/ {nfhcef;xJodkYoGm;
um arQmf\/ armifvlat;ta&mifudkyif rjrif&ao;/ Hk;bufudk
rsuEf mS rlum a&Tvnfwikd af zmh;kd usK;d atmif arQmaf e\/
ig;em&Dxdk;NyD/ ,ckrS armifvlat; Hk;rSqif;vmonfudkjrif&
\/ cifoef;jrifhuav;\ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;um; qdkp&m r&SdNyD/ armif
vlat; tdrf0if;twGif;odkY ra&mufrD cifoef;jrifhuav; aysmuf
oGm;Ny/D
armifvlat; tdrfay:odkYwufvmNyD;vQif {nfhcef;xJ0if\/
cifoef;jrifhudk rawGU/ xrif;pm;cef;xJ0if\/ cifoef;jrifhudk rawGU
tdyfcef;xJwGif &SmwmrawGU/ 0&efwmwGif&Smwm rawGU/ a&csKd;
cef;awGudkoGm; acguf\/ bmoHrQrMum;/ wHcg;rsm;udkzGifh Munfh
\/ rawGU/ ]jrihfa&} [kac:\/ xl;oHrMum;/ xyfrHumac:\/
wdwf vsuyf if/ rD;zdx
k rJ sm; qif;ovm;[k cyfus,u
f s,u
f av; vSr;f
ac:\/ rxl;/
wynfhtm; ac:ar;rnf[kBuHum ]xGef;aza&} [kac:vdkuf
awmhrS tdyf&matmufrS ajcaxmufudk qGJum ]0g;ceJ} atmfvdkuf
\/ ]jrifhaemf} [k qdkum ESpfa,mufom; 0g;ceJ &,fMuavawmh
onf/ yDwdawmwGif arsm aeMuavNyD/
twlwuG tdyfcef;xJrSxGufMuNyD;vQif vufzuf&nfaomuf
Mu\/ pum;wajymajymESifh aomrEkawG yGm;vsuf aeMuav
NyD/ vufzuf&nfaomufNyD;vQif armifvlat;u wa,m xdk;\/
cif o ef ; jrif h u pnf ; vd k u f a vonf / bmoD c sif ; xd k ; onf r od /
armifvlat;
257
bmpnf;vdkufonf rod/ cifoef;jrifhu yodcFewfom;ESifhwlonf

[k csD;rGrf;\/ armifvlat;u b&PDewforD;ESifhwlonf[k jyef
qdkavonf/ 0g;ceJ &,fMuav\/ yDwdyGm;Mujyef\/ odkYESifh arSmif
vmavNy/D
twefMumvQif npm pm;aomufMu&jyefNyD/ NyD;MuvQif pum;
twefi,fMumatmif ajymMu\/ pum; ajymaecdkuf ]tvkyf vkyf&
atmif} [k armifvlat;u pvdkuf\/ cifoef;jrifhuvnf;x
oGm;avNyD/ rMumrD vufxJwGif pm&Guf pmtkyfawGESifh jyefvm\/
armifvlat;u xum vSrf;,l\/
4if;pmtkyfum; &wemhaMu;rHk pmtkyfjzpf\/ pm&GufawGum;
aypmrS ul ; ,l x m;aom &wemh a Mu;rH k v uf c H p m&G u f a wG j zpf a v
onf/ cifoef;jrifhu uavmifudkudkifum pm&GufawGudkvSef\/
armifvlat;u pmtkyfudk zGifhavonf/ armifvlat;u pmtkyfudk
zwf\/ cifoef;jrifhu pm&Gufudk Munfhavonf/ NyD;vQif pm&Guf
tvGwfay:wGif cifoef;jrifhu a&;\/ ]]vufa&;uav;awGu
yHkESdyfpmvdkyJ}} [k armifvlat;u qdk/]]rajrmufprf;ygeJY udk,fawmf
&,f}} [k qdkum NyHK;/
od k Y E S i f h zwf c snf a &;csnf ? bmrsm;vk y f a eMuygvd r f h ? tvd k
pmwnf; aeMuayownf;/ armifvlat;u olwumvdk aqmif;
yg;wdk aqmif;yg;&SnfawGa&;&ef 0goem ryg/ odkYaomf a&S;a[mif;
pmrsm; xGufay:vm&ef BudK;pm;aeolwnf;/
okawoetoif;u yHkESdyfrnfjzpfaom &wemhaMu;rHkeef;wGif;
ZmwfawmfBuD;udk wnf;jzwfaeayonf/ aysmfp&myJ aumif;ao;
awmh/ yHkESdfyfpmESifh vufa&;pm rwlaom ae&mwGif rnfonfu
rSefaMumif; armifvlat;u aqG;aEG;\/ cifoef;jrifhav;u tBuH
ay;\/ oabmwl&m xnfhMuavonf/
odkY tvkyf Iyfaecdkuf armifvlat;u pD;u&ufbl;xJrS
pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk xkwf\/ cifoef;jrifhu rD;jcpfwpfacsmif;udk
jcpf\/ armifvlat;\ pD;u&ufonf cifoef;jrifh\ rD;jcpf&Sd&modkY
a&mufavNyD/ cifoef;jrifh\ rsufvHk;rsm;um; armifvlat;\ rsuf
vHk;rsm;wGif usufpm;avNyD/ NyHK;MuavNyD/ yDwdawmwGif arsmygMu
258
odyHarmif0
vsufyif/ oabmwlolcsif; ae&jcif;um; csrf;omjcif;aywnf;/

twefMumvQif tvkyrf sm; odr;f Muavonf/
wpfckaom we*FaEGaeUn ckepfem&DwGif aq;Hktpnf;ta0;
odkY armifvlat;oGm;&\/ cifoef;jrifhu jrefjrefjyefvm&ef rSmvdkuf
\/ NyD;vQifNyD;csif; jyefvmrnf[k ajymum xGufoGm;avNyD/
8 em&D xdk;NyD/ rvmao;/ cifoef;jrifhum; Zmxdk;&if; tdrfcef;
xJwGif apmihfpm;ae\/ 9 em&Dxdk;NyD? rvmao;/ pdwfylvmavNyD/
{nfhcef;odkY xGufNyD;vQif rSefa&Tjywif;u vrif;udk I&if; vmEdk;&,f
cifarQmfjzpf\/ ray:vm/ pdwfylonfxuf ylvm\/
{nfhcef;xJwGif tenf;i,f at;onfESifh tdyfcef;xJ0if
apmifudk,l\/ tdyf&may:wGif apmifBuD;NcHKvsuf tdyfaeolwpf
a,mufudkjrifvQif ]atmifr,fav; udkudk&JU} [k atmfNyD; ajy;rnf
tjyK apmifudkcGmum ]udkudkonfrSmav} [k 0g;ceJ &,f\/
cifoef;jrifhuav; ajy;NyD; armifvlat;\ ausmudk aAsmwD;
avawmhonf/ ]jrifh vufeJYxkwm 0g*Grf;ESifh oyfovdkygyJ} [k
armifvlat;u qdk&m &,f\/ ]]emrSmpdk;vdkY}} [kqdkum NyHK;\/
0ef a xmuf a yr,f h awmf a wmf taemuf o m;? Munf h y gOD ; ?
aemufaz;avSum;u wufNyD; tdyfcef;xJ0ifum apmifNcHKaeowJh/
wu,fhvl/ aemufawmh aemufwwfyavw,f/ ESpfa,mufom;
w[m;[m;ESifh [m;yJ rqHk;Edkif/ wNyHK;NyHK;ESifh NyHK;yJ rqHk;Edkif/
reufjzef eHeuf apmapm armifvlat; awmoGm;&OD;rnf/
roGm;csif/ cifoef;jrifh\ tcspfaiGUwGif vIHcsifae\/ cifoef;jrifh
uvnf; rvTwfcsif/ armifvlat;\ tcspfaiGUudk vIHaecsifav
onf/
reufjzefeHeuf av;em&DwGif cifoef;jrifh tdyf&mrS xavNyD/
armifvlat;um; tdyfwkef;/ cifoef;jrifhom tvkyfrsm;vsufae\/
armifvlat; 0wfoGm;&ef t0wf wdkYudk xkwf\/ roGm;cif aomuf
oGm;&ef vufzuf&nfudkjyif\/ ,laqmif&ef&Sdonfhypnf;rsm;udk rarh
oGm;atmif aphpyfonf/
ig;em&D xdk;NyD/ onfawmhrS armifvlat; tdyf&mrSEdk;avawmh
\/ rsuf E S m opf / t0wf t pm;rsm; 0wf N yD ; vQif ES p f a ,muf o m;
armifvlat;
259
vuf z uf & nf p m;yG J w G i f xd k i f \ / vuf z uf & nf aomuf & if ;

cifoef;jrifhu awmrSm b,favmuf MumrvJar;/
]ig;&ufMumrnf} [k ajz/
jrifh/ /ravQmhEdkifbl;vm;/
at;/ / tvkyfrsm;vdkY ...ig;&ufxufawmh ravQmhEdkif/
jrifh/ / awmrSm bmrS rMum;yg&apeJYaemf[k &,fumajym/
at;/ / atmifr,fav;[Jh ...r,HkvdkYvm;? pdwfrsm;awmif
rul;aygifAsm/
jrifh/ / rodbl;av/ 0efaxmufawG taMumif; cPcP
Mum;&w,f/
at;/ / r,Hk&if ...udkif; vdkufcJhayawmh/
jrifh/ / ,Hkw,f/ vdkufcJhr,f/
cifoef;jrifhuav; awmvdkuf&ef t0wftpm;awG jyifavNyD/
NyD;vQif ESpfa,mufom; awmxGufoGm;Muavownf;/ ajymajym
qdkqdk &,f&,farmarm waomaomESifhyif/ wGif armifvlat;
wdZYk mwfukd wpfcef;&yfrnf/

(pufwifbmv? 1933)
w
260
odyHarmif0
wHwm;OD; AdkvfwJwGif xrif; pm;aomufNyD;vQif olBuD;\ zdkY

armfawmfum;pkwfjzifh e,fydkif0efaxmufrif;ESifhtwl xGufvmcJhMu
av\/ tawmf M umvQif tif ; 0 td k ; 'k w f w ef ; od k Y a&muf M u\/
vma&muf&aomudpum; tdk;'kwfwef; ul;wdkYudk ppfaq;&ef jzpfav
onf/ rcifvHk qdkol rEav;ol wpfa,mufonf tdk;'kwfwef; ul;
wdkYudk aiG 5600d ESifh avvHqGJxm;\/ a&S;tcgu xef;vsuf vSnf;?
qyf j ymvS n f ; wd k Y o nf ul ; wd k Y r S ul ; Mu\/ ,ck u m; 4if ;
vSnf;vrf;rsm; topfaqmufaom rD;&xm;vrf;u zHk;tkyfvdkuf
aomaMumifh vSnf;rsm;roGm;Edkif? xdktcg ul;wdkYolBuD; rcifvHkESifh
4if;\ udk,fpm;vS,f armiftHhwdkYu aiG 5600d teuf tcsKdUt0uf
udk avQmhygOD;[k ppfudkif;cdkifrif;BuD;xH avQmufxm;Mu\/ cdkif
rif ; BuD ; u pH k p rf ; &ef ta&;yd k i f x H o d k Y vT J c svd k u f \ / e,f y d k i f u
NrdKUtkyfxHodkY vTJcsEdkifaomfvnf; vrf;BuHKaomaMumifh NrdKUtkyftm;
vTJrcsbJ udk,fwdkif ppfaq;jcif;jzpf\/ odkY ppfaq;&eftwGuf
tdk;'kwfwef; ul;wdkYqdyfodkY a&mufMuavownf;/
ul ; wd k Y q d y f o d k Y a&muf a omtcsd e f u m; aeyl w k e f ; rG e f ; wnf h
tcsdefjzpf\/ tdk;'kwfwef; ul;wdkYqdkonfrSm tif;0wHwm;OD;buf
armifvlat;
261
rS jrpfi,fjrpfudk tr&yl&bufodkY ul;aom ul;wdkYjzpfavonf/

ul;wdkYqdyfodkY 0efaxmufESpfa,muf a&mufMuvQif tcefYoifhyif
ul;wdkYolBuD; udk,fpm;vS,f (a&Tudk,fawmfvlxGuf) OD;tHhESifh ul;wdkY
qdyt
f eD;wGif awGUjrif&av\/
ul;wdkYqdyftaMumif; pHkprf;&ef vmMuaMumif;udk ajymjyvQif
ul;wdkYOD;tHhvnf; rdrd ul;wdkYoGm;wpfa,muf ESpfa,mufudkac:um
rD;&xm;vrf;atmuf trl&yl&bufodkY tydkYcdkif;\/ rdrdESifh wynhf
ESpfa,mufum; tjcm;iSufwpfpif;ESifh vdkufvmMu\/ wpfzuf
urf;odkY a&mufvQif av;a,mufom; aeylusJusJBuD;wGif vSnf;vrf;
twdkif; rD;&xm;vrf;opf atmuf&GmodkY pdkif;vmMuavownf;/
vSnf;vrf;rSmvnf; vSnf;oGm; vSnf;vm t&dyftjcnf rsm;pGm rawGU
rjrif & acs/ pum;wajymajymES i f h v mMu&m taMumf q d k i f u av;
wpfqdkifodkYa&muf opfyif&dyfuvnf; aumif;ojzifh cPrQ 0if
em;Muav\/ oifjzL;rsm;udk qdkif&Sif tbGm;BuD;u ysm,D;ysm,mESifh
cif;ay;\/ ygvmaom vufzuf&nfMurf;bl;rS a&iwfa,mif&Sd
aomaMumifh vufzuf&nfziG
hf aomufMu\/
cPrQMumvQif aeylusJusJBuD;wGifyif avQmufMujyef\/ xdk
qdyfurf;rS rD;&xm;vrf;opfrSm rsm;pGm ra0;vSacs/ odkY&mwGif aeyl
usJusJBuD;xJwGif oGm;&aomaMumifh a0;onf[k xif&\/ twef
uav;MumvQif rD ; &xm;vrf ; rm;rm;BuD ; zd k Y x m;aomae&mod k Y
a&mufMu\/ rD;&xm;vrf;odkYvnf;a&muf? vSnf;vrf;vnf; a&muf
oGm;\/ tem;ywf0ef;usifwGif vrf;? csKdifhBuD; ajrmif;BuD;rsm; &Sd
aomaMumifh vSnf;rsm; roGm;Ekdif? taMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD;vQif
[dkbufavQmufMunfhvdkuf onfbuf avQmufMunfhvdkufESifh aeyl
xJwGif awmfawmfuav; Mum oGm;Muav\/ xdkaemufrS vSnf;
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ roGm;Edkif[l odMuNyD;aemuf rD;&xm;vrf;
opfBuD;ay:odkY wufavQmufMu\/ zdkYxm;aom vrf;opfBuD;rSm
ajrBuD;rS ay av;q,f ig;q,fcefY ydkrdkjrifhvsufae\/
rD;&xm;vrf;zdkYxm;aom ae&mum; oajywef;ac:aom
&GmteD;wGifjzpf\/ oajyyifrsm; wef;aygufaeaomaMumifh oajy
wef; ac:qdk[efwl\/ oajyyifBuD;rsm;udk vrf;teD;tem;wGif awGU
262
odyHarmif0
jrif&\/ xdk vrf;jrifhBuD;ay:rSaeMunfhvdkufvQif {&m0wDjrpf?

jrpf i ,f j rpf w d k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? a&T M uuf , uf ? a&T M uuf u s
apwD a wmf ES p f q l w d k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? wpf z uf w G i f q&mawmf
OD;Ak'foDwif;oHk; cJhzl;aom r,fEk tkwfausmif;BuD;udkvnf;aumif;?
ppfudkif;awmifdk;ay:wGifwnf&Sdaom bk&m;*lausmif;? acsmiftaygif;
wdkYudkvnf;aumif; awGUjrif&av\/ MunfEl;pzG,f aumif;vS\/
naeapmif;rsm;wGif avQmufae&rlum; aumif;avpG[k awmifhw
rd\/ odkYaomf xdktcgum; aeylwkef;jzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;*lausmif;
wdkYudk rpOf;pm;Edkif? t&dyfaumif;aumif;odkY a&muf&efom qE&SdMu
aomaMumifh {&m0wDwHwm;BuD; aqmufae&modkYom jrefjrefvSrf;
vmMu\/
twef M umvQif a&muf v mMuavownf ; / wH w m;BuD ;
aqmufaomae&mum; oajywef;cHwyf\ ae&mwpfckjzpfavonf/
jref r mrif ; vuf x uf a wmf u wnf x m;tyf a om cH w yf j zpf \ /
tawmfyif ae&mwus vkyfxm;aom cHwyfjzpfavonf/ xdktcg
u jrefrmrsm;ESifh jyifopfwdkY aumif;pGm aygif;oif;qufqHMuaom
aMumifh jyifopfrsm;u pDrHaqmufvkyfay;aom cHwyfjzpf[efwl
avonf/ xdk cHwyfwnfae&mu ukef;uav;toGif cyfjrifhjrifh
aeaomaMumifh taetxm; tvGefuseavonf/ {&m0wDjrpfESifh
jrpf i ,f j rpf w d k Y t qH k ; em;wG i f wnf x m;aomaMumif h v nf ;
ae&maumif; uav;[k qdk&ayrnf/ {&m0wDjrpfqef vmrnfh
oabFmudk ae&mrS qD; ypfrnfqdkvQif 4if;oabFmrSm wufvm
Edkif&ef rsm;pGm cJ,Of;ayrnf/ ae&maumif;uav;wGif wnfxm;
aom cHwyfjzpf\/ oajywef;cHwyfrS rsufapmif;xdk;wpfzuf
urf;wGif wnfxm;aom cHwyfum; ppfudkif; cHwyf jzpfavonf/
ppf u d k i f ; cH w yf u m; oajywef ; cH w yf a vmuf taetxm;rus?
cHwyfudk pDrHyHkrSmvnf; rsm;pGmrcrf;em;acs/
oajywef;cHwyftm; tkwfjzifh txyfxyfjyKvkyfpDrHxm;\/
tv,fxyfwGif csKdifhBuD;wl;xm;avonf/ xdkcsKdifhBuD;wGif ppfom;
rsm; aexdkif&efvnf;aumif;? pufud&d,m wefqmrsm; aexdkif&ef
vnf;aumif;? tcef;uav;rsm; &Sdavonf/ tv,fwGifum; csKdifh
armifvlat;
263
BuD ; omwnf ; / wuf & ef ? xG u f & ef qif ; &ef r sm;ud k v nf ; aumif ; ?

a&Smif&ef wdrf;&ef ajy;vTm; ykef;cdk&ef ae&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
jyKvkyf pDrHxm;\/
,cktcgwGifum; 4if;cHwyfrSm ysufpD;vkrwwf &SdaeayNyD/
cHwyftwGif; rD;&xm;bufwGif MunfhI&aom vrf;AdkvftdrfESifh
tvk y f w d k u f u d k aqmuf v k y f x m;av\/ aeyl x J r S v maomol w d k Y
vnf; tdrftwGif;odkY0ifum vrf;Adkvfvkyfol b*FvDukvm;tm;
rdrdwdkY tpdk;&trIESifh pHkprf;&efvmaMumif;udk ajymMuum tawmf
Mumatmif pum;ajymMu\/ xdkYaemuf tif;olBuD; udk,fpm;vS,f
OD;tHhtm; xdktvkyfwdkufwGif ppfaq;\/ (tvkyfwdkufqdk&mrSmvnf;
0g;uyfrdk;? 0g;uyfumwnf;) xdkYaemuf ppfcsufESifh tpD&ifcHpmwdkYudk
yg xdkae&mrSmyif a&;om;Mu\/
xdkodkY a&;cdkufwGifyif rD;&xm;bufrS ulvDrsm;udk wpfzuf
wGif vcay;aeMu\/ wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf vmvm,lMuonf
rSm aysmfp&mBuD;yifjzpf\/ a&iwfojzifh vrf;AdkvfxH a&awmif;
aomufaomtcg qdk'g wpfykvif;pDay;aomaMumifh rsm;pGm aus;
Zl;wifMu&\/
tvkyfrsm; NyD;pD;aomtcg cHwyftv,fwGif&Sdaom csKdifhBuD;
odkY qif;MunfhMu\/ xdkcsKdifhBuD;twGif;odkYqif;&ef aqmufpOfuyif
pDrHjyKvkyfxm;\/ xdktwGif; vufyHyifBuD;wpfyifaygufae\/
tyGifhrsm;a0a0qm &Sd\/ quf&ufiSufrsm; qlnHpGm&SdaeMu\/ rdrd
wd k Y q l n H a eaomae&mum; oajywef ; cH w yf [ l od M u[ef r wl ?
tu,f ppfom;rsm;&Sdaeaom cHwyfjzpfvQifvnf; odkY qlnH
ae0H h M urnf r [k w f ? ppf o m;rsm;\ aoewf u snf q ef t zsm;wG i f
toufxGufMurnfum; rvGJwnf;/ ,ckrSmrlum; cHwyfysuf cHwyf
a[mif;jzpfaomaMumifh quf&ufiSufrsm;uyif yrmrcefY qlvdkql
atmfvakd tmf? aysmcf sio
f vdk aysmaf eMu\/
csKdifh ywf0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom tcef;rsm;udk vdkuf MunfhMu
ao;\/ trsm;tm;jzifh ydwfxm;avonf/ rD;&xm; ulvDrsm; aeMu
[ef wl\/ tcsKdUtcef;rsm;wGif rD;&xm;vrf;vkyf&mwGif oHk;aom
pufud&d,mrsm;udk xm;\/ vl raeaom tcef;rsm;rSmvnf; arSmif
264
odyHarmif0
twdBuD; jzpfae\/ vif;0ufacs;apmfuvnf; tvGGefw&mrSyif

eHapmfvS\/ txJwGif rnfodkY pDrHxm;onfudkum;rod&? arSmifvnf;
arSmifvS? eHvnf; eHvSojzifh r0ifbJ tjyifrSyif MunfhIcJhownf;/
vif ; 0uf ? vif ; Ed k Y w d k Y r S m ,ck t cgwG i f cH w yf u d k yd k i f p d k ; yd k i f e if ;
csif;eif; 0ifaa&muf aeMuukef\/
aemuf q H k ; tBud r f t*F v d y f r sm; wuf v mpOf u cH w yf r S
tajrmufESifh ypfvdkuf&ao;\/ odkYaomf uif;0efrif;BuD;u rypf&
[k wm;aomaMumif h &yf c J h & onf [ l Mum;zl ; \/ xd k t cgu
wabmifay:onfum; ]]oajyyif cGMum; raocsif jyefyvm;(oGm;)
qav'if ighom;}} [lownf;/
BuD;yGm;a&;? wGJ-5? rSwf-1?

(atmufwb
kd mv? 1936)
armifvlat;
265
bdvyfrS jrefrmjynfodkY a&mufvmaomaeUum; 'DZifbmv

3 &ufaeUjzpf\/ ESpfum; 1929 ckESpfwnf;/
aqGrsKd; nDtpfudk armifESrrsm; oabFmqdyfwGif awGUjrif&
aomaMumifh tm;&ESpfouf 0rf;ajrmufay\/ &efukefNrdKU aqGrsKd;
tdrfwpftdrfodkYoGm; (a':jrwfar)? xrif;[if; pm;aomufNyD;vQif
pufu&Daw&D&uf Hk;awmfodkY oGm;? twGif;0efuav;ESifhawGU? pum;
pjrnfrsm;ajymMum;? ppfuikd ;f bufyo
Ykd nf[k Mum;&\/
rMumrD pHarmifESifh tmEdk;wdkY a&mufvmMu\/ twefMum
pum;ajymMuNyD;vQifjyefMu\/ aoewftwGuf ykvdyfrif;BuD; Hk;odkY
oGm;&\/ uHtm;avsmfpGm vG,fvG,fululESifh vdkifpif&\/ oabFm
qdyfodkYoGm;? aoewftaumufHk;odkY a&mufNyD[k Mum;&\/ ypnf;
rsm; ,laqmifcJh\/ xdkYaemuf twGif;0efBuD;xHwGif tcGifhq,f&uf
ay;ygrnfhtaMumif; awmif;\/ Oya'udk tMumBuD;&SmNyD;aemuf
rawGUojzifh xHk;pHtwdkif; ajcmuf&ufom ,l&rnf[k ajym vTwf
vdkuf\/ jyefcJh&\/
armfvNrdKifodkYvnf; jyefvdkojzifh uokwfu&ufESifh pDrH&\/
odkYaomf aoewftwGuf udprNyD;ao; wpfaeUqdkif;&\/ xdkaeU
rS m yif aiG p m&if ; H k ; wG i f wpf v ctwG u f 450d xk w f , l & ef o G m ;?
armifpHvGifESifh awGU? pum;pjrnfaumif;pGmajymMu\/ 0rf;ajrmuf
p&m tvGefaumif;\/ vkyf&efudprsm; NyD;vQif xdkn armfvNrdKifodkY
xGufvm&ef blwmHkodkY oGm;&mwGif blwmHk rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhawGU
266
odyHarmif0
&\/ q&ma[mif; OD;boef;ESifhvnf; awGU&\/ txl; 0rf;ajrmuf

&\/
armf v Nrd K if o d k Y a&muf v Qif uok w f u &uf E S i f h y if rd w f a qG
aqGrsKd;rsm;xHodkY oGm;a&muf&\/ aemufwpfaeUwGif jyifqifp&m
&Sdonfrsm;udk jyifqif&\/ oHk;&ufajrmufaom eHeufwGif rD;&xm;
pD; ppfudkif;odkY xGufcJh\/ nae yJcl; roef;wdkYtdrfodkY a&muf\/
xdkwGif xrif;pm;? blwmHkydkifav; armif[efxGef;ESifh awGU pum;
rsm; ajymNyD; rD;&xm;jzifh vdkufcJhMu\/?
aemufwpfaeYeHeuf wpfem&DcefYwGif rEav;a&muf? tapcH
ESpfa,mufom yg\/ xdkrS ppfudkif;&xm;udkpD;\/ armifbarmifxH
pma&;xm;aomaMumifh armifbarmif qif;vm? ESpfa,mufom; tm;
&yg;& pum;ajym&\/ ppfudkif;&xm; 2 em&DwGif xGufvm? tr&
yl & urf ; od k Y 3 em&D a &muf ? rD ; &xm;pm&if ; ppf ud k a rmif a rmif ?
pufq&m udktkef;GefYwdkYESifhawGU\/ ulvDenf;aomaMumifh ypnf;
tcsKdUESifh tapcHrsm; usefcJh\/ iSuform; vTwfvdkuf&\/ ppfudkif;
odkY a&mufvQif pma&;uav;wpfa,mufvm qif;BudK\/ ypnf;
rsm;tcsKdUESifh vlrsm;yg urf;em;vrf; AdkvfwJodkY a&mufMu\/ xdkaeU
um; 'DZifbmv 8 &ufaeYwnf;/
a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; ta&;ydkifrif;xH oGm;&\/ ta&;ydkifrif;
vnf; aumif;pGm t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhom ajym\/ tuJvnf; cwf\/
aumif;pGm pum;ajymavonf/ puf&Sifrif;BuD;? cdkifrif;BuD;wdkY
tm;vnf; oGm;a&mufEIwfquf&ef ajym\/ oif&ef aeU&uf tydkif;
tjcm;ygaom pm&if ; pm&G u f (Programme) ud k v nf ; ay;\/
xGufvmNyD;vQif pma&;BuD;xH oGm;a&muf tdrftaumif;ar;?
tdrfr&Sd[k ajym\/ &Smaewkef;[k ajymavonf/ jrefjref&atmif
&Smyg[k wdkufwGef;um jyefvmcJh\/ (xdkaeYn AdkvfwJrSmyif tdyf)/
9 &ufaeY? 10 em&DcJGwGif ta&;ydkifrif;xH rSmxm;aomaMumifh
oG m ;&\/ ra&muf a o;/ tjyif b uf p ma&;tcef ; wG i f apmif h
pm;ae&\/ ta&;ydkifrif; 11 em&Dvmaomtcg v,f0efHk;odkY
acgif;aqmifoGm;\/ v,f0efvnf; aumif;pGm {nfhcH\/ axmifh
wpfaxmifhwGif v,f0ef\ uav;rsm; xdkifae\/ wpfaxmifhwGif
armifvlat;
267
um; tvkyfoifNrdKUtkyf OD;"l0H xdkifaeavonf/ twefMumatmif

pum;ajymNyD;aemuf ta&;ydkifrif; xGufoGm;\/
v,f0eftdk[m;&rSmvnf; oabmaumif;yHk&\/ acgif;ajymif
ajymif? jrifhjrifh? odum&SdyHk? dk;om;yHk&avonf/ tvkyftaMumif;rsm;
ajymqdkMuNyD;vQif v,f0efuav; OD;bBuD;tm; oifMum;jyo&ef
ajym\/ v,f0efuav; OD;bBuD;u aemufaeU (10) &ufaeUwGif
rif;uGef;odkY e,fvSnfhxGufrnf jzpfaomaMumifh vdkuf&ef ac:\/
OD;"l0Huvnf; ac:\/ rsm;pGm rvdkufcsif? odkY&mwGif tvkyfyg;
r0ao;onf wpf a Mumif ; ? vl a ysmh xif r nf p d k ; onf w pf a Mumif ;
wdkYaMumifh vdkufrnf[k ajymvdkuf\/
v,f 0 ef B uD ; vnf ; rMumrD td r f j yef o G m ;\/ xd k a eUwG i f
NrdKUtuGuf (Town Block) ppfaq;&mwGif OD;"l0Htm; oifjy&ef &Sdaom
aMumifh vdkuf&efaumif;aMumif; ajymojzifh xdkaeU nae 3 em&DcGJ
tcsdef? ajrpm&if; tifpydwfawmf OD;bdk;&Sdef? ajrwdkif;pma&; udkb&if
wdkYESifh xGufoGm;&\/ ppfudkif;taemufbuf&Sd tuGufudkppfaq;\/
tvGefqif;&Jaom &ufuGufuav;wnf;/ tdrfwdkif; tdrfwdkif; *&ef
udkawmif;&\/ odkYaomf aygifxm;aMumif;udkom ajymjyMuavonf/
*&efwpfckESpfckudkom awGUjrif&avonf/ um; yxraeU tvkyf
vkyjf cif;jzpfayonf/ vlwumvkyo
f nfukd vdu
k v
f yk &f Hw
k nf;/
aemufwpfaeU eHeuf e,fvSnfhoGm;aomtcg pm;aomuf&ef
ESifh vdktyfaom abmif;bD? zdeyf? acgufckwif tp&SdonfwdkYudk 50d
ausmf z d k ; d k ; wd k u f r S 0,f c J h \ / OD ; "l 0 H v nf ; twl w l y g\/ xrif ;
[if; pm;aomufNyD; jyifqif&ef udprsm;NyD;pD;aomtcg AdkvfwJ
wGif ygvmolrsm;udk xm;cJh v,f0efuav;ESifhtwl oabFmqdyf
od k Y x G u f c J h \ / xd k a eY w G i f y if iS m ;td r f w pf t d r f &\/ od k Y & mwG i f
rajymif ; vd k a o;aomaMumif h aemuf w pf a eUrS ajymif ; Mu&ef
rSmxm;cJh\/ odkY ae&mxdkifcif;rusrD e,fvSnfhxGufcJh&onfudk
rsm;pGm oabm rusvSaomfvnf; tpdk;&trIawmfudk xrf;rnfholrSm
'kuudk rcH rjzpf[k oabmxm;um xGufcJh\/
aeY c if ; wpf e m&D t csd e f w G i f rE a v;od k Y oG m ;rnf h oabF m
a&mufvm\/ ypnf;rsm;ESifh tapcHrsm;udk wwd,wef;wGif ae&mcs
268
odyHarmif0
xm;NyD ; vQif v,f 0 ef u av;ES i f h t wl yxrwef ; u pD ; cJ h \ /

abmif;bDwdk? OD;xkyf? bavZmwdkYESifh [ef[efyefyef wkwfudkifum
pD;vm\/ v,f0efuav;vnf; ppfudkif;awmifwef;udkMunfhum
rdrd i,fpOfu ausmif;ajy; ppfudkif;awmifdk;odkY a&mufaMumif;udk
ajymjy\/ ppfudkif;awmifdk;wGif wnfxm;tyfaom bk&m;*lausmif;
Z&yfrsm;udk MunfhIum pD;vmMu\/ OD;"l0Hum; rEav;odkYoGm;ESifh
NyD; jzpfavonf/ tifpydwfawmf OD;bdk;&SdefrSm wwd,wef;u pD;vm
\/
xdkodkY pum;wajymajymESifhyif 2 em&DausmfausmfwGif oabFm
rEav;qdyfurf;wGif qdkufojzifh tapcHrsm;udk oabFmqdyfwGifxm;
cJhNyD;vQif "mwf&xm;ESifh aps;csKdawmfodkY acgufqGJpm;&ef xGufvmcJh
Mu\/ aps;csKdawmfem;a&mufvQif udk,fydkif armfawmfum; wpfpif;
ESifh NrdKUtkyfrif; OD;"l0HoabFmqdyfbufodkY vmaeonfudkawGU&
vufjyum t&yfcdkif;NyD;vQif "gwf&xm;ay:rS qif; armfawmfum;
ay:odkY wufMu\/ armfawmfum;udk aps;csKdawmfem; armif;cdkif;\/
aps;csKdawmfxJwGif pma&;puL? zl;puwf puLrsm;udk 0,fNyD;vQif
acguf q G J q d k i f aumif ; aumif ; wpf q d k i f o d k Y tarmif ; cd k i f ; \/
a&mufvQif acgufqGJrSmNyD;vQif Adkufum;atmif pm;aomufMu\/
acgufqiJG wfaeonfrmS vnf; tawmfMumNyjD zpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/
acgufqGJpm;aomufNyD;aemuf watmifhwem; em;aeNyD;vQif
oabFmqdyfodkY jyefcJh\/ av;em&DcGJcefYwGifa&mufMu iSufESpfpif;
iSm;NyD;vQif rif;uGef;odkY xGufvmMu\/ wpfpif;vQif oHk;usyfay;&
\/ iSufwpfpif;ay:wGif 0efaxmuf? NrdKUtkyf? v,f0efuav; OD;b
BuD;ESifh OD;bdk;&SdefwdkYyg\/ wpfpif;wGifum; tapcHav;a,mufESifh
yp n f ; rsm; ygavonf / tapcH r sm;rS m wpf a ,muf u m; &S r f ; ?
wpfa,mufum; tnmom;? ESpfa,mufrSm a*:&if*sDukvm;rsKd;
wnf;/
rEav; qdyfurf;rS ajrmufbufodkY quf vmMu\/ twef
MumvQif rEav;udk vGefcJh\/ jrpfqdyfodkYqif; a&csKd;olrsm;udk
vnf; awGU&\/ av;a,mufom;vnf; pum;wrsm;rsm;ESifh vm
Muavownf;/ tawmfMumvQif arSmifvm\/ vjynfhcgeD;NyD
armifvlat;
269
jzpfaomaMumifh ta&SUbufrS v0ef;BuD;ay: xGufvm\/ tvif;

a&mifonf aysmufoGm;\/ v\ta&mifonf vif; vif;
vm\/ jrpftwGif; wdwfqdwfvsufae\/ iSufESpfpif;rS tpftpf
ESifhjrnfaom toHtjyif tjcm;toHudkom bmrQ rMum;&acs/
OD;"l0HESifh OD;bBuD;wdkYvnf; cyfus,fus,f qlnHpGm pum;ajym
oGm;Mu\/ OD;bdk;&Sdefum; pum;enf;ol jzpfaomaMumifh rsm;pGm
pum;rajymacs/ usef w pf a ,muf u m; bd v yf E S i f h y wf o uf
ar;aom tar;rsm;udk ajzMum;ajymqdk\/ aEGjzpfaomaMumifh jrpf
twGif; a&tvGefwdrf\/ odkYjzpf rMumrMum iSuform; qif;um
iSufudk BudK;ESifh qGJMu\/ pum;rsm;aeMuaomfvnf; vrif;\ om
,mMunfEl;yHk tajctaeudk MunfEl;um wdwfqdwfpGm cHpm;aeMu
onfvnf; &Sd\/ odkYyif 7 em&Dtcsdef rif;uGef;odkY qdkufa&muf
Mu\/
270
odyHarmif0
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:wGif wnf&Sdaom ZvGefNrdKUuav;onf

&S n f a rsmarsmae\/ jrpf q d y f r S wuf v maomf &S n f v sm;aom
vrf;twdkif; avQmuf oGm;&\/ ESpfrdkifausmfausmfcefY a0;av
onf/ tdrfrsm; um;? 4if;vrf;twdkif; pDwef; aqmufvkyfxm;\/
vrf;tjyif tjcm;vrf;r&dS? vrf;wpfavQmufwGifvnf; vuf,m
wpfzufwGifom tdrfrsm;\/ vuf0JbufwGifum; bk&m;? ausmif;
ESifh uGif;jyifBuD;omvQif &dSavonf/
Nrd K Utk y f r if ; \H k ; awmf u m; (0g) tpd k ; &rif ; \ H k ; awmf u m;
&S n f v sm;vS p G m aom Nrd K U\tpG e f t zsm; wnf & S d a vownf ; /
Hk;awmfrSmvnf; NrdKUudk twkvdkufNyD;vQif &Snfvsm;vsm;yif aqmuf
vkyfxm;\/ us,fum; rsm;pGmrus,f? ESpfxyfHk;awmfjzpfavonf/
atmufxyf yxrtcef;uav;um; pma&;BuD;\ tcef;jzpf\/ ay
13 _ 30 cef Y u s,f \ / xk d U aemuf Nrd K Utk y f r if ; \w&m;cG i f
awmfawmfus,f\/ aemuf NrdKUtkyfrif;\ tvkyfcef;/ 15 ay_ 30
aycef ; wH c g;yd w f t 0wf & if h r sm;jzif h y d w f xm;\/ tcef ; ES i f h
eD;uyfaeaom tcef;um; aiGwdkufpma&;BuD;ESifh tcGefpma&;wdkY\
tcef;wnf;/ wpfHk;vHk;rSmrS atmufxyfwGif av;cef;om? txuf
xyfwGifvnf; enf;twdkif; av;cef;omwnf;/ yxrtcef;onf
bdvpfpma&;BuD;tcef;? 'kwd,um; w&m;rNrdKUtkyf\ w&m;cGif?
wwd,um; NrdKUtkyfrif; pOf;pm;cef;? pwkwum; oufaocHypnf;
wdkY odkrSD;&mwnf;/ um; ZvGefNrdKU tpdk;&Hk;awmfBuD;\ tus,f
t0ef;jzpfavonf/
armifvlat;
271
Hk;0if;um; tawmfus,f\/ uGif;jyifBuD;twGif; aqmuf

xm;aomaMumifh aeylusJusJae\/ opfyifqdk Hk;a&SUcyfvSrf;vSrf;
wGif ukudKyifwpfyifom &Sd\/ ywf0ef;usifum; ajymifajymifBuD;
wnf;/ Hk;awmf\ vuf0JbufwGif avQmufvTmpma&;rsm;ESifh wkwf
vufzuf&nfqdkifwnf&m opfom;jzifh aqmufvkyfaom HkwpfHk&Sd
avonf/ Hk;awmf\ vuf,mbufwGif Hk;apmifhysmwm\ tdrfu
av; wpftdrf&Sd\/ Hk;aemufbufqif; tjyif cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif
ykvdyf *gwf0dkif;&Sd\/
aeUum; NrdKUydkifrif; awmoGm;cdkufjzpf\/ Hk;awmf 0&efwm
ywf0ef;usifwGif awmolawmom; av;ig;&Spfa,muf? cspfwD;uk
vm; oHk;av;a,muf? trdefYawmf&wpfa,mufESpfa,muf wdkYudk
jrifawGU&avonf/ tcsKdUum; &yfvsuf? tcsKdUum; Murf;ay:wGif
xdik v
f su?f tcsKUd um; [dak vQmuf onfavQmufvsuaf eMu\/
vlcGefvmay;Muaom olBuD;wpfa,mufwav aoewfBuD;
rsm;xrf;vmMu\/ tcGefpma&;xHwGif tyfESHMu\/ [dk[dkonf
onf ajymMu\/ tcGefpma&;um; xdkolBuD;rsm;udk vl[lyifrrSwf
xif&majym jrif&majymESifh vkyf\/ aigufvnf; aiguf\/ olBuD;
rsm;\ pdwfwGifum; rcHcsifjzpfMu\/ odkYaomf rnfodkYrQ jyefvSef
rajym0Hh &SmMuacs/ xdktcGefpma&;BuD;wnf;[laom q&mBuD;a&SUwGif
olBuD;wnf;[laom ausmif;om;uav;wdkYonf ysyf0yfvsufaeMu
uk e f \ / rwk e f r vI y f 0 H h M uacs/ tcG e f H k ; pma&;\pd w f x J w G i f r l u m;
rdrd udk,fudk tcGefawmfa&; twGif;0efBuD;? b@mawmfa&;trwfBuD;
[lyif xifrSwfrd\/ rdrdESifhwlaomol NrdKUay:wGifr&Sd? tb,f
ol wkNydKif0HhtHhenf;? rdrduJhodkYaomoltm; tdktaoray;bJ rnfol
ae0HhygtHhenf;/ t&G,fum; oHk;q,fausmfrQ &Sdao;\/ EIwfcrf;arG;
cyfoufouf? acgif;aygif;udk ususeeaygif;? &Syftusa<uwdkuf?
vufrmrmudk0wf? taumif;qHk; SL;zdeyfpD;? befaumufvHkcsnf
xnfxnf0g0g? NrdKUtkyfayvm;[k xifrSwfzG,f? ajymqdkaomtoH
um; tdk;cGJaomtoHuJhodkY cyfrmrm? cyfaMumifaMumif? wpfcgwpf
cg 4if;\ atmfoHudk Mum;&\/ wpfcgwpfcg aigufoHudk Mum;&\/
4if;ESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS aiGprsm;udk wD;aeaom toHudk Mum;&
272
odyHarmif0
\/ pum;ajymaomtoHudkum; rMum;&acs/ xdkae&mum; aiGoGif;

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wdkYum; wdwfqdwfpGm pum;rajymbJ BudK;pm;um aiGa&jcif;? aiGay;
jcif ; ? pm&if ; xnf h o G i f ; jcif ; tvk y f w d k Y u d k vk y f v suf a eMu\/ ES p f
a,mufvHk;rSm wnfMunfaom rsufESmxm;&SdMuavonf/ aiGuyif
od k Y wnf M unf a omrsuf E S m xm;jzpf a poavm? e*d k u yif
wnfMunfaom rsuEf mS xm;&SMd uygoavm/
tpGefqHk; pma&;BuD;\ tcef;rSrlum;? pmdkufpuf\toHudk
cyf o J h o J h u av;Mum;&\/ tvk y f r sm;ae[ef w l a vonf / rd r d \
tvkyfESifhomvQif IyfayGaeoljzpf\/ toufum; BuD;ayNyD/ tNidrf;
pm;jcif;b0odkY a&muf&efom vdkawmh\/ rsufESmxm;um; dk;om;
wnfMunfyw
kH nf;/
wpf&Hwpfcg txufxyf w&m;rNrdKUtkyfrif; Hk;awmfrS ]w&m;vdk
rlwl;qmrdcspfwD;,m;? w&m;cHarmifeD? armifwlawmf? romvD[l
a&SUbufu atmfaeaomtoHudk oJhoJh Mum;&ay\/ NrdKUtkyfrif;
ppf a q;&ef trI r sm;ud k ac:aejcif ; yif w nf ; / vl w pf a ,muf
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vnf; Mum;&\/ 0&efwmwGif vufzuf&nfqdkifrS wkwfvnf;
vufzuf&nfyef;ueftcsKdUudk udkifum [dktcef;0if onftcef;0if
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wnf;/
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w&m;cGifwGif vlr&Sd? w&m;cGifBuD;rSm cyfysif;ysif;&Sdae[efwl\/
w&m;cGifBuD;rS aysmfapawmh[laomoabmjzifh pmuav; iSufrsm;
txufrSae qlnHpGm jrL;wl; aysmfyg;aeMuukef\/ todkufvkyf
olvkyf? ysHqif;olqif;? ysHwufolwuf? ysHxGufol xGuf? tpmcGHUol
cGHUESifh tvGefYtvGefyif aysmfyGJBuD; caeMuavonf/ w&m;cGif
BuD;rSyif vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk axmiftusOf;xm;&ef NrdKUydkifrif; trdefY
xkwfjyefcJhaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? 'PfaiGtajrmuftjrm; wyfxm;
cJhNyD;onfhtaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkaysmfyg;aeMuaom pmuav;
trsm;onf vm;vm;rS r&dyfrd&SmMuacs/ xdk w&m;cGifrS aMumufp
armifvlat;
273
&m? vefYp&m[lvnf; rod? rdrdwdkY tvdkusovdkyifaeMuav

awmh\/ xifovdk aeMuHkrQruao;? rpifrsm;udkyif pGefYcsaom
aMumifh w&m;cGiw
f pfcv
k ;kH jzLazG;vsuaf eavownf;/
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xdkifaeolrdef;rum; toufoHk;q,fcefY&Sd\/ Hk;wufcsdef 11 em&D
tcsdefrSp xdkifaeonfrSm 3 em&Dxdk;onfhwdkifatmif b,fodkYrQ
roGm;? tem;wGif tazmfvnf;ryg? wpfa,mufwnf;om xdkif
ae\/ t0wf t pm;wd k Y r S m tvG e f y if npf E G r f ; aya&vsuf a e\/
qHyifrSmvnf; zkeftwd NyD;aeojzifh qHyifwdkYrSm zkefta&mifx
vsufae\/ wpfcgwpfcg orf;\/ wpfcgwpfcg apmif;xkdif\/
wpfcgwpfcg rwfrwfxdkif\/ aevnf; 0&efwmay:odkY xdk;vm\/
xdkrdef;rvnf; xdkae&mrSmyif xdkifNrJwdkif; xdkifvsufae\/ aeyljcif;
aerif;ESifhyif rdwfaqGzGJUxm;oavm? aerif;udkyif t&GJUwdkufum
*kPfcHaeavoavm/ rdrdpdwftwGif; ylyefjcif;onf aerif;\ tyl
xufyif q,fq uJaeao;aomaMumifhayavm[l awG;awmzG,f
&Sd\/
tb,f a Mumif h xd k r d e f ; ronf H k ; awmf o d k Y v mygoenf ; /
NrdKUtkyfrif;xH avQmufxm;&ef wpfpHkwpf&m&SdaomaMumifh ayavm?
rd r d v if o m;tay:wG i f awmif ; cH x m;aom vl c G e f a wmf u d k ray;
aqmifEdkifao; &ufcsdef;a&TUay;&ef avQmufxm;vdkaomaMumifhay
avm? NrdKUtkyfrif;u Hk;awmfodkYvm&ef qifhac:xm;aomaMumifh
ayavm[k rawG;awmwwfatmifyif jzpf&\/
NrdKUtkyfrif;\ Hk;tvkyfcef;wGif xdkifaeolum; aiGwdkuf tvkyf
oif&ef vm&aom 0efaxmufuav;jzpf\/ vufaxmufaiGwdkuf
pma&;&ref,l vmaom pm&Gufrsm;udk vufrSwfxdk;\/ vufrSwf
xdk;NyD;vQif tvkyfr&Sd? [kdpmtkyfMunfh onfpmtkyfMunhfESifh ae\/
pm pdwfyg[efrwl? wpfcg wpfcg uavmifudkudkifum pOf;pm;ouJh
odkY ae\/ wpf&Hwpfcg rdrdtdwfxJrS pD;u&ufudkxkwfaomufNyD; vQif
yg;pyf r S rD ; cd k ; wd k Y u d k rI w f x k w f \ / xd k r D ; cd k ; wd k Y u d k pd k u f M unf h u m
awG;awmae\/ tcef;xJwGif vufudk aemufypf tjyeftvSef
avQmufae\/ wHcg;ydwfudk r NyD;vQif a&SUodkY vSrf;Munfh\/ aeyl
274
odyHarmif0
usJusJ uGif;jyifBuD;twGif; aysmfyg;pGm tpmpm;aeMuaom EGm;wdkY

udkjrif&\/ EGm;ausmif;om;av;\ yavGoH aMumifawmifawmifudk
Mum;&\/ wHcg;ydwfudkcsum jyef 0ifvm\/ rdrdae&mwGifxdkif\/
pmuav;rsm; qlnHaeMuonfudk armfMunfh\/ ae&mrSxum
tcef;ywf0ef;usifwGif avQmufjyef\/ aerxd xdkifrxd jzpfae\/
tb,faMumifh odkYjzpfaeygoenf;/ tylBuD; tyifBuD; rsm;
&Sdoavm? rdrd tvGefcspfcifaom &nf;pm; olwpfyg;ESifh,loGm;aom
aMumifh ayavm ponfjzifh awG;awmzG,f&Sd\/
rdrdESifh xdrf;jrm;onfrSm wpfvcGJcefYom Mumao;aom rdrd
Muif,mr,m;udk [oFmwNrdKUxm;cJh wpfa,mufwnf; Hk;awmf
wGif tvkyfoifMum;ae&aMumif;udkodvQif? xdk0efaxmufuav;\
aerxd xdkifrxd jzpfaeonfudk tHhMoMurnfavm/ /
p
armifvlat;
275
xd k a eY o nf u m; wpf a ygif ; vjynf h a usmf 2 &uf a eUjzpf a v

onf/ Hk;wGif aeYcif;u trIwpfrIudk ppfaq;NyD;aemuf ESpfzuf
pvHk;uyif oufaocdkifvHkaeojzifh pOf;pm;&usyfvSaomaMumifh
pdwftkduf ae\/ xdkaeYyif pD&ifcsufcsu rSm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh
aemufwpfaeYrS pD&ifcsuf csrnf[l trIonfrsm;tm; ajymjyNyD;
vQif w&m;cGifrS qif; tdrfodkY jyefvmcJhavonf/
wpfvrf;vHk; trItaMumif;udk odkYavm odkYavm awG;awm
vsuf vm\/ tdrfodkY jyefa&mufvQifvnf; trItaMumif;udk yif
awG;awmawmh\/ nae vufzuf&nf aomufaom vufzuf
&nfyGJwGifvnf; trItaMumif;yif awG;\/ xdkifaeonfjzpfap? x
aeonfjzpfap? vufzuf&nfaomufaeonfjzpfap? 4if; trIt
aMumif;rSm &pf0J&pf0J aeay\/ odkYaomf qHk;jzwfcsufudkum; awG;
awm r&ojzifh tcufESifh awGUBuHK&av\/
tBuH a umif ; rsm; &vd k & jim; aetenf ; i,f a pmif ; oG m ;vQif
tdrfrSxGuf ppfudkif; urf;em;vrf;odkY vrf;avQmuf&ef xGufoGm;
av\/ xd k t cgonf u m; {&m0wD j rpf x J w G i f a&enf ; aomtcg
wnf;/ urf;ajcwpfavQmufwGif aomifjyifBuD;xGef;vsufae\/
xdkodkY xGef;vsufaeaom aomifjyifBuD;rSm urf;ajcrS udkuf 70
cefY jrpfxJzufodkY xGef;vsufae\/
urf;em;vrf;wpfavQmuf ta&SUrS taemufodkY tpOftwdkif;
avQmuf oGm;\/ tpOftwdkif; tpdk;& aq;Hk? atbDtrf rdef;u
276
odyHarmif0
av;ausmif;? bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;? puf&Sifrif;BuD; tdrf? ta&;ydkiftdrf

AdkvfwJ? &mZ0wf0efBuD;tdrf? q&m0efBuD;tdrf? *sifcgem (ppfudkif;
uvyf wd k Y o d k Y ausmf v G e f oG m ;\/ ppf u d k i f ; uvyf ausmf v Qif
urf;em;vrf; qHk;oGm;\/
cdkifrif;BuD;tdrfodkY 0if&ef vrf;om usefawmhojzifh urf;yg;
atmufudkqif;um taemufbufodkY qufvuf avQmufoGm;jzpf\/
rif;BuD;tdrfa&SUudk jzwf oGm;NyD;aemuf ppfudkif;cHwyf ysufodkY
a&mufav\/ xdkcHwyfum; jrefrmrif; vufxufu aqmufvkyf
xm;aom cHwyfjzpfavonf/ 4if; cHwyfrSm ysufpD;vsuf aeayNyD/
vrf;avQmuf&if; wpfvrf;vHk; pOf;pm;vmcJhaomaMumifh
bmudkrQ rawG;awmrd/ cHwyfa[mif;odkY a&mufaomtcgrlum;
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf jrefrmrif;wdkY\taMumif;? jrefrmrif;wdkY\
ajc&m vuf & mud k jrif v d k u f & vQif jref r mrif ; wd k Y \ taMumif ;
awG;awmrd\/ ppfjzpfpOfu rnfodkY jzpfysufMuyHk taMumif;? rnfodkY
vIyf&Sm;x<uMurnfh taMumif;udk pdwful;xJwGif awG;awmpOf;pm;
rd\/ tcgusrS ,cif pOf;pm;ae&if; trItaMumif; pdwful;xJrS
aysmufoGm;\/
xdkYaemuf cyfarmarm&Sdojzifh cHwyf tpGefem;&Sd tkwfrsm;
ay:wG i f wuf xd k i f u m jrpf b uf o d k Y vS r f ; Munf h \ / xd k a e&m
taemufbuf reD;ra0;&Sd tapcH&GmrS qif; aysmfyg;pGm a&cyf
aeMuonfudk jrif&vQif pdwfaysmf&Tif vmav\/
a&tdk; &Gufolu &Guf? qdkif;ESifh OD;yJh xrf;olu xrf;? a&tdk;
ESpfvHk; qifhNyD; &Gufolu &Guf? vlESpfa,muf tdk;BuD;wpfvHk;udk xrf;
ydk;jzifh xrf;oluxrf;? touft&G,frSmvnf; BuD;BuD;vnf;yg? i,f
i,fvnf;&Sd? a,mufsm; rdef;r rusef tm;vHk;yif ysm;yef;cyfbdouJh
odkY aomifjyifBuD;wGif qif;olqif;? wufolwuf aeMu\/ touf
t&G,f i,folwdkYteuf oHk;ESpf av;ESpfom; uav;rsm;yif yg\/
toufBuD;olwdkYteufvnf; 70 ausmfrsm;yif ygavonf/
vl t rsm; wuf q if ; Muonf r S m rsm;vS a om aMumif h zk e f
waxmif;axmif; x aeonfrSm aqmif;wGif; jrLESif;awG zHk;tkyf
aeouJhodkY jzpfae\/ oDcsif;atmfqdkoluvnf;qdk? pum; atmf
armifvlat;
277
ajymoluvnf; ajym? wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf atmfNyD; ac:olawG

uvnf; ac:? aysmfvdkufMuonfhjzpfjcif;/
a&ul;olwdkYuvnf; r&Sm;? upm;aeolawG uvnf; tyHkyif?
ckefaygufaeolawG uvnf; teE? ajy;vTm; aeolwdkYrSmvnf; pHr&
rsm;vSpGm\/ yGJ taMumif;vnf; ajymMu? kyf&SiftaMumif;vnf;
ajymMu? rD;avmifonfhtaMumif;vnf;ajymMu? "m;jywdkufonfh
taMumif;vnf; ajymMu qlnH aeay\/
tcsKdUu oJxJwGif awmifyHkawmyHk vkyfMu\/ tcsKdUu oJyHk
apwD wnfxm;Mu\/ uav;rsm;uvnf; bk&m;zl; oGm;[ef qlnH
aeMu\/ vltrsm; qlnH aeonfhtMum;wGif acG;rsm;uvnf;
aysmfyg;vGef;Mu [dkajy; onfajy; wajy;wnf; ajy;vsufaeMu\/
xdk aomifjyifay:wGif wHig vkyfpm;Muaom wHigonfawG\
wJuav;rsm;rSmvnf; oHk;av;q,fcefY &Sdavonf/ &Gmuav; wpf
&Gmyif jzpfae\/ xdk wJuav;awGteD;wGif aysmfyg;pGmupm;aeMu
aom uav;rsm;uvnf; oHyHk;rsm;udk us,favmifpGmwD; aeMu\/
t&yfxJwGif oHyHk;wD;umupm;aeMuoHudkMum;&vQif a'goxGuf
ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf tcsdef ae&m tcgum; oHyHk;wD;oH
udkyif om,mouJhodkY xifrSwfrd\/
a&ul;aeolwdkYrSmvnf; dk;dk;wef;wef;ul;Muonfr[kwf? vdkuf
Mu ajy;Mu? oDcsif;qdkMu apmif;ajrmif;ajymqdkvvsuf aeMu\/
odkY aysmfyg;pGm a&ul; a&cyf? ajy;vTm; upm;aeonfhtcgwGif
avSBuD; avSi,f? iSufrsm;vnf; rMumrMum pkef oGm;Mu\/ qef
vnf; vmMu\/ xdkavSrsm; iSufrsm;ay:wGif ygaomolrsm;tm;
aomifjyifwGif upm;aeolwdkYu vSrf; pum;ajymMu\/ vSrf;
aemufMu\/ vSrf; apmif;ajrmif;um oDcsif;qdkMu\/ avSay:wGif
ygvmolwdkuvnf; pdwfqdk;jcif;r&Sd? jyefvSefum aysmfyg;pGm jyef
oDcsif;qdkMu? vSrf;aemufMuESifh aysmfp&mBuD; ae\/
teD;tem;rS avSrsm; jzwfoGm;vQifvnf; a&ul;aeol wdkYrSm
avSem;a&mufatmif ul;oGm;MuNyD;vQif avSudk vdkuf wG,fMu\/
avSwGifygvmolwdkYu xdk;0g;wdkYjzifh dkufra,mif jyKvkyfum upm;
Mu\/ ul;vdkufolwdkYuvnf; a&mufvQif avSudk wG,f vdkufoGm;
278
odyHarmif0
\/ tcsKd U u avS a y:od k Y w uf 0d k i f ; 0ef ; um avS x d k ; ay;Mu\/

tawmfa0;a0;usrS avSay:rS ckefqif;um jyefvmMu\/ tcsKdU
avSwdkYrSmvnf; rdrdwdkYwifaqmifvmaom c&rf;oD;rsm;jzifh aomif
jyifay:wGif upm;aeolwdkYtm; ypfcwfum upm;Mu\/ aysmfp&m
BuD ; wpf & yf j zpf a yonf / aomif j yif r S v nf ; 4if ; wd k Y \ c&rf ; oD ;
rsm;jzifhyifvQif jyef ypfMu\/
odkY aysmfyg;pGm aeMuaom olwdkYrSmum; xdktcdkufwGif tyl
tyifr&Sd? NyD;pD;jyefvQifvnf; yl& yif&aom tcsufrsm;pGm r&Sdacs/
rdrdwdkY vkyfudkif &orQaom Opm ypnf;wdkYESifh wif;wdrfvsuf
aeMu\/ tpm;taomufrSmvnf; xrif;ESifh yJjyKwf? yJ[if;? c&rf;
csOfoD;[if;rsm;udk &vQif auseyfayNyD/ oGm;vm&efrSmvnf; rdrdwdkY
wGif &Sdaom ajcESpfacsmif;udkyif tm;udk;Mu\/ zsm;emjyefvQifvnf;
q&m0ef ac:&ef aiGaMu;rsm;pGm rvdk? t&yfxJwGif&Sdaom aq;NrD;
wdEk iS yhf ifaysmufMu\/
odkY Munfhae&if; xdkolwdkY\ aysmf&Tifjcif;udk tm;usae&if;
rdrdvkyf&aom tvkyftudkif\ wm0efBuD;jcif;? pdwfyifyef;p&m
aumif;jcif;wdkYudk pOf;pm;ae&if;yifvQif rdk;csKyfvm\/ aevnf;
0if oGm;awmhrnfhqJqJ ae\ eDaom aea&mifwdkYonf jrpfwpf
ck v H k ; wG i f usaeaomaMumif h jrpf w pf c k v H k ; eD e D & J & J B uD ; jzpf a e\/
aomifjyifESifh wJrsm;tay:wGif usa&mufaom aea&mif\ yHkyef;
udkum; rajymjyEdkifatmif&Sd\/ pdwfMunfEl;ae&if;yif twefu
av;MumvQif ae0if oGm;\/ arSmifvm\/ a&cyfol rsm;vnf;
yg;oGm;\/ xdktcgrS xNyD;vQif tdrfjyefcJh\/ trItaMumif; jyef
a&mufvm\/ xdktcgum; pdwfat;aom tcdkufuav;wnf;/

({NyDv? 1931)
armifvlat;
279
armifvlat; wdkuftay:xyf tdyfcef;xJ&Sd Budrf yufvuf

ukvm;xdkifay:wGif wpfa,mufwnf;xdkifvsuf aeonfrSm tawmf
MumavNyD/ vufxJwGifum; eHeufua&mufvmaom &efukefa*Zuf
owif;pmudkudkifvsufxm;\/ 4if;owif;pmudk zwfcsnfcscsnfESifh
vkyfae\/ pm pdwfygyHkray:? owif;wpfckckudk qHk;atmifrzwf?
acgif;pOfuo
kd mMunf&h if; ausm
f oGm;avawmhonf/
aemufqHk; owif;pmudk teD;&Sdpm;yGJay:wGif csum pD;u&uf
wpfvdyfudk rD;daomuf\/ aq;vdyfrSxGufoGm;aom rD;cdk;wdkYudk
armfMunfh\/ eufeJpGm pdwful;xkwfaeyHk ay:avonf/ tem;ywf
0ef;usifwGif&Sdaom tdrfaxmifypnf;rsm;udk wpfckNyD;wpfck Munfh\/
tvkdrusonfh rsufESmudk jrif&avonf/ bmrsm; tvdkrusygvdrfh/
ndxm;aom aq;vdyfrSmvnf; wpfpwpfprD;pmjzpfvmcJh\/ wdk
onfxuf wdkvmcJh\/ aemufqHk; vufudk rD;avmifaomtcgusrS
acsum axG ; cH t wG i f ; od k Y ypf o G i f ; vd k u f a vawmh o nf / tMuif
aq;vd y f w d k u av;onf &S J c eJ q d k axG ; cH t wG i f ; ysuf p D ; jcif ; od k Y
a&muf&&Smavawmhownf;/ tdrftjyifbufwGifum; rdk;wpdrfhpdrfh
ESifh ae\/ xdk rdk;wpdrfhpdrfhESifhaeonfudk jywif;aygufrS vSrf;Munfh
\/ teD;&Sd tkef;yifay:wGif usD;ESpfaumifrSm rdk;a&xJwGifukyfum
280
odyHarmif0
wpf a umif E S i f h w pf a umif wd k ; a0S Y a eMuuk e f \ / csrf ; yif c srf ; aom

aMumif h ayavm? wpf a umif E S i f h w pf a umif cspf M uaomaMumif h
ayavm/
odkYMunfhae twefuav;MumvQif wHcg;0rS ajcoHMum;
vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&m cifoef;jrifh uav; 0ifvmonfudk jrif&\/
cifoef;jrifhuav;uNyHK;vsuf tcef;xJodkY 0ifvmavonf/ armif
vl a t;vnf ; jyef NyH K ;\/ rnf r Qpd w f M unf oG m ;Murnf e nf ; /
cifoef;jrifh\ tMunf"mwfonf armifvlat; pdwfudk wdk;a0SU
oGm;\/ armifvlat;\ tMunf"mwfonfvnf; cifoef;jrifh\
pdwfudk wdk;a0SU oGm;avawmhonf/ armifvlat; ,cifrsufESmrS
csufcsif; ajymif;oGm;\/
armifval t;u pwif
]]udkudk jrifhudk apmifhae&wm MumvSNyD? vmEdk;vmEdk;eJY}} [k
ajym\/ cifoef;jrifhu wpfzef]]aMomf ...{nfhonfawGu pum;aumif;aevdkY rwufvm
wm? vmcsifwmawmhMumygNyD? pdwfaumufaeovm;}} [k jyefar;
\/
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odkY cspfwif;qdkae&if; cifoef;jrifhu armifvlat;xdkifae
aom yufvufukvm;xdkifESifh uyfvsuf Murf;jyifay:vmxdkif
\/ armif v l a t;\vuf v nf ; tcG i f h r awmif ; bmrawmif ; bJ
cifoef;jrifh\ ezl;txuf qHpqDodkYa&mufoGm;\/ a&mufHkrQ
ru? aygufcgp qHyifuav;rsm;udkyif oyfvsufae\/ twefMum
atmifyif pum;rajym bmrajymbJ aeMuukef\/ qdwfqdwf
aejcif;onf cspfwif;qdkonfxufyif aumif;[ef? pnf;pdrf&Sd[ef?
MunfEl;Mu[efwlavonf/ pma&;q&murlum; tb,frSmvQif
wyftyfaocsmajymMum;Edik yf gtHeh nf;/
cifoef;jrifhuav;\ vufxJwGifum; ydk;BudK;? eDeD? 0g0g? jymjym
pdrf;pdrf;wdkYESifhwuG rdef;rtustopfwpfxnfudkudkifvsuf ygvm
\/ xdkifum rdrdtuswGif yef;yGifhuav;rsm;udk xdk;vsufae\/
cifoef;jrifh\ ya,m*aMumifh xdkydk;BudK;uav;rsm;rSm ydk;BudK;b0rS
armifvlat;
281
yef;yGifhuav;rsm;b0odkY a&mufoGm;Muonfudk armifvlat;vnf;

pdkuf Munfhvsufae\/ cifoef;jrifhvnf; wpfcsufwpfcsuf armif
vlat;tm; arQmfMunfh\/ rsufpdcsif;qdkifrdMuavonf/ &m*ykw
uav;awG odef;oef;ru trsm;BuD;zGm; ukef\/ cifoef;jrifhu
pNyHK;\/ armifvlat;u vdkuf NyHK;jyef\/ NyHK;rQ wif;rwdrf
ao;? ]]udkudk}} [k EIwfu ac:rd\/ ]]jrifh}} [k jyefxl;rd\/ 4if;
]]udkudk}} ]]jrifh}} qdkaom pum;uav; ESpfcGef;rSm ay:xGufvdkufonf
\ cPyifvQif csKyfavsma&GUvsm; oGm;Muukef\/ odkY csKyf
oGm;Muavukefaomfvnf; cifoef;jrifhESifh armifvlat;wdkY\ em;xJ
wGifrlum; pGJNrJvsufusefaeMuukef\/ yJwifoHuJhodkY tzefzefMum;
vsufaeMuay\/ tcspf ESpfOD;wdkYrSm arwmwnf;[laom yifv,f
aMum arsmyg,pfrl;vsufaeMuaomaMumifh xyfrQ pum;rajym
Edkif/ xyfrQrac:Edkif/ xyfrQ rNyHK;EdkifjzpfaeMuukef\/
od k Y pum;rajym bmrajym wpf a ,muf r suf E S m ud k
wpfa,mufMunfhum yDwdjzpfaewkef; jzKef;ceJ tcef;jyifbufrS
]]rr}} [l ac:oHudk Mum;vdkuf&\/ armifvlat;\ udk,fawmfjrwf
nmvufonf cifoef;jrifh\ qHprS ukvm;xdkifvuf&ef;odkY trIrJh
trSwfrJh jyef<ucJh\/ cifoef;jrifh owd rxm;rd? armifvlat;vnf;
owdrxm;rd/
cifoef;jrifhvnf; ajErysuf xl;vdkufav\/ tcef;twGif;
odkY ajy; 0ifvmolum; cifNrdKifNrdKifwnf;/ armifvlat;\ pm
oHk;apmifudk vm ay;avonf/ cifNrdKifNrdKifrSm touf 16 ESpf&Sd
cifoef;jrifh\ nDruav;jzpfavonf/ cifNrdKifNrdKifvnf; pmoHk;
apmifudk ay;NyD; xGufoGm;rnfjyK\/ armifvlat;u pufoDcsif;
zGifh&atmif[l ajymaomaMumifh pufoDcsif;xm;&modkYoGm;um zGifh
avawmhonf/
armifvlat;onf pmoHk;apmifudk pufoDcsif; em;axmif&if;
wpfapmifNyD;wpfapmifudkzwf\/ NyD;vQif wpfapmifNyD;wpfapmif
cifoef;jrifhuav;odkY ay;\/ cifoef;jrifhuav;vnf; zwfum NyHK;
\/ armifvlat;tm; armfMunfh\/ armifvlat;uvnf; jyef
NyHK;\/ 4if;pmwdkYum; rdwfaqGrsm;u 4if;wdkYtm; aemuf a&;vdkuf
282
odyHarmif0
aom pmrsm;jzpfavonf/ armifvlat;wdkY\ NyHK;jcif;onf cifNrdKif

NrdKifodkYyif ul;pufoGm;\/ cifNrdKifNrdKifrSm bmrodnmrodNyHK;vsuf
yifae\/ tNyHK;wnf;[laom awmxJwGif waomaomESifh aeMu
uke\
f /
cif N rd K if N rd K if u armif v l a t;wd k Y t m; oa&mf a omtaeES i f h
]]cifwkef; cspfp Muifemp Mum;xJu avaoG;awmh a0;w,fvdkYxif}}
ygaom wpfa,mufxdkif vefcsm;ac: "mwfjym;udk xyfumxyfum
zGifhvsufae\/ cspfolESpfOD;wdkYvnf; MunfEl;vsufyif/ av;Budrf
ig;Budrfus cspfolESpfOD;wdkYu awmif;yefMuawmhrS tjcm;"mwfjym;
wdkYudkoGif;\/ aysmfrqHk;? 0rf;ajrmufrqHk;? MunfEl; rqHk; wNyHK;
NyHK;ESifh aeMuukef\/
rMumrD tdrfay:odkYajy; wufvmMuaom olwdkYum; cifcif
oD E S i f h cif c if & D w d k Y j zpf M u\/ cif c if o D u m; touf 10 ES p f c ef Y ?
cifcif&Dum; touf 8 ESpfcefY/ 4if;wdkY\ ycHk;wGif pmtkyfvG,f
tdwfuav;wpfvHk;pD vG,fvsuf w,fvJ 0rf;omMu xifyg&JU/
ausmif;vTwf tdrfodkYa&mufvQif a&mufcsif; pmtkyf vG,ftdwf
udk rxm;ao;bJ tdrfay:odkY ajy;wufvmMujcif;jzpfavonf/
4if;wdkY EIwfzsm;wGifrlum; ]]udkudk-udkudk}} qdkaom pum;rsm;oD;
vsuf ae\/ ac: tm;r&EdkifMu/ armifvlat;\ aygifay:wGif
nDtpfrESpfa,muf vkxdkifMu\/ armifvlat;um; rnfolYudkrQ
rsufESmrvdkuf? ESpfa,mufpvHk;tm; aygifay:wGif xdkifap\/ aeYcif;
u oifMum;&aom pmrsm;taMumif;udk ar;\/ olYxufig rom
omatmif ajzMu\/ q&mu aeY c if ; u trS w f a y;vd k u f o nf h
pmtkyfwdkYudk xkwf jyMu\/ wpfa,mufudk wpfa,mufESdrfhcs
qdkMu\/ udk,fomwwfonf olrwwf[l qdkMujcif;um; uav;
wdkY\ oabmwnf;/
odkY axG;vHk;&pfywf ar;jref;ae? ajzqdkaeMuonfhtwGif;
wGif cifNrdKifNrdKifuvnf; "mwfjym;wpfjym;NyD;wpfjym; tpOftwdkif;
zGifh oGm;onfrSm "mwfjym;aygif; 12 jym;rQyif usavNyD/ cifNrdKif
NrdKifuvnf; rdrdzGifhaeaom oDcsif;rsm;udk em;raxmif&aumif;vm;
[k pdwfqdk;ra,mifa,mifESifh pufoDcsif;udk ydwfvdkufrnfjyK\/
armifvlat;
283
armifval t;u awmif;yef&jyefavonf/

aemufqHk; tm;vHk;auseyfMuap&ef cifcifoDESifh cifcif&D
wd k Y u d k tuck d i f ; \/ uav;rsm;vnf ; rd r d w d k Y wwf p G r f ; orQ
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,mufomavatmif BudK;pm; uMu\/ armif
vlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkYu vufckyf0dkif; wD;Mu\/ aysmfvdkufMu
wJh jzpfjcif;/ ig;a,mufom; qlnHvsufaeMuavawmh\/ &,fol
u &,f? ajrmufay;olu ajrmufay;? NyHK;oluNyHK;? tm;&yg;& uol u
ESihf aysmpf &mhaysmpf &mBu;D jzpfavonf/
cif o ef ; jrif h w d k Y \ rd c if E S i f h zcif w d k Y u m; tjyif b uf c ef ; &S d
ukvm;xdkifwdkYwGif xdkifum pm&if;pmtkyfBuD;rsm;udkzGifhvsuf pm&if;
&Sif;aeMuukef\/ odkY pm&if;&Sif;aeMu? tvkyftaMumif; aqG;aEG;
aeMuaomfvnf; rdrdwdkY\ pdwfrSmrlum; xdkpm&if;wdkYwGifvnf; &Sd
rnfr[kwf? tvkyfwGifvnf; &Sdrnfrxif/ orD;av;a,mufESifh o
rufjzpfaom armifvlat;wdkY aysmf&TifpGm &SdaeMuonfhae&modkYom
a&mufaeMuonf[q
k v
kd Qif rSm;vdrrhf nfrxif/
xdkcPwGif armifvlat;\ pdwfudk auseyfjcif;? ESpfoufjcif;?
tm;&jcif;wdkYu vTrf;rdk;xm;aomaMumifh avmuudk arhvsuf ae
awmh\/ tvkyfpdwfrsm; r0ifEdkif/ tcGefaumufaompdwfrsm; r0if
Edkif? olcdk;"m;jywdkYtm; ESdyfuGyfaompdwfrsm;r0ifEdkif? ylyifaomu
pdwfrsm; r0ifEdkif? vHk;vHk;BuD; at;jrvsufaeay\/ cifoef;jrifhESifh
r*FvmaqmifNy;D aemuf cGiEhf iS ahf eonf r[kwyf gavm/
(ysm;&nfqE) [kac:qdkavh&SdMuaom csKdcsKd at;at;uav;
ae&aom tcsd e f u mvr[k w f y gavm? cif o ef ; jrif h u av;wd k Y \
tcspaf iGUwGif ajrmarh aeavawmhonf/

(Edk0ifbmv? 1932)
284
odyHarmif0
armifvlat;onf rdrd\ r,m;cspf rjroef;uav;tm; armf

vNrdKif 'dkif;0efuGif; ocsKif;? oD[dkVfyif uav;atmufwGif jrKyfESHypf
xm;cJh&onfrSm 10 &ufcefYom Mumao;\/ xdk oD[dkVfyifuav;
oD[dkVfudkif;uav;tm; wa&;a&;jrifa,mifESifhae\/ udpNyD;pD;
rdrdaetdrfodkY a&mufvmonfrSm oHk;&ufomvQif Mumao;\/
tdrfodkY jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf pdwfxJwGif aMumifawmifawmif
ESifh ae\/ [mwmwmESifh ae\/ ysif;ovdkvdk? aqG;ovdkvdk? vGrf;
ovdkvdkESifh ae\/ vGrf;onf[lvnf; rqdkEdkif? aqG;onf[l
vnf; rqdkEdkif? pdwfnpfonf[lvnf; rqdkEdkif? [mwmwmESifhjzpf
ae\/ aMumifawmifawmif [dk[m vkyf&Edk;Edk; onf[m vkyf& Edk;
Edk; ajcrudkifrd vufrudkifrd jzpfae\/
wpfa,mufwnf; pm;yGJa&SU ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifum awGa0
pOf ; pm;aeonf r S m vnf ; twef y if M um\/ rd r d t*F v ef j ynf
atmuf(pf) zdkY'fNrdKUwGif wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;a&mufaexdkifcJhzl;\/
rdbaqGrsKd; cspfol cifolwdkYtm; vGrf;qGwfwocJhzl;\/ odkYaomf
,cktcgrSmuJhodkY aerxd xdkifrxd rjzpf? aemufwpfaeU jyefawGU&
OD;rnfudk odaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlavonf/ wpfa,mufwnf;
aecJhonfrSmvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumayNyD/ ,ckuJhodkY rjzpfpzl;?
ESpfa,mufyl; aygif;oif;um raecJhzl;ao;aomaMumifh qdkp&m &Sd\/
vnf; r[kwfao;? rjroef;uav;ESifhyif rrmjzpfaepOfu cGJcJh
zl;ao;\/ vGrf;qGwf\/ wo\? ylaqG;\/ odkYaomf ,ckuJhodkY
aMumif a wmif a wmif E S i f h aerxd xd k i f r xd rjzpf ? aemif w pf a eY
armifvlat;
285
usvQif jyefawGU&OD;[laom arQmfvifhcsufuav;u &Sdao;aom

aMumifw
h nf;/
,ckum; arQmfvifhcsuf vHk;vHk;uif;\/ rjyefaom vrf;odkYoGm;
ayNyD/ xdk oD[dkVfudkif;atmufrSmyif tdk;tom; aqG;jrnfh oGm;&
awmhtHh/ arQmfvifhcsufuif;aom oltm; avmuBuD;onf tcsnf;
ESD;jzpf\/ avmuBuD; twGif; jrifjriforQ tusKd;rjrif? tjypf
omjrif&\/ xdkifae&aumif;Edk;Edk;? xae&aumif;Edk;Ekd;? tdyfae&
aumif;Edk;Edk;? vrf;avQmufaeu aumif;Edk;Edk;ESifh ae\/ rjroef;
uav;\ rsufESm? rjroef; jrKyfxm;&m\ txufwGif aygufaom
oD[dkVfyifwdkYudkom rsufpdxJ wa&;a&;jrifvsuf ae\/ pdwfudk
azsmuf\? qHk;r\? w&m;cs\? r&/
pdwfajyvufajy wkwfaumuf wpfacsmif;udkudkifum vlolESifh
a0;aom ukef;bufodkY wpfa,mufwnf; vrf;avQmuf&if; xGuf
oGm;\/ pdrf;vef;aom jrufcif;rsm;? pdrf;vef;aom awmwef;uav;
rsm;? pdrf;vef;aom opfyifopfudkif;rsm;? a&jynfhaeaom a&tdkif
uav;rsm;udk jrifvdkuf&vQif aqG;pdwf vGrf;pdwfrsm; aysmufuif;
vGifhpOf roGm;HkrQru? ,cifu ylaqG;aomupdwfrsm;udk qGJay;
onfEiS w
hf \
l /
pdwf ylaqG;aeaom oltm; wdwfqdwfaom ae&mESifhrjzpf?
wdwfqdwfavav ylaqG;aom pdwf wdk;avavjzpf\/ jrefjrefyif
tdrfodkY jyefvmcJh\/
xrif ; [if ; pm;aomuf N yD ; vQif vl a ygrsm;&m t&m&S d w d k Y \
toif;HkodkY xGufoGm;\/ cgwdkif;rlum; toif;HkodkY oGm;cJbdjcif;/
pdwfajyvufajy zJ0dkif;wGif 0if zJdkuf\/ zJcsyfawG tMum;wGif
rjroef;\ pdwf ay:vm\/ olwum toD;oD;EdkifMu\/ armif
vl a t;um; tI H ; om tzwf w if \ / zJ d k u f vnf ; ae&mrus?
olrsm;wumAdvd,ufxdk;aeMuonfudkMunfh\/ olwumpum;ajym
aeMuonfwGif 0if a&maESmum ajym\/ &,fonfhae&mwGif
&,f\/ NyHK;onfhae&mwGif NyHK;\/ odkYaomf rjroef;\ pdwfum;
raysmuf? vlu wjcm; pdwfuwjcm; jzpfvsufaeawmhownf;/
tcsdefukef tdrfjyefvmNyD;vQif rdrd0goemygaom pmtkyf
286
odyHarmif0
awGudkzGifh zwf\/ a&S;u pmtkyfrsKd;udk zwf&vQif xrif;rSef;

[if;rSef;rod pGJpGJNrJNrJzwfavh&Sd\/ tvGefpGJvrf;\? rsm;pGmoabmus
\/ zwf tESpfom&&Sd\/ ,ckum; pmwpfrsufESm ukef&efyif
tawmfMumatmif zwf&\/ pmwpfrsufESm NyD;oGm;jyefygvnf; rdrd
zwfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm bmrSef;rod? zwfvdkuf pOf;pm;vdkuf?
awG;awmvdkufESifh vkyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ [dkpOf;pm;
onfpOf;pm;ESifhom ae\/ tcsdefrSm rukefEdkifouJhodkY xifrSwfrd
ay\/
tcsdefukefvGefvdkaomaMumifh rdwfaqGrsm;xHodkY pmvSrf; a&;
\/ xdk pmawGtxJwGif bmawGygukefrSef;rod? xifwmawGudk
a&;xnfhvdkufavh&Sd\/ trsm;tm;jzifh rjroef;uav;\ taMumif;
om rsm;ukef\/ pdwfudk trsKd;rsKd;aysmufatmif BudK;pm;\/ BudK;pm;
r&? MumvQif vTwfxm;&\/ pOf;pm;csifwdkif; pOf;pm;vsufae
\/
od k Y aerxd xd k i f r xd jzpf a eonf r S m oH k ; &uf M umayNyD /
,aeU Hk;rS ig;em&D jyefvmcJh\/ pdwfajyvufaysmuf vrf;avQmuf
&ef abmif;bDzdeyfrsm;udk 0wfum ae\/ odkY t0wftpm;vJ
aewkef;rSmyif taemufbufrS wdrfwdkufrdk;om;BuD;onf rnf;
rnf; wufvm\/ Munfhae&if;yif rdk;BuD; onf;xefpGm &Gm\/
cspfcifolwdkYESifh uGJuGmaeaom olwdkYrSm odkYaom tcdkuftcg
rsKd;ESifh MuHKawGUvQif tb,frSm rvGrf;bJ aeEdkiftHhenf;/ (armifvl
at;um; rjroef;uav;ESifh acwrQ cGJcGm ae&olr[kwf? rauGU
wrf; cGJ oGm;avNyD/ ) armifvlat;\ aqG;jcif;um; qdkp&mr&Sd?
vGrf;olwdkYum; jyef qHkEdkifao; awGUEdkifao;\/ aqG;olwdkYum;
jyef rawGUawmhNyD? vrf;qHk;odkY a&mufNyD;jzpf\/
rdk;aygufrsm; usaeonfudk wpdrfhpdrfhMunfhvsufae\/ rvIyf
r&Sm; NidrfoufpGm Ipm;aeaomfvnf; pdwfxJurl rnfrQ vIyf&Sm;
aeonfudkum; rnfol ajymjyEdkiftHhenf;/ tdrfa&SUNcHxJwGif ayguf
a&mufaeMuaom *Ermyef; wdkYum; rjroef; usef;usef;rmrm &Sd
pOfu oefwkef;? yGifhwkef;? zl;wkef;? tvGefw&mrSyif IcsifzG,faumif;
Mu\/ vl j rif w d k i f ; csD ; rG r f ; Mu&\/ rjroef ; rusef ; rrm jzpf
armifvlat;
287
armfvNrdKifodkY jyefoGm;aomtcg *Ermyef;yif yef;yGifh yef;zl;uav;

wdkYrSmvnf; nKd;EGrf;acGvs tm;jywfum &SdaeMuukef\/ ,ck rjroef;
uav; tqHk;pGefaom b0wpfyg;odkY ajymif;oGm;aomtcgvnf;?
rjroef;ESihf twlyif b0wpfyg;odYk ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muukeaf vonf/
yef;NcHtwGif; yef;yif[l r&SdawmhNyD? ajrjyifomvQif usef
awmh\/ uHwl tusKd;ay;rsm;jzpfava&mhovm;/ rjroef;um; *E
rmyef;yGifhuav;awGESifh wlvSay\/ xdkyef;uav;wdkYonf vSy
wifhw,f IcsifzG,faumif;\/ 4if;wdkYtm; rsufpdatmufwGif tNrJ
Icsifapumrl toufr&SnfMu/ acwwGifom touf&SifMuukef\/
rjroef;uav;rSmvnf; oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPfESifh jynfhpHkygay\/
toufum; r&Snf&Sm/
yef ; yif o pf y if w d k Y r S uif ; rJ h aeaom yef ; NcH u m; rd r d E S i f h
wlvS\[k awG;awmrdav\/ yef;NcHrSm *Ermyef;uav;rsm; yGifh
zl;aepOfu tvGefw&mrSyif MunfhI wifhw,f\/ armifvlat;
rSmvnf; rjroef;uav;&SdpOfu rsm;pGm tvGefwifhw,f\/ &Tif&Tif
NyHK;NyHK;&Sd\/ ,ckrSmum; yef;yifuif;aom yef;NcHuJhodkY ajcmufaoGU
aoG U rI e f o k e f o k e f B uD ; jzpf v suf aeayNyD / &T i f y sMunf v if j cif ; um;
tvsif; uif;vsufaeayNyD/ tdrfa&SUyef;NcHudkMunfhum twefMum
atmifyif NidrfoufpGm awG;awmvsuf taqG;yGm;vsuf aeavawmh
\/
rdk;vnf; &GmqJyif/ rdk;\ wefcdk;um; cspfcifolwdkY twlwl
aexdkif&vQif pdwfat;jrap\/ cspfcifolwdkY cGJcGm ae&rlum;
pdwfudk ylaqG;ap\/ a&S;u rdk;zGJrsm;udk zwfzl;onfum; rsm;vSayNyD?
trIrJh trSwfrJhom zwf\/ vGrf;pdwfqdkray:? aqG;pdwfqdkray:
,ckrSyif udk,fwdkifMuHKawGU&\/ rdk;&Gm aqG;aomaMumifh taqG;
pdwfaysmuf&ef tdrfa&SUyef;NcHudk pdkuf Munfhjyefvnf; ajcmufaoGU
aoGUjrif&aomf wd;k omaqG;ap\/
aiGwdkuftvkyfudkoifMum;&ef ZvGefodkY oGm;pOfu rjroef;
uav;tm; [oFmwNrdKUwGif acwxm;cJh\/ we*FaEGaeU Hk;tm;
&ufwGif jrifvdkaomaMumifh armifawmfum; wpfpD;om oGm;EdkifHk
wmdk;vrf;ay:wGif n udk;em&DarSmifarSmif rnf;rnf;wGif [oFmw
288
odyHarmif0
odkY pdkif;vmaomtaMumif;rsm;udk pOf;pm;rd\/ aMumuf&rSef; rod?

vefY&rSef;rod? rjroef;udkawGUcsifaom aZmu zHk;uG,f xm;bd\/
,ckrlum; armfawmfum;rqdkxm;bd? av,mOfysHjzifh oGm;a&muf&Sm
azGygaomfvnf; rjroef;ESifh awGUqHk&ef taMumif;r&Sd? tqHk;pGefaom
b0odkY a&mufaeMuayNyD? tuGJBuD; uGJaeavNyD/ a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfwdkYudk tawG;ESifhom vGrf; ae&avawmhownf;/
armfvNrdKifrS wpfaeUu ,laqmifvmaom rjroef;uav;
\ "mwfyHkudkMunfhvdkaomaMumifh aowmxJrS xkwfum Munfh\/
"mwfyHkum; rjroef; cyfi,fi,f tysKdazmf0ifpu dkufxm;aom
yHkjzpf\/ qHxHk;yif rxHk;wwfao;? bD;aumufuav;ESifh&Sdao;\/
twefMumatmif aoaocsmcsmpdkuf Munfhae\/ xdk"mwfyHkxJwGif
rdrdESifh vufxyf,lpOfuxufyif acsmonf? vSonf[l xifrSwf
rd\/ tu,fyifacsmaomaMumifhayavm? vGwfoGm;aom ig;jzpf
aomaMumifah yavm? rnfol ajymMum;Edik t
f ehH nf;/
vltpm; "mwfyHkudk xm;cJh\/ vlum; rjyefvmaom c&D;odkY
oGm;ayNyD/ "mwfyHkum; t0dnmPu toufr&Sdaomt&m jzpf\/
puLrQomjzpfavonf/ armifvlat;tm; aMumifawmifawmif
Munfhvsufae\/ rjroef;um; r[kwf? rjroef;uav;\ t&dyf
ta,mif rQomjzpfavonf/ tESpfr&SdonfhawmwGif Muufqlyif
rif;rlouJhodkY rjroef; udk,fwdkifr&SdonfhtcgwGif 4if;\ "gwfyHk
uav;uyif rif;rlvsufae\/ aoG;BuD;ouJhodkY ae\/ rac:csif
rajymcsifvkyfvsuf ae\/ *kPfcHvsuf ae\/ "gwfyHkuav;udk
yif cHck rkH ifrifMunfh &I \/
odkYaomf "mwfyHkrSmvnf; 4if;\ydkif&Sif rjroef; udk,fwdkif
uJ h o d k Y y if avmuBuD ; tNrJ w wf E d k i f r nf r [k w f ? wpf a eY a eY
ysufpD;&rnfum; rvGJwnf;/ q,fESpfMumatmif wnfwHhEdkifapum
rl? tESpfig;q,fwdkifatmif wnfEdkifrnfr[kwf/ tESpfig;q,fwdkif
atmif wnfEdkifapumrl tESpfig;&m Mumatmif wnfEdkifrnfr[kwf/
(wpfaeYaeY ysufpD;&rnfrSm rkcs/)
"mwfyHkuav; ysufpD;NyD;aemufvnf; ynwfjzpfaom rjr
oef;qdkonfh trnfuav;um; tawmfMumatmifyif usefaeay
armifvlat;
289
OD;rnf/ rdbaqGrsKd;taygif;wdkY\ EIwfzsm;wGif rjroef; - rjroef;

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rjroef; qdkaomtrnfrSmvnf; tNrJ wnfEdkifrnfr[kwf? ESpfaygif;
ig;q,f wpf&m pojzifh MumvmvQif trnfrSmvnf; aysmufysuf
trSefyif oGm;&ayrnf/
rjroef; udk,fwdkif rjroef;\ "mwfyHk rjroef;\ trnfom
r[kwf? rjroef;twGuf aqG;aeaomol? rjroef;\ "mwfyHkMunfh
um vGrf;aeaomol? rjroef;\ trnfuav;udk wa&;a&;ESifh
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tcsdefwefvQif ysufpD;&ayOD;rnf/ rjroef;\ aqGrsKd;om;csif;? cspf
cifolwdkYtm;vHk;wdkYteufvnf; rnfolonf ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;
wnf;[laom "rmw&m;BuD;rS uif;vGwfEdkiftHhenf;/ avmu
wGif xif&Sm;ay:aygufaeMuaom opfyif awm awmif a& ajr
acsmif; ajrmif; wdkYrSmvnf; ysufpD;jcif;w&m;rS uif;Muyg\avm/
ruif;/ avmuBuD;rS p owavmu? ocFg&uavmu? Moumo
avmuBuD;vnf; ysufpD;jcif;rS ruif;? tb,ft&monf ysufpD;
jcif;rS uif;ygoenf;/
ysufpD;jcif;wnf;[laom w&m;\ tMum;wGif armifvl
at;\ pdwfrSm zdkz&J NydKuGJysufpD;vsuf aeavawmhownf;/
avmuBuD;\ tjyifbufodkY a&muf aeawmh\/ avmuBuD;
udk owd r&? rnfrQMumonf rod/ rdk;vnf; pJoGm;avNyD/ xrif;
pm;csdef usaomaMumifh tapcHu vm ac:rS ukvm;xdkifay:wGif
tdyfaysmfaeaMumif; od&awmhownf;/ vufxJwGif udkifxm;
aom rjroef;\ "mwfyHkudk pm;yGJay:wGifcsum xrif;pm;cef;&Sd&m
atmufxyfodkY wpfa,mufwnf; qif;oGm;av\/
ppfjyef? rSwf-142?
(pufwifbmv? 1990)
_____
290
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jzpfavonf/
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aom wrmyif pdefyef;yifwdkYrSmvnf; t&GufEkuav;rsm; xGufae
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&ef rwwfEdkif/ AdkvfwJ0if;twGif; xif;xif;vif;vif;&Sdae\/ &GmESifh
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aom toHudk wpfcgwpfcg oJhoJhuav;Mum;&\/ vjynfh tzdwf
aeUn jzpfaomaMumifh ydkrdk MunfEl;zG,faumif;\/ avnif;uvnf;
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wpfcgwpfcg &GmtwGif;rS acG;a[mifoHwdkYudk a0;a0;rS Mum;&\/
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xdk0&efwmwGif cif;xm;tyfaom ukvm;xdkifESpfvHk;ay:wGif xdkif
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armifvlat;
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\/ om;r,m; r&Sd? vlysKdjzpfav\/ toufum; tpdwfrQom &Sdao;
\/ xdkMunfEl;zG,faumif;vSaom ncsrf;tcsdefwGif bdvyfwGif usef
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tawmfMumaomtcgusrS ]]usKyf nu tdyfrufvdkufwmAsm}}[k
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292
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wdkYrSm i,fao;vdkY rrSm;wefbJeJY rSm;wwfygw,f/ OD;wdkYvdk awGUzl;
BuHKzl;wJhvlrsm;u ajymjyxm;r,fqdk&if uRefawmfwdkYvJ qifjcifEdkif
a&maygh}}[k qdkum pdwftm; xufoefpGmESifh em;axmifaeav\/
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pmay;? rMumrMumtdrfjyef? eD;uvJ eD;wmudkAs/ 'geJY udk;wef;udk
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wpfudk,faumif;BuHwmcsnf;yJ r[kwfvm;/ aemuf vlBuD;rsm;u
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usKyfrSmvJ raumif;/ &nf;pm;rSmvJ raumif; jzpfrSmudk pdk;wmeJY
jzwfvdkuf&yga&m/ jzwfvdkufNyD;wJhaemufvJ rMumrMum owd&wm
ygyJ/ odkYayr,fh r,m;udk rcspf rESpfouf rjzpf/ cspfcspfcifcif?
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rsm;wGif jrnfaeMuaom iSufoHrsm;vnf; qdwfoGm;\/ avnif;
&yfae\/ ESif;rsm;usojzifh ukvm;xdkifrSm pdkae\/ twefMumvQif
teD;tem; *gwf0dkif;rS 12 em&Dxdk;oHMum;onfESifh ESpfa,mufom;
toD;oD; 0iftyd Mf uavownf;/
(i,fucspt
f ESpw
f pf&m rarhom)

(atmufwb
kd mv? 1931)
___
armifvlat;
297
ZvGefurf;yg;um; euf\/ apmuf\/ aMumufzG,faumif;\/

qif;&cuf\/ wuf& cuf\/ aEGtcgjzpfaomaMumifh oabFmrsm;
qdkuf&monf vlaetdrfajcrsm;xuf atmufenf;enf;us\/ oabFm
rsm;qdkuf&m urf;ezl;rSm ajrjyifuav;jzpf\/ Z&yfysufwpf ckvnf;
tem;wG i f &S d a vonf / ul v D w J u av; wpf c k E S p f c k v nf ; &S d \ /
4if ; wJ u av;rsm;\ Murf ; jyif u m; ajrBuD ; / tumum; r&S d /
trdk;ESifhajrBuD; xdvsuf aeavonf/ trdk;um; oufu,frQom
wnf ; / aqmuf & ef tvG e f r S y if vG , f u l a om wJ u av;rsm;ay
wnf;/
ae0if cPMumaomf {&m0wDjzpf wpfzufurf;rS v vHk;
ay:vm\/ xdkaeYum; vjynfhausmf wpf&ufaeUwnf;/ vufOD;
cyfeDeDae\/ xdkYaemuf wjznf;jznf; azG;azG; vm\/ {&m0wD
jrpfa&jyifwpfckvHk; jzLazG;vsuf oGm;\/ jrpfxJwGif avjynfcwf
ojzifh *,ufxaeonfrSm va&mifwGif wvQyfvQyfESifh ae\/
Munfh tvGefaumif;avonf/ b,fodkY aeygoenf;/ b,fodkY
aumif;ygoenf;[l ar;vQif ajzqdk&ef cufayvdrfhrnf/
odkY wvQyfvQyfESifhaeaom a&jyifBuD;wGif wHigavSuav;
wpf p if ; ES p f p if ; cwf o G m ;Muonf u d k j rif & \/ vrif ; rS m rjrif h
ao;aomaMumifh v\t0ef;udk jzwfoGm;ouJhodkY xifrSwf&av
onf/ a&wGif usufpm; rnf;eufvSpGmaom wHigonfwdkYonf
tcdkuftwefYuav;wGif tvGefvSonf[k xifrSwfrd\/ xdkavS
298
odyHarmif0
uav;rsm;jzwfoGm;aomtcg avSuav;rsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYtay:wGif

ygvmaom olwdkYyg tvGefMunfh aumif;avonf/ wpfouf
wpfcg wHigwdkYudkMunfh aumif;jcif;aywnf;/
om,mMunfEl;zG,faumif;vSaom tckduftwefYuav;
rSm xdkurf;ezl;&Sd wJuav;xJwGif aeYcif;u&xm;aom ulvDc
rsm;udk a&wGuf aeMuaom ulvDvifr,m;wdkYtzdkYum; tb,f
tusKd;&SdtHhenf;/ tem;wGifqdkufxm;aom tpdk;& oabFmuav;
twGif; ta&;ydkifrif;\ ppfaq;jcif;udk cHaeMu&aom trIxrf;
wpfa,muf\ tzdkYvnf; tb,ftusKd;&SdtHhenf;/ teD;wGif qdkuf
xm;aom orefuav;twGif; tcsif;jzpfyGm;aeMuaom ukvm;ESpf
a,mufwt
Ykd zdv
Yk nf; tb,frmS vQif tusK;d &Syd gtHeh nf;/
vrif;\ta&mif jrpfxJwGif wvQyfvQyfESifh aeonfudk urf;
ezl;ay:rS &yf pdkufumMunfhaeolum; tb,fenf;/ vufwGif
ygvmaom wkwfaumufudk axmufae\/ umuDabmif;bDwdkESifh
&SyftustjzL? AavZmtusudk 0wfxm;\/ toufum; rBuD;vS
ao;/ vl&G,f/ v0ef;udk tawmfMumatmif Munfhae\/ ta&;ydkif
\ oabFmudkvnf; wpfcgwpfcg pdkufMunfh\/ tb,faMumifh
ae&mod k Y ayguf v mygoenf ; / tanmif ; ajyvrf ; avQmuf & if ;
a&mufvmaom vlayavm/ ta&;ydkifrif; pma&;ayavm/ tapcH
ayavm/ rnfolenf;/
twefMumvQif xdkapmufvSpGmaom urf;yg;BuD;atmufodkY
rdrd\ wkwfjzifh axmufaxmuf qif;oGm;\/ a&mufvQif ta&;
ydkifrif;\ oabFmuav;ay:odkY wuf oGm;avonf/ rMumrD
ta&;ydkifrif;\ tcef;xJrS ppfaq;jcif;udk cHae&aom t&m&SdESifh
oufaorsm;vnf; xGufvmMu\/ xdk topfa&mufvmaom
olvnf; ta&;ydkifrif;\ tcef;wGif;odkY 0ifoGm;avNyD/
ta&;ydkifrif;u qD;EIwfquf\/ aq;vdyfwnf\/ oifMum;
aeaom aiGwdkuftvkyfrsm;taMumif;udk ar;jref;\/ rdrdwwforQ
udk ajzMum;\/ ta&;ydkifrif;vnf; rdrdwwforQudk oifMum;\/
owdxm;&rnfhae&m owdxm;&ef ajym\/ tvkyftudkifESifhywf
ouf oGefoif&ef&SdonfwdkYudk oGefoif&Sm\/ rdrdpdwfxJwGif &SdorQ
armifvlat;
299
udk csefvSyfxm;jcif;r&Sd/ tm;vHk;udk xkwf[um ajymaomaMumifh

tHhMord\/ vQKdU0Sufjcif;r&Sd/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;BuD; ajymjyay\/ rdrd
tm; udk,fwljyKonf[l 0rf;ajrmufjcif; jzpfrdavonf/
wpfem&DeD;yg;cefYMumvQif EIwfquf xGufvmcJh\/ aus;Zl;
wifpum; ajymMum;\/ ta&;ydkifrif;vnf; xGuf vdkufvmav
onf/ vrif;udkjrifvQif 0rf;ajrmufojzifh w,f om,myguvm;[k
{nfhonftm; ajymMum;\/ ]om,myg\} [k jyefajym\/ ta&;
ydkifrif;vnf; tcef;wGif;odkY jyef 0ifoGm;avonf/ {nfhonfvnf;
,cifenf;twdkif; rdrdwkwfudk tm;jyKum urf;yg;apmufBuD; tay:
odkY wufvmcJh\/
urf;ezl;ay:odkYa&mufvQif cyfat;at;jzpf\/ vloHvnf;
xdktem;wGif rMum;&/ wpfzufurf;rS acG;wpfa,muf a[mifae
onfudk oJhoJhMum;&\/ v0ef;onfvnf; tawmfjrifh aeayNyD/
tdrfajc&Sd&modkY tpyftwdkif; avQmufvm\/ 0g;tdrfuav;rsm;
wJhuav;rsm; a&SUodkYa&mufvQif vomomwGif aysmfyg;pGm upm;
aeMuaom touf 10 ES p f 12 ES p f t &G , f uav;rsm;ud k
jrif&avonf/ uav;rsm;tMum;rS jzwfoGm;\/ uav;wdkY
vnf; odrQrod& trIrxm;/ upm;NrJ upm; aeMu\/ uav;
rsm;udk tm;usovdv
k kd pdwrf sK;d ay:aygufvmavonf/
4if ; wd k Y u d k ausmf v mNyD ; aemuf Nrd K Ubuf o d k Y tpyf t wd k i f ;
avQmufvmcJh\/ oJtwdNyD;aom vrf;BuD;wnf;/ acG;wpfaumif
onf vlqef;[k xif a[mif\/ vSnfhMunfhvdkufvQif wdk;a[mif
\/ trI r pd k u f r S e f ; od v Qif a[mif j cif ; ud k &yf p J \ / acG ; wd k Y \
oww
d nf;/
rMumrD wmukef;BuD;odkY a&muf\/ umvom;wcsKdU aysmfyg;
qlnHaeMuukef\/ rdef;uav;rsm; taMumif;ajymMurnfum; rvGJ/
wpfa,mufwpfa,muf aemuf aeMu\/ vlqef;wpfa,muf
wkwfaumufESifhaygufvmojzifh &,farmjcif;udk &yfNyD;vQif wD;wdk;
pum; ajymMu\/
wmukef;BuD;udkausmfvmvQif vlpnfum;aom acgufqGJqdkif
vufzuf&nfqdkifrsm; &Sd&modkY a&muf\/ qefpyg;aps;uscdkuf aps;
300
odyHarmif0
ae&mrSm pnfum;jcif;r&Sd/ xdkYaemuf wdwfqdwfonfxuf wdwf

qdwfom vm\/ toGm;tvmvnf; enf;yg;? wpfcgwpfcgom
vQif vrf;avQmufaeol wpfa,mufwavudk awGUjrif&\/
twefMumjyefvQif jynfawmfjyef bk&m;teD;odkY a&mufvm
\/ uGif;jyifBuD;rsm;udk jrif&\/ uGif;jyifBuD;wdkYrSmvnf; vrif;\
ta&mifaMumifh azG;azG;BuD; ae\/ at;u at;ygbdoESifh/ rsufpd
xJwGif t&om &Sdbd\/ pdwfxJwGif MunfEl;bd\/ qdyfurf;odkY
pyg; wd k u f qif ; aom vS n f ; rsm;? qd w f u rf ; wG i f pyg;csNyD ;
wufvmMuaom vSnf;rsm;vnf; xdk vomom uGif;jyifBuD;twGif;
tpOftwdkif; armif;ESifoGm;Muonfudk jrif&\/ vSnf;0ifdk;oHudk
Mum;&onfyif pdwf&TifzG,f/ tvGefajymifawmifawmiftoHESifh awGU
u&moDcsif;wdkYudk a&mpyf qdkoGm;aom vSnf;orm;\ oDcsif;oH
rSmyif vGrf;p&mvdkvdk/ v0ef;\ xl;jcm;aom owdaMumifh aywnf;/
awGUu&mudk a&mpyfumqdkoGm;aomvSnf;orm;rSmvnf; v0ef;
ta&mif\ wefcdk;aMumifh trsKd;rsKd; aysmf&Tifum xif&mudkpyf
qdkoGm;jcif;rQ jzpfayonf/ odkYaom vomomwGif rnfol oDcsif;
rqdkcsif &SdtHhenf;/
jynfawmfjyefbk&m;xdyfay:wGif xGef;xm;aom "mwfrD;wdkY
um; vrif;\ta&mifonfum; tvif;a&mifudk ay;HkrQru vlwdkY
pdwfudk at;ap MunfEl;ap MunfvifapEdkifaom owdxl;wpfck
&Sad vonf/
vrif;\ xl;aom owdaMumifh avQmufvmol\ pdwfum;
MunfEl;NyD;vQif trsKd;rsKd; pdwfupm;vsufae\/ rdrda&S; txufxuf
u a&mufcJhzl;aom ae&mXmewdkYudk jyef awG;rd\/ rdrdi,fpOfu
aygif;oif;cJhaom rdwfaqGtaygif;udk pOf;pm;rd\/ a&S;u vkyfudkif
aqmif&GufcJhaom taMumif;rsm;udk owd&rd\/ rdrd aemif rnfodkY
aqmif&GufrnfhtaMumif;? a&SUudk rnfodkY wdk;wufBuD;yGm;atmif
BudK;pm;rnfhtaMumif;wdkYudk tBuHxkwfvsufom vmcJh\/ tcdkuf
wGif xdkol\pdwfonf tvsiftjrefqHk;wnf;/ wpfck pOf;pm;ae&mrS
kwfw&uf wpfckodkY a&mufoGm;\/ pdwfxufjrufwkef; tcgay
wnf;/
armifvlat;
301
xdkol\pdwfwGif pdwful;aumif;aecdkufjzpfaomaMumifh rdrd

tdrfteD;odkY a&mufvmonfudkyif a&mufrSef;rod/ rdrd\ wynfhrSm
vnf; rdrd\ q&m tcsdeftcgESifh jyefra&mufaomaMumifh pdwfyl
av&um; tdrfa&SUrS xGufum apmifhpm;ae\/ avQmufvmol
vnf; rdrd\wynhfudk jrifaomtcgrS tdrfa&mufaMumif;udk owd&
tdrftwGif;odkY 0if\/ jrpfurf;ezl;rS rdrdtdrfrSm 2 rdkifrQ a0;uGm
aomfvnf; tdrfta&mufjrefvS\[k pdwfxJwGif awG;xifrday\/
tdrfxJa&mufvQif rdwfaqG OD;pHolu ]udkvlat; w,fvnfyguvm;}
[k qdk\/
armifval t;um; NyKH ;vsu/f
vrif;\ ta&mifxuf vlYpdwfudk ajymif;apEdkifaom owd&Sd
onft
h &monf tb,frmS vQif &Sad wmhrnftehH nf;/
BuD;yGm;a&;? wGJ-5? rSwf-3?

('DZifbmv? 1936)
(Zefe0g&Dv? 1937)
+
302
odyHarmif0
tcgonfum; NrdKUydkif e,fydkifwdkY\ tvkyfrsm;aom tcGef

awmfaumufcsdefjzpfavonf/ rnfonfhNrdKUydkif e,fydkifrQ rtm;&?
[dkoGm; onfoGm;ESifh woGm;wnf; oGm;ae&aomtcgwnf;/
armif v l a t;um; tpk d ; &ay;aom oabF m jzif h eH e uf c if ;
uwnf;u xGufvmcJh&m? wpfacsmif;0if wpfacsmif;xGuf? wpf&Gm
wuf wpf&Gmqif;ESifh tcGefawmf awmif;cH&onfESifhyif aeawmf
awmf apmif;cJh\/ Budrf;wefBudrf;? armif;wefarmif;? ajcmufwef
ajcmuf? vSefYwefvSefY? acsmhwefacsmh? aysmhaysmhawmif;csnf? rmrm
awmif;csnf yvDyvm pum;awGvnf; rsm;pGmoHk;&\/ tckyif
vufxdyfcwfNyD; zrf;awmhrvdkvdk? aetdrfrsm;udkyif 0&rf;uyfNyD;
avvHwifum a&mif;awmhrvdkvdk? trsKd;rsKd; tydkpum;awGudk ajym&
vGef; tmvnf;ajcmuf? pdwfvnf;aemuf? at;aygufu ray:
awmfawmfyif armvmawmh\/
aeyljyif;&onfhtxJwGif oabFmcef;uvn;f avSmifaeaom
aMumifh armifvlat;rSm acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifh ae\/ oabFmjzwfvm
aom acsmif;rSmvnf; tcsKdUBuD;\/ a&rsm;jynfhvQHvsufaeavonf/
tcsKdUu usOf;usOf;uav;awG oabFmwpfpif; 0ifomHk&Sd\/ a&
uvnf; enf;aomaMumifh aomifwifrnfudkyif pdk;&ao;\/ owd
renf;xm;&avonf/ urf;ab;wGifaygufaeMuaom opfyifwdkY
um; vrkyifomrsm;\/ acsmif;xJrsm;odkY udkif;NyD; usaeaomaMumifh
a&wuf vmvQif tud k i f ; rsm;ES i f h a&jyif r S m xd p yf v suf a e\/
Munf
h yJaumif;ao;awmh/
armifvlat;
303
armifvlat; pD;vmaom oabFmrSmvnf; armifvlat;uJh

odkYyif tpdk;&rif;\ trIawmfudk aus>yefpGm xrf;&Sm\/ armyef;
onf[l nnf;nLjcif; r&SdbJ tpOfwpdkufyif armifvlat;\ oGm;
vm&modYk armif;ESiv
f suf vmcJah vownf;/
odkY armif;ESifvm rdk;csKyfojzifh tvif;a&mifaysmufoGm;
aomtcg crsm oabFmrSmvnf; (qufroGm;EdkifawmhbJ armyef;
onfwpfaMumif;? vrf;rjrifonf wpfaMumif;wdkYaMumifh) pcef;cs
&&Sm\/ armifvlat;\ armyef;jcif;um; qdkzG,fr&Sd/
oabFm pcef;cs&mum; unifukef;ac: awm&Gmuav;jzpf
\/ urf;ab;wGif qdkufuyfjcif;iSm rwwfEdkif? a&v,faumifrSmyif
ausmufcs qdkufuyfxm;&\/ oabFmvnf; pdwfat; vufat;
aeawmh\/
armifvlat;vnf; aeYcif;u acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifh aecJh&aom
aMumifh a&csKd;cef;odkY0if a&csKd;\/ udk,fvufayghyg;vm\/ pdwf
IyfaxG;jcif;um; awmfawmf aysmufuif;oGm;\/ a&rdk;csKd;? tus
t0wftpm; vJvS,fNyD;vQif tapcHjyifxm;aom xrif;udk tm;&
yg;&pm;aomuf\/
NyD;pD;vQif cyftdkuftdkufjzpfvmojzifh oabFmtcef;jyifbuf
OD;wGif ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;udk xkwfumxdkif\/ vqkwf udk;&ufaeU
n jzpfaomaMumifh vrif;\ta&mifudk arQmfvifhzG,f r&Sd? arSmif
twdjzpfae\/ odkYaomf rdk;&dyfuif;aom aumif;uifwGif Mu,f
taygif ; rS m awmuf y xG e f ; vif ; vsuf a eMu\/ Mu,f w d k Y \
ta&mifaMumifh oabFma&SU aywpf&mcefYudk cyfrIefrIefuav; jrif&
\/ urf;ab;wGif aygufaeMuaom opfyifBuD;i,fwdkYudk rnf;rnf;
rsm;omjrif&\/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm;um; rjrif&/ avnif;u cyfjznf;
jznf; wdkufcwfaeaomaMumifh a&jyifwGif *,ufxae\/ 4if;wdkY
\toHrSm omawmif;\/ avnif;cH aumif;\/ pD;u&ufbl;rS
pD;u&uf wpfvdyfudk xkwfum rD;nd aomuf\/
tcd k u f t cgwG i f armif v l a t;\ pd w f w G i f yl y if p &mt
aMumif;? pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&mtaMumif;wdkY ray:vmMuacs/ aeUcif;u
tcG e f a wmf t wG u f I y f a xG ; vmonf wd k Y u d k v nf ; owd r &/ rd r d
304
odyHarmif0
aemif v k y f u d k i f & ef & S d a om tvk y f r sm;ud k v nf ; owd r &/ acw r Q

arhavsmh aeav\/
aumif;uifay:odkY armf Munfhvdkuf? urf;ajcbufodkY arQmf
Munfhvdkuf? a&jyifay:odkYiHkYMunfhvdkufESifh ae\/ tdwfxJrS
arG;nyfudkxkwfum Ekwfum Ekwfum ae\/ tdrfwGif usef&pfcJhaom
rjroef; uav;udkvnf; awG;rd\/ tcsdef tdyfOD;rnf r[kwf?
tapmBuD; &Sdao;\/ pum;ajymaernfvm;rod? ajymaernfrxif?
tdyf&mxJ 0ifum rdrdtaMumif;rsm; pOf;pm;aervm;? [kwfaumif;
[kwfayvdrfhrnf/ cgwdkif;um; oabFmESifhtwlvdkufNrJ/ ,ckrSm aeu
vnf; yl? oGm;p&mawGuvnf; rsm;aomaMumifh xm;cJh&ayonf/
unifukef; &GmxJwGif aeMuaom olwdkYum; rdrd\taMumif;
rnfodkY xifMurnfenf;/ tcGefawmfaqmifNyD;aom olwdkYum; pdwf
at;vufat;aeMurnfum; rvGJ? tcGefawmf raqmif&ao; olwdkY
um; pdwfylNyD;vQif vdkufvH&SmazGacs;iSm;Muayvdrfhrnf/ &Sm r&
ao;aom olwdkYum; ajy;&aumif;rvm;? 0efaxmufrif;xHvm
awmif;yef&aumif;rvm;? ponfjzifh awG;awmaeMuayvdrfhrnf/
igwdkYtm; 0efaxmufrif; eufjzefac:rnfum; rvGJ/ rnfodkYajym
&rnfenf;/ ray;EdkifvQif zrf;rsm; zrf;oGm;rvm; tcufyJ? &SmvdkYu
vnf;r&Edkif? pm;zdkYawmif cufae? b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ? odkY awG;
awmaeMurnfum; rvG/J
armifvlat;um; rdrdae&mwGif rwkefrvIyf? rdrdxif&mudkom
pOf;pm;vsufae\/ &Gmol&Gmom;wdkYrnfodkY pOf;pm;aeMurnf? rnfodkY
jzpf y suf a eMuonf u d k u m; *k r pd k u f ? oabF m qd k u f x m;&mES i f h
reD;ra0; tdrfwpftdrfrS pum;ajymoH &,farmoHwdkYudk rMumrMum
Mum;vsufae\/ tcGefaqmifNyD;aom tdrfESifhwl\/
vlBuD;\ toHudkvnf; Mum;\/ rdef;rcyfBuD;BuD;\ toHudk
vnf; Mum;\/ 12 ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;\ toHudkvnf; Mum;&
\/ oHk;av; ig;ESpft&G,f uav;\ toHudkvnf; Mum;&\/ rdef;
uav;um; vlBuD;rsm;\ pum;udk oabmusaomaMumifh rMum
rMum &,f\/ vlBuD;rsm;uyif &,fcsifcsifjzpfaeygovm;? rnfol
ajymEd k i f t H h e nf ; / 4if ; wd k Y \ aysmf y g;pG m pum;ajymaeEd k i f j cif ; ud k
armifvlat;
305
axmufjcif;tm;jzifh vlcGefaqmifNyD;aom tdrf[l {uef ajymEdkif

\/ vlcGefraqmif&ao;aom tdrfrSm odkY &,farmpGmpum;
ajymqdk aeEdkifrnf r[kwf/
armif v l a t;vnf ; awG ; NrJ w d k i f ; om awG ; ae\/ xd k t d r f r S
pum;oHwdkYvnf; Mum;NrJ Mum;ae&onf/ pdwfwpfrsKd; MunfEl;zG,f
wnf;? odkY pdwfMunfEl;aecdkufwGif wa,moHudk Mum;vdkuf&\/
tcsKw
d iG f oumavmif;vdu
k o
f uJo
h Ykd xifrw
S rf \
d /
rQ odrfi,fvSpGmaom awm&Gmuav;wGif wa,moHMum;
&onfrSm xl;qef;\/ armifvlat;\pdwfudk ydkrdkMunfEl; apvdkaom
aMumifh odMum;rif;uyif yodcFewfom;tm; unifukef;odkY acw
txl ; tvk y f E S i f h vT w f v d k u f o uJ h o d k Y aernf / pd w f M unf E l ; zG , f
aumif;vSaom tcdkuftwefYav;wGif wa,moHudk Mum;vdkuf&m
vlomrefjzpfaom wa,m\ toHyifjzpfapumrl tcsdeftcg\
nDGwfjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkaomaMumifh yodcFewfom;\ vufoHuJhodkY
yif x if r S w f & \/ ewf o m;\ vuf o H u m; rQyif aumif ; rnf
rxif wa,moHxuf Mum;ol\ pdwfu ta&;BuD;\/ pdwfIyfumrl
rMum;vdk? pufqkyf\/ &GH&Sm\/
ywf 0 ef ; usif u vnf ; wd w f q d w f ? pd w f u vnf ; Munf E l ; ?
wa,moHuvnf; Mum;ojzifh tvum; ewfjynf a&mufaeovdk
ae\/ wa,moHum; wjznf;jznf; us,fus,fvm\/ vufOD;
wa,mprf;vsuf ae\/ aemuf rdk;ewfa'0Dudkxdk;\/ xdkYaemuf
awbkrmudk xdk;\/ xdkYaemuf qufvufprf;oGm;\/ em;axmif
aumif;\/ pdwfMunfEl; oGm;\/ wpdrfhpdrfh em;axmifcsif\/
OD;NyHK;csKd\ oDcsif;rsm;udk xdk;aomaMumifh OD;NyHK;csKdBuD;tm; ajy;
owd & rd \ / oD c sif ; wd k Y r S m ES p f & S n f v rsm; wnf r nf j zpf a om
oDcsi;f wdw
Yk nf;/
wa,mxdk; aeonfrSm wpfem&DrQ Mumvm\/ armifvlat;
vnf; rkwfqdwfarG; Ekwf umaomwmHkudk cHpm;vsuf aeavo
wnf;/ odkYcHpm;aecdkufpdwfonf tdrfodkY wpfcsufwpfcsuf jyef
ajy;oGm;\/ MumMumum; rae? wa,moH&Sd&modkY jyef vmjyef\/
wa,mxdk;olvnf; vufanmif; vm\/ 4if;\ vufoHrSm
306
odyHarmif0
aysmh aysmh vm\/ wd k ; wd k ; oG m ;\/ twef M umvQif

wa,moHvHk;vHk;aysmufoGm;\/ twefMumvQif wa,moHvHk;vHk;
aysmufoGm;\/ wpf&GmvHk; bmoHrQ rMum;? vloH wdwfqdwfvsuf
aeawmh o wnf ; / armif v l a t;vnf ; ae&mrS x tcef ; xJ o d k Y
0if\/ em;xJwGif wa,moHrSm Mum;ra,mifa,mifae\/ pdwfxJ
wGif tdrfodkY a&mufra,mifa,mifae\/ 0rf;xJwGif qmra,mif
a,mifae\/
tapcH azsmfxm;aom aumfzDat;at;wpfcGufudk aomuf
um tdyf&mxJ0ifawmhownf;/ rnfonfhtcsdefusrS tdyfaysmfonf
[l rnfoal jymEdik t
f ehH nf;/
|
armifvlat;
307
aeUum; ZvGefHk;awmftwGuf xl;aom aeYwpfaeY jzpfav

onf/ ,ckESpfwGif pyg;aps; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; avsmhusoGm;aomaMumifh
v,f,mvkyfudkifpm;aomufolwdkY twd'kua&mufMuonf/ pyg;
aps;usaeonf h t xJ w G i f 'd p Bwd w f E S i f h eD ; pyf v suf a eaom
om,m0wDwGif olykefx<uaomaMumifh wdkif;jynf wpfjynfvHk; wkef
vIyfvsufoGm;\/ vlwum\ pdwfxJwGif wxdwfxdwfESifh aeMu\/
om,m0wDESifheD;pyfvsufaeaom e,f&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;wdkY
\ pdwfwGifum; qdkzG,f&mr&SdNyD? wdkif;jynfrSm aeUysufEkd;Edk;? n ysuf
Edk;Edk; wD;wdk;pum;ajymMu\/ xGufajy;&ef toifhjyifqifol jyifqif?
olykefrsm; a&mufvmvQif rnfodkYaexdkif&rnfudk aqG;aEG;ol aqG;
aEG;? pdwfat;olum; wpfa,mufrQr&Sd/
pyg;aps;enf; qif;&J? olykefab;twGuf ajy;qJtcgwGif
tcsKdUaom vlnmwdkYu wdkif;jynfysufvQif vlcGefrSp tcGeftrsKd;
rsKd;wdkYrS vGwfuif;&m &awmhrnf[k tm;&0rf;om a[majymjcif;
jyKygaomf? em;a,mif oGm;oloGm;? tm;yg;&olu&? pdwfu xif
wmawG awG; aeMuukef\/
odkY trsKd;rsKd;jzpfysufaeonfhtxJwGif crsm &GmolBuD;wdkYrSm
tcGefaumufa&;twGuf at;uGufray:? ajy;uGufom arQmfMu
&awmh\/ &Gmom;wdkYxH tcGefawmif;aomfray;? ajy;NrdKUydkifrif;
xHavQmufjyefaomf taigufcH&ESifh pdwfnpfp&mpdwfysufp&mBuD;
jzpfavonf/ 4if;crsm olBuD;wdkYrSm wajy;wnf;ajy;? wvTm;wnf;
308
odyHarmif0
vTm;? woGm;wnf;oGm; aeMu&\/ pm;&rnfudkvnf; rod? tdyf&m

ae&muvnf; twyfr&S/d
aemufqHk; NrdKUtkyfrif;xH wnDwnm oGm;MuNyD;vQif &orQ
aomtcGefawmfudk qufo? useforQudk awmif; r&aMumif;ESifh
awmif ; yef a vQmuf x m;Muaom [l \ / Nrd K Utk y f r if ; uvnf ;
tMuHray:ojzifh qdwfqdwfaeum pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudkzGmNyD;vQif
twefMumatmif pOf;pm;awG;awm\/ pD;u&ufwpfvdyf ukefaom
tcg tMuHqef;wpfck ay:vm\/ vlcGefawmfray;&ao;aom
olwdkYtm; aemif oHk;&ufMumvQif olBuD;taygif;u Hk;awmfodkY ac:
vm&rnf[k trdefYawmf jyefwrf;qifhum urf;xkwfa0vdkufav
ownf;/
crsmolBuD;taygif;rSmvnf; NrdKUtkyfrif;\ trdefYawmfudk OD;
xdyfxufyefqifum rdrdwdkYaexdkif&m &GmtoD;oD;odkY jyefoGm;Mu\/
armif;xkum &Gmom;wdkYudk pkNyD;vQif vlcGefawmf raqmif&ao;aom
olwdkYrSm aemifoHk;&ufMumvQif NrdKUtkyfrif;Hk;awmfodkY vdkufyg&rnfh
taMumif;udk trdefYawmfjyefwrf; xkwfMuukef\/ trdefYawmf
udkMum;vQif rIdifolrIdif? awGolawG? ai;olawGuvnf; ai;? ay;olawG
uvnf;ay;? aMumifyg;tcsKdUum; at;at;aq;aq; ajErysuf
&Sad eMuuke\
f /
odkYESifh csdef;xm;aom eHeufodkY a&muf vmcJh\/ olBuD;
taygif;vnf; eHeufapmapmpD;pD;uyif armif;BuD;wdkYudk xkMuukef
\/ Hk;awmfodkY vdkuf&rnfholwdkYvnf; vSnf;jyifoljyif? xrif;xkyf
olxkyf? vlpkolpk? ajcusifpdkif;olpdkif;? wodkif;? w0dkif;BuD; xGuf
vmcJMh uukeo
f wnf;/
t&Gm&GmrSm vSnf;wef;wdkYrSm NrdKUtkyfrif; Hk;awmfodkYomvQif
ajzmifhwef;vsuf vmMuukef\/ csrf;uvnf; csrf;? tdyfuvnf;
idkuf? pum;rsm;vmol vm? tm;ay;oluay;? nnf;olu nnf;?
csrf; auG;oluvnf; auG;? ar;cdkufcdkufwkefNyD;vQif vmMuav
awmhownf;/ jrpfurf;ajc&Sd &GmwdkYrSvnf; avSESifhvm? oabFmESifh
vm? rsm;vSpGmyif/
NrdKUtkyfrif;Hk;awmfodkY apmapmpD;pD; usD;rEdk;rD a&mufolwdkY
armifvlat;
309
vnf; &Sd? 4if;wdkYxuf aemufus? qGrf;cH0ifcsdefa&mufrS ay:vmolwdkY

u r&Sm? eHeuf xrif;pm;csdefwGif ay;vmolwdkYuvnf; trsm;?
Hk;awmf teD;tem;wGif pnfum;vsuf aeawmh\/
vSnf;0dkif;BuD;udkcsum xrif;xkyfygvmolwdkYu xkwfum pm;?
rygvmolwdkYu aps;udkoGm;? NrdKUtwGif; pnfpnfum;um; jzpfjyef
onf/ aps;twGif; [dkajym onfajym waomaomESifh ae\/
Hk;zGifhcsdefa&mufvwfaom &Gmom;taygif; ta&mufnDMu\/
Hk;tjyif 0&efwmwpfavQmufwGif avQmufolwdkYu avQmuf? xdkif
olwdkYu xdkif? rIdifolwdkYu rIdif? pum;rsm;olwdkYursm;? uGrf;pm;ol
wdkYuvnf; pm;? wHk;Hk;qlnHvsuf&Sdayonf/
Hk;awmf&dyf ajrjyifwGif xdkifolwdkYuvnf; r&Sm;? &yfaeolwdkY
uvnf; trsm;? teD;tem; opfyif&dyfrsm;atmufwGif xdkifaeol
wdkYuvnf;tyHk? cyfus,fus,fpum;ajymolajym? wdk;wdk;aqG;aEG; ol
aqG;aEG;? at;at;uav; xdkifolxdkif/
t&G,frSmtrsKd;rsKd;? tdktdkawGu wpfodkuf? ysKdysKdawGuvnf;
wpfodkuf? t&G,fvwfuvnf; wpfodkuf? cyfi,fi,fawGuvnf;
&Sd? rdef;rawGvnf;yg? uav;awGygrusef? (uav;awGrSm vlcGef
ay;&efr[kwf? tartazawGESifh vdkufvmolrsm; jzpfavonf/)
t0wftpm;wdkYrSmum; eDeD 0g0g jymjym pdrf;pdrf; ta&mif
awGpHkvS\/ ouvyftus teufawGu twefrsm;? wdkif;jynf jzpf
0wfolum; tenf;uav;/ qH&Snf&SnfawGvnf; yg? uwHk;awG[m
uvnf; trsm;/ y0gaygif;olawG? rsufESmokwfy0gpnf;xm;olawG?
apmifudk aygif;xm;olawG? tcsKdUum; vHkcsnf &Snf&Snfudk aygif;
xm;Mu\/
4if ; vl x k M um;wG i f uk v m;awG u vnf ; oH k ; av;a,muf ?
wkwfawGuvnf; av;ig;a,muf/ bmtwGuf aygufvmMuonf
rod/ cspfwD;,m;awGuvnf; ESpfa,mufoHk;a,muf/ tcGefawmf
raqmif awmh r [k w f / (txuf u ) w&m;r Nrd K Utk y f r if ; xH w G i f
ta<u;twGuf w&m;pGJolawG xif&JU/
aiGoGif;EdkifaomolBuD;wdkYuvnf; wNyHK;NyHK;? aiGroGif;Edkifol
olBuD;wdkYuvnf; wrIdifrIdif/ aiGwdkufwGif wdk;vsufaeMu\/ aiGa&
310
odyHarmif0
aomtoHwdkYjzifh wpfHk;vHk;nH? tem;wGif&yfvsufaeMuaom &Gm

om;wdkY\ pdwfxJwGifum; aiGwdkufrS xkwf,l ay;vdkufcsifMu\/
aiG a&wGufjcif;\ toHudk t&omcHum yDwd jzpfaeolwdkYuvnf;
&Sad o;\/
odkY vlxkBuD; Hk;teD;em;wGif bk&m;yGJawmfBuD;rSm uJhodkY
pnfum;vsufaeonfrSm wpfem&DcefYMumvm\/ NrdKUtkyfrif;um;
ra&mufao;/ ESpfem&DcefYMumvmjyef\/ NrdKUtkyfrif; ra&muf ao;/
anmif ; pjyK nnf ; pjyKvm\/ vrf ; xavQmuf M u\/
tanmif ; qef Y M u\/ worf ; orf ; wa0a0 jzpf aeMu\/
tcsKdUajrjyifay:wGifvSJum tdyfMu\/ oabFmESifhvmolwdkY oabFm
rrDrSmudk pdk;&drfruif;jzpfpjyKMu\/ &GmwGif vkyfp&m&Sdaom olwdkY
vnf; pdk;&drfp jyKMu\/ tcsdef;tcsuf&Sdaom olwdkY pdwfylp jyKMu\/
t&yfa0;rS vmolwdkY tdrfta&muf aemufusrnfudk pdk;&drf
Mu\/ rdrdwdkY tdrfta&mufaemufusvQif om;r,m;wdkY pdk;&drfruif;
jzpfMurnfudk ylrd\/ vlcGefray;aomaMumifh tpdk;&rif;u zrf;xm;
onf [ l om;r,m;wd k Y yl y ef a omu jzpf a eMurnf u d k awG ;
ylrd\/ rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifuvnf; NrdKUtkyfrif;u rnfodkY trdefYcsrnf
udk rodojzifh trsKd;rsKd;awG;awm&rf;qum xifjrifvsuf aeMu\/
NrdKUtkyfrif;um; em&Djyefwpfcsuf xdk;cgeD;rS ysm,D; ysm,mESifh pufbD;
pD; aygufvm\/ ta0;rS NrdKUtkyfrif;vmonfudk apmifhpm;aeMu
aom vlxkBuD; jrifvdkufvQif ]]a[m - vmNyD}} [laom toHBuD;
onf wpfNydKifeuf wpfcsufwnf; qloGm;\/ xdkYaemuf qlql
qlql ajymMum;aeMu\/
NrdKUtkyfrif;vnf; vmNrJvm\/ vlxkBuD;\ tem;odkY NrdKUtkyf
rif; a&mufvmvQif qlnHaeaom toHBuD;onf qdwfvsufoGm;\/
NrdKUtkyfrif; rnfodkY trdefYcsrnfenf;/ NrdKUtkyfrif;\ rsufESmum;
wif;rmvS\/ zrf;rsm;zrf;xm;rvm;/ &GmodkY jyefrS jyef&ygawmh
rvm;/ cufuek af wmhrnf/
NrdKUtkyfrif; Hk ;cef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf tkwf
tk w f u suf u suf E S i f h ql n H vmjyef \ / Nrd K Utk y f r if ; rnf o d k Y
trdefYcsrnf[k rnfolrQ rajymEdkif/ wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf
armifvlat;
311
wD;wdk;ajymMu\/ NrdKUtkyfrif;\ trdefYudk emcH&efomvQif apmifh

pm;um aeMuukef\/ tcdkuftwefYonfum; xdk&Gmom;wdkY\
wpfoufwiG f ta&;tBu;D qH;k aom tcdu
k t
f wefBY u;D aywnf;/
NrdKUtkyfrif; tcef;xJodkY 0ifol0if? tcef;xJrS xGufvmol
xGufvm/ olBuD;tcsKdUyg\/ pma&;rSmvnf; cPcP xGufcsnf?
0ifcsnfae\/ tb,faMumifhrsm;ygvdrfh/ trdefYrsm; ay;NyD;NyDvm;/
ykvdyfom; oHk;av;a,mufvnf; aoewfrsm;ESifh avQmuf aeMu
\/ tb,f t aMumif ; ygenf ; / xG u f v mol w d k Y teD ; od k Y uyf u m
taMumif;udkar;\/ xdkolwdkYvnf; rnfodkYrQ rajymEdkif/ tcufBuD;
ygwum;/ aMumufp&mBuD; jzpfaeayNyD/ aMumufpjyKvmMu\/
vufwu
Ykd m ajymMu&Sm\/
odkY 0ifol0if? xGufolxGufESifhyif em&D0ufMumcJh\/ trdefY
awmfudkum; rMum;ao;/ apmifh&onfrSm MumvSayNyD/ odkYaomf
jyef&efr0Hh/ tb,fodkY vkyf&rnfenf;/ aemufqHk; xGufcsnf0if
csnf vkyfaeaom rsufESmxm;wif;wif; EIwfcrf;arG;oufoufESifh
pma&;u ]]e,fydkif 0efaxmufa&mufrS trdefYcsrnf}} [k cyfus,f
us,af tmf ajymvdu
k \
f /
aMomf ... tcufBuD; cufavNyD/ NrdKUtkyfrif;omr[kwf?
0efaxmufrif;vnf; ygaeonf/ {uE tzrf;cH&awmhrnfvm;/
Nrd K Utk y f r if ; wpf a ,muf w nf ; qd k v Qif awmf a o;\/ ,ck u m;
0efaxmufrif;vnf; vmayrnf/ ta&;BuD;vS\/ rkcsyif 'kua&muf
awmh r nf / ql q l n H n H pum;ajymqd k E S D ; aES m aeMujyef \ /
0efaxmufrif; tvmudk apmifph m;aeMu&jyef\/
oHk;em&Dxdk;vQif 0efaxmufrif;\ armfawmfum;udk jrifMu&
\/ ]]vmNyD}} [laom toHBuD;onf wpfNydKifeuf qlnHoGm;jyef
\/ armfawmfum;vnf; eD;eD;vm\/ apmifhpm;aeolwdkY pdwf
xJwGifvnf; trdefYudk odvdkNyD vmygawmh[k awmifhwaeqJjzpfyg
\/ Hk;awmftem;odkYa&mufvQif Hk;awmfodkY r0ifao;bJ AdkvfwJ&Sd
&modkY armif;oGm;\/
tr,fav; apmifha&acsao;&JU/ tckawmif rvmao;ygu
vm;/ cufyJcufao;awmhw,f? oabFmawmh rrDawmhygbl;? b,f
312
odyHarmif0
rSmoGm;tdyf&yg? apmifvnf;ryg? todvnf;r&Sd? aqmif;wGif;u

vnf;jzpf? tcufwumh tcuf r[mtcufBuD;ESifh awGUaeayNyD/
tcGefawmfraqmif zrf;xm;wmu aumif;ao;\/ tdyf&maecif;
awmh & OD ; rnf / rzrf ; bJ vT w f v d k u f w m tb,f r S m td y f & ygrnf
enf;/
em&D0ufcefYMumvQif 0efaxmufrif; armfawmfum;BuD;ESifh Hk;
0if;twGif;odkY 0ifvm\/ apmifhpm;aeolwdkY z,fay;Mu\/ a&muf
vQif NrdKUtkyfrif;tcef;odkY 0ifum pum;ajymaejyef\/ ac:awmh
rvm;? ac:awmhrvm;[k apmifhpm;olwdkYpdwfxJwGif xifrSwfMu\/
oabFmrrDolwdkY pdwfxJwGifum; oef;acgiftjyif nOfhreufawmh
Ny[
D k awG;awmum rwkerf vIyaf eMuavawmhownf;/
twefMumvQif NrdKUtkyfrif;ESifh 0efaxmufrif;wdkYxGufvmMu
NyD ; vQif w&m;cG i f a y:,S O f N yd K if u m xd k i f M u\/ &G m om;ES i f h w uG
&GmolBuD;tm;vHk; Hk;twGif;okdU0if&ef ac:\/ tcsKdUum; pdwfnpf
vSNyDjzpfaomaMumifh vkyfcsif&mvkyf qdkaomtaersKd;jzifh rdrdwdkY
aeNrJae&mrSmyif &SdaeMuukef\/ trsm;um; 0if em;axmifMuav
onf/
vltrsm; 0ifvmvQif 0efaxmufrif; pwif pum;ajym\/
aemufwpfaeUwGif &GmpOfudk ppfykvdyfESifhvSnhf aumufcHvdrfhrnf/
ray;olwdkY\ ypnf;udk 0&rf;zrf;rnf? ypnf;r&SdvQif vlzrf;rnf
tp&Sdojzifh cyf&Sif;&Sif; ajymavonf/ NyD;vQif vTwfvdkuf\/
vlxkBuD;vnf; bk&m;yGJrS jyefouJhodkY <uufpD<uufESifh jyef
oGm;Mu\/ trsKd;rsKd;ajym oGm;Mu\/ trsKd;rsKd;awG;awm oGm;Mu
\/ ypnf;rsm;udk aygifESH&ef ajymoGm;olwdkYvnf; &Sd\/ &if;ESD;aom
olwdkYxHrS acs;&efawG;oGm;olwdkYvnf; &Sd\/ oabFmrrDvdkufolwdkY
\ pdwfwGifum; vlcGefay;p&mr&Sdonfxuf xdkntdyf&ef ae&mr&Sd
onfu cufvsufaeMu\/ tdyf&efae&mtwGufudkomvQif pOf;pm;
oGm;Muavownf;/
Hk;awmfBuD;rSmvnf; ajcmufaoGUwdwfqdwfvsufae\/ ae
a&mifvnf; aysmfuvkqJqJ? Hk;xJwGif&dSaom NrdKUtkyfrif;ESifh 0ef
armifvlat;
313
axmufwdkYvnf; &Gmom;wdkYtm; oem;ygvsuf 0w&m;twdkif;vkyf

&aomaMumifh rsufESmrom &SdaeMuukef\/ pma&;wdkYvnf; tvkyf
rsm;ojzifh arm[dkuf aeMuojzifh wnnf;nnf;yif/
Hk;tjyifbufwGif xdkifaeMuaom xrif;okyfonf oHk;a,muf
wdkYum; wNyHK;NyHK;ESifh pum;ajymaeMuukef\/ wpfoufvHk; aeU
uJ h o d k Y aps;a&mif ; aumif ; aomaeUud k 4if ; rd e f ; rwd k Y rawG U zl ; ao;
jzpfavonf/
aevnf;0if oGm;\/ NrdKUtkyfrif;? e,fydkifrif;? pma&;rsm;?
jymwmrsm;vnf; toD;oD;wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf jyef oGm;Mu
\/ Hk;awmfrSmvnf; rBuHKpzl; xl;vSaom aeUrsKd;udk BuHKawGU&aom
taersK;d jzifh rIid af wGumaeawmhownf;/
ppfjyef? rSwf-139?
(ZGefv? 1990)
|
314
odyHarmif0
e,fydkif0efaxmuf armifvlat;onf aeUpOf rSefrSef 11 em&D

Hk;wufavh&Sd\/ ,aeYum; tvkyfrsm;rnfhaeUjzpfaomaMumifh
10 em&Duyif Hk;odkY xGufoGm;avownf;/
Hk;odkYa&mufvQif ta&;ydkifrif;xH wif&ef pmrsm;udk wif? NrdKU
ydkifrsm;odkY csay;&ef&Sdaom pmrsm;udkcsay;? rSwfcsufa&;wefaom
ae&m rSwfcsufa&;? vufrSwfxdk;&rnfhae&m vufrSwfxdk;ESifh
trsKd;rsKd;tvkyfrsm;ae\/ wpfem&DausmfausmfrQ Mumavonf/ ,yf
qGJ ukvm;u ,yfqGJaeaomaMumifh tvGefylaom aeUcif;jzpfaomf
vnf; rsm;pGmryl? cHom\/
vufrSwfxdk;aom udpNyD;oGm;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf w&m;
cGifay:odkYwuf trIwpfrIudk ac:avonf/ w&m;vdk wdkYum;
tlv,m ukvm;rsm;wnf;/ jrefrmpum; rwwf? armifvlat;u
vnf; ukvm;pum;rwwf/ tMuyfESifhjzpfaeavonf/ pum;jyef
ac:&\/ pum;jyef ac: ppfaq;aomfvnf; ar;onfuwjcm;?
ajzonfu wrsKd;? a&SUodkYrwdk;bJ trIrSm aemufodkYomqkwfvm
\/ trI&Sif;&rnfhtpm;IyfIyf oGm;\/ cufvdkufygbdawmh
aemf? b,fvdkvlrsKd;eJY awGUae&ygvdrfh? em&Djyef 2 csuf xdk;rS oufao
2 a,muf ppfNyD;\/ armifvlat;vnf; acR;vHk;BuD;rsm; us\/
w&m; cGifrS qif; umzDaomuf\/
xdkYaemuf trIwpfrI ppfjyef\/ trIIyfaejyefNyD? w&m;vdka&m?
w&m;cHyg vdrfvnf pGJqdk? ajzqdk xm;aom oyGwftl trIjzpfae
jyef\/ a&SUaersm;uvnf; vQm&Snf\/ awmif;yefvdkYawmifr&/
armifvlat;
315
armifvlat;onf pdwfaygufaygufESifh xifwmawGavQmuf a&;

\/ a&SUaersm; vQm&SnfaeonfESifhyif tcsdefukefcJh\/ ig;em&Dxdk;NyD?
rNyD;ao;? ig;em&DcGJjyefNyD? rNyD;? ajcmufem&D xdk;jyefNyD? rNyD;ao;/
armifvlat; pdwftkduf vm\/ acgif; wpfckvHk; IyfaxG; ae\/
tyifyef;BuD; yifyef; ae\/ udk,fyifyef;onfu raxmif;wm?
pdwfyifyef;onfu qdkp&mr&Sd/ ajcmufem&D xdk;vQif trI rqHk;ao;
aomfvnf; &ufcsdef;udk ay; w&m;cGifrS qif; vmcJh\/
w&m;cGifrS qif;NyD;vQif armarmyef;yef;ESifhyif tdrfodkY vrf;
avQmufum jyefvmcJh\/ Hk;ESifhtdrfum; ra0;? ig; rdepfcefYom
avQmuf&\/ wpfvrf;vHk; pdwfIyfaxG;vsufvm\/ pdwfyifyef;vsuf
vm\/ td r f t 0if 0 ok d U a&muf v Qif rd r d \ r,m;cspf u av;
rjroef;\ NyHK;jyaom rsufESmuav;udkvnf;aumif;? rJhJjyaom
rsufESmuav;udk vnf;aumif;? ajymifjyaom rsufESmuav;udk
vnf;aumif; rjrif&vQif ,cifHk;u armyef; vmaompdwfrSm
raysmufoGm;onfomru ydkrdkyif armyef;onf[k xifrSwfrdav
awmhonf/
cgwdkif;rlum;? odkY armyef;vm&m rjroef;uav;\ NyHK;
jyaom rsufESm? rJhjyaom rsufESm? ajymifjyaom rsufESmuav;udk
jrifvdkuf&vQif armpdwfrsm;aysmuf? yef;pdwfrsm; aysmuf? IyfaxG;
aom pdwfrsm;aysmf? a&cJwHk;BuD;udk eif;rdouJhodkY pdwfat;jr oGm;
avawmh\/ rjroef;uav;\ pum;uav;udk Mum;vdkufvQif
ajymp&mr&Sd yDwdaomre jzpfoGm;\/ rdrdxdkif&m ukvm;xdkif
wGif vm,SOfum xdkifvdkufrlum; ewfjynfa&mufoGm;ovm; [k
xifrSwf&\/ aeUcif;u tvkyfawG tm;vHk; pdwfxJrS vHk;vHk;BuD;
aysmufuif; oGm;avawmhownf;/
,ck r S m rl u m; rjroef ; uav; rusef ; rrm rd b rsm;&S d & m
armfvNrdKifNrdKUodkY jyefoGm;onfrSm 15 &ufcefYMumavNyD/ tdrfwpf
tdrfvHk;wGif rdrdtapcH wpfa,mufESifh rdrdwpfa,mufwnf;om
usefawmh\/ aerxd xdkifrwwfjzpfae\/
a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; aygif;xm;aom acgif;aygif;udk cRwfum
pm;yG J a y: wif Bud r f u k v m;xd k i f a y:wG i f ypf vS J v d k u f a v
316
odyHarmif0
ownf;/ odkY ypfvSJvdkufNyD;vQif rsufpdrSdwfum [dkawG; onfawG;

ESifhae\/ rjroef;uav;rSm tdrfcef;xJrSmyif &Sdra,mifa,mif
ae\/ tb,fhaMumifh tckawmif rxGufvmygao;ovJ/ iga&muf
wmrsm; rodava&mhovm;? a&csKd;ae xifyg&JU? tusvJaexifyg
&JU? oeyfcg;vdrf;ae xifyg&JU? trIrsm;vkyfaeava&mhovm;? odkY
awG;rdvQif pdwfaysmfovdkvdk/ odkYaomf onfwdkYum; pdwfudk vSnfh
pm;jcif;rQ jzpf\/
twefMumvQif trSeftwdkif; pdwfxJwGif ay:vm\/ rjr
oef;uav;um; tdrfwGif r&Sd? armfvNrdKif rdbrsm;tdrfwGif &Sdae
onf/ b,fvdkrsm;aeygvdrfh? awmfawmfaeaumif;oGm;NyD&,fvdkY
olYudk,fwdkifuyJ wpfaeYu pma&;vdkufw,f? tckqdk aumif;aumif;
BuD; aysmufaeygNyD/ onftcsdef bmvkyfaeygvdrfh? a&csKd;NyD; oeyf
cg;rsm;vdrf;aeayvdrfhrnf/ xrif;rsm; pm;ava&mhyvm;? pum;rsm;
ajymaeayvdrfh/ ightaMumif;rsm; pOf;pm;rdygvdrfhrvm;? pOf;pm;rSm
ygyJ? tdk pOf;pm;rSm r[kwfygbl;? wdkY&Muwm bmMumao;vdkYvJ
av;vuav;om Mumao;w,f? olvJ ighvdkyJ vGrf;aerSmygyJ? aqG;
aerSm ygyJ? pOf;pm;aerSmygyJ/
odkY awG;aecdkuf armifvlat;\ pdwfrSm rjroef;uav;&Sd
&m armfvNrdKifNrdKUodkY a&mufvsufae\/ rjroef;uav;\ tem;
odkY a&mufvsufaeouJhodkY xifrSwfrd\/ rjroef;uav;ESifhyif
&,fvm; armvm; pum;rsm;aeouJhodkY xifrd\/ rjroef;uav;\
tem;odkYoGm; aemufvm;? ajymifvm;ESifh usDpm;aeouJhodkY xif
rSwfrd\/ odkY awG;awmaerdcdkufwGif armifvlat;\ pdwfxJwGif
aysm&f iT jf cif;ru aysm&f iT v
f suf aeavawmh\/
twefMumvQif tapcHonf bdvyf&nf wpfzefcGufudk udkif
um wufvm rdrdtem;wGif cs\/ armfvNrdKifodkY a&mufaeaom
pdwfonfkwfw&uf a&Smifwcif ajrmif;jraetdrfodkY jyef a&muf
vm&\/ tcsnf;ESD;jzpfoGm;\/ pdwful;aumif;wkef; bdvyf&nfudk
,lcJh&rnfvm;[k a'goxGufrd\/ rdrdrSmxm;aomaMumifh ,lcJhonf
ud k u m; owd r &/ vS y wif h w ,f p G m pD r H a qmuf v k y f xm;aom
pdwful; eef;awmfuav;udk kwfw&uf zsufqD;vdkufbdodkY xifrSwf
armifvlat;
317
um 0rf;vnf;enf; pdwfvnf;ysuf? a'govnf; xGufvsuf aeav

\/
tapcH,lcJhaom bdvyf&nfudk vSrf;,lum aomuf\/ cgwdkif;
um; csKd c sKd a t;at;&if x J w G i f aEG ; oG m ;\/ at;oG m ;\/
pdwfMunfvifoGm;\/ tarmajyoGm;\/ ,ckum; odkYr[kwf
t&om r&SdouJhodkY xifrSwfrd\/ cg;wm;wm;uJhodkY xifrSwfrd\/
toHk;rus[k xifrSwfrd\/ wpfusKduf ESpfusKdufaomufNyD; pm;yGJay:
wGif jyefcsxm;\/
aeapmif;oGm;NyD jzpfaomfvnf; aeUcif;u ylxm;aom t&Sdef
u usefao;\/ wpftdrfvHk; tyltwdNyD;vsufae\/ armifvlat;
vnf; Hk;0wfoGm;aom tjyiftus? vHkcsnfrsm;udk rvJ&ao;/
tdkufpyfpyfjzpfvsufae\/ e*dku ylae&onfhtxJwGif wHcg;rsm;
jywif;aygufrsm;udk ydwfxm;aomaMumifh qxufuJ yljyif;vsuf
aeavawmh\/
tdkufvGef; raeEdkifawmhrS ae&mrSxNyD;vQif jywif;aygufrsm;
udkzGifh\/ rdrdwdkY pdkufxm;aom tdrfa&SUyef;NcHudk twdkif;om; jrif&
\/ v0ef;yHkoPmefuJhodkYjyKpdkufxm;aom *Ermyef;wdkYrSm yGifh
vsufaeMu\/ eDeD 0g0g jymjym woG,f? i,fi,fBuD;BuD; tenf;
enf; tzHkzHk yGifhrsKd;u pHkygbdoESifh/ tyGifhwdkYrSm txyfxyfESifhvnf;
&Sd? txyfrygwmvnf;trsm;? Ipm; rNiD;zG,f wifhw,fvSyMu
ay\/ odkYyif trsKd;rsKd; qef;Mu,fpGm yGifhaeMu&Smaomfvnf; aerif;
u yljyif;vSaomaMumifh crsm yef;yifuav;rsm;rSmvnf; ndK;EGrf;
acG,dkif rEdkifhwEdkifESifh tm;cJ aeMu&&Smukef\/ rdrdwdkYtm; pdkufysKd;
xm;aom t&Sifocif armifvlat; pdwfxJwGif ndK;i,fEGrf;vQ
rdrd r,m;udk wrf;waeonfudk jrifyif twkvdkufum ndK;EGrf;
aeMuava&mhovm;/
xdkodkY ndK;EGrf; aeMuaom *Ermyef;yifuav;rsm;udk jrif
vQif 4if;wdkYtpm; oem;rdawmh\/ rdrdtpm; 0rf;enf;rdawmh\/
rjroef ; uav;ES i f h t wl yef ; NcH x J qif ; um naecif ;
vnf;aumif;? vomom vnf;aumif;? pum;xm 0Sufwrf; upm;
&ef pd k u f y sKd ; xm;cJ h \ / rMum rMumvnf ; qif ; um qif ; um
318
odyHarmif0
pum;ajymcJhMu\/ ,ckrSmum; *Erm yef;wdkYrSm tcsnf;ESD;jzpfcJh

avNyD/ rnfodkYyif vSywifhw,f IcsifzG,f yGifhaeMuaomfvnf;
tb,ftusKd;&SdawmhtHhenf;/ *Erm yef;uav;wdkYrSmvnf; rdrdwdkY
tm; *kpdkufum MunfhIjcif;? csD;rGrf;jcif; rjyKbJ ai;arm aeaom
armifvlat;udk jrifvQif r&TifEGrf;vsuf ylaqG; aeMu&Smavawmh
ownf;/ rsufESmuav;rsm; ndK;i,fpGmESifh rjroef;\ jyeftvmudk
om apmifhpm; aeMuavawmhownf;/

(pufwifbmv? 1931)
armifvlat;
319
a&S;a&S;uqdkaompum;aMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmf
tcgu jzpfysufzl;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;rnf[l
rrSwfoifh? vGefcJhaom q,fESpfwkef;u NrdKUrausmif;taMumif;udk
a&;om;rnf[k rSwMf uyguke/f
,ckum; NrdKUrausmif;awmfBuD;rSm crf;crf;em;em;jzpfvsufae
\/ taqmufttHkBuD;ESihfae\/ ausmif;q&mBuD;awGESifh a0a0
qmqmBuD;ae\/ ausmif;om;wpfaxmifausmfausmfwdkYESifh jynfh
wif;vsufae\/ 0wfvHkBuD; zm;zm;udk rm;rm;BuD;0wfvsuf&Sdaom
ausmif;q&mBuD;\ vuftwGif; w0if;0if; wajymifajymifawmuf
yvsufae\/ &efukefNrdKUay:wGif awmfawmfaysmfaom ausmif;BuD;
aywnf;/
vrf;oGm;vrf;vmwdkYarmfMunfhMu&aom ausmif;BuD;vnf;
jzpf \ / armf a wmf u m;ay:rS arQmf u m csD ; rG r f ; oG m ;&aom
ausmif;BuD;vnf;jzpf\/ rMumrMum owif;pmrsm;xJwGifygaom
ausmif;BuD;vnf;jzpf\/ tMuif OD;xGef;ndK (bDat)? OD;armif(bDat)
wdkY xdrf;jrm;vufxyf&m r[mwJeef;ausmif;awmf BuD;vnf;jzpf\/
NrdKUrausmif;om;a[mif;trsm;\ wcrf;wem; npmpm;yGJ usif;y&m
XmeBuD ; vnf ; jzpf \ / jref r mjynf & S d tNrd K UNrd K U t&G m &G m rS cd k v I H
vmMuaom ausmif ; om;ausmf ? ausmif ; om;armf ? ausmif ; om;
awmfwdkYtjyif ausmif;om;a&Smf? ausmif;om;Murf;ydk; ausmif;om;
trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ aexdkif&mBuD;vnf; jzpf\/ jrefrmjynf twGif;
NrdKUrausmif;BuD;\ owif;&eHUrSm woif;oif;wysHUysHUESifh aeay\/
320
odyHarmif0
crf;em;pGmaom ausmif;BuD;rSm q,fESpfaom tcgu rnfodkYae

oenf;/
&efukefNrdKU o&ufawmausmif;wdkufonf NrdKUr ausmif;BuD;\
wnf&mwnf;/ xdkausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd ausmif;BudK ausmif;Mum;?
ausmif;atmufrsm;onf ausmif;om;wdkY\ pmoif&m pmoifcef;
rsm;jzpfavonf/ ausmif;tay:xyfwGif &[ef;awmfrsm;ae\/
ausmif;atmufxyfwGif NrdKUrom;rsm; pmoifMum;Mu\/ arSmifu
vnf; arSmif? eHuvnf; eHapmf? rdk;rsm; arSmifvdkufrSjzifh pmoifvdkY
awmifr& jzpfacsonf/
ausmif;wdkuftwGif; ajceif;rpD;&? rdk;rsm;&GmvdkYcsrSjzifh ajc
atmuf orHwvif;rdkY at;vdkufwJh jzpfjcif;? 0rf;wGif;uem? atmifh
wmu cPcP/ q&mudk t&SifvlvSrSm 'kuBuD;pGm a&mufav
onf/
ausmif;q&mawGrSm tm;cJum tMuJBuD;MuJaeMu&ukef\/
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifhvnf; oifhwifhatmif aygif;Mu&avonf/ odkY
r[kwf armif;xkwfvdkufrSjzifh aep&mb,frSr&Sd twd'kua&muf
Mu&ayvdrfhrnf/ ausmif;aumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;udkvnf; &efrp0Hh/ vc
ay;rnfudk w&GHU&GHU? wpf&Hwpfcg oHk;vyif ta<u;wifavonf/
ausmif ; om;rsm;xH r S awmif ; cH u m oH k ; ol q&muvnf ; &S d ?
ausmif;om;wdkYxH awmif;jyefygvnf; tarmifwdkYu ray;? cyfaEG;
aEG;awmif;vdkufrSjzifh rdbaqGrsKd;wpfpkwdkYvdkufvmNyD;vQif q&mcrsm
tm; rMumrMum &efawGUMu\/ aMu;aiGr&Sd trsKd;om;ausmif;
xm;yg? q&mawGu cPcP ausmif;vc awmif;&rvm;[l
rsufrmefyGm;&SmMuavonf/ ausmif;om;rdbawGudkvnf; aMumuf&?
vukef vpmr&ojzifh tdrfjyefoGm;ygvnf; tdrf&Sifu tdrfvc
r&aomaMumifh rMum rMum ESifcsonfudkcH&aom q&mawGvnf;
&Sdavonf/ tcsKdUq&mrsm;rSm vpmrSefrSefr&onfh twGuf PfeD
zuf N yD ; vQif &orQuav;rsm;ud k pk a qmif ; um? jrif ; yG J o G m ;
jrif;avmif;Muojzifh cGufcGufvefatmif HI;aomaMumifh 'kuBuD;pGm
a&mufaom q&mrsm;vnf; &Sdavonf/
ausmif; aumfrwDawGu q&mBuD;udk rEdkif? q&mBuD;u q&m
armifvlat;
321
rsm;tay:wG i f MoZmr&S d ? q&mrsm;ud k wynf h a wG u raMumuf ?

uarmufurjzpf aeMuavonf/ odkYyif uarmufur jzpfae
aomfvnf; tmZmenfq&mtaygif;rSm ZGJaumif;aumif;ESifh puf
ukeaf rmif;&SmMuonfrmS tm;&p&mBu;D jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om; taygif;wdkYrSmvnf; vGwfvyfjcif;BuD;ru vGwf
vyfjcif;&vsuf aeMuukef\/ q&mu tenf;i,frmefvQif tpdk;&
ausmif; jyefawmhrnf[k vkyfMu\/ q&mrsm;u avQmh&onfrSm
rMumrMum/ ausmif;wufcsifrSwuf? pmusufcsifrSusuf? q&m
trsm;rSm tcufESifhBuHKcJhMu&ayonf/ pm&if;rS Ekwfypf&rnftcuf?
tu,f pm&if;rS Ekwfypfaomf ausmif;wGif udk,fawmfausmif;
om;rsm; acgif;yg;oGm;rnfudkpdk;? tjcm;ausmif;rsm;ESifh twdkuftcH
MuaH e&aom acwfxw
J iG f MuKH vsu&f adS eMuonfr/Ykd
odkY vGwfvyfjcif;udk cHpm;aeMu&aom ausmif;om;wdkYrSm
tb,frSmvQif pmoifjcif; vHkYv&SdEdkiftHhenf;/ xdkacwfu NrdKUr
wGif tawbuf emrnftxGufqHk; twef;rSm (7) qifh (8)
qifhjzpfavonf/ vlaw vlaytaygif;wdkY pkaygif;&m twef;BuD;
jzpfay\/ ckepfqifh (8)[k Mum;vdkuf&vQif q&mtrsm;\ em;xJwGif
cg; oGm;&\/ 4if;wdkY\ twef;wnf&mum; aumfr&Sifemvrf;prS
Z&yfBuD;jzpf\/ xGufvdkxGuf? 0ifvdk0if? xifovdk aeEdkifaom ae&m
wnf;/ q&mBuD;\ Hk;cef;ESifhvnf; a0;ae\/ q&mvkyfolrSmvnf;
a<u;yloljzpfaomaMumifh at;at;vlvlyif 4if;wdkYtm; vTwf
xm;awmh\/ rdrdta<u;rsm;qyf&ef? jrif;yGJobifwGif avmif;avh
&Sd\/ twef;xJwGif wynhftaygif;ESifh jrif;taMumif; aqG;aEG;vsuf
aeonfrSmvnf; rMumrMum? aysmfp&mBuD; jzpfavonf/ bkef;BuD;
l;ESifh avSvl; xl;csifwdkif;xl;vsufaeMuukef\/
tcgwpfyg; xdkq&mrSmzsm; ausmif;rwufEdkif q&mBuD;u
(5) qifhjyaom q&marmifvlat;tm; xdkq&mtpm; ckepfqifhwGif
oGm;a&muf jyooifMum;&eftrdefYay;vdkuf\/ q&mvlat;\
pdwfxJwGif xdwfoGm;\/ vefYoGm;\/ odkYaomf q&mBuD;u
wdkufwGef;csuft& t&JpGefYum xGufoGm;&\/
odkY xGufoGm; cyfvSrf;vSrf;uyif apmif;oH? wa,moH?
322
odyHarmif0
rif'dkviftoHwdkYjzifh wnHnHESifhaeaom xdkckepfqifh (8) \ tjzpf

tysuf u d k j rif v Qif tawmf y if pd w f a v;oG m ;\/ twef ; xJ o d k Y
q&m armifvlat; 0ifoGm;aomtcgusrS apmif;oHwa,moHwdkY
wdwf oGm;avonf/
pmoifrnf[k pmtkyfrsm;udk zGifhcdkif;vdkufjyefvnf; wpfa,muf
rQ pmtkyfryg? vufrIdifcs&\/ tb,faMumifh pmtkyfr&SdaMumif;
ar;ygvnf; wdwfwdwfomaeMu\/ xdktcgusrS armifvlat; vnf;
wwforQ rSwforQ tu&mocsFmudk ausmufoifykef;BuD;ay:wGuf
csufum &Sif;vif;jy\/ rnfolrQ *krpdkuf? ta&;r,l/ usm;xdk;
olxdk;? wD;wdk; ajymaeolajym? xGufoGm;ol xGufoGm;? twef;xJ
wGif vlawmfawmfenf;yg; oGm;avawmhonf/
armifvlat;vnf; a'goxGuf Budrf;armif;\/ odkYBudrf;
armif ; aomf v nf ; bmrQrajym? wk P S d a bmvk y f v suf aeMuav
onf/ twefMumvQif wpfem&Dtcsed f ausmif;vTwaf om acgif;avmif;xd;k
\/ toD;oD;xGuf oGm;Muavonf/ 2 em&Dxdk; ausmif;wuf
vQif armifvlat;vnf; xdktwef;odkY oGm;jyef\/ twef;wGif;odkY
0ifrdvQif xdkifcHkrsm;udk wGef;xdk; arSmufcHkvkyfxm; ovdkvkyfxm;?
q&mhpm;yGJudk csKd;xm;vdkcsKd;xm;? ausmufoifykef;BuD; udk vSJxm;ovdk
vS J x m;? tjrif r awmf a tmif jyKvk y f x m;onf u d k j rif &\/
ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; tcef;xJwGifyif rodovdk taersKd; ESifh trIrJh
aeMu\/ q&mar;aomtcgvnf ; rnf o l r Q bmrS rajym?
cyfwnfwnfvkyfaeMu\/ q&mvlat;vnf; q&mBuD;xH ajy;
wdkif\/ q&mBuD; udkat;bGm;rSm xdktcef;xJwGif &Sdaom ausmif;
om;tm;vHk;udkac:um q&mBuD;tcef; 'l;axmufcdkif;\/ rnfolrQ
raxmuf? tm;vH;k ausmif;rwufaeMuavonf/
qdkcJhNyD;aomtajctaersKd;rS q,fESpftwGif; tajcodkY
a&muf&onfukd tHMh op&mBu;D jzpfavonf/
a
armifvlat;
323
tvkyf0ifvQif0ifcsif; v,f0efHk;wGif tvkyfoifMum;&\/

aemufwpfaeUwGif v,f0efuav;ESifh uGif;ppfaq;&ef rif;uGef;odkY
vd k u f o G m ;&avownf ; / uG i f ; ppf j cif ; ud k eH e uf c if ; vk y f & \/
pmzwfjcif;? cGJwrf;ppfaq;jcif;? tdyfjcif;wdkYudk aeUcif;vkyf\/
naecif; bk&m;zl;oGm;Mu\/ rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;BuD;? rif;uGef;
bk&m;BuD;wdkYrSm tHhzG,f&mBuD;awGaywnf;/ rsm;pGmtHhMord\/ a&S;u
ra&mufzl;? tckrSom a&mufzl;ayonf[k 0rf;ajrmufrd\/ tvGef
oym,faom jrodef;wefbk&m;? emrnfausmf a':OD;ZGef; vltdkHkrsm;
odkYvnf; a&mufcJhMu\/ ajcmuf&ufrQ aexdkifcJh&\/ pdwftvGef
aysmpf &maumif;vSay\/ vGr;f ao;awmhaemf/
jyef v mNyD ; vQif eH e uf c if ; ajrwd k i f ; twwf oif M um;&\/
aeUcif; ajrpm&if;vufpGJzwf&\/ ESifh 10 &ufcefYMumavonf/
xdkYaemuf igef;ZGefodkY v,f0efuav;ESifhvdkuf&\/ &GmteD;tem;
ywf0ef;usifudk avQmuf Munfh&\/ tvGefom,mvSay\/ rdef;
uav;rsm; a&qif;cyfMu? aysmfyg;pGm oDcsif;qdkMu? wpfa,mufESifh
wpfa,muf pMuonfudk awGUjrifcJh&/ &GmwGif aexdkifolwdkY\ aysmf
&TifMuyHk? pdwfat;csrf;MuyHkudk awGUjrifcJh&ojzifh trSwfw&& aeav
awmh\/ xdkYaemuf ausmufwpfvHk;odkYajymif;NyD; wpf&uf ESpf&uf
aeNy;D aemuf jyefvmcJMh u\/
wpfvaphaomtcg aumif;rIawmfteD; uGif;udk ppfaq;&\/
pmar;yGJ0if&jcif;wnf;/ eHeufapmapmuyif v,f0efta&;ydkif\
324
odyHarmif0
armfawmfum;ESifh xGufoGm;Mu\/ rm;rm;BuD;aeaom aumif;rI

awmf b k & m;BuD ; od k Y rMumrD a &muf M u\/ tH h M orqH k ; Ed k i f a tmif
jzpf\/ odkYaomf pmar;yGJjzpfaomaMumifh pdwfu wxdwfxdwfae\/
ta&;ydkifESifh v,f0efwdkYurlum;? &,fp&m pum;rsm;udkyif ajymMu
\/ rMumrD uGif;udk pppfaq;&\/ [dknm onfnmESifhyif NyD;oGm;
\/ rsm;pGm cufcJaom t&mr[kwf/
xdkYaemuf tcGeftrIwGJHk;wGif 7 &uf? w&m;trIwGJpcef;wGif
7 &uf? [dkul; onful;? [dkMunfh onfMunfh? [dkzwf onfzwf? [dk
pum;rsm; onfpum;rsm;ESifh NyD;cJh\/ xdkYaemuf a&pp&DHk;wGif 7
&uf? a&pp&DyHkudkMunfh? vufpGJudk zwfESifhyif 7 &ufukefvGefcJhjyef
NyD/ xdktawmtwGif; NrdKU0efBuD; Od;tdkESifhtwl w&m;cGifxdkif
w&m;ppfonfudk em;axmif&\/ trItrsKd;rsKd;udkawGU& Mum;&\/
tvGefoabmaumif;olwnf;/ wwforQ rSwforQudk oifjy&Smay
\/ od k Y a omf em;raxmif a eol j zpf a omaMumif h ar;jref ; onf u
wjcm;? ajzMum;onfu wpfrsKd; jzpfaeaomaMumifh ar;jref;jcif;
rjyKbJ tomem;axmif&ay\/ wpf&Ha&mtcg OD;tdk w&m;Hk;wGif
xdkifaecdkuf ukvm;wpfa,muf zdeyfvma&mif;&if; ajymaompum;
udk OD;tdk rMum;aomaMumifh ]]eifeJY uaeU csdef;xm;ovm;}} [k
jyefar;onfudk Mum;&\/ xdktcg ajErqnfEdkifojzifh NyHK;rdawmh
\/
xdkYaemuf e,fydkifHk;wGif oifMum;&\/ e,fydkifOD;armifarmif
ESifh awGUavonf/ oabmaumif;olwnf;/ 4if;ESifhtwl rtlyif?
wy&if;cGJ? rl;om? tif;Z? bl;pifyiftp&Sdaom &Gmuav;rsm;odkY
vdu
k yf goGm;\/
aeyl u sJ u sJ ? vrf ; Murf ; Murf ; wG i f vS n f ; Murf ; BuD ; ud k p D ; um
zkefwaxmif;axmif;ESifh vm&onfrsm;rSm aysmfp&mvnf; aumif;?
pdwfnpfp&mvnf;aumif; jzpfayonf/ rl; jrpfaMumif; wpfavQmuf
vS n f ; ES i f h vmMuNyD ; aeat;aomtcg 0ef a xmuf E S p f a ,muf
oD c sif ; waMumf a Mumf E S i f h aysmf & T i f p G m oG m ;cJ h M uonf u d k v nf ;
pOf;pm;wdkif; vGrf;ayaeawmh\/ xdkYaemuf pawmifodkY vSnf;ESifh
vm\/ wpfntdyfNyD; tkef;awmodkY armfawmfum;ESifh vm&jyefonf/
armifvlat;
325
tkef;awma&mufvQif NrdKUtkyf a&mufvm awmykef; ausmfZHudk

awGUNyD; zrf;&efajymaomaMumifh ykvdyfrsm;? olBuD;rsm;? e,fydkif0ef
axmufESifh NrdKUtkyfwdkY nBuD;rif;BuD; xGufoGm;MuonfrSm aysmfp&m
aumif;vdkY? usef&pfolwdkYpdwfwGifum; rdyghrvm;? b,fodkY jzpfrnf
enf; pojzifh aysmfovdkvdk pdk;&drfovdkvdkjzpfaeMuay\/
aemufwpfcg e,fvSnfhxGufjyefvQif wHwm;OD;odkYoGm;Mu\/
tif;0NrdKUdk;? tif;0twGif;&Sd arQmfpif? q&mawmf OD;Ak"fausmif;wdkY
udk armfawmfum;pkwfjzifh oGm;a&mufMunfhMuyHk? t&Gm&GmvSnfhvnf
oar"ppfaq;yHk? tdk;'kwfwef;ul;wdkY ppfaq;yHk? oajywef;cH
wyf w G i f 0if em;NyD ; vQif rD ; &xm;buf w G i f vk y f a eol t&m&S d
b*FgvDukvm;u aumif;pGm{nfhcH vifrepf? qdk'gwdkYudk wdkufo
jzifh 0rf;ajrmuf&iT v
f ef;&yHw
k u
Ykd v
kd nf; awG;awmvGr;f qGwrf \
d /
aemufwpfBudrf e,fydkif0efaxmufESifh e,fvSnfhxGuf&mwGif
ppfudkif;acsmiftaygif;odkY vSnfhvnfum &[ef;awmfrsm\ Mo0g'
udk vdkufemjcif;? w&m;taMumif;aqG;aEG;jcif;? ntcg vomom
wGif oDv&Sifrsm;\ 0wfwufaomtoHudk Mum;&jcif;? bk&m;zl;oGm;
jcif;wdkYtwGuf pdwfaysmf&Tif&jcif;wdkYudkvnf; vGrf;qGwfrdao;awmh
\/ xdkYaemuf awmif&if;&GmwGif vlqdk;iwif e,fvGefrIESifh ppfaq;
&m iwifESifholBuD; olwjyef igwjyef tjyeftvSef ajymqdkMuonf
udk awG;rdwdkif; &,frdawmh\/ e,fydkifum; ajE&& aeavownf;/
e,fydkifHk;wGif e,fydkifrif; w&m;ppfaq;onfrsm;udkvnf;
Mum;od & \/ pm;p&d w f t rI r sm;wG i f wpf a ,muf E S i f h w pf a ,muf
ausauscsrf;csrf;&Sdatmif e,fydkifu ajymMum;vdkufonfrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? e,fydkifpdwfwdkojzifh trIonfrsm;udk atmfonfrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? OD;bdkMunf\ us,favmifus,favmif ajymqdkaom
pum;wdkYudk vnf;aumif; atmufarhrdawmh\/
oHk;vMumaomtcg ppfudkif;XmewGif tvkyfoif&\/ i&Jrif;
BuD;rSwfwrf; wifaeouJhodkY ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm; IyfaxG; trItcif;
rsm;udk pHkprf;olupHkprf;? ppfaq;olu ppfaq;? ar;jref;olu ar;jref;
wdkifwef;olu wdkifwef;? wdkifcsuf ay;oluay;? wdkifcsufa&;olu
a&;? txufxyfrS tcsKyfcHae&aom w&m;cHwdkY teuf oDcsif;
326
odyHarmif0
qdkolqdk? pum;ajymol ajymESifh &Sdonfudkvnf; awG;rdwdkif; vGrf;qGwf

ao;\/ wrHkY/
xd k Y a emuf 15 &uf M umvQif tcG e f 0 ef x H o d k Y a&muf j yef \ /
tcGef0efrif;vnf; aumufBuD;cGef? tif;cGef? oar"tcGef tp&Sd
aom tcGef[lorQudk aqmif&Guf&oljzpf\/ pma&;rsm;u pmtkyf
yHkBuD;udk ,lcJh\/ tcGef0efrif;um; xdkpmtkyfwdkYwGif vufrSwft
wGifom xdk;\/ wpfaxmifwpfaomif;ruaomtcGefwdkYrSm rdrdvuf
xJrS jzwfoef; oGm;Mu\/ odkY wpfaeUtwGif; axmifaomif;
ruaom aiGrsm; jzwfoef; oGm;aeMuaomfvnf; wpfjym;wpfcsyf
rSr&Sd/ rdrd vctjyif jrifHkomjrif& rMuif& armifhudk,fqdkbdtvm;?
xdktcGefHk;wGif oifMum;cdkufum; tcGef0ef vufrSwfxdk;orQudk
tm;&yg;& MunfhI&avownf;/ xdkYjyif tjcm;tvkyfr&Sd jzpfacs
onf/
naecif; tm;vyfaomtcgrsm;wGif abmif;bDwdkESifh bav
Zmudk0wf? wkwfaumufudkifNyD;vQif urf;em;vrf;wpfavQmufudk
avQmufum tif;0bufwGif wnf&Sdaom bk&m;? ausmif;rsm;udk
Munfh? a&S;u jzpfysufyHkrsm;udkawG;? jrpfxJwGif wHigavSrsm;? a&ul;
aeaom olrsm;udkMunfhum 0rf;ajrmufpGmMunfhcJhonfrsm;udkvnf;
aumif;? tapcH&GmrS xGuf ig;xyfBuD;vrf;twdkif; avQmufoGm;
aomtcg tvGefat;jrom,mvSpGmaom r&rf;NcH? o&ufNcHwdkYudk
vnf;aumif;? wpf&Hwpfcg acG;rsm; vdkufqGJonfwdkYudkvnf;aumif;?
vGr;f qGwaf yao;\wum;/
tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpfjzifh ppfudkif;okdUa&mufvm&onfrSm
ig;vausmfausmf ajcmufveD;yg;cefY&SdcJhayNyD/ aemif ajcmuf&ufcefY
MumvQif NrdKUrScGJcGm rdwDvmNrdKU&Sd tvkyfoifausmif;odkY ajymif;
a&TU&acsawmhrnf/ tpOfjzpfap? acwjzpfap rdrdaexdkif&mt&yfrS
cGJcGm&rnfqdkvQif xdkae&mudk vGrf;qGwfjcif;rSm "rwmjzpfaom
aMumifh ppfudkif;wGif ajcmufvcefYom aexdkifcJh&aomfvnf; cGJ
cGm&rnfqdkvQif vGrf;ovdkvdk aqG;ovdkvdk jzpfrdayawmh\/ a&muf
onfhaeup ,aeuwdkif aexdkifcJh&yHk? vkyfudkifcJh&yHk? awGUBuHKcJh&
yHkwdkYudk awG;awmrd\/ ESpfoufzG,f&mwdkYESifhvnf;awGU&\/ pdwf
armifvlat;
327
Iyfp&mwdkYESifhvnf; awGU&\/ 0rf;omp&mESifhvnf; awGU&\/ 0rf;

enf;p&mESifhvnf; awGU&\/ odkYaomf tm;vHk;udk csKyf pOf;pm;
vdkufygvQif taumif;u tqdk;xufydkrdkrsm;aomaMumifh tm;&ESpf
oufrday\/ ukefvGefcJhaom vrsm;? &ufrsm;? em&D rdepfpuefY
rsm;onf ukefvGefoGm;MuavukefNyD/ aemifudkum; jyefrvm
awmhNyD/ aemifvmrnfh v? &uf? aeU? em&D? rdepf? puefYwdkYum;
topf r sm;omjzpf a vawmh r nf / od k Y topf v mrnf j zpf a om
aMumifh taumif;wdkYrSm pdwful;xJwGifom t&dyfuJhodkY aeayawmh
rnfwnf;/ topfb,fvdkyif vmapumrl ta[mif;udk rarhaumif;
av&um;? pmtm;jzifh rSwfom;&ayawmhrnf/
_____
328
odyHarmif0
jrefrmrsm; taemufEdkifiH twk,lukefMuNyD/ taemufEdkifiH

tavhtxrsm;udk vdkufemukefMuNyD/ taemufEkdifiHtoHk;taqmif
rsm;udk oHk;aqmifukefMuNyD/ pm;jcif;wGif acwfqefukefMuNyD/ 0wf
jcif;wGif acwfqefukefMuNyD/ taetxdkifwGif acwfqefukefMuNyD/
tvSLtwef;wGif acwfqefuek Mf uNy/D
a&S;u zsmoifjzL;wdkY ae&mwGif pm;yGJ ukvm;xdkifa&mufaeMu
ukef\/ a&S;u ykqdk;ESifh &ifzHk;tuswdkY ae&mwGif abmif;bDESifh
AavZmwdkY a&mufukefMu\/ a&S;u r*FvmaqmifvQif cyfwdwf
wdwfyif/ ,ck r*FvmaqmifvQifum; wdkif;odjynfod owif;vTifh
Muukef\/ owif;pmxJ aMumfjimonfu r&Sm;/ (*kPf&Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd)
"mwfyHkrsm;udkyifdkuf owif;pmxJ xnfhMuao;onf/ r*Fvm
aqmiftwGuf vufzGJUvdkufMuonfrSmvnf; warm? (ydkufqHukef
tusKd;r&Sd)/ orD; om;&jyefvQif owif;pmxJ aMumfjim&jyef\/
(ydkufqHukefaq; azmfavonf)/ owif;pmwdkufrsm;urlum; ydkufqH
&vrf;ajzmifhwef; aeavawmhonf/ aMomf-acwf-acwf? yumoe?
rGJaq;? rGJaq;/
tvSLtwef;awGMunfhygOD;/ a&S;u acwfpm;cJhaom xreJ
xdk;yGJawG ,ckacwfwGif aysmufukefNyD/ awm&Gmrsm;rSm tenf;i,f
usefao;/ a&S;u qGrf;awmfBuD;yGJawG? ,ckacwfwGif aysmufukefNyD/
awm&Gmrsm;rSmom tenf;i,f usefao;/ a&S;u rodk;ouFef; uyf
vSLyGJawG ,ckacwfwGif aysmufukefNyD/ awm&Gmrsm;rSmyif rusef/
,ck acwfum; vufzuf&nfwdkufyGJacwf? O,smOfyGJ acwf? npm
armifvlat;
329
pm;yGJ acwf? *sLAvDa[m acwf? uGefwDe,fw,facwf? vufawmuf

bdvd,uf acwf? ydkumwdkY *sKdumwdkY acwf? w&m;udk oDcsif;qdk
aomacwf/
acwfwnf;[laom pufuGif;rS rnfolrQ rvGwfuif;Edkif/
e,fydkif armifvlat;ESifh 4if;\ZeD; cifoef;jrifhwdkYrSm odMum;wdkY
okZdwmwdkYrdkY pufuGif;rS vGwfuif;&rnfavm? rvGwfuif;Edkif/
olwumuJhodkYyif acwform; awGjzpfvsufaeMu? acwfwnf;[l
aom yifv,fausmwGif arsmyg aeMu&&Sm\/ cifoef;jrifhum;
t0wftpm;wGif tvGeaf cwfqefow
l nf;/ trsm;0wfMuaom txnf?
trsm;0wf M uaom tqif w d k Y u d k r0wf v d k ? roH k ; vd k ? ol w um
r0wfao;onfwdkYudk trsKd;rsKd;xGif 0wfavh&Sd\/ qef;um; qef;\/
vSrvSudkum; tmr rcHEdkif/ (e*dk&SdrS e*dkif;xGufwmrsKd;uvm;/)
(cifoef;jrifhum; tkyfqdk;olwnf;/) armifvlat;rSmvnf; t0wf
tpm;rSvGJ ae&mwumwGif acwfqefcsifolwnf;/ wpfcgwpfcg
acwfqefveG ;f tm;Bu;D ojzifh &,fp&mjzpfomG ;avh&adS vonf/
armifvlat;rSm acwform; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm rdrdtdrf
0if;twGif; naecif; O,smOfyGJ usif;y&ef pdwful;rd\/ bk&ifcHwdkY
trwfcsKyfBuD;wdkYtwGuf tNrdKUNrdKU O,smOfyGJrsm; usif;yonfrSm dk;
vSayNyD/ rdrdzdwfvnf; <uvmEdkifMurnf r[kwf? cdkif0ef rif;BuD;
ta&;ydkifwdkYtwGuf O,smOfyGJrsm; usif;ycJhMuonfrSmvnf; dk;ae
ayNyD/ rdrdzdwfvnf; 4if;wdkY <uvmEdkifMurnfr[kwf/ rdrdESifhtwl
wltrIxrf;zuf tpdk;& t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkY\ rif;uawmf rsm;udk
zdwfum O,smOfyGJ usif;y&rnfuvnf; dk;aeayNyD/ NrdKUay:&Sd vlBuD;
vl a umif ; *k P f o a&&S d vl B uD ; rsm;twG u f usif ; y&rnf u vnf ;
rqef;vSay/ txuf tqdkyg O,smOfyGJrsKd;xuf qef;aom O,smOf
yGJwpfyGJudk usif;y&ef armifvlat;wdkY vifr,m; tBuHxkwfvsuf
aeMuuke\
f /
rMumrDyif wpfnaecif;wGif armifvlat;\ tdrf0if;twGif;
olBuD;rif;rsm;ESifh olBuD;uawmfwdkYtwGuf O,smOfyGJ usif;yav
awmhownf;/ olBuD;rif; olBuD;uawmfwdkYtwGuf oufoufusif;
yaom O,smOfyGJ vufzuf&nfwdkufyGJrsm;udk? wpfcgrQrMum;zl; rBuHK
330
odyHarmif0
zl;ao;acs/ armifvlat; pdwfxJwGif tvGefqef;aom acwfqef

aom O,smOfyGJ[l txifa&mufum auseyfvsuf aeay\/
tcsdefum; nae av;em&Dtcsdefjzpf\/ armifvlat;\
tdrf0if;twGif; nDnmvSpGmaom jrufcif;ay:0,f ukvm;xdkifawG
pm;yGJawG? vufokwfy0g yef;xdk;awG/ pm;yGJcif; yef;xdk;awG? ESif;qD?
a'geyef;tdk;awG vufzuf&nfyef;uef? yef;uefjym;awGESifh crf;em;
pGm cif;usif;xm;onfudk vltrsm; awGUjrifMu&ay\/ pma&; OD;
batmif? armifzsefpdef? armifndrf;? armifvSarmif? armif[efxdef
wdkYvnf; toD;oD; opfvGifaom t0wftpm;rsm;jzifh 4if;pm;yGJ
rsm; teD;wGif &yfum pum;ajym&if; olBuD;rif;wdkYtvmudk apmifh
pm;aeMuukef\/ jymwm zdk;a&T? armifcif? wynfh xGef;azwdkYvnf;
vuf z uf & nf a zsmf ? prl q mxnf h ? a&T u sD r k e f Y v S D ; ES i f h rD ; zd k x J w G i f
tvkyfrsm;vsuf aeMuay\/ armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkYum;
a&rd;k csK;d t0wftpm;vJwek ;f yif/
av;em&DcGJavNyD/ olBuD;rif;ESifh olBuD;uawmfwdkY av;a,muf
wpfwGJ? ig;a,mufwpfwGJ? ajcmufa,mufwpfwGJ pojzifh ayguf
vmMuukef\/ rMumrDtwGif; olBuD;rif; av;q,fausmfESifh olBuD;
uawmf tpdwfcefY rdrdwdkYae&mtoD;oD;wGif xdkifvsufaeMuav
onf/ armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifhwdkYvnf; tdrfay:rSqif;um rdrd
wdkYae&mwGif 0ifxdkifMu\/ pma&;rsm;vnf; prlqm yef;uefrsm;?
a&TusD;rkefY yef;uefrsm;? vufzuf&nfyGJrsm;udk ,lcJhMuavNyD? olBuD;
taygif;wdkYvnf; ESpfaxmif;tm;& 0rf;ajrmufvSpGm pm;aomufMu
avNy/D
Iavmh/ [dkxdyfqHk;pm;yGJ xdyfqHk;ae&mwGif xdkifaeolum; xdyf
0BuD;&GmolBuD; OD;vlvSwnf;/ touf (70) ausmfayNyD/ tpdk;&
trI a wmf u d k xrf ; vmonf r S m vnf ; tES p f o H k ; q,f a usmf a yNyD /
0wfpm;xm;yHkum; acgif;aygif; npfnpf? vHkcsnfEGrf;EGrf;? EIwfcrf;
arG;jzLjzL? twGif;cHtusr&SdbJ toD;rwyfbJ tjyiftus 0wfxm;
ojzifh &ifwpfckvHk;ay:vsufaeayonf/ OD;vlvSum; rnfolESifhrQ
pum;rajym? cyfqmqmESifh prlqmrsm;udk pm;onfrSmvnf; oHk;yef;
uef / a&T u sD ; rk e f Y 2-yef ; uef ? vuf z uf & nf 2 cG u f u k e f a vNyD /
armifvlat;
331
OD;vlvSum; olBuD;uawmfBuD; tedpa&mufonfrSm 5 ESpfMumNyD

jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rdrd\ olBuD;uawmfBuD; O,smOfyGJrsKd;udk
rETJomzl;onfhtwGuf rsm;pGm 0rf;enf; vGrf;qGwfonf[k rdrdvuf
,mbuf w G i f xd k i f a eaom aypd u Ref ; ol B uD ; OD ; bd k ; q,f t m;
ajymMum;vsuaf e\/
OD;bdk;q,fum; toufajcmufq,fhig;ESpf&SDNyD/ acgif;aygif;
opfopf tusopfopf csnfvHkcsnfvufESD;a&mifudk 0wfqifxm;
olwnf;/ vufzuf&nfudkvnf; aumif;aumif; raomufEdkif/ prl
qmudkvnf; aumif;aumif; rpm;Edkif/ olBuD;uawmfrsm;\ pm;yGJ
wGif xdkifaeaom rdrd\ olBuD;uawmfudkomvQif vSrf;um vSrf;
um MunfhNyD;vQif yDwdaomre jzpfaeay\/
aypduRef;olBuD; uawmfum; touf 20 cefYom &Sdao;\/
a':vmjym;udkqGJvsuf? rdk;BudK;ajccsif;udk 0wfvsuf? ykvJem;uyfudk
qifvsuf tcefYom; xdkifvsufaeavonf/ OD;bdk;q,f ajE
r&onfudk jrifvQif *efacsmif;olBuD; OD;ausmfu ]]OD;bdk;q,f w,f
Munfhcsufaumif;yguvm;/ cifAsmh olBuD;uawmf b,frS raysmf
ygbl;}} [k qdkvdkufvQif wpf0dkif;vHk; 0g;ceJ &,fMuavawmhownf;/
OD;bdk;q,fwdkY\ pm;yGJteD;&Sd pm;yGJwGif xdkifaeolwdkYum; cwd
, olBuD;&Sdefjrifh? anmif&GmolBuD; apma&TxGef;? pHkwedolBuD; armif
odef;? qm;ravmufolBuD; ppfpdk? qD;jzLuRef;olBuD; armifbodef;?
0Ja'gifh&GmolBuD; armifoef;cifwdkYwnf;/ 4if;wdkYum; touf oHk;
q,fausmfawGom t0wftpm;rSmvnf; acwfqef? tvkyftudkif
rSmvnf; acwfqef? tajymtqdkrSmvnf; acwfqefolawG jzpfMu
ay\/ 4if;wdkYtm;vHk; rdrdwdkY&Gm toD;oD;udk pD;pD;eif;eif; tkyfcsKyf
Edik o
f al wGwnf;/
armif b od e f ; um; t*F v d y f p m ud k ; wef ; atmif o l j zpf \ /
apma&TxGef;ESifh armif&SdefjrifhwdkYum; t*Fvdyfpm ckepfwef;atmifol
awG? armifppfpdkESifh armifoef;cifwdkYum; jrefrmpm ckepfwef; atmif
olrsm;aywnf;/
oef;cif0wfyHkum; acgif;aygif; yef;a&mif? rEav; vHkjcnf
yef;a&mif? wmzufwm tus? aemufydwf zdeyftjzLudkpD; vsuf/
332
odyHarmif0
bod e f ; ? ppf p d k ? &S d e f j rif h w d k Y 0wf p m;yH k r S m vnf ; xl ; rjcm;em;yif /

4if;wdkYwpfawGum; acwform;wdkYaywnf;/ ,cif azmfjycJhNyD;aom
OD;vlvSwdkYESifh uGmjcm;csifovdk uGmjcm;vsuf aeMuay\/ OD;vlvS
wdkYum; usvl? acwfrrDolawG/ &SdefjrifhwdkYum; wufvl acwfrD
olawG/
a[m - [dkbufrSm atmfus,f atmfus,feJY pum;ajymaeMu
aom pm;yGJbufodkY IygOD;/ xdkpm;yGJwGif tm;&yg;& pum;ajymaeMu
olwdkYum; uGrf;oD;yif olBuD; OD;MumarT;? oHBudK;olBuD; OD;opf? *Hkrif;
qdyfolBuD; OD;zdk;tHk? acsmif;BuD;olBuD; OD;omrdk;? oajyacsmif;olBuD;
OD;b&if? acsmif;0dkif;olBuD; armifpH& wdkYwnf;/ 4if;wdkY pum;ajym
aeMuyHu
k m; atmufygtwdik ;f yifwnf;/
OD;MumarT;/
/usKyfwdkYe,fydkif auR;wmawmh aumif;yg&JU?
EdkYaywJh w,f tm;r&vSbl;/
OD;bdk;tHk/ / bmjzpfvdkYvJ/
OD;MumarT;/ / [m ...'DprlqmwdkY? vufzuf&nfwdkYrSm
usKyfwdkYeJY rudkufygbl;/
OD;b&if/ / bmrSudkufrSmwHk;/
OD;MumarT;/ / rkefY[if;cg;wdkY? xrif;eJY 0ufom;[if;wdkYrS
udkufrSmuvm; uGJU/ w0aqmf&wmaygh/ tckawmh tm;r&bl;uGm?
pm;&wm/
OD;omrdk;/
/ olYacwfeJY oludk;uG/ wdkYacwfwkef;uvJ wdkY
acwf? olYacwfuawmhvJ olYacwfayghuGm/
OD;MumarT;/
/ cifAsm;wdkY acwfwdkY bmwdkY em;rvnfbl;Asm/
usKyfawmhjzifh usKyfwdkY &GmawGrSm auR;ovdk w0 Adkufum;atmif
aqmf&rS auseyfw,f/
armifpH&/
/ tckacwfrSmawmh 'Dvdkcsnf;yJ bBuD;a&U? w0
&,fvdkYawmh r[kwfbl;? tvSygyJ/
OD;MumarT;/
/ tif;-armifpH&wdkYacwf[m? bmrSae&mrus
yguvm;uG,f/ r0w0acwfqdkygawmh/ usKyfwdkYawmh rBudKufaygif
Asm/ usKyfwdkY Adkufum;wJh acwfudkyJ oabmusw,f/ EdkYayr,fh
e,fyikd rf Mum;ygapeJY armifp&H a&/
armifvlat;
333
rQES i f h 4if ; wd k Y t aMumif ; tqH k ; owf O D ; rnf / tjcm;pm;yG J

rsm;udk IMuOD;pdkY/
ruGefolBuD; OD;bdk;vSwdkY pm;yGJwGifum; a&S;OD;acwfrDaom
olBuD;rif;wdkY 0dkif;jzpf\/ pHuif; olBuD; OD;bcif/ ygvSJUolBuD; OD;
bdk;ausmuf/ &GmolBuD;OD;oefY/ 0g;awmolBuD; OD;bdk;qdkufwdkYwnf;/
4if;wdkYum;? awmif&Snfykqdk;? &ifzHk;tus? acgif;aygif;aMumhatmif
aygif;vsuf aemufydwfzdeyfawG udk,fpDESifh cyfwnfwnf pum;ajym
&if ; vuf z uf & nf a omuf a eMuayonf / wd k i f ; a&;jynf a &;
taMumif;rsm;udkyif aqG;aEG;aeMu\/ 4if;wdkYtm;vHk;yif vGefcJhNyD;
aom ta&;ydkifrif; 'gbm rif;yGJobifwGif qkawmf vmbfawmfrsm;
jzifh tcs;D tjri chf &H olww
Ykd nf;/
rdef;r0dkif;wGifum; NrdKUqefaom olBuD;uawmfwdkYu Oz&m;
em;uyf B uD ; awG yef v d k u f v d k Y / tus e J Y x bD a wG r S m yef ; yG i f h a wG
xdk;vdkuf MuvdkY/ xbDtem;awGrSmvnf; bDatr tem;awG tdkifpD-tuf tem;awGESifh a0vsufaeMuay\/ vHkcsnf? tusxdk;xm;
aom yef;yGifh? yef;&GufBuD;wdkYum; vufwpf0g;omom? yef;ta&mif
wdkYrSm teD&J&J? tpdrf;ykyfykyf? t0gxdefxdefawG? tcsKdUrSm y0gNcHK?
tcsKdUum; rmzvmawGESifh? 4if;wdkYum; rdrdwdkY&GmwGif t0wftpm;
acwfopfxiG o
f w
l Ykd r[kwyf gavm/
tcsKdUum; vHkcsnf&J&J? tus&J&Jrsm;udk0wf/ yef;&J&JBuD;rsm;udk
yefvsuf tcsKdUrSm tuspdrf;pdrf;? vHkcsnfpdrf;pdrf; zdeyfpdrf;pdrf;?
puLyef;pdrf;pdrf;awGudkyefvsuf? wpfudk,fvHk; 0g0gcsnf;? jymjymcsnf;
qif;vmolrsm;vnf; ygavonf/ &efukefolawGudk tm;usvdkYxifh/
olBuD;OD;ukvm;\ ZeD;ESifh OD;bdk;odef;wdkY\ ZeD;rsm;um; u&ift
r,fBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaomaMumifh cyfdk;dk; cyfukyfukyfyif? ajEodum
BuD;rm;pGmESifh rwkefrvIyf aeMu&Sm\/ acwfudkrBudKufol tdk;cHBuD;
rsm;aywnf;/ olBuD; OD;omrdk;\ZeD;um; toufudkyif BuD;apum?
u&iftr,fBuD;yif jzpfapum? &efukefwGif aqGrsKd;awmfpyfolawG
&SdoljzpfaomaMumifh t0wftpm; [ef[ef? *dkufxGm;xGm;ESifh pum;
ajymvsuaf e&Smayonf/
a[m [dkrSmMunfhprf;/ OD;vlvSESifh OD;bkd;q,fwdkY &rf;aeMuNyD/
334
odyHarmif0
olwdkYvufxJwGif pD;u&ufudk,fpDeJY/ olwdkYtoufawGu ajcmuf

q,fausmf/ b,fudk,fawmfursm; ajrmufay;vdkufygvdrfh/ aMomf
olwdkYvJ rBuHKpzl;BuHKMuvdkY pdwfaysmfjrL;Muxifyg&JU/ aysmfMuygap/
wpfcgwavrS aysmMf uwm/
vufzuf&nf aomufNyD;MuvQif armifvlat;ESifh cifoef;jrifh
wdkY ae&mrS xMuNyD;vQif olBuD;tm;vkH;wdkYtm; vdkuf EIwfquf
Mu\/ olBuD;tm;vHk;yif wNyHK;NyHK; w&Tif&Tif/ 0rf;ajrmuf rqHk;Edkif/
OD;vlvSESifh OD;bdk;q,fwdkYu rdrdwdkY toufjyef i,fcsifao;onf
[k qdkMu\/ tm;vHk;0dkif;&,fMuavonf/ tcsKdUu 0efaxmufrif;
ESifh rif;uawmfwdkY touf&mausmf &SnfMuygap[k qkawmif;Mu\/
olBuD;rsm;tvSnfhNyD;vQif olBuD;uawmfrsm; &Sd&modkY cifoef;
jrifhu oGm; EIwfqufjyef\/ olBuD;uawmfrsm;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf
rqHk;EdkifNyD/ onfwpfcgom onfvdk O,smOfyGJrsKd;odkY vmzl;onf[k
ajymMu\/ rdrdwdkY&GmodkY 0efaxmufrif; e,fvSnfhxGufvQif vdkufvm
cJhyg[k rSmMu\/ cifoef;jrifhu ]]olBuD;awG r,m;i,f xm;Muo
vm;}} [kar;/ tm;vHk;NyHK;vsuf aeMu\/ ]]olBuD;awG r,m;i,f,l
&if vmajymyg/ 0efaxmufrif;udk qHk;rcdkif;r,f}} [k qdkvQif tm;vHk;
0g;ceJ &,fMuukef\/ aMomf- cifoef;jrifh cifoef;jrifh? bmawG
avQmufar;aeygvdr/hf
twefMumvQif O,smOfyGJBuD; NyD;qHk;jcif;odkY a&mufavawmh
onf/ tcgusrS pma&;zsefpdefwdkY? [efxdefwdkY aysmfyGJ pMuav
aom[l \ / jymwm zd k ; a&T w d k Y v nf ; rD ; zd k a csmif x J w G i f pm;yG J B uD ;
cHaeMuavownf;/

({NyDv? 1934)
armifvlat;
335
0ef a xmuf r if ; OD ; pH c if H k ; rS j yef v maomtcg armif v l 0 D

twG u f pmwpf a pmif y gvm\/ td r f o d k Y jyef a &muf v Qif a &muf
csif;yif armifvl0Dtm;ac: 4if;pmudkay;\/ armifvl0D\ rdef;r
r,ftm; ae&yfodkY jyefoGm;onfrSm ESpfvcefY MumayNyD? armifvl0D
onf rdrdr,m;xHrS ay;vdkufaom pm[k 'd| odaomaMumifh tm;&
0rf;om vSrf;,lNyD;vQif pmudkzwf&ef tdrfaemufaz;odkY 0ifoGm;
avownf;/
vl0DqdkaomtrnfrSm cyfqef;qef;? qef;HkrQ ruao;? crf;
vnf;crf;em;vSayonf/ vl0Dum; ukvm;trnfvnf;r[kwf? jrefrm
trnf v nf ; r[k w f ? t*F v d y f t rnf v nf ; r[k w f ? jyif o pf t rnf
jzpfavonf/ jyifopftrnfrSmvnf; EkHcsmaom trnfr[kwf? jyif
opfjynfwGif 16 qufwdkifwdkif pdk;pHcJhaom bk&iftaygif;wdkY\ trnf
jzpfavonf/
jyifopftrnfudk ydkifqdkifolum; jyifopfvlrsKd;r[kwf? jrefrm
tppfjzpfavonf/ tb,faMumifh vl0Djzpfaeygoenf;/ vl0D\
tazrSm A&if*sD bmomudk udk;uG,faom jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfaom
aMumifhwnf;/ trdum; Ak'bmom jrefrmjzpfavonf/ vl0D arG;
azG;&mum; txuftnm acsmif;teD; &Gmwpf&GmwGif jzpfavonf/
xdkae&mwpf0dkufum; jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu oefvsifudk Edkif&m
bk&ifwdkYudk zrf;qD;oGm;NyD; ae&mcsxm;&mwnf;/
336
odyHarmif0
vl 0 D u d k a rG ; zG m ; rsm;rMumrD t wG i f ; A&if * sD b mom xH k ; pH

twdkif;? bmomtwGif;odkY oGwfoGif;jcif;udk usif;y&avonf/
A&if*sDbkef;BuD;rsm;u 4if;oli,ftm; vl0D[laom bGJUwHqdyfudk
cwfESdyf ay;vdkufavonf/ xdkaeYrSp vl0DtrnfwGif\/
vl0Dig;ESpfcefYt&G,fodkY a&mufvwfaomf zcifaoqHk;\/ trd
rSm qif;&JaomaMumifh vl0Dtm; armif&Sd&m rEav;NrdKUodkY ydkYvdkuf
&&Sm\/ vl0D\ OD;av;um; Ak'bmomwnf;/ vl0Dtm; bkef;BuD;
ausmif ; xm;\/ xd k a eY r S p A&if * sD b 0rS Ak ' b momuav;
b0odkY a&muf oGm;avawmhownf;/
BuD ; jyif ; vmaomtcg t*F v d y f e,f y d k i f w pf a ,muf x H w G i f
pm;yG J x d k ; tvk y f j zif h 0if a &muf v k y f u d k i f v suf a e\/ xd k r S w pf z ef
tjcm;wpfa,mufxHodkY ajymif;vkyf\/ xdkaemuf aMu;wdkifbuf
wGif oHBudK;qGJ 0ifvkyf\/ aemufqHk; ajrpm&if;XmewGif oHBudK;
qGJb0ESifhyif ESpfaygif; tawmfMumatmif vkyfudkifae\/
,cktcgwGifum;ajrpm&if;bufrS xGufNyD;vQif 0efaxmufrif;
OD;pHcif\ vl,Hkb@mpdk;jzpfvsufae\/ OD;pHcifxHodkY a&mufaeonf
rSm wpfESpfcefYMumayNyD? toufum; av;q,fcefY&Sd\/
OD;pHcif\tdrfodkY a&mufonfhaeUup tvkyfudk BudK;pm;
vkyfudkif\/ OD;pHcifrSmvnf; om;r,m;r&Sd? vlysKdBuD;wpfa,muf
wnf; aexdkifoljzpfaomaMumifh tppt&m&mwGif aumif;rGefpGm
MunfhI&\/ tdyf&mae&m? tpm;taomuf? t0wftpm;? aecif;
xdkifcif;rSp ae&mwumwGif armifvl0D\ wm0efomvQif jzpf
ae\/
OD;pHcifrSm aumvdyfausmif;aepOfuyif t0wftpm;? toHk;
tpGJ? txm;todkwGif aphaphpyfpyfr&Sd? awmfpG avsmfpG aexdkifol
jzpf\/ t0wftpm;wdkYudk rsm;pGm*krpdkuf? pmudkomBudK;pm;oljzpf
\/ 0efaxmufjzpfvmaomtcgwGifvnf; a&S;tcgu tusifhrSm
raysmuf? Hk;rSjyefvmaomtcgrsm;wGif rdrd\t0wftpm;rsm;udk
tdrftwGif;cRwfcsifonfhae&mwGif cRwfxm;avh&Sd\/ tdyf&mae&m
rsm;udkvnf; trIrJh trSwfrJhom xm;\/ armifvl0Dvnf; 0efaxmuf
rif;\ cRwfxm;aom ykqdk;? tus? zdeyftp&SdonfwdkYudk acgufwef
armifvlat;
337
acguf vSef;wefvSef;? ae&mwus csxm;avh&Sdonf/

OD ; pH c if e,f v S n f h x G u f a omtcgrsm;wG i f v nf ; armif v l 0 D
aemufrSxufMuyfruGm vdkufyg&av\/ 0efaxmufrif; AdkvfwJrsm;
odkYra&mufrDyifvQif rdrda&SUrSoGm;ESifh a&aEG;tdk; wnfvdkwnf?
xrif;csufvdkcsuf? ae&mxdkifcif;rsm; wnfvdkwnf? xrif;csufvdk
csuf? ae&mxdkifcif;rsm;udk toifhjyifqif xm;avh&Sd\/ 0efaxmuf
rif ; Ad k v f w J o d k Y a&muf o nf E S i f h w pf N yd K if e uf a&csKd ; &ef t oif h ?
vufzuf&nfaumfzt
D oif?h xrif;[if;toifh jyifqifvsu&f \
dS /
wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY ajymif;a&TUrnf[k ajymvdkufjyefvQif
vnf; tdyf&mvdyfrSp jyifqifodrf;qnf;&ef&SdorQ odrf;qnf; jyif
qifNyD;jzpfvsufae\/ vSnf;ESifhoGm;&rnfhc&D;rSm vSnf;rsm;pDpOf
xm;\/ armfawmfum;ESifh oGm;&rnfjzpfvQif armfawmfum; iSm;NyD;
om;&Sdae\/ avSESifhoGm;&rnfh c&D;jzpfvQif avStoifha&mufaeNyD;
jzpf\/
0efaxmufrif; tvdk&Sd wpfpHkwpfckaom udpESifh cdkif;vdkuf
aomtcgjzpfap? wpfpHkwpf&mudk t0,fcdkif;vdkufaomtcgjzpfap?
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomolxHodkY rSmMum;&eftwGuf apvTwfvdkuf
aomtcgjzpfap? aqGrsKd;rdwfaqGwdkYvm rD;&xm;? oabFmqdyfwdkY
wGif tBudKtydkYcdkif;aomtcgjzpfap? aoaooyfoyf ususee pDrH
aqmif&GufaomaMumifh 0efaxmufrif; ylyef&efr&Sd? pdwfcs&aom
oljzpfavonf/
aiGa&; aMu;a&;ESifhvnf; rsm;pGm pdwfcs&olwpfa,mufjzpf
avonf/ OD;pHcifonf rdrd\ aMu;aiGrsm;udk xif&mwGif arharh
avsmhavsmhESifh ypfxm;avh&Sd\/ armifvl0D tusrsm;udk acgufaom
tcg? tdyf&mjyifaomtcg? pm;yGJ&Sif;vif;aomtcgrsm; &aomaiGp?
aiGpuLrsm;udk pkaqmif;NyD; OD;pHcifxH vma&muf ay;NrJjzpf\/
aiGaMu;ESifh cdkif;vdkufaom tcgrsm;wGifvnf; avsmh ayghjcif;r&Sd?
pH k p H k a ph a ph jyef a y;\/ aps;zd k ; ay;aomtcgrsm;wG i f v nf ;
jzwfpm;jcif;rjyK 0,forQudk pm&if;vkyf pm&if;ESifh usefaiGygjyef
ay;NrJjzpf\/ odkY ajzmifhrwfpdwfcs&aom vl,Hk b@mxdef;
um; tvGefrSyif &Sm;vSay\/
338
odyHarmif0
armifvl0D? OD;pHcifxHwGif tvkyf0if ESpfvcefYMumvQif wpf

a,mufEiS w
hf pfa,muf tm;xm;&mrsm;jzpfvsuaf eMu\/ armifvl 0Du
0ef a xmuf r if ; tay:wG i f tm;xm;\/ 0ef a xmuf r if ; uvnf ;
armifvl0Dtay:wGif tm;xm;avonf/ armifvl0Dum; 0efaxmuf
rif;\ vufHk;ozG,fjzpf\/ 0efaxmufrif;rSmvnf; armifvl0D\
vufHk;ozG,fjzpfavonf/ wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf tm;xm;Hk
rQru cspfvnf;cspfcifMu\/ 0efaxmufrif;u armifvl0Dtay:
tapcH[l oabmrxm;? rdwfaqGt&if;tcsmuJhodkYyif oabm
xm;avonf / armif v l 0 D u vnf ; 0ef a xmuf r if ; ud k od k Y y if
oabmxm;avonf/ 0efaxmufrif; ysif;&daomtcgrsm; armif
vl0Dtm; ac:um awmifawmifajrmufajrmuf ar;jref; ajymqdkavh
&Sd\/ wpf&Hwpfcg wdkifyifp&m &Sdonfrsm;udkyif wdkifyifavh&Sd\/
armifvl0D\ pdwfxJwGif 0efaxmufrif;ESifh rcGJawmhNyD[k qHk;jzwf
xm;\/ 0efaxmufrif;\ pdwfwGifvnf; enf;twdkif; jzpf\/
od k Y 0ef a xmuf r if ; u tcG i f h t a&;ay;xm;aom q&m
wynfh ESpfa,muf pdwfat;vufat;ESifhaysmfaysmfBuD; aexdkifvsuf
&SdMuukef\/ armifvl0Donf tvkyfyifyef;aomtcgrsm; oDcsif;
wat;at;ESifh ae\/ yifyef;onf[k rxifrSwfoljzpfaomfvnf;
tcsKdUaom tapcHwdkYuJhodkY rdrdwdkY\ ociftay:wGif tdktao
wefjcif;r&Sd? rdrdwdkY\ ocif\*kPf? ocif\emrnfudk a&mif;pm;
aomolr[kwf? tvGef dkaoaomoljzpf\/ rnfonfhtcgrqdk 0ef
axmufrif;ESifh pum;ajymaomtcg vufudk aemufypfum rsufESm
aoES i f h ajymMum;avh & S d \ / wd k ; wd k ; ouf o m ajymMum;avh & S d \ /
,Ofaus;pGm ajymMum;avh&\
dS /
armifvl0D r,m;&onfrSm wpfvcefYMumayNyD? armifvl0D
tvkyf tenf;i,f enf;oGm;\/ armifvl0D\ r,m; r,fat;rSm
vnf ; ud p t xl ; &S d a omaMumif h rd r d a e&yf o d k Y jyef o G m ;onf r S m
wpfvcefyY if&\
dS /
r,m;jzpf o l r,f a t;ES i f h orD ; uav;oef ; arwd k Y txuf
tnm rdrdae&yfodkY jyefoGm;MuNyD;onfaemuf armifvl0D\ rsufESm
&Tifysjcif; rsm;pGm r&Sdacs/ armfvl0DoDcsif;wat;at;ESifh aeonf
armifvlat;
339
udkvnf; rMum;&? wpfcgwpfcg awG;awmaeonfh[efudk jrif&\/

a&S;uuJhokdUvnf; tvkyfrwGif? 4if;tjcif;t&mudk 0efaxmufrif;
jrifavvQif oem;rd\/
Hk;rS,lvmaom pmudk ay;vdkufNyD;aemuf OD;pHcifonf yuf
vufukvm;xdkifwGifvSJum taMumif;rsm;udk pOf;pm;awG;awm
vsuf ae\/ odkY awG;awmaecdkufyif armifvl0Donf r&Jw&JESifh
tem;odkYvmNyD;vQif &yfae\/ OD;pHcifvnf; taMumif;udkar;\/
rd r d r ,m; r,f a t;u rd r d a umif ; pG m rrmaomaMumif h jref j ref
jyefvm&eftaMumif; pmay;vdkufaomaMumifh rdrd&yfxHodkY jyefvdk
onf[k ajymMum;\/ rnfrQ MumrnfvJ[kar;? rajymwwfao;[k
ajz/
OD;pHcifvnf; rdrd\ vl,HkBuD;udk vufrSvTwfvdkuf&rnfudk 0ef
av;vsufae\/ tapcHtopfudk &Sm&ef 0efrav;? armifvl0DuJh
odkY tm;udk;& ,HkMunf&aom tapcHudk&&ef rsm;pGm 0efav;vSay
\/ roGm;&ef wm;&rnfuvnf; ema&;jzpfaomaMumifh tcuf?
vTwfvdkufjyefuvnf; aemifjyefrvmbJ aernfudk pdk;\/ odkY
[dkawG; onfawG;ESifhyif pum;rajymbJ twefMumatmif wdwf
qdwaf e\/
armifvl0D\ pdwfxJwGifvnf; onfenf;twdkif;yif OD;pHcif
udk cGJ&rnfudk pdk;vsufae\/ jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf r,m;u rvTwfvQif
cufaeayvdrfhrnf/ aemif 0efaxmufrif; tapcHtopf &oGm;vQif
tvkyfjyef0if&eftcuf? rdrdxGufoGm;vQif rdrduJhodkYtm;xm;avmuf
aom tapcH&rnfavm? rdrduJhodkY *kpdkufrnfavm? rdrduJhodkY jyKpk
rnfavm? roGm;jyefvQif r,m;u rnfodkYxifrnfenf;/ r,m;ESifh
orD;uav;wdkYrSmvnf; tm;xm;&mr&Sd qif;&J aeMuayvdrfh rnf/
roGm;rjzpf? OD;pHcifudk cGJ&rnftcuf? r,m;xHroGm;&rnfudk
tcuf? tcufESpfcuftMum;wGif qif;&JyGm;vsuf aeavawmho
wnf;/
(arv? 1931)

သိပၸံေမာင္ဝ - ေမာင္လူေအး

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သိပၸံေမာင္ဝ - ေမာင္လူေအး

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